GEOGRAPHY CH-6

On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went to IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING a market with his parents. They purchased shoes and clothes for him. His mother Manufacturing sector is considered the purchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas backbone of development in general and (earthen lamps). Harish observed that the economic development in particular mainly shops in the market were flooded with because– items for sale. He wondered how so many items could be made in such large • Manufacturing industries not only help in quantities. His father explained that shoes, modernising agriculture, which forms the clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured by backbone of our economy, they also reduce machines in large industries, some utensils the heavy dependence of people on are manufactured in small industries, while agricultural income by providing them jobs items like diyas are made by individual in secondary and tertiary sectors. artisans in household industry. • Industrial development is a precondition Do you have some ideas about these for eradication of unemployment and industries? poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries Production of goods in large quantities after and joint sector ventures in India. It was processing from raw materials to more also aimed at bringing down regional valuable products is called manufacturing. disparities by establishing industries in Do you know that paper is manufactured tribal and backward areas. from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from • Export of manufactured goods expands bauxite? Do you also know that some types trade and commerce, and brings in much of clothes are manufactured from yarn which needed foreign exchange. itself is an industrial product? • Countries that transform their raw People employed in the secondary activities materials into a wide variety of finished manufacture the primary materials into goods of higher value are prosperous. finished goods. The workers employed in steel India’s prosperity lies in increasing and factories, car, breweries, textile industries, diversifying its manufacturing industries bakeries etc. fall into this category. Some as quickly as possible. people are employed in providing services. In this chapter, we are mainly concerned with Agriculture and industry are not exclusive manufacturing industries which fall in the of each other. They move hand in hand. For secondary sector. instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising The economic strength of a country is its productivity. They depend on the latter for measured by the development of raw materials and sell their products such as manufacturing industries. irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of 2020-21

manufacturing industry has not only are located in or near the cities. Thus, assisted agriculturists in increasing their industrialisation and urbanisation go hand production but also made the production in hand. Cities provide markets and also processes very efficient. provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants In the present day world of globalisation, and financial advice, etc. to the industry. our industry needs to be more efficient and Many industries tend to come together to competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not make use of the advantages offered by the enough. Our manufactured goods must be urban centres known as agglomeration at par in quality with those in the economies. Gradually, a large industrial international market. Only then, will we be agglomeration takes place. able to compete in the international market. In the pre-Independence period, most Contribution of Industry to National manufacturing units were located in places Economy from the point of view of overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. Over the last two decades, the share of Consequently, there emerged certain pockets manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per of industrially developed urban centres cent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent for surrounded by a huge agricultural rural the industry which includes 10 per cent for hinterland. mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. Industry – Market Linkage This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25 Fig. 6.1 to 35 per cent. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been The key to decision of the factory location around 7 per cent per annum. The desired is the least cost. Government policies and growth rate over the next decade is 12 per specialised labour also influence the cent. Since 2003, manufacturing is once location of industry. again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. With appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity, economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective. Industrial Location Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place. Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries 64 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II 2020-21

Fig. 6.2 allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At Classification of Industries present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. List the various manufactured products you use in your daily life such as – transistors, On the basis of ownership: electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, • Public sector, owned and operated by automobiles, medicines and so on. If we government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc. classify the various industries based on a particular criterion then we would be • Private sector industries owned and able to understand their manufacturing operated by individuals or a group of better. Industries may be classified as individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., follows: Dabur Industries. On the basis of source of raw materials • Joint sector industries which are jointly run used: by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly • Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk owned by public and private sector. textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil. • Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Such examples are the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: • Heavy industries such as iron and steel • Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries. • Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals. According to their main role: Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and • Basic or key industries are those which finished goods. supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and (i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting. (ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding • Consumer industries that produce goods (iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, (iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes fans etc. (v) Watches (x) Automobiles On the basis of capital investment: Agro-based Industries • A small scale industry is defined with Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and reference to the maximum investment edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 65 2020-21

Fig. 6.3: Value addition in the textile industry Textile Industry: The textile industry dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and occupies unique position in the Indian sewing. The industry by creating demands economy, because it contributes significantly supports many other industries, such as, to industrial production, employment chemicals and dyes, packaging materials generation and foreign exchange earnings. It and engineering works. is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain While spinning continues to be centralised i.e., from raw material to the highest value in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, added products. weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, cotton designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, textiles were produced with hand spinning embroidery, etc. I ndia has world class and handloom weaving techniques. After production in spinning, but weaving supplies the 18th century, power-looms came into low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of use. Our traditional industries suffered the high quality yarn produced in the country. a setback during the colonial period Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom because they could not compete with the and in mills. mill-made cloth from England. The handspun khadi provides large scale • The first successful textile mill was employment to weavers in their homes as a established in Mumbai in 1854. cottage industry. • The two world wars were fought in Europe, Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on India was a British colony. There was a spinning yarn and weaving khadi? demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a boost to the development of the cotton Why is it important for our country to textile industry. keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom? In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton India exports yarn to Japan. Other growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. importers of cotton goods from India Availability of raw cotton, market, transport are U.S.A ., U.K ., Russia, France, East including accessible port facilities, labour, European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri moist climate, etc. contributed towards its Lanka, and African countries. localisation. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to We have a large share in the world trade farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers of cotton yarn. Our spinning mills are engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres we produce. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country. There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but 66 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II 2020-21

India: Distribution of cotton, woollen and silk industries MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 67 2020-21

most of the production is in fragmented small Challenges faced by the industry include units, which cater to the local market. This stiff competition in the international market mismatch is a major drawback for the from synthetic substitutes and from other industry. As a result, many of our spinners competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, export cotton yarn while apparel/garment Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However, manufactures have to import fabric. the internal demand has been on the increase due to the Government policy of Suppose that yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it mandatory use of jute packaging. To is sold as a trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg. stimulate demand, the products need to be Value is added at every stage from fibre to diversified. The main markets are U.S.A., yarn to fabric and to garment. Canada, Ghana, Saudi A rabia, U.K. and Australia. The growing global concern for Why is it important for us to improve our e n v i r o n m e n t f r i e n d l y, b i o d e g r a d a b l e weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in materials, has once again opened the large quantities? opportunity for jute products. Although, we have made significant Sugar Industry increase in the production of good quality long staple cotton, the need to import is India stands second as a world producer of still felt. Power supply is erratic and sugar but occupies the first place in the machinery needs to be upgraded in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw weaving and processing sectors in material used in this industry is bulky, and particular. Other problems are the low in haulage its sucrose content reduces. The output of labour and stiff competition with mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, the synthetic fibre industry. Maharashtra, K arnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana Jute Textiles and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry India is the largest producer of raw jute and is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to jute goods and stands at second place as an the cooperative sector. Can you explain why exporter after Bangladesh. Most of the mills this is so? are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt. In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in southern and western states, especially in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the Maharashtra, This is because the cane jute mills remained in India but three-fourth produced here has a higher sucrose content. of the jute producing area went to The cooler climate also ensures a longer Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan). crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states. Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute Major challenges include the seasonal producing areas, inexpensive water nature of the industry, old and inefficient transport, supported by a good network of methods of production, transport delay in railways, roadways and waterways to reaching cane to factories and the need to facilitate movement of raw material to the maximise the use of baggase. mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labour from West Bengal and Mineral-based Industries adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre Industries that use minerals and metals as provides banking, insurance and port raw materials are called mineral-based facilities for export of jute goods. industries. Can you name some industries that would fall in this category? 68 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II 2020-21

Iron and Steel Industry consumption of steel in the country was only around 70.9 kg per annum against the world The iron and steel industry is the basic average of 224.5 kg. industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their Table 6.1: Total production of finished machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a steel in India variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, Year Production scientific equipment and a variety of consumer (in metric tonnes per annum) goods. Make a list of all such goods made of steel 2013–14 87.67 that you can think of. 2014–15 92.16 2015–16 91.00 Production and consumption of steel is 2016–17 101.3 often regarded as the index of a country’s 2017–18 86.69 development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well Source: Ministry of Steel, Government of India as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, Why is the per capita consumption of steel coking coal and lime stone are required in so low in India? the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to Collect information about products of steel harden the steel. Where should the steel plants plants in India. be ideally located? Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric network for their distribution to the markets furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. and consumers. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of In 2018 with 106.5 million tonnes of crude given specifications. steel production, India ranked 2nd among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2018 per capita Processes of Manufacture of Steel Fig. 6.4 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 69 2020-21

India: Iron and Steel Plants 70 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II 2020-21

An integrated steel plant is large, handles We also import good quality steel from everything in one complex – from putting other countries. However, the overall together raw material to steel making, rolling production of steel is sufficient to meet our and shaping. domestic demand. Most of the public sector undertakings Liberalisation and Foreign Direct market their steel through Steel Authority of Investment have given a boost to the India Ltd. (SAIL). industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs. There is a need to allocate In the 1950s China and India produced resources for research and development to almost the same quantity of steel. Today, China produce steel more competitively. is the largest producer of steel. China is also the world’s largest consumer of steel. Have you read about the Kalinganagar controversy? Collect information from Chhotanagpur plateau region has the different sources and discuss. maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely, because of the relative Aluminium Smelting advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include, low cost of Aluminium smelting is the second most iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, important metallurgical industry in India. cheap labour and vast growth potential in It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good the home market. Though, India is an conductor of heat, malleable and becomes important iron and steel producing country strong when it is mixed with other metals. It in the world yet, we are not able to perform is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and to our full potential largely due to: (a) High wires. It has gained popularity as a costs and limited availability of coking coal substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in (b) Lower productivity of labour (c) Irregular a number of industries. supply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure. India China 1000 928.3 900 Production in Million Tonnes 800 870.9 700 600 822.7 803.8 808.4 500 400 86.5 89 95.6 101.5 106.5 300 200 100 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Fig. 6.5: Crude Steel Production in India and China Source: World Steel Association, website: www.worldsteel.org MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 71 2020-21

Aluminium smelting plants in the country A factory produces aluminium saucepans with are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and smelter and a plastic component from Tamil Nadu. another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse: Fig. 6.6: Strip coasting mill at smelter of NALCO 1. (a) Which raw material is likely to be most Bauxite, the raw material used in the expensive to transport and why? smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. The flow chart given below (b) Which raw material is likely to be shows the process of manufacturing the cheapest to transport and why? aluminium. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at 2. Do you think the cost of transporting the minimum cost are the two prime factors finished products after packaging is likely for location of the industry. to be cheaper or more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why? Chemical Industries The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture Fig. 6.7 72 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II Fig. 6.8 2020-21

fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, electric power are needed apart from rail alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, transportation. soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. These industries are widely spread Where would it be economically viable to over the country. set up the cement manufacturing units? Why do you think it is so? The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, to the market in the Gulf countries. which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, Find out where the plants are located in other dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. States of India. Find their names. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. After Independence the The chemical industry is its own largest industry expanded. c o n s u m e r. B a s i c c h e m i c a l s u n d e r g o processing to further produce other Improvement in the quality has found chemicals that are used for industrial the produce a readily available market in application, agriculture or directly for East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South consumer markets. Make a list of the Asia apart from a large demand within the products you are aware of. country. This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export. Efforts are Fertilizer Industry being made to generate adequate domestic demand and supply in order to sustain this The fertilizer industry is centred around the industry. production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and Automobile Industry ammonium phosphate (DA P) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of Automobiles provide vehicle for quick nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). transport of good services and passengers. The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, as the country does not have any reserves three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are of commercially usable potash or potassium manufactured in India at various centres. compounds in any form. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated A fter the Green Revolution the industry the demand for vehicles in the market, expanded to several other parts of the which led to the healthy growth of the c o u n t r y. Gu j a r a t , Ta m i l Na d u , U t t a r industry including passenger cars, two and Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute three-wheelers. The industry is located towards half of the fertilizer production. around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Other significant producers are Andhra Ch e n n a i , K o l k a t a , L u c k n o w, I n d o r e , P r a d e s h , O d i s h a , R a j a s t h a n , B i h a r, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Information Technology and Electronics Industry Cement Industry The electronics industry covers a wide range Cement is essential for construction activity of products from transistor sets to television, such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 73 2020-21

telephones, cellular telecom, telephone and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and exchange, radars, computers and many smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels other equipments required by the in big and small factories that ignore pollution telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous emerged as the electronic capital of India. with long-term effects. Are you aware of the Other important centres for electronic goods Bhopal Gas tragedy that occurred? A ir are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, pollution adversely affects human health, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere The major industry concentration is at as a whole. B engaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A major impact of Water pollution is caused by organic and this industry has been on employment inorganic industrial wastes and affluents generation. The continuing growth in the discharged into rivers. The main culprits in hardware and software is the key to the this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile success of IT industry in India. and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, Fig. 6.9: Cable manufacturing facilities at HCL, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like Rupnarainpur (West Bengal) lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and Industrial Pollution and Environmental rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, Degradation phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are Although industries contribute significantly the major solid wastes in India. to India’s economic growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water, air, Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot noise and resulting degradation of water from factories and thermal plants is environment that they have caused, cannot drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. be overlooked. Industries are responsible for What would be the effect on aquatic life? four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear include thermal power plants. and weapon production facilities cause Air pollution is caused by the presence of cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil high proportion of undesirable gases, such and water pollution are closely related. as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air- Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful borne particulate materials contain both solid chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist salts and garbage renders the soil useless. and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground 74 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II water also gets contaminated. Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. Control of Environmental Degradation Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of 2020-21

India: Some Software Technology Parks MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 75 2020-21

freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of Noise absorbing material may be used apart fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are- from personal use of earplugs and earphones. (i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more The challenge of sustainable development successive stages requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns. (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements NTPC shows the way (iii) treating hot water and effluents before NTPC is a major power providing corporation releasing them in rivers and ponds. in India. It has ISO certification for EMS Treatment of industrial effluents can be (Environment Management System) 14001. done in three phases The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. resources like water, oil and gas and fuels This involves screening, grinding, in places where it is setting up power plants. flocculation and sedimentation. This has been possible through- (a) Optimum utilisation of equipment (b) Secondary treatment by biological process adopting latest techniques and (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, upgrading existing equipment. chemical and physical processes. This (b) Minimising waste generation by involves recycling of wastewater. maximising ash utilisation. Overdrawing of ground water reserves (c) Providinggreenbeltsfornurturingecological by industry where there is a threat to balance and addressing the question of ground water resources also needs to be special purpose vehicles for afforestation. regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks (d) Reducingenvironmentalpollutionthrough to factories with electrostatic precipitators, ash pond management, ash water recycling fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial system and liquid waste management. separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. (e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on- Machinery and equipment can be used and line database management for all its generators should be fitted with silencers. power stations. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Fig. 6.10: Sewage Treatment plant under Yamuna Fig. 6.11: Ramagundam plant action plan at Faridabad 76 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II 2020-21

EEEXERCISES XERCISES XERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES 1 . Multiple choice questions. (i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material. (a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Plastic (d) Automobile (ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? (a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC (iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? (a) Aluminium Smelting (b) Cement (c) Paper (d) Steel (iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc. (a) Steel (c) Aluminium Smelting (b) Electronic (d) Information Technology 2 . Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words. (i) What is manufacturing? (ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry. (iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry. (iv) What are basic industries? Give an example. (v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement? 3 . Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words. (i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity? (ii) How do industries pollute the environment? (iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry? ACTIVITY Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets. (i) Used to drive machinery (5) P........................... (ii) People who work in a factory (6) W.......................... (iii) Where the product is sold (6) M.......................... (iv) A person who sells goods (8) R........................... (v) Thing produced (7) P........................... (vi) To make or produce (11) M.......................... (vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P........................... PROJECT WORK Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area. (i) What are the raw materials they use? (ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost? (iii) Are these factories following environmental norms? MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 77 2020-21

ACTIVITY Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers. GG G P V A R A N A S I UO J I P G X K M Q W V KS U G A R C A N E E N OT T O N O Z V O P T R AU E L U B H I L A I U TK O C R A Q N T R L N EI R O N S T E E L S J EN A N O E P I T L R Y GA N U J D R A G D T A NT A R P O A P U E P Y AS N A E N J D I Y S K SM H V L I A J H S K G 1 . Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called… 2 . The basic raw material for sugar industry. 3 . This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’. 4 . Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry. 5 . A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh. 6 . Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place. 78 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II 2020-21

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 Important Questions for Class 10 English Literature  Important Questions for Class 10 Hindi A  Important Questions for Class 10 Hindi B CBSE Maths Multiple Choice Questions with Answers for Class 10  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Real Numbers with Solutions  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Polynomials with Solutions  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Arithmetic Progressions with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Coordinate Geometry with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Introduction to Trigonometry with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Application of Trigonometry with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Circles with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Geometrical Constructions with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Areas Related to Circles with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Surface Areas and Volumes with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Statistics with Answers  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Probability with Answers MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Chemistry with Answers  Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations MCQ Questions  Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts MCQ Questions  Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals MCQ Questions  Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compounds MCQ Questions  Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements MCQ Questions

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Biology with Answers  Chapter 6 Life Processes MCQ Questions  Chapter 7 Control and Coordination MCQ Questions  Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce? MCQ Questions  Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution MCQ Questions  Chapter 15 Our Environment MCQ Questions  Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources MCQ Questions MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Physics with Answers  Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction MCQ Questions  Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World MCQ Questions  Chapter 12 Electricity MCQ Questions  Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current MCQ Questions  Chapter 14 Sources of Energy MCQ Questions MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science with Answers: History MCQ Questions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science History with Answers : India and the Contemporary World – II 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe MCQ Questions 2. The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China MCQ Questions 3. Nationalism in India MCQ Questions 4. The Making of Global World MCQ Questions 5. The Age of Industrialisation MCQ Questions 6. Work, Life and Leisure MCQ Questions 7. Print Culture and the Modern World MCQ Questions 8. Novels, Society and History MCQ Questions MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science with Answers: Geography MCQ Questions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography with Answers : Contemporary India – II 1. Resource and Development MCQ Questions 2. Forest and Wildlife Resources MCQ Questions 3. Water Resources MCQ Questions 4. Agriculture MCQ Questions 5. Minerals and Energy Resources MCQ Questions 6. Manufacturing Industries MCQ Questions 7. Lifelines of National Economy MCQ Questions

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science with Answers: Civics MCQ Questions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science Civics (Political Science) with Answers : Democratic Politics – II 1. Power Sharing MCQ Questions 2. Federalism MCQ Questions 3. Democracy and Diversity MCQ Questions 4. Gender Religion and Caste MCQ Questions 5. Popular Struggles and Movements MCQ Questions 6. Political Parties MCQ Questions 7. Outcomes of Democracy MCQ Questions 8. Challenges to Democracy MCQ Questions MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science with Answers: Economics MCQ Questions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science Economics with Answers : Understanding Economic Development – II 1. Development MCQ Questions 2. Sectors of Indian Economy MCQ Questions 3. Money and Credit MCQ Questions 4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy MCQ Questions 5. Consumer Rights MCQ Questions