IYF Spring 2022

SPRING 2022 Golden opportunity with EU New UK customs and SPS import Regulation 2019/6 requirements for imports to Britain have been postponed Implementing the EU Regulations 2019/6 to examine the patient and, in this case, a was and is going to pose challenges but new CPPR is established with the consulting The UK Government announced on 15th December 2021, that the new long-term benefits of this regulation far veterinary practitioner (or a group of UK customs and SPS import requirements which were due to apply to outweigh the uncertainty of change in the veterinary practitioners) for the specific imports to Britain from 1 January 2022 have been postponed in respect short-term. animal(s) whose case(s) is/are referred. of import goods from Ireland. This announcement means that the current Animal owners are the primary custodians of When the consultation occurs the attending arrangements for importuning goods to Britain from Ireland will now all aspects of animal management, welfare veterinary practitioner continues to be continue to apply after 1 January 2022 and until the UK government and health. They have a responsibility primarily responsible for the case. provides further information. For animal product controls this means: to care for their animals. Animal owners For animals under vet care, the attending • The new pre-notification requirements being introduced on EU imports should have confidence that all veterinary practitioner (or other member of the group from 1 January 2022 for Products of Animal Origin and Animal by-Products and healthcare they procure for their veterinary practice of which he or she are will not apply to goods imported from the Republic of Ireland to Great animal(s) addresses the needs and welfare a member) shall be readily available to Britain. of their animals, their own requirements provide veterinary services to animal(s) • Existing requirements (introduced in January 2021) for Live Animals, as clients and also protects public health. under their care. The registered veterinary Products of Animal Origin (POAO) under safeguard measures, germinal Professionals who provide veterinary practitioner is readily available for follow products and high risk Animal By[1]Products remain unchanged, i.e. care and advise to animal owners have up consultations or monitoring of the imports of these goods from the Republic of Ireland (ROI) to GB and a responsibility to their clients. This is condition and evaluation of therapy. The indirect movements from Northern Ireland (NI) moved via the ROI to GB, particularly true for veterinary practitioners attending veterinary practitioner (of other will continue to require pre-notification, to be accompanied by appropriate who have the client’s animals under their members of the group practice of which documentation and certification, and will continue be subject to risk-based care. he or she are a member) is available to import checks. respond to emergencies including the • Direct movements from NI to GB of NI Animals Under Vet Care – what provision of an emergency out of hours Qualifying animal products, will continue to have unfettered access to GB. does this mean? service. A prescription for antibiotics may only be issued by the attending veterinary CVEODETNUETCRINAINUTAOIORUNYS This is where an animal owner entrusts practitioner or other member of the group the veterinary care of their animals to a after diagnosis of infection. FOR VETS & VET NURSES registered veterinary practitioner either Training Module 1 as a sole practice owner or as a group Golden opportunity to reduce veterinary practice. A client -patient antibiotic usage Calf Scour, practice relationship (CPPR) is established. Electrolytes & Oral In some cases, a decision to consult or refer The provision of veterinary services for Rehydration to a “consulting veterinary practitioner” animals, herd or flocks in question must may be jointly agreed by the client and the be real and meaningful. There are a Training Module 2 veterinary practitioner also known as the number of considerations and variables “Attending veterinary practitioner”. to consider before prescribing and there Coccidiosis in Consulting veterinary practitioners should is no such thing as a one system fits all. lambs & calves communicate their findings and opinions to This is a golden opportunity for veterinary the attending veterinary practitioner. practitioners to actively engage with their Essential reading for the Responsible Person Such information typically is the exchange clients for the greater good of tackling of information or interpretation of test antibiotic resistance and protecting public results. In some circumstances the health. Unfortunately for many decades’ consulting veterinary practitioner may have farmers suppressed the health problems on their farm rather than address the underlying issues associated with poor management such as poor ventilation inappropriate stocking level and poor hygiene. \"Wholesome healthy food comes from healthy animals\" Veterinary practitioners can only issue a prescription for antimicrobials only after a diagnosis of infection or when the risk of spread of infection is high or when the no appropriate alternatives are available. The prescription must be downloaded within five days of issue and the farmer can treat the specific animals for as long as indicated by the prescriber. The veterinary practitioner has a golden opportunity to help his/her client realise that sometimes less is more in the greater scheme of things. The implementation date of the prescription requirements for antiparasitics is now moved out to June.Ongoing discussions with stakeholders continue. IN THIS ISSUE... OPTIMISING MILK DEALOR RESISTANCEMLDAaouNrplgTteeiHpyEllaLelaMmlmaIbNImtbsT’ss?IbCY?osu?r Field Spring PROBIOTICS NODEAL No Prob-lambs! IMMUNITY FEVER 2022 / 1

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ContentsSpring 2022 / ISSUE 45 Welcome to the Spring edition of Its Your Field Welcome to the Spring edition of Its The breeding season will soon be Optimising immunity against respiratory pathogens Your Field. We look forward to 2022 coming into view and Kate Ingram, with optimism now that the COVID 19 Virbac has an interesting case study during the first year of life 4 pandemic is regressing! Many people in to share“Improving Pregnancy the animal health industry went above Rates in Heifers with injectable trace Dairy calf-to-beef systems- top tips for tip top results 6-8 and beyond the call of duty in the care elements”. Staying with the topic of their clients’animals. There will be a of bovine reproduction the“Use of Training Module I 10-11 bank holiday but no €1000 cheque! fixed time artificial insemination with The New Veterinary Regulations have sexed semen”by Lauren Popiolek from Keeping calves alive & healthy this calving season 12 clicked into action. It will take time, Interchem shows how technologies and there will be some teething problems. science has advanced in recent years. Breathing Bovines -“Sayonara Spring Shed Setbacks” 14 For any system to work it involves Bimeda Animal Health have a case study the input and co-operation of all on Grays Dairy Farm“Diagnostic led The Role of Probiotics, Egg Antibodies & Immunity in stakeholders. It requires meaningful approach to fertility”. and inclusive dialogue in particular In our Sheep section, Aoife Seymour protecting Neonatal Calves & Lambs from E.coli Infections 16-18 with the antiparasitic group where the Teagasc/UCD Fellowship Research priority should be addressing concerns student focuses on nutrition in late Influencing and motivating your client to change their over antiparasitic resistance and not pregnancy and her research in this area. commercialism. Antiparasitic resistance is a growing approach to antibiotic usage – a farm animal perspective 19-20 Calf health is the main focus in this concern. Maresa Sheehan, DAFM has edition. Aurelie Moralis from Zoetis some timely advice on this. Preparing for calving 22 focuses on“Dairy calf-to-beef – top “Milk Quality – trouble shooting tips for tip top results”. Sioned bacterial challenges”by Fionnuala Practical advice for Milk Fever in dairy cattle 24 Timothy, BIAH’s topic on“optimising Malone, Senior Milk Quality Manager is immunity in the neonatal calf”is a a topical article at this time. Case Study: Improving pregnancy rates in heifers topic also covered by Ryan Duffy of Gavin McCoubrey, MD Janus Veterinary HIPRA“Breathing Bovines – Sayonara Consulting has a very informative article with injectable trace minerals 26 Spring Sheds Setbacks”. Provita Animal on“Vet Practice: to sell or not to sell”. Health are the pioneers of probiotics This article will be of interest to more Too much treatment – not enough prevention 28 in animal health and the only company practitioners than you think! with a worldwide licenced product. Dr We welcome requests from our Training Module II 30-31 Tom Barragry consultant veterinary readership to cover topics of specific advisor with Provita provides a though interest. One such request was on the Diseases like coccidiosis can be difficult to understand, provoking article on the growing topic“What is a Keratoma?”and equine interest in the“Role of Probiotics, Egg specialist Rebecca Watson explains in manage and prevent 32 Antibodies and Immunity in Protecting detail what a keratoma is. Neonatal Calves and Lambs from E.coli UCD school of Veterinary Medicine are Use of fixed-time artificial insemination with sex-sorted semen 34 infections”. accepting applications for Graduate Veterinary expert Dr Ingrid Lorenz Certificate in Dairy Herd Health. Late Pregnancy in Sheep & a Lamb’s first few weeks of life 36 highlights how vulnerable the new born Graduates of this course are full of calf is in her article“Keeping calves praise of the content and delivery. Responsible Use of Anthelmintics 38 alive and healthy”while Paul Dillon of APHA looks at“Strengthening Calf Pens reinforce the message of the responsible Use of antibiotics in animal AHI 40 importance of prevention in his article health and how it will shape Europe’s “Too much treatment – not enough animal health section”. prevention”. Rebecca O’Sullivan, It is a new year and a new era where technical advisor with Volac (leading professionals must lead the way in the experts on calf nutrition) assesses the responsible use of medicines. Changing constituents of a good milk replacer for the sake of change and ticking a and the overall processing conditions box to satisfy EU Regulations achieves to provide a quality product. Michelle nothing. Technology, diagnostics and McGrath, AHI focuses on good professionals prescribing is the way management including proper calf forward. Up until now medicines nutrition, appropriate housing and good were too readily available and cheap biosecurity measures in“Calf rearing for producers. This must stop and – the first 12 weeks”. Ciaran Lenehan collectively we can safeguard the future technical specialist with Chanelle and all take a step in the right direction Pharma poses a number of question and under the New Veterinary Regulations. provides the answers on“Coccidiosis in “You cannot escape the responsibility of calves”. tomorrow by evading it today. Periparturient diseases such as milk – Abraham Lincoln fever, ketosis and displaced abomasum’s can all be associated with poor transition. Maura Langan form Norbrook has“Practical advice for Milk Fever in Dairy Cattle”. Editor: [email protected] Vet Practices: To sell or not to sell 42 Sales/Marketing: [email protected] Advertising Enquiries: [email protected] Diagnostics-Led Approach to Fertility, Retained Placentas and Technical Editor: Dr Theo De Waal, UCD. It’s Your Field, Unit 5 Kilkerrin Park, Liosbaun Ind Estate Losses at Calving Yields Improvements for Kildare Dairy Farmers 44 Tuam Road, Galway. Tel 091 773734 FAQ 46 Milk Quality – Trouble shooting bacterial challenges 48 What is a Keratoma? 50 Disclaimer: It’s Your Field. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or part Product Focus 52 is forbidden except with prior permission in writing from It’s Your Field. The opinions expressed in this journal are those of the writers and services offered Seven essentials for good transition cow management 54-55 by advertisers are not endorsed by It’s Your Field. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy, It’s Your Field accepts no responsibilty for any effects Aleen Cust: A remarkable lady 56 from errors or omissions. It’s Your Field is not able to provide instant replies to correspondence or phone calls, and cannot guarantee a personal reply. It’s UCD Veterinary School partners with Village Vets 57 Your Field reserves the right to cut or edit letters for reason of clarity or space. Letters not intended for publication should be clearly marked. It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 3

Optimising immunity against respiratory pathogens during the first year of life Sioned Timothy | Technical Services Manager | Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK The neonatal calf is vulnerable to infections and remains at high risk of respiratory disease throughout the first year of life. Understanding how immune system of the young calf develops and taking measures to optimise immunity in young cattle can maximise their resilience to infection and help to provide the foundations of a healthy, productive life. Development of the immune system Maternally derived antibody and the vaccine response The calf’s immune system undergoes most of its development during the The calf is largely dependent on maternally derived antibodies (MDA) for gestation period but continues to mature during the early months of life. By the protection against disease for at least the first 2-4 weeks of life. However, the time a calf is born the innate immune system is largely developed. Macrophages presence of high levels of MDA can have a negative impact on the immune and neutrophils can be detected from around 130 days of gestation, however a response in calves vaccinated early in life. rise in foetal cortisol ahead of parturition suppress innate immune function for a Although the mechanism has not been fully elucidated, binding of maternal period following birth.1 antibodies to vaccine antigens can interfere with the response to systemic The cellular components of the adaptive immune system, the B and T (injectable) vaccines. This inhibits B cell activation and attenuates the initial lymphocytes, are also present in the foetal calf but at lower levels than in adult antibody response to vaccination, although a B cell memory response may be animals. Calves are typically born agammaglobulinaemic, with no circulating induced, and T cell priming will still occur.6 antibody unless infection has occurred in utero.1 As severe respiratory infections pose a significant threat to young calves, it is desirable that vaccines work in the face of maternally derived antibodies and provide rapid immunity.6 Studies have shown that live attenuated viral vaccines delivered via the mucosal route are more effective at inducing protection in the face of MDA than inactivated or live vaccines delivered by injection7. A recent study demonstrated that MDA-positive calves vaccinated with a live attenuated intranasal vaccine containing PI-3 and BRSV (were protected against infection by challenge with either PI-3 or BRSV at 12 weeks after initial vaccination8. The efficacy of mucosal vaccines in the face of MDA is due to the presence of lower levels of virus-specific maternal antibodies at the mucosal surface compared to SC or IM injection sites. Induction of non-specific cytokine-mediated innate immunity, and effective priming of cellular immune responses within the respiratory tract, enhance their effect. During gestation the foetal environment offers a high level of protection against As respiratory viruses initiate infection within the respiratory tract, inducing microbial challenge. Once born, the calf’s innate and adaptive immune system immunity at the mucosal surfaces can optimise protection against infection must rapidly adapt to deal with exposure to both pathogenic and commensal – mucosal antibodies block virus entry into cells, whilst cytotoxic T cells kill microbes. The humoral immune system kicks in: Functional levels of endogenous infected cells. IgM are detectable in colostrum deprived calves from 8 days after birth, and IgA, Mucosal immunity develops rapidly, but typically provides a shorter duration IgG1 and IgG2 is present from 16-32 days. Adult levels of circulating antibody are of immunity than that conferred by systemic administration of injectable reached at around 4 months of age.2 vaccines. Follow-up vaccination can extend the duration of immunity against BRD pathogens and provide appropriate protection ahead of high-risk periods9. Passive immunity in the young calf Implementing effective vaccination strategies Antibodies transferred from the dam to the calf in colostrum confer passive protection against infection in early life. IgG predominates in cow colostrum, An optimised respiratory vaccination strategy should provide calves with accounting for over 75% of total immunoglobulin, but IgM and IgA are also enhanced resilience to key pathogens at periods of high risk. On many farms the present. During the first hours of life, macromolecules present in the gut risk begins early in life, and continues throughout the first year, peaking at times including immunoglobulins undergo endocytosis by the enterocytes and pass of increased stress such as weaning and housing. into the circulation. Uptake of other colostrum constituents, including cytokines, Other challenges also need to be considered, such as the immunity gap that can lymphocytes and growth factors also influences the development of the immune occur when levels of maternal antibody have begun to subside, but endogenous system.3 antibody has not yet reached protective levels. Colostrum feeding protocols can help ensure that an appropriate volume of An integrated approach which capitalises on the rapid onset protection against good quality colostrum is fed to every calf in a hygienic and timely manner. Care respiratory viruses provided by mucosal vaccines, even in young MDA-positive should also be taken to recognise animals that may be at specific risk of failure calves, and the longer-term protection offered by subsequent administration of of passive transfer. Management factors such as cold stress, premature birth, a full primary course of an injectable vaccine enhance the resilience of calves to dystocia, and delivery by caesarean section can all directly reduce the ability of infection minimising the impact of respiratory disease health and productivity. the enterocytes to take up antibodies.4 Monitoring passive transfer can help to guide colostrum management practices References on farm. Guidelines on the use of total protein assessment have recently been updated and in place of a single threshold, the following herd-level targets are 1. Barrington, G.M. (2001) Bovine neonatal immunology. Vet recommended5: Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17: 463-476 2. Husband, A.J. and Lascelles, A.K. (1975) Antibody responses • 40% of calves achieve >25g of IgG/L of serum at 24-48 hours to neonatal immunisation in calves. Res Vet Sci 18:210-207 • 30% of calves achieve 18.0 – 24.9 g/L 3. Hurley, W.L. and Theil, P.K. (2011) Perspectives on • 20% of calves achieve 10.0 – 17.9g/L immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients 3:442-474 • <10% of calves achieve <10.0g/L 4. Sangild, P.T. (2003) Uptake of colostral antibodies by the compromised new born farm animal. Acta Vet Scanda Suppl 98:105-122 5. Lombard, J. et al. (2020) Consensus recommendations on calf- and herd-level passive immunity in dairy calves in the United States. J Dairy Sci. 103:7611-7624 6. Windeyer et al. (2019) Vaccinating calves in the face of maternally derived antibodies. Vet Clin North Am: Food An Prac 35:557-573 7.Kimman TG et al. (1989) Priming for local and systemic antibody memory responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, virus replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies. Vet Immunol and Immunopathol 22:145-160. 8. Metcalfe et al. (2020) Efficacy of a live intranasal vaccine against parainfluenza 3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in young calves with maternally derived antibodies. Vet Rec Open 7:e000429 9. Ellis J et al. (2018). Comparative efficacy of modified-live and inactivated vaccines in boosting responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus following neonatal mucosal priming of beef calves Can Vet J 59:1,311-1,319. 4 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

otiuhnerthfhaearpmwpoiehrsladts! Cows A LITTLE BOOST MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE BRD PROTECTION DELIVERING A TO YOU AND YOUR HERDS BOVALTO® is the ONLY BRD VACCINE RANGE which provides ALL of these benefits: Efficacy proven by challenge studies1 Intranasal efficacy against BRSV and PI3 A duration of immunity proven by challenge: unaffected by MDAs, providing the optimal start to immune protection against BRD2 12 weeks for BOVALTO Respi Intranasal2 6 months for BOVALTO Respi injectables1 A PRIME-BOOST capability: Developed to enable sequential use of identical PI3 and RSV antigens in different forms for rapid, robust immunity3,4 References: 1. Philippe-Reversat et al. (2017) Acta Vet BRNO. 86: 325–332 2. Metcalfe et al. (2020) Vet Record Open 7: e000429 3. Ellis et al. (2018) Can Vet J. 59: 1311–1319 4. Metcalfe et al. (2019) Poster presented at EBC, Den Bosch, Sept 19 Bovalto® Respi Intranasal, nasal spray, lyophilisate and solvent for suspension contains Bovine 4 also contains inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus, strain BIO-25. UK: POM-V IE: POM (E). pRreeassrppaiiirna3ftlouSreyunszspayennc3syitoviainrlufvsoirr(uPsIIn3(jVeB)cR,tSiomVn)o, daminfiodeddBifoileivvdaelltivovi®eruRvsi,ersuspstri,a4sintrSaBuinisopBe2ino3s/i2oA4n/1Af0o5r1.00in4–j.0e1c–t0io17.n506Tc.0ConTIDCta5Ii0Dn5a0inn. daBcoBtivvoaavlttienode® Further information available in the SPCs or from Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd, RG12 bovine respiratory syncytial virus, strain BIO-24, inactivated bovine parainfluenza 3 virus, strain 8YS, UK. Tel: 01344 746960 (sales) or 01344 746957 (technical), IE Tel: 01 291 3985 (all queries) BIO- 23 and inactivated Mannheimia haemolytica, serotype A1 strain DSM 5283. Bovalto® Respi Email: [email protected]. Bovalto® is a registered trademark of the Boehringer Ingelheim Group. ©2021 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd. All rights reserved. Date of preparation: May 2021. BOV-0112-2021. Use Medicines Responsibly. It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 5

Dairy calf-to-beef systems - top tips for tip top results Aurelie Moralis DVM Cert DHH MRCVS, Marketing and Technical Manager, Zoetis Ireland Dairy calf-to-beef production systems can be profitable; 3. Vaccination protocols however, many have found rearing dairy bred beef calves to be challenging and key performance targets hard to achieve, Pneumonia is the number 1 cause of death in calves over 4 particularly during the calf stage. weeks of age, whilst RSV, Pi3 and IBR are known to be the One of the main issues is that generally the calves come most common causes of viral pneumonia on Irish farms1 from several different dairy farms and are then mixed on the Rispoval® RS+Pi3 IntraNasal protects calves from 9 days of rearer’s farm. There isn’t a lot of social distancing, face masks age against RSV and Pi3 for up to 12 weeks, whilst Rispoval® or hand washing going on here, so as a result respiratory IBR-Marker live can be given intranasally in calves from 2 disease/pneumonia is common and has a detrimental impact weeks of age. In general, intranasal vaccines have a quicker on desired targets! onset of immunity compared to injectable vaccines, meaning Calf pneumonia is a lifelong disease. Outwardly, calves that calves will be protected for all 3 viruses 5-10 days after may recover, but the internal damage to the lungs can be intranasal Rispoval vaccination. irreversible and affects lifelong health and productivity. Calves should not be disbudded or castrated until at least 2 Calves with good respiratory health take fewer days to reach weeks after intranasal vaccination to allow the development target weight, make more profit and create higher morale for of an optimal immune response. the farmer and his/ her team. Clostridial (bacterial) diseases are another significant cause A herd health plan that includes measures for pneumonia of mortality in Irish cattle. Clostridial organisms cause a control alongside correct management is therefore key to variety of diseases and blackleg (Cl. Chauvoei) is one of the success and the following areas should be addressed; most common1. Clostridial diseases generally affect calves once they go to grass. However, they require 2 injections (4 1. Sourcing calves to 6 weeks apart) of the vaccine under the skin before they are protected. Ideally the first injection is given 2 weeks Ideally source directly from the herd of origin and not after the calves have been disbudded and the second one through a dealer or mart and ask the vendor about the shortly before going to grass. animal’s history. Other commonly detected aetiological agents in cattle Aspects such as colostrum management and vaccination include Clostridium novyi, Cl. sordellii, Cl. perfringens and history can influence how well equipped an animal may be Cl. septicum1. Covexin® 10 protects cattle from 10 deadly to fight off disease. Calves should be sourced from dairy causes of clostridial disease and provides cost-effective farms that feed calves adequate levels of colostrum at birth protection. and have a high herd health status. 2. Managing incoming stock Calves will be tired and stressed after a journey. When calves are stressed, their cortisol levels are high and they are ready for fight or flight, not combatting disease or producing a good immune response to vaccination. Therefore, it is best to delay vaccination for 24 to 48 hours after calves have arrived. Upon arrival the calves should be offered 2 litres of electrolytes each and be housed according to the groups in a well-bedded, well-ventilated and draught-free pen. 6 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

VACCINATE FOR HEALTH RISPOVAL Trusted protection Ireland’s number 1 IntraNasal vaccine1 Protect your cattle against RSV & Pi3 infection with a single dose of live IntraNasal vaccine2 1RSV & Pi3 IntraNasal vaccines, Kynetec ROI (Nov 2021) 2RSV & Pi3 are two of the most common causes of pneumonia in Ireland (All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report (2019)). Rispoval® RS+Pi3 IntraNasal POM(E). For further information please see SPC or contact Zoetis on (01)2569800 or www.zoetis.ie. Use medicines responsibly. See www.apha.ie MM-18351 (Jan 2022). It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 7

4. Nutrition: Correct feeding of a good quality calf High levels of moisture in a building increases the survival milk replacer and creep ration time of pathogens/bugs both in the air and in the bedding. Dampness reduces ambient temperature and increases the During the rearing phase calves should be allocated the lower critical temperature (the temperature at which a calf correct amount of milk replacer as per manufacturer’s starts utilising energy to keep warm) as well as requirements guidelines and be fed at the same times each day. Most milk for fresh bedding. replacers will specify the water temperature should not Maintenance of gutters and downpipes, mending leaking exceed 45-50°C for mixing. Any higher and you will start to water troughs and ensuring urine drains away from the damage the proteins in the milk formula that are so essential bedding will reduce overall moisture levels. for optimum calf performance. Both skim and whey-based Lastly, ensure the house is cleanable, without using water or milk powders can provide good quality feed but check the a high-volume hose. The weakest point in many calf facilities ingredients and nutrients they contain as they do vary. are the many thousands of tiny cracks that, even after Coarse calf‘starter’ration, straw and fresh water should be cleaning, provide a resilient home for bugs outside the host. freely available. The straw should be fed from a rack and not These tiny fissures in pens and walls and the joints between the bedding. the walls and the floor are a predictable source of re- Calves should be weaned once they are eating 1.5 to 2kg infection. This could easily be improved upon by for instance of ration per day, rather than an age basis; target weaning rendering and painting the walls to above animal height. By weight is 85 kg. improving cleanability of pens, the time and money invested in the cleaning process is more likely to pay back. 5. Calf housing In summary, for a successful dairy to beef operation attention to detail is crucial. This involves careful sourcing Incorrect housing provision can result in poor welfare and of the calves, followed by the correct feeding in a dry, well can predispose to disease outbreaks. bedded and ventilated shed which is clean, warm and free Firstly, there needs to be adequate lying space. Allow at least from draughts. The right vaccines need to be administered 1.5m2 of straw bedded space per calf. They will perform carefully at the correct time. better if they each have 2m2. Housing facilities must be well-ventilated and draught free. Viruses and bacteria do not References survive well in fresh air. Ensuring good air quality in cattle 1. All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report (2019) buildings reduces infectious burdens and promotes lung defences. In order to get fresh air into your buildings you need; • Inlet- somewhere for fresh air to get in • Outlet-somewhere for stale air to get out Whilst it is essential that fresh air is available in a building, all possible steps must be taken to avoid any draughts and ensure calves don’t suffer from cold stress. Look for ways to reduce draughts and possibly create‘micro- climate’environments for young calves, and ensure pens are well bedded to enable them to‘nest’. Calf jackets can be helpful in preventing calves from becoming chilled when temperatures drop, and they will lead to better growth rates. 8 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

VACCINATE FOR HEALTH 10 out of 10 Protection Concerned about Blackleg, Tetanus or other clostridial diseases? Choose Covexin 10 and protect against 10 deadly clostridial diseases. Covexin® 10 Suspension for injection for sheep and cattle contains C. perfringens type A toxoid, C. perfringens type B & C (ß) toxoid, C. perfringens type D (ε) toxoid, C. chauvoei whole It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 9 culture, C. novyi toxoid, C. septicum toxoid, C. tetani toxoid, C. sordellii toxoid, C. haemolyticum toxoid. Legal category: LM. For further information please contact Zoetis, 2nd Floor, Building 10, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Co. Dublin D18 T3Y1. (01) 2569800 or www.zoetis.ie. Use medicines responsibly (www.apha.ie) MM-18350 (Jan 2022).

IT’S YOUR FIELD // TRAINING MODULE 1 Calf Scour, Electrolytes & Oral Rehydration Michael Coyle Team LM Diarrhoea is the most common health problem in young calves Calves that survive a setback from calf scour usually have poorer growth especially in the first month of life. It is a symptom of disease which rates than calves that receive adequate colostrum. develops after the mucosa of the intestine has been damaged When engaging with your client on the topic of colostrum management by infectious agents (mainly viruses and cryptosproidium). As a remember the 4 Q’s. consequence, the calf loses fluids and electrolytes via runny or watery Quality – only use colostrum from the first milking for the first faeces. Calf scour is not a single disease entity, it is a clinical syndrome feed. The quality of colostrum can be checked by measuring associated with several diseases characterised by diarrhoea especially in the concentration of antibodies using a colostrometer or a Brix the first month of life. refractometer. Good quality colostrum results There are two causes of scour in the neonatal calf: • Colostrometer: >50mg/ml IgG • Nutritional • Brix refractometer: > 22% • Pathogenic The quality of colostrum can also be monitored by blood tests. The zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZST) or the total protein analysis. Non-infectious or nutritional causes of scour When sampling a batch of calves make sure to take a representative sample (>12) Causes of nutritional scour include stress and poor management such The calves should be healthy calves not sick, dehydrated calves as inappropriate feeding of milk or milk replacer. Other stress factors and they should be aged 1-7 days. In order to have the best quality include transport, dehorning, changing milk replacers. By improving colostrum the dam should be healthy and vaccinated. Vaccinate cows management practices and removing the sources of stress the calves’ and heifers 12-3 weeks before calving using a 16guage 1 ½“needle condition can improve. Little damage is done to the villi but dehydration intramuscular. is an issue and calves need to be closely monitored. Nutritional scour or non-infectious scour can often be predisposing or contributory factors to infectious scour. Non-infectious causes of calf scour are best defined as gaps in management. The second Q is for Quantity. Guidelines here are to give at least 3 litres of quality colostrum. Leaving the dairy calf to suckle its mother is an unreliable method of ensuring sufficient intake of colostrum. Dairy calves should be moved away from the cow immediately after birth so as to avoid any potential infection. The third Q is for Quickly. Colostrum should be given within the first two hours of life Table 1. Number of tests and relative frequency of enteropathogenic agents identified in faecal samples of calves up to one month of The fourth Q is for Quietly. Avoid unnecessary stress on the calf when hand feeding the calf with a nipple bottle, bucket or stomach tube. Infectious causes of calf scour Feeding by nipple is the preferred recommendation, it is more natural and there is a slightly better absorption of antibodies. Pathogenic scours can be further classified into two groups: - Group 1 includes viral pathogens, rotavirus, coronavirus and protozoal Good management agent Cryptosporidium parvum. These are non-invasive, cause diarrhoea with fluid losses that respond well to fluid therapy. They are Two important considerations when looking after the neonatal are good not effectively addressed by antibiotic therapy. hygiene and avoiding stress. Group 2 include bacterial enteric pathogens that cause different pathophysiologic changes including significant inflammatory responses Hygiene and invasion beyond the intestinal lining. The most common of these is Salmonella spp and enterpathogenic E. coli. Antibiotic use has a Most pathogens enter the calf via the mouth. A clean calving area and valuable role in this group. disinfect the calf house between batches to break the cycle of infection. Scour samples can be tested to determine which bugs are present and Feeding utensils including stomach tube must be fit for purpose. Batch if they are likely to be causing disease. Scour cannot be diagnosed by rearing calves on an all-in all-out basis. the naked eye. Veterinary practitioners need to be involved in advising, collecting and sending samples from freshly scouring untreated calves Stress for comprehensive analysis to a veterinary laboratory. Avoid stress caused by factors such as overcrowding, poor air quality, How does the calf become infected and what extreme temperatures, and proximity to older animals. The wet and management steps can be taken to prevent infection? chilled (hypothermic) newborn calf experiences a loss of body heat, becomes severely stressed and lacks the vigour to nurse aggressively and receive adequate colostrums early in life. Stress is imposed when calves are asked to adapt to change. Consistent feeding practices, timing presentation, temperature and quality of feed enhance the non- specific immunity of the calf. Gradual change from colostrums to milk replacer reduces stress. There are many infectious agents that are capable of causing scour with the most common detailed in Table 1 above. These infectious agents are ubiquitous. The producer must be encouraged to take steps to prevent or reduce the effects of calf scour. Two central planks to reducing the incident, severity and loses associated with neonatal scour are: • Colostrum Management Electolyte Replenishment • Electrolyte Replenishment The scouring calf can lose up to 10% of its body weight in one day. Colostrum Management The average healthy calf needs 5 litres of fluid per day while the sick or scouring calf could need up to 8-9 litres of fluid. In most cases it Colostrum provides essential antibodies which cannot cross over from is dehydration or starvation that kills. Oral rehydration solutions or the cow to the calf during pregnancy. Colostrum has a higher energy electrolytes replenish fluids and electrolytes lost during episodes of content than normal milk which is important since new born calves do diarrhoea. A sick calf is a vulnerable animal. They must be nursed not have large reserves of fat. back to health. This involves feeding the calf for nourishment and Calves that do not get enough antibodies through colostrum after they rehydrating the calf for loss of fluids. Milk should not be withdrawn are born will have failure of passive transfer (FPT) of antibodies. Calves from the scouring calf. Feed electrolyte solution between milk feeds. with FPT of antibodies have a higher chance of becoming ill and dying. 10 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

This is achieved by giving scouring calves extra feeds of warm oral Potassium helps maintain the fluid balance in the body and is involved electrolyte solutions. It is important that these solutions are mixed as in nerve function and muscular contraction particularly the heart. per the directions on the label. The purpose of oral rehydration therapy Chloride is needed to maintain pH of the blood and for metabolism. is to restore the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and to reverse acidosis. How effective a product will be at achieving this is directly linked to the balance of ingredients it contains. Some important ingredients of oral dehyrdation therapy Sodium draws water to it so when sodium moves from the intestine to the blood and tissues water will follow it. Glucose (sometimes listed as dextrose) facilitates sodium and therefore water absorbed from the intestine. It is also useful as a minor energy source for sick calves. The amount of energy supplied by electrolyte mixes is not a substitute for the nutritive value of milk. Glycine is an amino acid which provides pathways for sodium absorption. Glycine also enhances the absorption of glucose. Alkalinising agents are added to decrease acidosis. A calf is not able to correct acidosis without intervention Gelling agents they may tend to slow the passage of fluids through the intestine possibly allowing more nutrients to be absorbed and this may coat inflamed mucosa. Probiotics – usually these probiotics consist of lactobacillus and bifido bacterium species both of which work well against E. coli and benefit the intestinal environment. The most important aspects of treatment of neonatal calf diarrhoea involve correction of dehydration with fluids and the correction of acidosis. In the healthy body the kidney, cells and lungs control the chemical composition of the blood and the balance of water and electrolytes (body salts) in body fluids and tissues. Diarrhoea (scours) contains large amount of water as well as body salts, this loss of fluid and salts result in dehydration of the calf. References: 1 All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report (2020) TRAINING 1 // ASSESSMENT 91 Q4 (2) How many litres of fluids does a scouring calf need per day? Q1. What is the most frequent enteropathogenic isolated in cases (a) 2 litres (b) 4 litres (c) 9 litres of bovine neonatal enteritis in Ireland Q5. What are the two main causes of death in scouring calves Q2. Pathogenic scours can be classified as invasive or non- 1._____________________________________________________ invasive. Name four non-invasive pathogens: 2._____________________________________________________ Q3. Complete the following sentence: - Full Name Company Two central planks to reducing the incident, severity and losses Email associated with neonatal scour are: Address Registration No. 1.____________________ & 2.____________________ Q4. (1) How many litres of fluid does a healthy calf Send completed answers to: need/drink per day? It’s Your Field, Unit 5 Kilkerrin Park, Liosbaun Industrial Estate, Tuam Road, Galway or [email protected]. (a) 1 litre (b) 5 litres (c) 9 litres It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 11

Keeping calves alive and healthy 0 this calving season Dr. Ingrid Lorenz Bavarian Animal Health Service Calf morbidity and mortality are still unacceptably high in Normal sized Holstein calves should get at least 3 L of intensive calf rearing systems. In seasonal calving pressure is colostrum from the first milking within 2 hours of life (1-2-3 additionally increased due to high calf density and peeking of colostrum management). In suckler calves it has to be workloads. The major health problems are multifactorial ensured that the calf is suckling early on, otherwise it should diseases like calf diarrhoea and bovine respiratory disease. be hand fed. Calves should generally not be fed with milk This means that besides infectious agents that are usually containing antibiotic residues to avoid detrimental effects on present on all farms, environmental as well as management the calf’s intestinal bacteria and development of resistances. factors contribute to the outbreak of disease. In general, the management principles for the rearing of healthy calves are aimed at minimizing the infectious pressure and boosting the calf’s immunity and resistance. Minimizing pathogen exposure The key to minimizing pathogen exposure is cleanliness throughout all aspects of calf rearing. Obvious sources of contamination for the calf at birth are the dam, the environment (calving area) and people handling the cow and calf during assisted calving. After the removal of the dairy calf from the dam the infectious pressure is dependent on the hygiene related to housing and feeding. In suckler calves, even more emphasis has to be put on a clean environment, especially as long as the animals are kept indoors, since they cannot be separated from the dam. Boosting immunity and resistance However, residues from antibiotic dry cow treatment can only rarely be found in colostrum if the dry period was not Good colostrum management is still recognized as the single unusually short. most important factor to preventing calf morbidity and Traditional restricted feeding programmes are detrimental mortality, however, it is now known that immunoglobulins for the calf’s immunity and resistance. Calves on such are only one of many components of colostrum that are vital feeding regimes should under no circumstances be fed less for the calf’s development. Other non-nutrient factors like than 15 % of their body weight in milk or good quality milk leucocytes, hormones and growth factors, oligosaccharides replacer daily. However, an intensive (biologically normal) as well as microRNAs have significant effects on the milk-feeding program is now known to be necessary for development and maturation of the intestinal and systemic optimal body growth, organ development and resistance to immune functions. They also promote the maturation infectious diseases. Ad-libitum or close to ad-libitum feeding and function of the intestine, thus enabling the calf to in the first three weeks of life also leaves calves less hungry digest and absorb the nutrients provided with colostrum thus improving calf welfare. and milk. The improved energetic status of colostrum-fed Only calves fed intensively with colostrum and milk are able neonates is reflected by an accelerated maturation of the to reach their full potential for performance throughout somatotropic axis, which stimulates body growth and organ their life. This also means, that calves will“pay back”the development. Colostrum oligosaccharides are presumed to additional milk fed due to increased milk yield later on. play a major role in the development of a healthy intestinal Calves suckling their dam or otherwise fed ad libitum ingest flora. Colostrum also contains an abundance of antimicrobial about 20% of body weight (BW) per day and reach up to components, like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, or lysozyme. 1 kg of daily weight gain. On a practical note ad-libitum Extended feeding of colostrum or transition milk further feeding in the absence of an automated feeding system can promotes small intestinal growth and maturation and is be carried out by providing acidified milk twice daily. After preventive of calf diarrhea. three weeks milk volumes should be decreased slowly until weaning with about 10 to 12 weeks of life. 12 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 Economic losses due to calfhood diseases Many farmers only realise the direct costs of animal diseases for drugs and veterinary treatment. In the case of calfhood diseases the indirect costs due to production losses are many times higher than those. Any disease event will potentially reduce weight gains thus delaying first calving and reducing milk yield later in life. It is well known that calves treated twice for calf pneumonia are unlikely to ever reach their full potential of performance. Even more emphasis should therefore be given to exhaust all measures possible for the prevention of calfhood diseases.

AND YOU’RE 04:37AM ALL IN Come day or night, rain or shine, the well-being of your clients’ herds is what drives you, and you put everything into keeping them healthy and productive. METACAM® is proud to partner with cattle veterinarians to provide proven and trusted anti-inflammatory pain relief for mastitis management,* respiratory infections,* diarrhoea in young calves† and pain relief following dehorning and disbudding. You’re all in, and we are too. To learn more about METACAM®, speak to your Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health representative. *With appropriate antibiotic therapy. Supporting cattle well-being †In calves over one week of age in combination with oral rehydration therapy. Metacam® 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, pigs and horses and Metacam® 40 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and horses contain meloxicam. UK: POM-V ; IE: POM . Further information available in the SPCs or from Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd., RG12 8YS, UK. UK Tel: 01344 746957; IE Tel: 01 291 3985. Email:[email protected]. Metacam® is a registered trademark of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, used under licence. ©2021 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd. AllIrti’gshYtosurersFeirevledd.Spring 2022 / 13 Date of preparation: Dec 2021. BOV-0200-2021 Use Medicines Responsibly 384200

Breathing Bovines - “Sayonara Spring Shed Setbacks” Ryan Duffy, It is the goal of any dairy enterprise that replacement heifers are bred HIPRA Technical Services Vet,Ruminant Ireland at 55% of their mature bodyweight and calve at 82% of their mature bodyweight5 at 22-24 months of age6. Hayes et al., (2019) outlined that Preparations for another busy spring are well and truly underway in all this requires an average daily gain of 0.68kg/d in an Irish system – a veterinary practices and on most Irish farms. As we are all too aware one difficult task if an animal has had a bout of pneumonia. However, the of the most important aspects of rearing cattle involves making every same authors utilised ICBF data to show that only 70% of Irish dairy attempt to mitigate bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Again, heifer replacements calved between 22-26 months of age in 20187. we can all appreciate the multifactorial nature of this disease process These animals who do not calve at this age will most likely have to calve (involving host, pathogen, management, and environmental factors), and down at 3 years of age to fit a spring-calving farm’s production system. how devastating spring outbreaks can be on our client’s farms in terms This adds to input costs and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions as of animal health and welfare, mental health, and antibiotic usage. it leaves an unproductive replacement heifer in the herd for one more year “rent-free” emanating methane before she enters the milking herd. Not much has changed over the last decade in respect to its impact as Clearly, we must try and avoid any bumps in the road. So, what are the it is still recognised as the leading cause of mortality in cattle over 1 main causes of BRDC in Ireland and what solutions does HIPRA afford month of age in successive DAFM reports1 making it the annual “housing the veterinary practitioner in curbing the occurrence of the chronically headache” for vets working hard, long hours. But the most frustrating coughing calf? component is the knowledge that the calves that survive are going HIPRABOVIS SOMNI/LKT9 is a dual bacterial vaccine that confers through a vicious cycle I call the “spring shed setback” where these protection against Mannheimia Haemolytica (the most frequently animals do not thrive sufficiently to meet production targets due to isolated bacteria in cases of BRDC) and Histophilus Somni (a pathogen localised or extensive pulmonary fibrosis, often with overlying pleuritis which is being increasingly detected year on year here) which may and abscessation. Walking into some cattle sheds would remind you benefit you and your clients for the coming season and into the future. of the pre-smoking ban pub with many patrons in a dimly lit, poorly It is worth noting that in another Irish study carried out by Murray et al., ventilated room frequently expelling a harsh, chesty cough. (2017) who examined the pathogens isolated from cases of BRD in 136 weanlings aged 6-12 months that dual infections were found in 58% On a beef/suckler enterprise consolidated lung lobes have been of lungs, with the most common synergism detected being between associated with a reduction in average daily liveweight gain2, but on Mannheimia Haemolytica and Histophilus Somni8. The latest DAFM top of this long-term pulmonary damage will also dramatically impact report had similar findings with Histophilosis being “more frequently the success of Irish beef/suckler farms which employ weanling/yearling detected in animals less than a year old”1. Double bacterial protection ‘compensatory’3 or ‘catch-up’ growth4 in the post-housing period. So, against both of these agents certainly has relevance in an Irish setting. these farms will be hit with a double-whammy. Note that achieving early and sustained growth targets will be even more important if the slaughter age is to be reduced - even more reason to ensure appropriate preventative efforts are employed such as: - Suitable Ventilation (examine inlets and outlets) NASYM9 is HIPRA’s live BRSV vaccine which has demonstrated protection - Appropriate Nutrition (including colostrum) against heterologous strains of the main viral agent implicated in - Moisture Mitigation BRDC in Ireland. Due to its ability to be administered intranasally and - Calf Comfort (such as nesting score) intramuscularly it is an easy decision when it comes to combating BRSV - Minimising Management Stressors (castration, disbudding, in young spring-born calves (intranasal use) and in weanlings being weaning, group size and mixing) housed for an entire winter for the first time (especially strong unruly - Vaccination, to name a few. beef weanlings). NASYM prevents clinical signs attributed to BRSV but also reduces viral shedding, thereby protecting against the invisible waves of viral spread occurring under the bonnet. I’m from a landlocked county, but I believe I can speak for the It’s Your Field readership when I say we are fed up of (COVID-19) waves. NASYM will help you turn the tide against the inevitable BRSV waves which many Irish farms experience. If you have any queries about the HIPRA respiratory portfolio or believe these HIPRABOVIS SOMNI/LKT or NASYM may benefit you and your clients this housing period do not hesitate to contact the team here in Ireland. We would all like to wish you all the very best for spring 2022. Fig 1: Identity and percentages of the six main BRDC pathogens isolated References on post-mortem examination in the Republic of Ireland in 2020 (n = 339) 1: Veterinary Laboratory Service, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (1). and Animal Health Ireland. December 2021. All Island Animal Disease 14 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 Surveillance Report 2020. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. [Online]. Available Via: http://www.animalhealthsurveillance. agriculture.gov.ie/media/animalhealthsurveillance/content/labreports/ SurveillanceReport2020.pdf Accessed 19/01/2022. 2: Williams, P. and Green, L., 2007. Associations between lung lesions and grade and estimated daily live weight gain in bull beef at slaughter. Cattle Practice, 15, pp.244-249. 3: Wright, I.A., Russel, A.J.F. and Hunter, E.A., 1989. Compensatory growth in cattle grazing different vegetation types. Animal Science, 48(1), pp.43-50. 4: Alves Correa Carvalho Da Silva, T., 2017. Compensatory and catch-up growth in cattle. 5: Akins, M.S., 2016. Dairy heifer development and nutrition management. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 32(2), pp.303- 317. 6: Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academies Press. 7: Hayes, C.J., McAloon, C.G., Carty, C.I., Ryan, E.G., Mee, J.F. and O'Grady, L., 2019. The effect of growth rate on reproductive outcomes in replacement dairy heifers in seasonally calving, pasture-based systems. Journal of dairy science, 102(6), pp.5599-5611. 8: Murray, G.M., More, S.J., Sammin, D., Casey, M.J., McElroy, M.C., O’Neill, R.G., Byrne, W.J., Earley, B., Clegg, T.A., Ball, H. and Bell, C.J., 2017. Pathogens, patterns of pneumonia, and epidemiologic risk factors associated with respiratory disease in recently weaned cattle in Ireland. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 29(1), pp.20-34. 9: Product legal sign-off within HIPRA’s NASYM and HIPRABOVIS SOMNI/Lkt advertisement in this edition of It’s Your Field.

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The Role of Probiotics, Egg Antibodies & Immunity in Protecting Neonatal Calves & Lambs from E.coli Infections (Scour & Watery Mouth) Dr Tom Barragry PhD, MSc.MVB, MRCVS Dip ECVPT (Registered Specialist in Veterinary Pharmacology) Coliform Scours in Lambs & Calves Thus quantity, quality and timing of colostrum are crucial to newborn and long-term health, and viability of the young Any outbreak of neonatal enteric disease in calves and animal. For ruminants, the period between 12 and 36 hours after lambs (coliform scours and watery mouth) is the result of an birth is critical for absorption of colostrum IgG. overwhelming imbalance between environmental contamination Despite widespread knowledge of the importance and role of pressure and the very low immune status of the newborn. An proper colostrum feeding, various surveys have shown that absolute and direct correlation exists between low immunity at failure of passive transfer occurs in at least 33% of newborn birth and Watery Mouth or E.coli infection. Prevention is better calves. than cure, and a healthy gut microbiome and immune system Although many microbial agents can cause diarrhoea in calves, will reduce the risk of neonatal infectious disease, therefore Enterotoxigenic E. coli is usually the prime offender. Each curbing over reliance on antibiotic “firefighting”. calf can affect five other calves; therefore, calf scour is a herd Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a huge risk with oral antibiotic problem, and should be treated as such. usage and there is now widespread resistance amongst E. In lambs, almost half of total lamb losses occur at lambing (0-48 coli to many of the aminocyclitol antibiotics commonly used. hours), with a further 11% occurring 2-14 days post-lambing. Antibiotics will always be needed to treat serious outbreaks Newborn lambs and calves also have a very permeable gut of clinical infectious diseases. What is at stake, is reducing the lining, that can allow any ingested bacteria and toxins into the frequency of usage, and if possible, to prophylactically head bloodstream. Thus, early development of the gut microbiome, off outbreaks of disease. The usefulness of any antibiotic is immunity and sealing of gut tight junctions by probiotics can be inversely proportional to the frequency of its usage. Regular crucial for survival. application of oral broad-spectrum antibiotics is a particular problem insofar as it affects not only gut pathogens, but An Alternative Approach to Antibiotic Usage also the resident population of beneficial commensals. Oral broad-spectrum antimicrobials in effect “asset strip” the gut Prevention of infection from day one of life by supplying microbiome of more organisms than is necessary, including the antibodies and probiotics is a solid and scientific, evidence vital beneficial ones. based, alternative approach to antibiotic usage. There is also This indiscriminate oral antimicrobial usage can be regarded as a a beneficial and synergistic immunological effect between “subtractive approach” in terms of the gut microbiome, whereas colostral antibodies (IgG), egg antibodies (IgY), and licensed seeding the gut with beneficial organisms such by probiotic probiotics. usage can be viewed as an “additive approach”. Using alternative immunologically based compounds The field efficacy of this potent and synergistic combination in prophylactically, as pre-emptive strikes, is now seen as a viable reducing neonatal scours in animals, has been documented in method of reducing outbreaks of clinical gut disease, thereby the scientific literature (Refs 1,2). minimizing the need for antibiotics. As international regulatory agencies, and the EU are now placing more restrictions on antibiotic use in food animals, licensed The Newborn Animal & its Immune System probiotics and antibody treatment combinations are now beginning to play a more significant and effective role in raising When a calf or lamb gets colostrum from its mother, it kick- healthy calves and other species (Refs 3.4). starts their almost non-existent immune system, giving them some immediate passive protection and a transient immunity. BMiratxhimtoizWinegatnhinegImmunity of Calf or Lamb from If fed early enough, these antibodies are absorbed into the bloodstream, enabling the newborn to build up a passive The newborn calf and lamb need proper immunity cover from birth immune system which then wanes over the following 3 – 12 to shield it from infection and to prevent E. coli establishment in the weeks. gut. This immunity cover can be provided in two ways: (a) by delivering passive immunity (antibodies) and also by 16 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 delivering (b) active immuno-stimulation via early development of the gut microbiome following probiotic seeding. (a) Passive Immunity Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies, including IgG from colostrum, IgY from avian eggs, and from monoclonal sources. In addition to its primary function of nutrient digestion and absorption, the gut is an efficient barrier which protects against the passage of pathogenic microorganisms and potential harmful macromolecules into the body. Contrary to the restricted macromolecular passage in adulthood, enhanced transfer of large molecules (antibodies) takes place across the intestines during early life, due to the high endocytic capacity of the immature intestinal epithelial cells during the foetal and/or

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Bovine Colostrum Substitutes There are many publications demonstrating immunity enhancement, higher antibody levels and elevation of Interleukin-10 levels, in A variety of colostrum supplements are on the market to augment lambs treated with probiotics as well as enhanced response to passive uptake and absorption of IgG antibodies by the neonate. vaccination. In other publications, diarrhoea (E. coli / Watery Mouth) These are useful to increase the intake of protective antibodies incidence was lower in probiotic fed lambs. (Refs 5,6,7) until the calf or lamb develops sufficient active immune functioning to protect itself. These colostrum supplements must always be Probiotic commensals (LAB handled and used as directed. This form of passive immunity and Enterococci) can populate provides only short-lived protection, but it is an immediate benefit. the gut and by competitive Nonetheless, there can be a trailing off period and a decline in exclusion, add an additional antibody titre and protection after a few weeks. Hence a short gap of local layer of protection susceptibility may open, and unless the young immune system has against E coli, an effect which developed adequate cellular and humoral functioning, the young lasts much longer than the animal may again become vulnerable to infection. short duration of action of IgG antibodies. Gut based immunity Eubiosis in the gut (i.e healthy gut flora) is associated with The importance of gut development and maturation in the neonate high SCFA, whereas dysbiosis goes beyond the mere absorption of nutrients and passive transfer in the gut (pathogenic of IgG soon after birth. The gastrointestinal tract is now known organisms) is associated with to be the largest immune organ of the body, and the gut lining a decrease in SCFA. This recent scientific evidence clearly underpins mucosal immune system is the first line of defence against harmful why in the probiotic field trials, the treated calves displayed not only pathogens. a lower incidence of scour but also a lower incidence of respiratory The foetus develops within a sterile environment, born bacteria- disease. free, and its first contact with bacteria essentially only occurs during One of the important and after birth with a diverse microbial population colonizing its protective effects of sterile gastrointestinal tract. There is increasing evidence that this probiotics in the intestinal complex microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of mucosa is to strengthen the the mucosal immune system and influences newborn health and epithelial tight junctions strength. Data is now revealing significant associations between and to improve the mucosal the early microbiome, development of the mucosal immune system, barrier function of the gut. and the growth and health of the newborn. Even with support from Probiotics not only enhance maternal immunoglobulin, lambs exhibit high mortality rates, and barrier function by inducing hence implementing early and effective supplementation of the synthesis and assembly of gut commensal population by probiotic administration is of critical tight junction proteins, but importance. An enhanced commensal gut microbiome will boost also by preventing disruption immunological capability and reduce the establishment of E.coli in of tight junctions by external the gut, thereby reducing diarrhoea incidence. injurious factors, bacteria, cryptosporidia viruses and IPmrombuiontiitcys, the Gut Microbiome, Gut Health, & miscellaneous pathogens. This newly discovered key feature is undoubtedly one of the putative The optimised gut microbiome is now known to be the director mechanisms underlying the high efficacy of probiotics in E.coli not only of gut health, and protection against E.coli infection, but calf scour. Many scientific publications have shown that in various also of general immunity in the body. Medical research shows the species both Lactobacillus Acidophilus and Enterococcus Faecium beneficial effects of quality probiotics on commensals of the gut (microbial components of Provita Protect) can seal the tight junctions and an augmentation of the signalling from the gut commensals to of the gut, thereby restricting pathogen entry. the immune system via Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA). “Cross talk” A diverse microbial population colonizes the sterile gastrointestinal exists between the gut and other tissues in terms of the optimised tract of the calf and lamb during and after the birth. There is gut microbiome facilitating not just local immunity in the gut, and increasing evidence that this complex microbiome plays a crucial counteracting E coli but also protecting the respiratory system, the role in the development of the mucosal immune system and brain and other body compartments. influences newborn health and strength. Meta data is now being Good probiotics contain high colony counts of Enterococcus, generated revealing significant associations between the early gut Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli (LAB) which help to seed, augment microbiome, development of the mucosal immune system, and the and consolidate this indigenous commensal population, thereby growth and health of newborn calves and lambs. In combination with counteracting pathogenic infection, while at the same time boosting egg (IgY) and colostral (IgG) antibody administration this represents immunity. Specifically, these probiotics when added to the gut a useful new and effective approach towards helping the animal flora, counteract, and “overcrowd” E. coli proliferation, neutralise to help itself, without recourse to unnecessary antibiotics and the toxin production and prevent flagellar adhesion to the intestinal attendant risks of AMR. mucosa. They also produce bacteriocins such as nicin which have anti-microbial actions against pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics also References:- enhance intestinal villus development, increase the villus: crypt 1. A new passive immune strategy based on IgY antibodies as a key element to control ratio, seal tight junctions and maximize absorptive and digestive neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy farms. processes. Vega et al. 18 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 BMC Veterinary Research volume 16, Article number: 264 (2020) 2 Effect of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgY) against Diarrhea in Domesticated Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2014 Plos Zhao, & Yuan Wang. Plos Published: May 20, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097716 3 Combined effect of probiotics and specific immunoglobulin Y directed against Escherichia coli on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and immune system in calves A. Karamzadeh-Dehaghani a, A. Towhidi a,⁎,1, M. Zhandi a, N.Mojgani b, A. Fouladi-Nashta Int J animal Biosciences 15 2021.100124 4 The Impact of Probiotics and Egg Yolk IgY on Behavior and Blood Parameters in a Broiler Immune Stress Model Ibrahim F. Rehan,1,* Mohammed Youssef,2, Front Vet Sci. 2020; 7: 145 5. Probiotics in milk replacer influence lamb immune function and meat quality Santillo1, G. Annicchiarico2, M. Caroprese1, R. Marino1, A. Sevi1 and M. Albenzio1 - Animal (2012), 6:2, pp 339–345 & The Animal Consortium 2011 6. Effect of Age and Probiotics on Immune Response in Lambs Honors Thesis by Haley Scott, May 2018 Presented to the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Animal Science of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Research Honors Program 7. Growth performance and health of nursing lambs supplemented with inulin and Lactobacillus casei. Marco A Ayala-Monter,1 David Hernández-Sánchez,1,* Sergio González-Muñoz,1 René Pinto-Ruiz,2 José A Martínez-Aispuro,1 Nicólas Torres-Salado,3 Jerónimo Herrera-Pérez,3 and Adrian Gloria- Trujillo4

Influencing and motivating your client to change their approach to antibiotic usage – a farm animal perspective Dr. Eoin Ryan MVB MVM DipECBHM PCertBI Dr. Catherine McAloon MVB DVMS DipECBHM There is no doubting the current challenge facing the especially about the use of CIAs. Veterinarians should also be veterinary and farming sectors in relation to tackling the well versed in the pharmacokinetics of the AMs that they are problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR has been prescribing and about requirements for prudent use. Veterinary proven to be inextricably linked to antimicrobial usage practices may hold farmer meetings to explain their rationale (AMU), with high levels of AMU leading to increased risk of for prescribing and how AMs can be used appropriately. AMR. The overuse of oral antibiotics, in pig, poultry and calf Simplified information such as lists and classes of AMs can medicine (oral antibiotic tablets for treating calf diarrhoea; be developed and made available to both veterinarians and oral chlortetracycline powder in the treatment of respiratory farmers. We should also be aware that these knowledge disease) has led to the development and build-up of significant transfer meetings may be viewed in different lights by farmers, levels of AMR amongst strains of E coli and other coliforms. who may consider them to be anything from useful and With the introduction of the new Animal Remedies Regulations empowering to useless and shaming (Bard et al. 2017). (EU 2019/6), where prophylactic and metaphylactic use of There may also be differing opinions on where the push for antimicrobials have been prohibited unless under exceptional management change should come from – is it the responsibility circumstances, there is an onus of the veterinary profession to of the veterinarian or of the farmer? Telling people what to do review prescribing practices in line with these new legislative does not work; farmers must take ownership of the problems changes. In addition, the restriction on the use of higher by exploring and realising them and partnering with others priority critically important antibiotics (HP-CIA’s) together with (veterinarians, fellow farmers and other farm advisers) to the guidelines for vets outlined in the new Code of Professional generate ideas for solutions (Reyher et al. 2017). Conduct (CPC, 2022) produced by the Veterinary Council They need to consider and discuss solutions and think through of Ireland (VCI), means that veterinary practitioners around their implementation, rehearsing the changes that they are the country will have to reassess and adapt their prescribing likely to make, or perhaps testing out possible solutions practices appropriately. Making these changes personally, and (Reyher et al. 2017). within the context of a practice as a whole, is one challenge. However, a simultaneous, and some might say more difficult, Leadership and Consistency in Veterinarian and challenge is that of influencing and motivating clients to Practice Approach change their approach to antibiotic usage. For many years now, antibiotics have been relatively freely Farmers are influenced by their veterinarian to a great extent available to farmers for the treatment of their stock. This has when it comes to animal treatment and antibiotic use. It is led to a culture of farmer self-diagnosis and trial treatment imperative that all vets within a practice buy-in to a collective, with broad spectrum antibiotics, and frequently HP-CIA’s such consistent approach to the responsible and ethical use of as fluoroquinolones, prior to calling a vet eventually when the antibiotics on their clients’ farms. In this way, farmers will not animal(s) in question has not responded to treatment. There be confused and will receive a consistent message for change. have been many problems associated with this: • Incorrect diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics All vets should strive to educate their clients on the need when unnecessary for change in AMU and to reassure them that change will not • Incorrect dosage and duration of treatment employed necessarily be associated with increased mortality rates in • Incorrect choice of antibiotic, i.e. use of HP-CIA’s as their herds. Recent evidence from the UK has demonstrated first line therapy that ceasing the use of the highest priority critically important • Resultant usage of excessive quantities of antibiotics antimicrobials does not adversely affect production, health or on-farm with the build-up of AMR and increased costs welfare parameters in dairy cows (Turner et al. 2018). There of treatment on farm is an onus on veterinarians at the practice level, but also on • Failure to attend to herd health management veterinary representative bodies, DAFM and the VCI, to outline problems and to adopt a preventative approach leading this message to farmers and other stakeholders and to reassure to health and welfare deficits in many herds them that change in AMU can be brought about in a safe and controlled manner without affecting their animals’ health and Driving change in order to meet the requirement of EU welfare. Directive 2019/6 and the guidelines of the CPC of the VCI, within the context of a client-patient-practice-relationship Improving Veterinarian-Farmer Communication (CPPR) will not be easy. As with all change, it will be accepted and acted upon with relative ease by a cohort of clients, while Improved communication between veterinary practitioners and there will be resistance to change amongst a separate cohort. farmers is critical to motivating change towards responsible In order to optimise the levels of compliance and expediate antibiotic use. When speaking to farmers about most topics change across the client-base of a practice, there are a number (including medicines use), veterinarians find it easiest to slip of important areas which can be targeted, and these will be into the role of expert with the ‘right’ answer (Bard et al. 2017). discussed in the remainder of this article. Instead of assuming that we know and understand the constraints of the farmer, we can make an effort to ask open Education and Training questions and really listen to farmers, actively trying to understand where they are coming from. In fact, current research Many people would support the view that a key to changing suggests that the ‘typical’ veterinary approach to herd health prescribing and AM use on farms is education and training of management is underpinned by a lack of awareness of the farmers and veterinarians alike. Indeed, veterinarians should be farmer’s goals and attitudes (Derks et al. 2013, Bard et al. 2017), aware (or should be made aware) of the problems of AMR and so taking this small step could make a big difference. In terms of improving veterinarian-client communication and the ability of veterinarians to influence change on farms, training and upskilling of veterinarians in motivational interviewing has proven extremely effective based on recent research in this area. It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 19

Motivational Interviewing management, good husbandry; especially hygiene, housing and nutrition. The use of vaccinations can help to dramatically limit Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-oriented respiratory disease on farms and farmers should be educated communication methodology shown to be effective in on the benefits both economically and herd health wise from stimulating client behaviour (Svensson et al. 2020a). MI aims to altering their mindset from one of treatment of sick animals to facilitate the client’s internal motivation to change. It builds on one of prevention in the first case. two equally important pillars: relational skills that help to form In the case of mastitis, the use of third and fourth generation a work alliance with the client and technical skills that serve cephalosporins for the treatment of clinical mastitis to evoke and support the client’s own motives and plans for duration lactation, and as part of dry cow therapy strategies behaviour change (Svensson et al. 2020a). must be restricted going forward. The implementation of Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centred communication multidisciplinary, veterinary-led, mastitis control programmes on methodology that aims to facilitate clients’ internal motivation farms will help greatly in this regard, together with direct advice to change. In MI, Change Talk represents clients’ own statements on mastitis treatment. expressing consideration of, motivation for or commitment to The widespread opinion of many farmers that VHHM pertains to behaviour change and has been shown to be strongly correlated solely to infectious and parasitic disease control is something with behaviour change. Sustain Talk is corresponding statements that the veterinary profession must aim to change. Vets must related to maintaining the status quo (Svensson et al. 2020b). work to achieve a leadership and advisory role on their client’s In a 2020 study carried out with Swedish farmers, clients of farms in relation to all aspects of infectious and production veterinarians reaching the highest (i.e. moderate) MI skills disease, including fertility management, lameness and mastitis expressed 1.5 times more Change Talk than clients of untrained control, nutritional management and calf health. In addition, veterinarians. Clients of general large animal practitioners regular annual reviews of antibiotic usage, both quantity and expressed less Sustain Talk than clients of animal health types of antibiotics, on these farms should become a focus of veterinarians and had higher Proportion of Change Talk good VHHM. It is very important that all aspects of herd health, (Svensson et al. 2020b). An additional study showed that MI treatment and preventative strategies are assessed from an training using a stretched-out design and including coaching economical point of view as this is also a key methodology in and specific feedback successfully improved veterinarians’ motivating farmer change. communication skills in veterinary herd health management Motivating clients to change their approach to antibiotic usage (VHHM), and result in moderate to fair MI skills in at least a will be a complex and challenging task. However, there are many proportion of participating veterinarians. things that can be done to help make it happen. A united, open, Furthermore, results demonstrated that veterinarians perceived and collaborative attitude amongst all stakeholders will greatly MI methodology as highly relevant to their profession and increase the chances of rapid progress in this area. training using this concept as very useful (Svensson et al. 2020a). References MI has been employed with great success by some practices in Ireland currently in tackling herd health problems on farm, and Bard, A.M., Main, D.C.J., Haase, A.M., Whay, H.R., Roe, E.J., Reyher, we feel that it could be an equally effective methodology in K.K. The future of veterinary communication: Partnership motivating change in the established patterns of antibiotic use or persuasion? A qualitative investigation of veterinary on Irish farms. communication in the pursuit of client behaviour change. PLOS ONE: DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0171380 (2017). Engagement with Discussion Groups Derks, M., Van Woudenbergh, B., Boender, M., Kremer, W., Van Werven, T., Hogeveen, H. Veterinarian awareness of farmer goals Farmers are commonly influenced by their peers (Reyher and attitudes to herd health management in the Netherlands. et al. 2017). The desire of farmers within discussion groups Veterinary Journal (2013): 198; 224-228. to compete with their peers when it comes to production Reyher, K.K., Barrett, D.C., Tisdall, D.A. Achieving responsible performance, for example, is something that we have had antimicrobial use: communicating with farmers. In Practice considerable experience in the UCD Herd Health Team. There (2017); Volume 39: 63-71. is also scope for benchmarking farmers within a discussion Svensson, C., Wickström, H., Emanuelson, U., Bard, A.M., group or practice group and using this as a motivational tool for Reyher, K.K., Forsberg, L. Training in motivational interviewing implementing change towards restriction on the use of CIA’s and improves cattle veterinarians’ communication skills for herd a reduction in AMU generally. health management. Veterinary Record (2020a): doi: 10.1136/ Recording and auditing medicines usage on farms would become vr.105646. an intrinsic component to such an approach. Recent work, as part Svensson, C., Forsberg, L., Emanuelson, U., Reyher, K.K., Bard, A.M., of the Irish National Antimicrobial Plan (iNAP), on methodologies Betnér, S., von Brömssen, C., Wickström, H. Dairy veterinarians’ and computer software programmes to facilitate data capture skills in motivational interviewing are linked to client verbal around AMU on farms will help in this respect. behavior. Animal (2020b), 14:10, pp 2167–2177. Tisdall, D.A., Reyher, K.K., Barrett, D.C. Achieving responsible Promotion of Herd Health Management and medicines use at practice and farm level. In Practice (2017); Preventative Medicine Volume 39: 119-127. Turner, A., Tisdall, D., Barrett, D.C., Wood, S., Dowsey, A., Reyher, There is no doubt that the old adage “prevention is better than K.K. Ceasing the use of the highest priority critically important cure” applies to the situation of reducing AMU on Irish farms. antimicrobials does not adversely affect production, health or Veterinary herd health management (VHHM) is key to optimising welfare parameters in dairy cows. Veterinary Record (2018): doi: health and minimising disease, and, therefore, the number of 10.1136/vr.104702. animals which may require antibiotic treatments on an annual basis. Looking at calf health, reductions in the use of CIA’s and antibiotics generally can be achieved through good colostrum 20 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

A recent economic analysis1 suggests that giving Bovikalc® to all cows* around calving can almost always deliver a positive financial return. So the hurdle of identifying cows at risk of subclinical hypocalcaemia, can effectively be removed. THE WHOLE HERD APPROACH FOR HYPOCALCAEMIA The whole herd approach for managing “milk fever” * Two lactations or greater. Reference 1. McArt and Oetzel. A stochastic estimate of the economic impact of oral calcium supplementation in postparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015 Oct;98:7408-18. Bovikalc® contains calcium chloride and calcium sulphate. Further information available from Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd RG12 8YS, UK. UK Tel: 01344 746960 (sales) or 01344 746957 (technical), IE Tel: 01 291 3985 (all queries). Email: vetenquiries@ boehringer-ingelheim.com. Bovikalc® is a registered trademark of the Boehringer Ingelheim Group. ©2019 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd. Date of preparation: Sept 2019. AHD 12773. All rights reserved. Use Medicines Responsibly. It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 21

Preparing for Calving Rebecca O Sullivan, Technical Business Manager, Volac Ireland. Immunity and the Gut casein – is not the fundamental element within a calf milk formula influencing optimum calf growth,” says Rebecca. Pre-Calving Preparation In the study, there was no significant difference between the different milk replacer formulations. The work By way of preparation for calving, bear in mind highlights that if the important milk components are that newborn calves must be reared in a hygienic processed correctly, as they are at Volac, both skim and environment. whey proteins will be highly digestible by the high milk “This means making sure your calf accommodation is fed pre-weaned calf and will deliver good performance. fit for purpose. It is well worth making sure ventilation and drainage are up to scratch. Ideally, pen floors should Importance of finished products slope from the back to a drain at the front (a 1 in 20 slope decline is recommended) to ensure your calves are always Rebecca stresses that good nutrition and calf performance reared in a clean, dry environment,” says Rebecca. is linked to more than just the type of dairy protein included in the finished milk formula. Feeding Newborn Calves “Important differences in amino acid and fatty acid profiles, amount of lactose, vitamins, minerals and trace However, the foundation of any calf rearing enterprise elements, processing conditions and overall digestibility should be to feed newborn calves enough good quality also all contribute to calf performance,” she says. colostrum as soon as possible after birth. “Aim to feed at least 10% of a newborn calf’s birthweight In summary, this means that when processed within two hours of birth. Practically, this means feeding under carefully controlled conditions, both a minimum of three litres within the first six hours skim and whey protein concentrate-based of life at the latest. Only feed the best and test your milk replacers can deliver excellent calf colostrum quality frequently using a refractometer or performance but, on the other hand, poorly colostrometer,” says Rebecca. processed milk-derived protein (be it skim or She also stresses that when it comes to optimum pre- whey) can have very poor digestibility and weaning nutrition, feeding enough of the correct quality increase the risk of health issues. calf milk replacer is absolutely crucial if calves are to For further information visit www. hit growth targets and meet their lifetime performance feedforgrowth.com or contact your local potential. Volac Business Manager. Whey Protein vs Skim Protein Significantly though – for calf rearers looking for the most cost-effective way of rearing pre-weaned youngstock – studies have confirmed that concentrated whey protein and skim are equivalent sources of dairy protein in milk replacers for high performing young calves fed up to 1050g of milk solids per day. “It’s been known for more than 20 years that at a basic nutritional level, feeding a good quality whey-based milk formula results in calf growth at least as good as that achieved with high quality skim-based products. However, the calf trial work in the late 1990s only examined milk feeding levels in line with historical recommendations (of 10-12.5% of bodyweight). What about modern high milk fed calves? “Well according to this latest 2019 experimental study involving 80 Holstein Friesian calves fed four different milk replacers from birth to 56 days of age, well formulated skim and whey-based milk replacers certainly definitely deliver comparable animal performance – whatever the feeding rate,” says Rebecca. Latest Research Volac says that this latest independent research finding, confirmed in recent trial (2019) work by AFBI at Hillsborough in Northern Ireland, should be well received by calf rearers in Ireland traditionally wedded to skim. “This work clearly shows once and for all that the presence of skim – and therefore the clotting effect of 22 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

TAKE A MOMENT NETWO REFLECT.DORAMAX® protects against reinfection for weeks after use NO OTHER POUR-ON WORMER OFFERS LONGER PROTECTION Lice Stomach Worm Lungworm 5-7 weeks 5 weeks 6 weeks DON’T JUST FEED FOR GROWTH, FEED FOR A HEALTHIER FUTURE. Less treatments Volac’s Laifengudardhraangne dof mliinlkgreprlaeceqrs aullicronetadin ImunoproTM, our unique concentrated milk protein, which enables better development (8-10 week dosing interval)of the early life immune system and stimulates the young calf’s digestive system, crucial for fast, healthy and sustainable growth. feedforgrowth.com www.farmhealthfirst.com ASK YOUR ANIMAL HEALTH SUPPLIER ABOUT DORAMAX® AND OUR NEW APPLICATORS VoLUploraseueccgmaIhrueerteldiaoaicn,nCisdn,o,ew.FsGaerraaenlgswinhpago,ysM,naIsruneibdllallcaynog.dnhD.tI,EroKa:r-ePailnmOldsMa,icxC:aV5otmP.ioMAgn1se/m0.aF9tluh8Pr7,toI/hur1ee6rrl-6aion/nn0fod0sr,1omA.luC8atto2iiopoEynn7rcfiCgoah5nrtcb©aeTtCft+ohl3eua5.nnC3deool(ln0ent)2tah40ine29s1d:4DaA3tola3lrrsai4hgm7eh5eetstc5,trSienP·s.CeTirnaovrfregoadeitr.tweslwpaewncd.fiea@srmv: Cohaleatactll.etch.oRfmiersfet.·rctooCmop.prDoydisruitgcrihtbptua©tecdk2ab0gy2i:n2CghVaaonnldaelcleleIaItPnf’slhetYeatsorrnmfuoaarrtciFfeouiuenlltliandicldaLSilcstpadMrt.iiaoAnnnlglusrf,2aisg0cidh2teut2sreinfr/feges2Lcet3trdsv,,ed.

Practical Advice for Milk Fever in Dairy Catt;le Maura Langan, Norbrook Vet Advisor All freshly calved cows are challenged to maintain normal calcium levels within the first 72 hours of calving, so the modern dairy farmer needs to understand the risk of milk fever within the herd, aim to prevent it wherever possible and treat promptly when necessary. Milk fever or hypocalcaemia occurs when the cow is Some supplements include both fast and slow-release unable to mobilise her own calcium reserves quickly calcium. Providing both forms of calcium ensures that enough to match the increased demand created by the blood calcium levels start to improve shortly after production of colostrum and the onset of lactation. administration as well as helping to provide a sustained Some cows will struggle to adapt to the increased need increase in calcium levels. This complements the cows’ for calcium more than others. Cows particularly at risk natural processes and bridges the gap until she is able to of milk fever include those that are over-conditioned mobilise her own calcium reserves. (BCS 3.5 or more), under-conditioned (BCS 2.5 or less), Vitamin D3 has also been shown to play a role in the older cows (third lactation plus), those with a history of absorption of calcium via the gut and can also be useful milk fever, high-producing dairy cows and breeds such as addition as part of an oral supplement. Jersey. Any cow that is identified as being in one or more of the Identifying cows at risk of ketosis above risk categories will benefit from an oral calcium supplement at the time of calving. This will provide For many farmers a case of milk fever involves a ‘downer additional calcium to give the cow a little extra time cow’, when clinical hypocalcaemia results in a loss to start the process of mobilising her own supply and of appetite, low body temperature, muscle weakness meeting her needs naturally causing her to go down and a slowing of her heart rate. Prompt veterinary treatment with intravenous calcium (eg Calciject 40+3) is a lifesaving treatment delivering high levels of calcium very quickly and getting the cow back on her feet. In the past, IV calcium infusion was often followed with a subcutaneous injection, however absorption from a peripheral site in a cow already down with clinical milk fever is poor. It is more effective to follow-up IV treatment with an oral calcium supplement to ensure she has a continued calcium supply post-treatment. This will give high levels of easily absorbed calcium that will not interfere with the cows’ natural metabolic processes. Sometimes downer cows can be slow to recover from clinical milk fever following IV infusion, these refractory cases of hypocalcaemia often occur as a result of low phosphorus levels (hypophosphataemia) and such cases will benefit from additional phosphorus supplements. Oral Calcium Supplements * must have swallowing reflex For more information about Norbrook’s range of Transition Calcium supplements can be found in a range of fresh Cow products speak to your local territory manager or cow drinks, boluses and drenches. Farmers will have visit Norbrook.com. preferences as to which mode of administration suits A range of training materials and videos about milk fever them and their farm. While some farmers are happy to and other metabolic diseases affecting dairy cows are pump every cow, others will prefer a bolus and during available. a busy calving season it may suit some farm set-ups to drench or supplement via feed or water. Whichever product they choose, attention should be paid to the amount of calcium being supplied and in what form. The amount of calcium provided in these products can vary substantially and multiple applications may be necessary to reach effective levels. Dietary calcium is supplied in the form of calcium salts and care should be taken to avoid calcium chloride which is caustic in nature and an irritant to the oesophagus and rumen as well as being very unpalatable. 24 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

NEW PRODUCT RANGE MANAGING MILK FEVER in dairy cows Milk fever is common metabolic disorder of dairy cows and impacts their welfare and productivity. Readily available forms of calcium can be given around the time of calving to reduce the risk of clinical and subclinical milk fever, or as a supportive therapy following intravenous infusion of calcium. Licensed for the treatment of (New formulation) Each 500ml bottle contains 59g hypocalcaemia complicated by calcium and 45g phosphorus Each 175g bolus contains 45g deficiency of magnesium calcium and 40,000 iu vitamin D3 Calciject® 40+3 manufactured in NI by: Norbrook Laboratories Ltd, Station Works, Newry, Co. Down, BT35 6JP. Legal Category: Contains: 40% calcium It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 25 borogluconate and 3% magnesium hypophosphite. | Calcitrace® D3: Dietetic mineral feed (dairy cows). Calcitrace® P: Dietetic complementary feed (dairy cows). Distributed in ROI by: Norbrook Laboratories (Ireland) Ltd, Rossmore Industrial Estate, Monaghan, County Monaghan. | 5522-LA(C)-v1a-ROI-31/01/22

Case Study Cork 2020: Improving Pregnancy Rates in Heifers with Injectable Trace Minerals Kate Ingram BVetMed MRCVS, Ruminant Technical adviser , Virbac Animal Health Herd fertility in pasture-based dairy farms is a key driver of It is estimated that every open day outside of the compact farm economics1. According to Teagasc,“a cow calving in May calving window costs the system €3.08/day/head3. will generate €400 less profit than a cow calving in February, due to higher feed costs and reduced yield. For every 100 cows, compact calving is worth on average €10,000 – €12,000 (€100 – €120 per cow/ year2).” Age is particularly important in farming systems with restricted Heifers born in the first 21 days of the breeding season will calving periods. Teagasc advise that the first step towards come off grass heavier and hit puberty earlier meaning more improving calving distribution is ensure heifers conceive early efficient reproduction in the herd, a key driver of profitability. in the breeding season to generate large numbers of early- Age and weight at first breeding are closely correlated1. calving heifers¹,². Heifers that were heavier at the start of breeding had increased On a pasture-based farm in Cork in 2019 a farmer reported incidence of oestrus and higher pregnancy rates at the end of fertility issues in a group of 22 mixed British and Holstein the season than lighter animals1. Frisian heifers weighing 340-390 kg. Submission rate was low In a 2013 study, it was reported that younger calving heifers as only 17/22 received AI. Only 14/17 held to first service achieved more days in milk over 5 years, with >44% of their and 5 heifers did not come bulling for the first 3 weeks of the days alive spent in milk production compared with only 18% - breeding season - all heifers eventually went in calf to the bull 40% in cows calving later4. Thus, good heifer fertility results in by the end of June when he was removed. When some of the the best subsequent performance in future lactations. heifers calved it was at the end of April, too late in the farmer’s opinion. The farmer wanted to get as many replacement heifers from Pre-breeding supplementation helps to raise not only the these heifers as possible. He used conventional semen and each trace minerals but also the essential enzyme levels rapidly and heifer only got one straw before the bull was introduced after effectively which could assist farmers to get cows and heifers the first 3 weeks. Due to the poor submission rate and his late back in calf in a tighter calving pattern. calving heifers in 2019, the farmer sought advice from his vet, Hazel Mullins and in 2020 the farmer treated his heifers with A study from a leading US university demonstrated that cows MULTIMIN™, 30 days prior to AI. receiving injectable trace mineral supplementation prior to In the 2020 group there were 20 heifers - a submission rate of mating had improved conception rates to fixed time AI and an 90% in the first 3 weeks of breeding was achieved with 18/20 improved calving distribution compared to those that did not in calf to first service AI, the remaining 2 heifers showed signs of receive supplementation⁵. oestrus later but did not receive AI. The overall result therefore was a 90% submission rate in the first 3 weeks of service References with 95% in calf to first service. Of the remaining heifers, one heifer held her first service to the bull and the other held to 1. O’Brien B., Teagasc: Milk Quality Mastitis and SCC Section 5 Chapter 31 p184 https:// her second service. They were all scanned on the 7/08/20 and www.teagasc.ie/media/website/animals/dairy/MilkQandMastitis.pdf 20/20 were in calf > 85 days with 18 > 105 days in calf. 2. Davidov I., Radinovic M., Erdelian M., Cincovic M.R., Stancic I., Belic B. 2013., Relations between blood Zinc concentrations and udder health in dairy cows Revue Méd. Vét., 2013, 164, 4, 183-190 3. Paolicchi F., Perea J., Cseh S., Morsella C., 2013., Relationship between Paratuberculosis and the microelements Copper, Zinc, Iron, Selenium and Molybdenum in Beef Cattle Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 44, 1, 153-160 4. Pinna K, Kelley D S, Taylor P C, King J C, 2002., Immune functions are maintained in healthy men with low zinc intake. J Nutr. 132, 2033-2036 5. Hogan J.S., Smith K.L., Weiss W. P., Todhunter D. A., and Schockey W. L., 1990., Relationships Among Vitamin E, Selenium, and Bovine Blood Neutrophils' 44691 1990 J Dairy SCi 73~2372-237 6. Malecki E. A. and Greger J. L., 1996., Manganese Protects against Heart Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation in Rats Fed High Levels of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Journal of Nutrition 0022-3166/96 7. O'Rourke D., 2009 Nutrition and udder health in dairy cows: a review, Irish Veterinary Journal volume 62, Article number: S15 (2009) 8. Rogers P.A.M., and Murphy R., (2000) Levels of Dry Matter, Major Elements (calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and sulphur) and Trace Elements (cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc) in Irish Grass, Silage and Hay http://homepage.eircom.net/~progers/0forage.htm 9. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 10. Cook J. G., Green M. J., 2010: Milk production in early lactation in a dairy herd following supplementation with iodine, selenium and cobalt. Veterinary Record 167, 788–789. 11. Pogge D., & Richter E., 2012., Mineral concentrations of plasma and liver following injection with a trace mineral complex differ among Angus and Simmental cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 2692–2698 12. Machado V.S., Oikonomou G., Bicalho M.L.S., Knauer W.A., Gilbert R., Bicalho R.C., 2012 Investigation of postpartum dairy cows’uterine microbial diversity using metagenomic pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene VETMIC-5739; No. of Pages 10 2012 13. Machado, V.S., Bicahlo M.L.S., Pereira R.V., Caixeta L.S., Knauer W.A., Oikonomou G., Gilbert R.O., 2013., Effect of an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese on the health and production of lactating Holstein cows. The Veterinary Journal Volume 197, Issue 2, August 2013, Pages 451- 456 14. Machado V.S., Oikonomou G, Lima S F, Bichalo M.L.S., Kacar C., Foditsch C., Felippe MJ, Gilbert R.O. Bichalo R.C., 2014., The effect of injectable trace minerals on peripheral blood leukocyte activity and serum superoxide dismutase, The Veterinary Journal Volume 200, Issue 2, May 2014, Pages 299-304 26 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

PreVsectrOipntlyion Prescription Trace Mineral Injection 30 29 Zn Cu High demand pe riods 25 Mn 34 Se Boost trace mineral supply and get cattle ready to perform! Unique combined trace mineral injection Fast acting, convenient and reliable1 Enables strategic top-up of cattle during Shown to improve cattle health, high demand periods performance and immunity2,3,4 References. 1. Pogge, D et al. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 2692–2698 (2012). 2. Machado VS et al. Vet. J. 197:451-6. 3. Mundell LR et al. The Profess. Anim. Sci. 28, 82–88. 4. Arthington J. et al. J. Anim. Sci 90, 1966–1971. MULTIMIN™ solution for injection for Cattle. IE: POM .Further information on the SPC available from: Virbac Ltd. Woolpit Business Park, Windmill Avenue, Woolpit, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP30 9UP. Tel: +44 (0) 1359 243243 Email: [email protected] www.virbac.ie. Use medicines responsibly www.apha.ie It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 27

Too much treatment – not enough prevention Paul Dillon, MD, Calfpens.ie Calf mortality rates, a meaningless figure? Mortality rate is a commonly used figure when comparing the overall quality of animal husbandry or when researchers are discussing the efficacy of a treatment in their study, but how useful is it really? While there is no argument that a high mortality rate in a calf rearing program is seriously concerning. If 10% of your calves are dying, you have a problem, or probably multiple problems, that need to be addressed. However, does a low mortality rate ie <5% really mean your calves are doing well? Research published by Teagasc adds weight to the argument that low mortality figures are meaningless. Researchers ran a trial to establish the effect of feeding colostrum that was stored in different conditions prior to feeding to dairy heifer calves. 75 calves in total participated in the trial. All calves were inspected twice daily for general demeanour and signs of clinical illness (e.g., diarrhoea, pneumonia, or navel ill). Clinical illness was determined as any case in which a calf received treatment for disease. A total of 60 disease episodes (i.e., treatments for clinical illness) were recorded during the experimental period, which involved a total of 40 calves experiencing some form of illness. Figure 1 Irish Temperature won't reach 15° until June Every calf will benefit by being placed under an infra-red light. Once calves are dry, they can be fitted with a calf coat. The calves skin temperature is 6°c higher when they are fitted with coats compared to calves without. Researchers have found higher weight gains and reduced feed intake on calves wearing coats. Farmer user experience would largely be very positive towards coats with most citing improved performance and reduced incidence of disease in calves with coats. No calf died during the trial; Mortality rate was 0% which in isolation looks Animal Health Ireland commissioned a group of experts to provide good but disease incidence was 80%, which is clearly not so good. evidence-based advice on calf health and disease management to Irish I have highlighted this Teagasc trial because the scale, the disease farmers, agricultural advisers, and veterinary practitioners. incidence and mortality are probably not too dissimilar to many Irish farms. The calves were housed in groups of 15 which is more than Teagasc own Figure 2 Rearing calves individually for at least 2 weeks will lead to dramatic improvements in health. recommendations of maximum group size but still not too uncommon on many farms. The findings of this expert group were subsequently published in The Some people will still argue that in spite of the 80% disease incidents that Irish Veterinary Journal volume 64, Article number: 14 and they stated. no calf died and that the time saved in labour requirements with grouping “Individual housing of dairy calves, either indoors or outside, is of calves compensates for the costs of increased treatments. generally linked with improved calf health. There is long-term Calfhood diseases and particularly respiratory disease will impact the recognition of the benefit to dairy calf health of outdoor housing in health of that calf for its entire life leading to reduced growth rates, later hutches, especially for the prevention of diarrhoea and respiratory finishing times and lower milk yields. So, while one may have low mortality disease. Hutches have been associated with lower morbidity and in the herd, the impact of high disease incidence in the herd should not be mortality in dairy calves”. ignored as it is having a serious negative financial impact on the business. Why do calves get disease and some die? Cold Kills. Research conducted by Dr Robert Hyde, University of Nottingham, involved recording day/night temperatures inside and outside 100 UK calf sheds over a 10-month period. Dr Hyde found that regardless of the shed size or design, the temperature outside the shed was virtually the same as the temperature inside the shed. Dr Hyde also explained that he had gone back over 10 years of British Cattle Movement Service data and cross referenced it with Met Office temperature data and found there was a direct correlation between temperature and calf deaths ie more calves died in winter months than in summer months. Dr Hyde also said it was clear from the historical data that there were more deaths in a cold January versus a mild January. Newborn calves require ambient temperatures of 15°c. In cold weather, calves require more energy to keep warm, so they need enough milk and concentrate to provide them with this extra energy to maintain body temperature, grow and remain healthy. Feed is directed away from growth and the immune system to maintain warmth. As a very rough guide this ambient temperature requirement from the calf decreases by about 0.5°c every day, meaning that by a month-old calves can tolerate temperatures of 0°c. The newborn calf has just spent 9 months in 39°c. He arrives into the world, wet and the temperature is probably between -5° and +10°. A dairy calf has 3% body fat, not much insulation. Get him warm fast. 28 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

Aiding rapid recovery for scouring calves Rapid rehydration following onset of diarrhoea is crucial to calf recovery • Contains optimal levels of readily Your trusted available energy and electrolytes rehydration solution is available now Manufactured and distributed in NI by: Norbrook Laboratories Ltd, Station Works, Newry, Co. Down, BT35 6JP. Distributed in ROI by: Norbrook Laboratories (Ireland) Ltd, It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 29 Rossmore Industrial Estate, Monaghan, County Monaghan. Contains: Sodium citrate dihydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, sodium propionate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, glucose (anhydrous), silica colloidal anhydrous. | 4909-LA(C)-v1b-NI/ROI-20/12/19

IT’S YOUR FIELD // TRAINING MODULE 2 Coccidiosis in lambs and calves Michael Coyle Team LM With spring, and the influx of new lambs and calves not far away, it is never too soon to consider some of the health issues that affect young stock and coccidiosis is a prime example. Viewed by many as a‘hidden threat’– and virtually impossible to eradicate from the on-farm environment – it particularly affects lambs and calves causing disease and production losses. In this training module we will look at the‘hidden’nature of the disease, the risk factors that can exacerbate disease outbreaks and the treatment and management strategies you can recommend to help reduce the risk of these challenges. Points to consider • Coccidiosis is a serious disease with subclinical losses that can be greater tha the clinical losses • Once signs of the disease are apparent, the damage is done, and it is too late to stop economic losses • Coccidial oocysts (eggs) are present on all farms and can survive for up to two years in the environment • With all coccidiostats requiring a veterinary prescription this is an excellent opportunity for the private veterinary practitioner to have a meaningful discussion on managing coccidiosis on individual farms Coccidiosis: a hidden threat Coccidiosis is a disease of the intestinal tract caused by single celled Symptoms & Diagnosis intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. It affects several different animal species, both farmed and wild, with young stock such as lambs As a general rule, animals with high burdens of infection or low levels and calves being at highest risk of disease.1 of resistance – especially young animals – will display clinical signs. There are over 20 different species of coccidia in cattle and sheep The clinical signs of coccidiosis are loss of appetite, diarrhoea (from which are host specific with no cross infection between different host green and slimy to bloody), dehydration, straining – which can lead to species. rectal prolapse – abdominal pain, wasting and death. The damage to the It is important to note that not all species of coccidia are pathogenic: gut allows for secondary bacterial infections to occur. in calves three Eimeria spp cause disease and in sheep there are only Cases of subclinical coccidiosis are also very common and, whilst often three known causes (see table 1) going unnoticed – or accompanied by a few non-specific symptoms such as weight loss, slow growth and poor overall condition – they account for as much as 61% of total losses related to coccidiosis.3 Table 1 above showing species of coccidia that are pathogenic Coccidiosis should be suspected in animals of the right age group showing the typical clinical signs, and confirmed by analysis of faecal How do animals become infected? samples. Demonstration of causative pathogenic coccidia oocysts in faeces is key to diagnosis. In cattle, high oocysts count in faeces Contaminated water and feed troughs and the skin of dams’udders and typical clinical signs are suggestive of coccidiosis. Low levels of are common routes for the spread of coccidiosis and infection is by the coccidia oocysts justify further monitoring. faecal-oral route: once oocyts (eggs) are passed out they can be eaten by the same or new animal. Understanding the role of maternal immunity Young animals initially acquire a degree of immunity against coccidiosis from antibodies absorbed from colostrum. As the initial protection wanes, lambs and calves are particularly susceptible to infection (see diagram). In lambs this is usually from 4 to 8 weeks of age, and in calves most commonly between 3 weeks and 6 months of age. As a rule, whilst adult animals may be the initial source of infection, heavy contamination comes from naïve lambs and calves themselves which, after contracting the initial infection, can go on to excrete millions of oocysts into their environment. Subsequent groups of naïve young animals then entering that same environment are exposed to a far higher challenge, and are far more likely to suffer significant gut damage, production losses and disease. How the damage is done As it progresses through its life cycle this parasite reproduces within the Risk factors that trigger coccidiosis cells that line the gut causing the cells to rupture and damaging the villi (finger like projections that increase the surface of the gut to maximise So, whilst most animals have coccidia not all farms see clinical disease absorption of nutrients). This damage reduces the amount of nutrients – and for others it can occur at different times. The outcome of infection absorbed, causing ill health, poor growth rates and leaving them is a balance between the infection pressure, immunity and various susceptible to other diseases. However, the obvious signs of the disease stress factors that may lower the animal’s ability to cope with infection. (such as diarrhoea) do not appear until most of the damage is already These range from overstocking and re-housing to poor hygiene and bad done and it is too late to stop the economic losses. weather. Young calves with an under developed immune system placed The consequences of this life cycle being allowed to continue can be in a dirty environment can succumb to disease. A dirty environment devastating. A single ingested oocyst can lead to the destruction of 32 leaves calves more likely to ingest high numbers of immature protozoa million intestinal cells (and result in serious gut damage) and lead to and as calves get older they will have less passive immunity from the the production of a further 16 million oocysts to further contaminate cow colostrum. the environment.2 30 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

Helping your farmers to manage coccidia *Refer to product label and SPC Infection of ruminants by pathogenic Eimeria species is inevitable. Whilst in-feed preparations rely on all animals eating enough to get an Oocysts are ubiquitous in the environment where animals are kept and effective dose, oral drenches are generally the most convenient way of are capable of surviving for long periods ensuring that each animal receives the correct dose at the correct time, Good management of coccidia means helping animals to avoid disease allowing enough exposure to stimulate immunity before removing the and production losses whilst they get exposure to the parasite and parasites. develop immunity. Limiting the build-up of oocysts in the environment will help reduce the chances of infection. This can be done by taking When to treat simple measures such as: When to treat can be a matter of knowing the farm’s history and when • Providing dry, clean bedding challenges are expected. If a herd has had trouble with coccidia in the • Avoiding overstocking and stress past they need to be vigilant because it can easily re-occur particularly • Housing animals with their own age group where hygiene is poor. Coccidiosis is a topic for discussion with the private • Avoiding areas with high rates of parasitic infection veterinary practitioner as part of the herd health plan. In general, lambs are • Keeping drinking places clean and clear of faecal contamination most at risk from 4-8 weeks of age, and while rising faecal oocyst counts can • Thorough cleaning of premises between batches be indicative of an emerging problem, these are not diagnostic on a single • Turning young animals out onto clean pasture sample unless speciation is carried out. Calves are at most risk from 3 weeks - 6 months of age, and with indoor What are the treatment options? rearing systems, treatment can be given one week before the expected disease outbreak, or two weeks after a significant stress. Nearly all calves In many circumstances, hygiene measures alone will not adequately aged up to one year will be exposed to coccidia, but only a limited number In many circumstances, hygiene measures alone will not adequately of calves suffers from clinical disease. Coccidiosis is transmitted from control the level of oocysts in the environment. And, as noted animal to animal via the faecal oral route. It is a numbers game the more previously, with oocyst excretion from adults at a very low level, it is oocyst ingested, the more severe the disease. infections in lambs and calves which in turn are the source of the high level of oocysts that can lead to clinical disease and production losses. Dos & don'ts In this case, appropriate medication can be targeted at young stock that have been exposed to a significant challenge, thus preventing disease Do: while allowing natural immunity to develop. Treatment options for young stock include sulphonamides (an • Treat all animals in a group antibiotic, by injection), decoquinate (in feed) or the triazinone • Take farm history into account derivatives, diclazuril and toltrazuril (oral drenches). • Treat in time • Ensure good hygiene TRAINING 2 // ASSESSMENT 92 • Keep animals in similar age-groups • Ensure adequate colostrum intake Q1. Of more than 20 different species of coccidia in cattle and sheep how many are pathogenic (cause disease)? Don’t: Q2. How long can coccidial oocysts (eggs) survive in the • Just treat clinically ill animals environment? • Just go on faecal egg counts • Treat too early/late Q3. In calves, what percentage of economic losses do sub-clinical • Forget other reasons for scour (worms, bacterial, nutritional) infections account for? • Treat early without a history of cocci, or a positive diagnosis Q4. What is the aim of good coccidia management and treatment? Q5. How is coccidiosis transmitted from animal to animal? Full Name Company Email Address Registration No. Send completed answers to: It’s Your Field, Unit 5 Kilkerrin Park, Liosbaun Industrial Estate, Tuam Road, Galway or [email protected]. It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 31

Coccidiosis Diseases like coccidiosis can be difficult to understand, manage and prevent. Here, we answer the most frequently asked questions around the disease. Ciarán Lenehan (BAgr.Sc, MAgr.Sc) 1. What causes coccidiosis? 5. I have a case, what do I do now? The disease is caused by microscopic parasites called coccidia. They Beyond a certain point, the damage caused to the animal’s gut by are extremely resilient and phenomenal reproducers – one infective coccidiosis cannot be cured. Prevention is always best. However, oocyst can lead to millions more in a matter of weeks. They are very if there is one or more calves or lambs in a larger group with difficult to kill and survive in the environment for in excess of 12 confirmed coccidiosis, all animals in that group should be treated months. with an anti-coccidial. There are two drench active ingredients on the market currently, diclazuril and toltrazuril. The reason for the 2. Where do my animals pick up coccidia? full group treatment is that the parasite will inevitably be present in all animals and negatively affecting group thrive. Clinically ill Coccidia can be present indoors or outdoors – basically anywhere animals should receive additional rehydration therapy and anecdotal in the animal’s environment. They are spread by already-infected evidence suggests that supplementation with cobalt can help with animals, who will shed millions of new oocysts via their faeces. In recovery. extremes of warm or cold weather, oocysts in the environment will not be dangerous. They need mild weather and moisture (typical 6. What are the long term effects? Irish spring) in order to ‘switch on’ and become infective. Animals ingest infective oocysts by grazing, suckling their dams, interacting In cases where the gut is badly damaged, animals that recover can with other animals, visiting contaminated troughs, nibbling bedding exhibit reduced feed efficiency throughout their lives. or investigating their environment. 7. How do I prevent it in future - treatments? Anti-coccidial drenches are actually formulated to use before symptoms appear. Given the seasonality of Irish farms, coccidiosis generally occurs at a single given point in a year. Best practice would be for farmers to drench with an anti-coccidial approximately one week in advance of expected symptoms, based on farm history. 3. What animals are at risk? 8. How do I prevent it in future – other factors? All ruminants will experience coccidia in their environment at some Indoors, young calves’ beds should always be dry and refreshed point. It is not uncommon for mature animals to return high faecal frequently. Avoid mixing old and young calves. Feed and water coccidia oocyst counts, yet be in perfect health and require no troughs should be located outside feed barriers. Offer animals interventions. There are two reasons for this: good quality long fibre to avoid bed-eating (mixing chopped straw - Not all species of coccidia are pathogenic and a simple oocyst through concentrate can help). Ensure temperature, ventilation and count will not differentiate between dangerous and harmless draught protection are optimised. Use oocyst-killing disinfectants species. prior to the season and dilute correctly. Remove clinically ill animals - They have developed a strong natural immunity against the to an isolation pen as soon as possible. parasite and can tolerate it. Clips cows’ tails in advance of calving and remove calves as soon Developing immunity is key in managing coccidiosis. Young as possible after birth on problem farms (farms with coccidiosis animals will not have any immunity against coccidia, having never outbreaks before 5 weeks of age). Feed cows 300-400g of soya experienced it. So, if they are exposed to significant burdens of bean meal for 2-3 weeks pre-calving and ensure colostrum intake is infective oocysts in their environment, symptoms and reduction in optimized immediately after birth. Vaccination against other scour- thrive can follow. Older animals, with a developed natural immunity, causing agents helps to reduce overall pressure on the immune can also see relapses after stressful episodes such as transport, system. environmental extremes, improper weaning or excessive handling. Outdoors, rotation of pastures between sheep and cattle can help reduce burdens. Ideally, do not graze calves on pastures where 4. What will I see? mature cattle have grazed within one year previous. Fence off mucky areas and watercourses. Move feed and water troughs around so as Ingested coccidia oocysts arrive in the gut and proliferate through to avoid poaching. Move new-born animals off ‘maternity paddocks’ an 18-24 day lifecycle. Towards the end of this lifecycle there will and onto clean grazing ground as quickly as possible. Avoid too be damage to the lining of the intestine, as coccidia multiplication many stressors on one given day – e.g. dehorning, vaccination, causes cells there to rupture. During this period the animal’s transport, weighing. immune system will be pulling huge amounts of energy in an effort (1) For literature review visit www.cocci.news/research to battle the parasite and develop natural protection. In the vast majority (~96%)1 of cases, there will be no obvious symptoms. However, this ‘pulling of energy’ will have caused a significant reduction in growth rate. Recent research studies (7) across Western Europe demonstrate this reduction in growth rate to be around 19%1. In the 4% of infections that show symptoms, farmers will see animals straining, hunched and with black, often bloody diarrhoea. Clinically ill animals are generally the weakest or most stressed, whose immune systems quickly succumbed to the parasite. 32 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

IT’S A NUMBERS GAME 4% of animals infected with harmful coccidia will display scour symptoms1 19% reduction in thrive across full groups of infected animals1 DreInncchluindgedG*un Use Dycoxan drench across full groups of lambs or calves to prevent coccidiosis Find your local supplier at farmhealthfirst.com/dycoxan Use medicines responsibly *Free gun (while stocks last) with every 2.5L. 1. Literature review at cocci.news/research. DYCOXAN® 2.5 mg/ml Oral Suspension for sheep and cattle. Contains diclazuril for the prevention of clinical signs of coccidiosis. Refer to product packaging and leaflets for full indications, side effects, precautions, warnings, contra-indications and meat withdrawal. Advice should be sought from Medicine Prescriber. Further information can be found on the datasheet, SPC or at www.farmhealthf irst.com. DISTRIBUTED BY: Chanelle Veterinary (Ireland) and Chanelle Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Ltd (UK), Dublin Road, Loughrea, County Galway. IE: POM: VPA10987/122/001. UK: POM-VPS VM: 08749/4085. ©Chanelle 2022 All rights reserved. It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 33

Use of fixed-time artificial insemination with sex-sorted semen Lauren Popiolek, DVM Interchem veterinary technical advisor Fertility is the primary economic driver in the seasonal, pasture-based dairy system.10 The use of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) through synchronisation protocols has enabled farmers to reach fertility targets through the acceleration of submission rates. Sex-sorted (SS) semen has further fuelled the Irish dairy industry to facilitate herd expansion and genetic gain. Historically, high cost and reduced fertility rates have restricted SS semen use. Technological advancements, commercial availability and ongoing research have made the application of SS semen a profitable endeavour for most herds.9 FTAI complements to use of SS semen by mitigating risks associated with reduced conception rates and advancing submission of desired dams on the mating start date (MSD). SS semen has a shorter duration of viability in the female reproductive tract (12-16 hours compared to conventional semen over 24 hours).5 Consequently, the timing of artificial insemination (AI) is more crucial with SS semen. AI within the recommended window of 14-20 hours following observed onset of oestrus does not ensure every dam can be serviced if an AI technician is scheduled twice daily (Figure 1).1 Figure 2. FTAI protocols for SS semen2,5 GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing hormone P4D = progesterone device PG = prostaglandin FTAI = fixed-time artificial insemination MSD = mating start date This highlights the value of advancing the submission date with FTAI in the seasonal, pasture-based system. As the relative SS semen conception rate can fluctuate with unpredictable factors including herd variation, AI technician, and bull fertility, it is valuable to confirm FTAI maintains profitability with SS semen in reduced relative fertility circumstances.5,7,8 Figure 1. Example of oestrus observation and dam suitability for SS and CONV semen1 The use of FTAI with SS semen is a useful strategy to mitigate the risk of PR reduced conception rates and advance submission on all desired dams the FTAI facilitates targeted use of SS semen on all selected dams, so desirable on the MSD. Using protocols and products trialed by Teagasc can help oe dams are not missed due to their timing of observed oestrus. achieve optimal FTAI conception rates and a profitable fertility season. co Dam selection when using SS semen is important not only to maximise genetic gain but also to improve conception rates. Teagasc trials have References LE concluded conception rates are higher in heifers and elite cows (BCS≥3, EN DIM>50, parity 1-4 and highest EBI).5,7,8 FTAI service can be achieved 1. Appendix 1: Guidelines for sexed semen usage in dairy herds. 2020. An on the MSD, advancing the submission of the targeted heifers/cows and Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority; [accessed 30.1.21]. reducing the risk of poor conception rates that can ultimately cause a https://www.teagasc.ie/media/website/publications/2020/Guidelines-for- deterioration of the calving pattern.1 Sexed-Semen-Usage-in-Dairy-Herds.pdf. Teagasc has recommended FTAI protocols for SS semen based on their 2. Butler, ST. Tips to maximise conception rates with sexed semen. extensive field trials and international research (Figure 2).2,5 FTAI will Teagasc Dairy Breeding Webinar 2. 21 April 2020. https://www.youtube. time ovulation approximately 28 hours following gonadotropin-releasing com/watch?v=IVJiJcN29-Y&t=536s. hormone (GnRH), enabling the critical timing of AI to be suitably planned.5 3. Cerri RLA, Chebel RC, Rivera F, Narciso CD, Oliveira RA, Amstalden M, The 2019 Teagasc field trial using FTAI established that 16-22 hours Baez-Sandoval GM, Oliveira LJ, Thatcher WW, Santo JEP. Concentration following GnRH injection is the optimal time to inseminate cows.5 This of progesterone during development of the ovulatory follicle: II. Ovarian trial was conducted using Ceva products Ovarelin® (GnRH), Enzaprost® and uterine responses. J. Dairy Sci. 2011;94(7):3352-3365. https://doi. (PGF) and PRID® (progesterone intravaginal device). Heifers have other org/10.3168/jds.2010-3735. considerations such as their altered follicular wave patterns, optimised 4. Denicol AC, Lopes G Jr, Mendonça LG, Rivera FA, Guagnini F, Perez RV, response to a shorter duration of progesterone, and practical concerns with Lima JR, Bruno RG, Santos JE, Chebel RC. Low progesterone concentration reduction in the number of handlings. These factors are addressed with a during the development of the first follicular wave reduces pregnancy per shorter protocol and FTAI performed concurrently with GnRH for heifers.2 insemination of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2012 Apr;95(4):1794- High serum progesterone levels during follicular development are crucial 806. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4650. PMID: 22459828. to achieving optimal fertility rates.3,4 Progesterone provides negative 5. Drake E, Holden SA, Aublet V, Doyle RC, Millar C, Moore SG, Maicas C, feedback to GnRH and therefore regulates leutinising hormone (LH) and Randi F, Cromie AR, Lonergan P, Butler ST. Evaluation of delayed timing of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Progesterone is vital in regulating artificial insemination with sex-sorted sperm on pregnancy per artificial follicular development and levels can impact the age and quality of insemination in seasonal-calving, pasture-based lactating dairy cows. J an oocyte.3,4 Follicular growth needs to occur in a high progesterone Dairy Sci. 2020 Dec;103(12):12059-12068. doi: 10.3168/jds.2020-18847. environment (>2 ng/mL) to provide a high-quality oocyte and maximise Epub 2020 Oct 15. PMID: 33069411. conception rates.4 Low progesterone results in decreased insulin-like 6. Herlihy MM, Crowe MA, Diskin MG, Butler ST. Effects of synchronization growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which is important for follicular growth and cell treatments on ovarian follicular dynamics, corpus luteum growth, and differentiation. Reduced IGF-1 has a negative impact on both the oocyte circulating steroid hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. J and embryo quality.3 PRID®-E has the highest dose of progesterone of all Dairy Sci. 2012 Feb;95(2):743-54. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4779. PMID: devices available on the Irish market along with optimal surface area to 22281339. promote high serum progesterone levels and optimal fertility trialled on 7. Maicas C, Holden SA, Drake E, Cromie AR, Lonergan P, Butler ST. Fertility Irish dairy herds. of frozen sex-sorted sperm at 4 × 106 sperm per dose in lactating The use of FTAI with SS semen has proven profitable through bioeconomic dairy cows in seasonal-calving pasture-based herds. J Dairy Sci. 2020 modeling. A recent Teagasc study using a comprehensive simulation model Jan;103(1):929-939. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17131. of a fixed 100-cow herd concluded FTAI with SS semen had a greater farm 8. Maicas C, Hutchinson IA, Kennealy J, Grant J, Cromie AR, Lonergan P, profit compared to conventional semen AI on observed oestrus across Butler ST. Fertility of fresh and frozen sex-sorted semen in dairy cows all levels of herd fertility (+€2,194, +€3,768, and +€4,736 for good, fair, and heifers in seasonal-calving, pasture-based herds. J Dairy Sci. 2019; poor fertility herds, respectively).9 Even when the relative conception 102:10530-10542. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16740. rate of SS semen compared to conventional semen was reduced to 70% 9. Ruelle E, Shalloo L, Butler ST. Economic impact of different strategies to (from anticipated 85%), FTAI with SS semen was able to maintain a profit use sex-sorted sperm for reproductive management in seasonal-calving, advantage over conventional semen (+€1,725 average across herd fertility pasture-based dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2021;4(11):11747-11758. https:// levels).9 However, breeding with SS semen on observed oestrus to elite doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-20150 dams was not more profitable than conventional semen when the relative 10. Shalloo L, Cromie A, McHugh N. Effect of fertility on the economics of conception rate was reduced to 70%.9 pasture-based dairy systems. Animal. 2014 May;8 Suppl 1:222-31. doi: 34 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 10.1017/S1751731114000615. Epub 2014 Mar 28. PMID: 24679449. Figure 1. Example of oestrus observation and dam suitability for SS and CONV semen1

PRID® E is a vaginal delivery system for cows containing progesterone. VETEGLAN® injection contains cloprostenol for the induction of oestrus in cows. OVARELIN® injection for cows contains gonadorelin for the synchronisation of oestrus and ovulation or as part of Fixed Time Artificial Insemination protocols. ENZAPROST® injection for cows contains dinoprost for oestrus synchronisation. LEGAL CATEGORY: PRID® E POM VETEGLAN® POM OVARELIN® POM ENZAPROST® POM PRID®, OVARELIN® and ENZAPROST® are registered trademarks of Ceva Animal Health, UK. VETEGLAN® is a registered trade mark of Calier Animal Health. Use medicines responsibly. Tel: 01 451 8959 www.interchem.ie [email protected] It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 35 Unit 29, Cookstown Industrial Estate, Dublin 24, Ireland

Late Pregnancy in Sheep and a Lamb's First few Weeks of Life: Aoife Seymour, MAIS Teagasc/UCD Walsh Fellowship Research Student There are three key factors to consider during the pregnancy of ewe’s Colostrum from the dam is usually the best option provided she is which can affect the successful chance of lambing: vaccinated and nutritionally well looked after. For whatever reason that the dam's colostrum is unavailable, colostrum from another ewe in the • Ewe Nutrition – all stages of pregnancy. flock is the next best option and failing this an alternative commercially • Vaccination and Worm Control. available colostrum may be used. If using a commercially available • Litter Size – scanning of ewes during pregnancy provides colostrum it should be bovine colostrum from the first milking. Some essential information to improve the management of your flock. colostrums are made from transition milk with added whey to increase In order to have a profitable mid-season lamb production system, protein content, while they are of nutritional value the antibody appropriate nutrition and management during late pregnancy is content is much lower than that of colostrum. The alternative source of essential. In the final 6-7 weeks of a pregnancy, 75% of the foetal colostrum I used in my research was Survivor, first milk from high herd growth occurs. Due to the rapid growth of the foetus, it increases health status stock. A concern I have of adding whey is the ability of the the ewe’s daily nutritional requirements where forage based diets newborn to digest it. can no longer meet these requirements so concentrates must be It is also important to remember the 4 Q’s of colostrum management; supplemented. When feeding concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy, Quality, Quantity, Quickly and Quietly. there is some factors to consider; feed should have a crude protein For my undergrad thesis, I investigated the effects of different sources content of 17-18% as high quailty protein sources such as soya of colostrum on the daily live weight gains of artifically reared surplus bean meal enhance milk production, to maximise energy intakes of lambs; From my results lambs that were fed the product Survivor™ only pregnant ewe’s you should feed a ewe nut as it will have adequate at the time of birth had good daily weight gains with little difference levels of cereals such as maize, barley and wheat. You should watch the between their weights and those fed fresh ewe colostrum at the start ingredients specification of ewe nuts available in the market and not of life. to skimp on the cost of nuts. Finally, introduce concentrates at a low The table below displays the mean percentage daily weight gain of trial level and build up gradually. Mineral supplements should always be lambs from birth to weaning at 5 weeks. Calculation were carried out made available to in lamb ewes; mineral supplement should include using a single factor Anova. added salt for increased palatability, along with adequate levels of calcium, selenium, cobalt, copper, iodine and molybdenum, vitamin E and vitamin A. Approximately 4 to 6 weeks before ewes are to give birth, it is Simple husbandry practices can be used to ensure that every lamb gets recommended that the ewes receive an immunisation booster with the best possible beginning to life. The lamb’s navel should be dipped a multiway clostridial vaccine such as Heptavac P Plus that includes in iodine as it reduce the risk of it being a point of entry for bacterial antigens effective against lamb dysentery, pulpy kidney, struck, tetanus, infection. Make sure to have enough lambing pens available; one pen braxy, blackleg, black disease and pasteurellosis pneumonia, all these for every 10 ewes due. This will allow ewes with their lambs to be held diseases can all be fatal to sheep. It is critical in sheep production that inside for longer periods especially during poor weather. Use adequate vaccines are used as it will aid in the passing of immunity from ewe to bedding in lambing pens and disinfect each pen after each use to lamb through colostrum and contributes to the lamb’s immune defence reduce the spread of disease. Hypothermia is a common pre-weaning system once born. death loss of lambs from winter lambing flocks; to reduce lamb losses, To note, farmers need to follow manufacturer instructions carefully in it is recommended that lambs receive warm colostrum, have dry relation to correct administration and product storage with the use of bedding and shelter from the cold and wet to reduce hypothermia an automatic vaccinator gun helps facilitate the process. This in return losses. will provide good quality colostrum produced by the ewe which is Good size lambs at birth should weight around 4-5Kg’s, a simple guide essential for maximal survival of lambs at the time of birth. Colostrum to an expected lambs weight gain over the following weeks can vary will provide an easily digestible source of nutrients and energy, it but on average it is a little under 2Kg’s a week, for example: 4 week provides maternally derived antibodies which will form the new-born old lamb with a birth weight of 4 Kg’s should be 12Kg’s in weight, at 8 lamb’s passive immune system until it has a chance to develop its own weeks it should be 20Kg’s and at 12 weeks it should be 28Kg’s. active immune system and it acts as a laxative to clean out the digestive tract of meconium of the new-born lamb. References: 36 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 Boland, T. (2018). Optimising lamb growth rate from birth to slaughter. In: 2018 Dairygold Sheep Conference 23rd January, University College Dublin [online], pp.1-43. Available from: https://www.dairygoldagri.ie/wp-content/ uploads/2018/02/Optimising-lamb-growth-rate-from-birth-to-slaughter.pdf [accessed 8 January 2022]. Clancy, B. (2017). Ewe Nutrition in Late Pregnancy [online]. Available from: https://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2017/ewe-nutrition-in-late-pregnancy. php [accessed 10 January 2022]. Cosnett, S. (2020). A Guide to Rearing Lambs [online], 23(131). Available from: https://www.farmlands.co.nz/Productsandservices/Lifestylers/Sheep/ rearing-lambs/ [accessed 08 January 2022]. Gottstein, M. (2017). Colostrum [online]. Available from: https://www.teagasc. ie/animals/sheep/nutrition/colostrum/ [accessed 09 January 2022]. Menzies, P. (2007). Lambing Management and Neonatal Care [online], 2(15). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149567/ [accessed 10 January 2022].

CATTLE YOUR PARTNER IN PARASITE CONTROL It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 37 SHEEP DAIRY, BEEF AND SHEEP FARMERS ZOETIS HAS A SOLUTION FOR YOU All Cydectin® products contain moxidectin. Cydectin® TriclaMox Pour-On Solution for Cattle contains 5 mg/ml moxidectin and 200 mg/ml triclabendazole. All Dectomax® products contain doramectin. Fly and Lice Spot On™ Insecticide contains deltamethrin 1% w/v. For further information please check the SPC or contact Zoetis (01) 2569800. www.zoetis.ie. Legal category LM. Use medicines responsibly. www.apha.ie. MM-13095 (Mar 2021)

The Responsible Use of Anthelmintics Maresa Sheehan MBM, MVM, FRCPath, Research Officer, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory We use anthelmintics to control parasites. They are an important part of our co-grazing cattle and sheep may reduce the burden of stomach worm for control plans to keep parasite levels in our sheep and cattle at a level that both. Use your cleanest pasture for the animals that will suffer most from allows our stock to be healthy and productive. The parasites that affect our parasites e.g. graze first season dairy calves on silage after-grass. animals include stomach worms, fluke, lungworms, lice, etc. Worldwide and in Ireland parasites are becoming resistant to anthelmintics. Select the most appropriate anthelmintic What is Resistance? Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is the heritable (and therefore genetic) ability of the worm to survive a dose of anthelmintic Monitoring can also be used to show which parasites are present and this which would normally be effective. In a population of worms on a farm, helps to reduce the use of broad spectrum anthelmintics. resistance (AR) is said to exist on that farm when more than 5% of the E.G. liver fluke can be treated with flukicide products that do not contain any worms are 'drug tolerant'. However, unless we test for AR we would probably of the wormer groups. not notice any lack of effectiveness of treatment until resistant worms had Use only products from group 1-BZ (white drenches) to treat Nematodirus increased to 50% or more of the total worm population. in lambs. There is very little evidence of resistance in these parasites to the white drenches. How can we reduce the likelihood of developing anthelmintic resistant worms on farms? Quarantine Treatments Not all farms have resistant worms so quarantine treatments are vital to ensure that any in-coming animals don't bring resistance with them. Follow these 3 steps: A - Choose a treatment option that will ensure all worms are killed. New products (orange-Zolvix or purple-Startect in sheep. B - Keep them off pasture for 24-48 hours so that all the worm eggs have been passed. C -Turn them out on to dirty pasture to make sure any eggs form worms that may have survived treatment are diluted by worm eggs already on the pasture rAaltweays administer drenches correctly and at the right dose Preserve susceptible worms Always dose to the heaviest in the group — don’t guess, weigh them! Then The most extreme example of this is when animals are treated and moved check that the dosing gun is working properly by discharging it several straight on to a new pasture, which has no worm population on it. The only times into a syringe or measuring jug. worms that survive and go with the animals will be resistant and the new pasture will have a fully resistant worm population. Test for resistance There are two ways to mitigate this risk and make sure both resistant and susceptible worms go with sheep while still capitalising on the clean Find out which drenches are working effectively on your farm by taking pasture: faeces samples before and at a set number of days after treatment. Speak Treat them a few days before moving (leaving them on the old pasture to your vet or adviser about carrying out a simple drench test or Faecal Egg during that time) and/or leave a small number (10%) of the animals Count Reduction Test. untreated. This is often referred to as targeted selective treatment as the level of parasite control needed is not the same for all animals. The heaviest Look at your control strategy healthiest animals will be less likely to have a heavy parasite burden and would be the best candidates for leaving untreated. Are you drenching to a set pattern every year? If so, it’s time to sit down and Resistance amongst parasites to anthelmintics is a real problem and in order look at the reasoning behind each treatment and whether there is scope to to ensure we have effective drugs in the future to help us control parasite reduce the number of treatments or to target them better. burdens we need action now so that we can continue to have healthy, productive cattle and sheep. Try to use anthelmintics only when necessary Please use this link for 4 Key Actions you can take over the coming seasons that will help maintain a susceptible worm population and prolong the Faecal Egg Count (FEC) monitoring has an important part to play in efficacy of commonly used anthelminthic products. determining when and which animals to drench. E.g. Sheep farmers who https://www.teagasc.ie/media/website/publications/2020/Control-of- regularly use FECs use less drench overall. If adult sheep are fit and healthy, Stomach-Worms-Flyer.pdf the need to treat them for stomach worms is limited and routine treatments such as ewes pre-tupping can be avoided for the majority of the flock. Don’t dose adult ewes for stomach worms unless there is a demonstrated need. Reduce dependence on anthelmintics where possible Looking for ways to use other strategies such as grazing management to reduce worm burdens remains an important part of worm control e.g. 38 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

NEW DORAMAX® protects against reinfection for weeks after use NO OTHER POUR-ON WORMER OFFERS LONGER PROTECTION Lice Stomach Worm Lungworm 5-7 weeks 5 weeks 6 weeks Less treatments and handling required (8-10 week dosing interval) www.farmhealthfirst.com ASK YOUR ANIMAL HEALTH SUPPLIER ABOUT DORAMAX® AND OUR NEW APPLICATORS Use medicines responsibly. Doramax 5mg/ml Pour-on solution for cattle. Contains:Doramectin. Target species: Cattle. Refer to product packaging and leafIlet’tssYfoorufur lFl iinedldicaStpiornisn,gsid2e0e2f2fec/ts3,9 precautions, warnings and contra-indications. Further information can be found on the datasheet, SPC or at www.farmhealthfirst.com. Distributed by: Chanelle Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Ltd, Loughrea, Co. Galway, Ireland. IE: POM: VPA 10987/166/001. Copyright ©Chanelle 2021 All rights reserved.

Calf rearing- the first 12 weeks Michelle McGrath, Assistant Programme Manager, Animal Health Ireland Within the first few hours of birth These must be designed and located according to individual shed requirements. The minimum air outlet, Calves should be moved as soon as possible after birth ideally through a protected open ridge in the roof, to a clean, dry, safe environment to minimise contact required for calves up to 100KG bodyweight is 0.04m2 . Air with other adult cows and potential transfer of disease. inlets should be two to four times the required outlet and The colostrum 123 rule: ‘feed all calves the first milk the divided along the long walls of the shed. cow produces, within 2 hours of birth and feed at least 3 It is imperative that calves have a good bed of clean dry litres’, has seen a significant improvement in calf health. straw to lie on to reduce heat loss and allowing the calf to However, there is still room for further improvement in ‘nest’. Nesting scores are available to judge the adequacy terms of delivering good quality colostrum within the of the bedding. The lower critical temperature (LCT) is the correct timeframe. temperature at which a calf starts to feel cold and below which the calf uses energy to keep itself warm. It changes Colostrum quality can be measured with a colostrometer with the age of the calf. In Ireland, the temperature in or a brix refractometer with values above 22% indicating a calf shed in spring, will often be below the LCT for suitability to be fed as a first feed. Colostrum quality can calves up to three-weeks of age, meaning the calf diverts be influenced by the timing of colostrum collection and energy away from its immune system to maintain its body hygiene during collection. Antibody levels are highest temperature, leaving it more susceptible to infectious when collected immediately post calving (within 8 hours) disease. and drop dramatically thereafter, as they become diluted when more milk is produced. Measures can be taken to counteract the low temperatures C including, avoiding draughts in calf sheds, increasing the M Maximum absorption of antibodies by the calf, occurs amount of straw bedding available, using calf jackets within 2 hours of birth, and reduces to 50% within 6 hours or increasing the calves’ energy intake by feeding an of birth. If the colostrum is not harvested cleanly and extra 50g of milk replacer or 0.33l of whole milk per day stored correctly, any bacteria present will multiply, which for each 5°C drop below 15°C all help to maintain body affects antibody absorption. Colostrum should be reheated temperature. using a gentle heat, less than 50°C, to avoid destroying the antibodies within. Growth checks associated with disbudding can be reduced Y by using both a local anaesthetic and pain relief and is CM Within the first few days mandatory in calves over 2 weeks old as well as avoiding MY these stressful procedures coinciding with other stressful CY Transition milk (milkings 2 – 6 after calving) should be events such as group changes or weaning. Many farms CMY fed to calves for at least 2 days (4 feeds) after the first are adopting veterinary directed sedation to facilitate K colostrum feeding and after this calves can be fed whole batch disbudding and research has shown that sedated milk or a good quality milk replacer, at 15% bodyweight, calves recover quicker and display less signs of pain after twice daily, for at least 4 weeks. Waste milk or milk disbudding. This usually involves a multimodal protocol with antibiotic residues should not be fed to calves. A consisting of xylazine, local anaesthesia, and an NSAID. consistent feeding schedule, reduces stress and improves average daily gain. If automatic feeders are used, these Ensure that calves have sufficient space within a pen. The need to be properly calibrated, and an appropriate feeding minimum legal requirement is 1.5 m2/calf but a target of programme set up. 2m2 per calf is recommended and calves will require more space as they grow. Groups of not more than 12 calves Within the first few weeks of life (Teagasc, 2017) are recommended to ensure optimum air quality and allow rapid identification and treatment of sick Clean water, concentrate and clean straw for eating, should animals. In sheds with automatic feeders, the number of be available from the first week of life and thereafter. calves in each pen should be determined by the area of This is essential for proper rumen development, average floorspace available, not the number of calves the feeder daily gain, and preparing calves for a smooth weaning can accommodate. transition. Calves drink 1 litre of water per day during their first week of life, increasing to nearly 3 litres per day, by Calves can be housed in appropriately sized individual 3–4 weeks of age. pens, up to 8 weeks of age only (unless instructed by a veterinary practitioner) and this offers the opportunity to The impact of shed design on calf health and growth rates closely monitor calves for health and feed intake. However, cannot be underestimated. Calf sheds should be well there is evidence showing when calves are group housed, ventilated, but draught free and well drained. The calf they eat more concentrate prior to and during weaning, pen floor should have a slope of at least 1 in 20, towards a have better growth rates and a reduced growth check at drainage channel at the front of the pen. Cross ventilation weaning (Miller-Cushon and DeVries, 2016). Individual is air exchange caused by wind blowing directly across pens must have some part of the walls perforated, (except the shed but will not work on a still day, as there is no air in the case of isolation pens), which allow calves to have movement and wide sheds are more difficult to ventilate. visual and tactile contact with each other (EU, 2008). If farms are having pneumonia issues and a role of the environment is suspected, attempts can be made to A good hygiene routine is very important, as a calf’s improve ventilation. immune system is not fully developed making them more susceptible to picking up infections. Calves should be fed One option to consider is a positive pressure tube in order of youngest to oldest and a good routine should ventilation (PPTV) system that is installed to ensure the be in place for cleaning calf feeding utensils and buckets, shed can ventilate adequately year-round (Nordlund and including any stomach tubes or bottles that are being used Halbach, 2019). These are tubes that run along the long to feed colostrum to calves. axis of the shed and are attached to a fan, which actively blows fresh air along the tube, evenly distributing it through the shed. 40 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

IBR MARKER LIVE Live IBR marker vaccine for cattle IBR MARKER LIVE Lyophilisate and solvent for suspension for injection for cattle. COMPOSITION PER DOSE: Each dose of 2 ml contains: Lyophilisate: Live gE- tk- double-gene deleted Bovine Herpes Virus type 1 (BoHV-1), cstlirnaiicnaCl EsiDgDnEsLo:f1i0n6f.3e–ct1io0u7.3sCbCoIDv5i0n.eSorhlvineonttr:aPchhoesiptihsa(tIBeRb)uaffnedr solution. INDICATIONS: For the active immunisation of cattle from 3 months of age against Bovine Herpes Virus type 1 (BoHV-1) to reduce the field virus excretion. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION: Intramuscular. ONSET OF IMMUNITY: 21 days after completion of the basic vaccination scheme. DURATION OF IMMUNITY: 6 months after completion of the basic vaccination scheme. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: Vaccinate healthy animals only. ADVERSE REACTIONS: A slight increase in body temperature up to 1 °C is common within 4 days following vaccination. Occasionally, an increase in rectal temperature up to 1.63 ºC in adult cows and up to 2.18 ºC in calves may be observed. This transient rise in temperature is spontaneously resolved within 48 hours without treatment and it is not related to a febrile process. A transient inflammation at the inoculation site is common in cattle within 72 hours post-vaccination. This slight swelling lasts for less than 24 hours in most cases. Vaccination might exceptionally cause hypersensitivity reactions. In such cases, an appropriate symptomatic treatment should be administered. USE DURING PREGNANCY OR LACTATION: Can be used during pregnancy and lactation. RECOMMENDED VACCINATION PROGRAMME: Cattle: from the age of 3 months onwards. The recommended initial dose is 1 injection of 2 ml of the reconstituted vaccine per animal. The animal should be revaccinated 3 weeks later with the same dose. Thereafter a single booster dose of 2 ml should be administered every six months. The method of administration is by intramuscular route, in the neck muscles. Reconstitute the lyophilized tablet with the entire contents of the enclosed solvent to obtain a suspension for injection. The solvent should be allowed to warm to a temperature between 15 ºC to 20ºC before reconstitution of the lyophilised tablet. OVERDOSE: No adverse reactions except those mentioned above were observed after the administration of a 10-fold vaccine dose. WITHDRAWAL PERIOD: Zero days. INCOMPATIBILITIES: Do not mix with any other veterinary medicinal product, except the solvent supplied for use with the veterinary medicinal product. SHELF LIFE: Shelf life of the lyophilisate as packaged for sale: 2 years. Shelf life after reconstitution: 6 hours. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR STORAGE: Store and transport refrigerated (2°C - 8°C). Do not freeze. Keep out of the sight and reach of children. Keep the bottles in the outer carton in order to protect from light. For veterinary use. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBERS: 5 doses: EU/2/10/114/001; 25 doses: EU/2/10/114/002. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER: Laboratorios Hipra, S.A., Amer (Girona), SPAIN. LEGAL CATEGORIES: UK: POM-V, ROI: POM and Prescription only veterinary medicine for further information contact your veterinary medicine prescriber. HIPRA UK AND IRELAND Foxhall Lodge · Foxhall Road · NG7 6LH · Nottingham · United Kingdom Tel (+44) 0115 845 6486 · [email protected] · www.hipra.com It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 41

Deal or no Deal! Dr Gavin McCoubrey MBA CertVBM BVSc MRCVS Founder & CEO, Janus Veterinary Consulting In 1999 the Veterinary Surgeons Act (1966) was amended in the UK to allow non-vet ownership of practices. These new rule changes, that allowed non-vet ownership of practices triggered exponential growth in corporate ownership Gavin McCoubrey is a veterinarian and founder The traditional model saw goodwill multiples of between four to five of Janus Veterinary Consulting Ltd. He has been times, plus fixtures, fittings and equipment, and stock. The corporates involved in veterinary clinic sales throughout the UK have their own methods of calculating the EBITDA of a practice. They and Ireland, operating at the interface between the look at their own vertically integrated revenue streams such as referral veterinarian and the corporations. value, lab fees, crematoriums and out of hour provisions to name a few. which affects their valuation model, but these offers tend to be The Veterinary sector was particularly attractive to “city money”, due to significantly higher. its status as a cash business in a fragmented market, with many owners looking to retire, ( the “silver tsunami”), and the industry’s relative insulation to financial crises. This, alongside the Increasing debt load for newly qualified veterinarians with banks setting a limit on unsecured loans, meant such private equity money provided an appealing and readily available way to retire for those owners looking to sell After this rapid growth, which started as a pure numbers game, there then followed a period of consolidation, resulting in IVC Evidensia, CVS, Vet4Pets, Medivet, VetPartners and Linnaeus now owning more than half of all practices in the UK between them. Not content with this they are now spreading their tentacles across Europe, with VetPartners recently buying its first practices in Spain, joining those it already has in France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland from its European portfolio whilst IVC has now acquired over 200 in France alone. The corporates are here to stay and it was only a matter of time before What they look for? they concentrated their sights on the market here in Ireland. Small animal practices tend be the preferred option. They like to Pre-Corporate concentrate on minimum 3-4 vet practices, having found acquisition costs of smaller units relative to percentage of price paid often higher, When I entered the profession, I did with absolute conviction that I whilst being less profitable and taking up more managerial time. would one day own – or be a partner in a veterinary practice. In the Given the ongoing recruitment crisis and conscious of their high locum pre-corporate world exit strategies were centered around affordable costs, those practice with high staff retention are also more attractive succession, independent practices would take in a new partner or to the corporates. The buyer will prefer a vet to remain on, taking the director when a senior vet wanted to retire, offering a great opportunity managerial responsibilities, and is preferable if it is the owner him/ for a younger vet to attain ownership, secure future income and herself. This is often contractually for over 12 months or may be in the hopefully long-term career satisfaction. form of an earn out. Those individuals who are prepared to give a longer commitment to staying are likely to be treated more favourably. Such an occasional partnership options may still exist, but market forces have dictated otherwise. When a directorship or partnership opportunity does arise in a Strong well presented accounts are essential to get the best price, practice, the stark reality is it becomes a decision to sell the shares at with a profit to turnover of over 20% desirable. Those practices “market value”, thus four to five times earnings before interest, taxes, with profit margins below this are less likely to be of interest unless depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) to the incoming partner or sell strategically situated. Property location however is everything, alongside out completely to a corporate for a much higher multiple. demograrphics and population density as usually, location and being a With corporate groups consistently prepared to pay these top prices high turnover to profit practice goes hand in hand. for practices, the traditional partnership model is nearly flat-lining They tend to prefer modern premises and the room to expand and with practice owners reasoning why should they subsidise their shares accessibility a bonus. If you don’t own the premises it is worthwhile to move them on to a junior partner when the corporates will pay discussing your plans with your landlord before engaging as a secure considerably more. lease absolutely essential. Otherwise if you own the property, leasing the premises back to the corporates helps your pension planning or if you’d To sell or not to sell? prefer to take your money out and use it elsewhere, it’s not difficult to find investors who are interested in acquiring commercial property with I am having increasingly more exit conversations with independent such a reliable tenant. partners citing FOMO ( fear of missing out) on this modern day gold rush. From an operational efficiency viewpoint, those organisations that utilise They have cause for concern as like most things in life, it is all about a “spoke and hub” system with multiple branches around a central hub timing. The buying bubble peaked in England in 2018. At its the height tend to command higher numbers . we were looking at 12-14 times EBITDA with one economist remarking to me that was rarely seen outside of the tech industry. Deal or no deal? After the peak, I saw verbally agreed offers reduced or terms change Like any business transaction it is all about full transparency and significantly such as longer earn outs or more equity left in the honesty, instilling confidence in the buyer. Maintenance of this business. relationship with clear concise and continuous communication will help Usually the conversation starts with a desire to either to sell to an ensure the transaction goes seamlessly. The due diligence involved independent or pass down to employed vets, but when the reality is is arduous, but protects all parties. These organisations are hugely presented, few can say no. For the outgoing partner there can be cases experienced now at these processes so in order to ensure a level playing when opting to sell shares to new or existing partners, as opposed to a field I would strongly advise that you have onboard a competent lawyer corporate, could mean the difference of several hundreds of thousands and accountant preferably with veterinary industry experience from the of pounds or maybe even a million euro or more. start. The buying power of the corporates now present real life changing If you do decide to sell it is essential you look at the whole package and opportunities. terms offered almost forensically. Often the devil is in the detail. From experience, at the 11th hour we received a considerably higher offer Valuation which we ultimately declined. The 64 million dollar question is thus if and when to sell, to whom and Valuation is calculated and your business will be given an earnings at what price ? As Mr Rodgers said, you gotta know when to hold them, before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) value – then know when to fold them… a multiple calculates the sale value. In a game of such high stakes poker are you going all in? 42 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 43

Diagnostics-Led Approach to Fertility, Retained Placentas and Losses At Calving Yields Brian, Hazel and Mark Gray run the Gray Dairy Farm rumen and is able to combine with thiomolybdate there. Partnership in County Kildare, which was originally a This in turn prevents thiomolybdate from passing into the traditional liquid milk operation, before converting to spring bloodstream and causing copper lock. The CoseIcure boluses milk production in 2013. The team have 95 dairy cows and are particularly good in situations where high molybdenum is replacement stock on 55 hectares and their emphasis has a factor, as is the case on the Gray’s farm. been on maximising milk from grass. In addition to providing ionic copper, the CoseIcure boluses also deliver ionic cobalt, selenium and iodine for up to six months, at controlled and constant rates which are consistent with the animal’s daily requirements. In 2017 the Grays administered CoseIcure boluses to half the herd and were pleased with the results, so from 2018 onwards began administering the boluses to the whole herd, including the heifers. The summary of improvements of herd performance with the changes of protocol including use of CoseIcure Bolus showed that the Gray farm’s first serve conception rate increased from 35% to 64% between 2017 and 2018. Calving interval improved from 278 days in 2017 to 267 days in 2019. Straws per conception went from 2.1 in 2017 to 1.5 in 2018. In 2020 the 42 day submission rate for cows was 90% and this went to 99% in 2020, which compares to the Top 5% of dairy herds in the country. (Source ICBF Data) The Grays are renowned for their dedication to quality and Brian concluded, \"Since implementing the CoseIcure c employing best practices for health and productivity on farm. boluses into our protocol, we have experienced significant C Their calving interval and SCC are the best in the Kildare improvements in fertility, calf losses and retained placentas. Holstein Friesian Club and they are one of the 500 lowest Our cows are in good condition all the time with shiny coats, G SCC herds supplying milk to Glanbia in Ireland. strong heats and better submission rates. Our calves are In 2016 and 2017 the herd started to experience issues healthy and sturdy. I swear by the CoseIcure boluses and D including fertility problems, retained placentas and losses would suggest that farmers experiencing similar issues speak g at calving and the Grays knew they had to get to the root to their vet about whether CoseIcure boluses could be right B cause of these issues. Brian commented, ‘we were already for their herd too.\" c aware that the soil contained high levels of molybdenum To find your local CoseIcure stockist, call Bimeda on P and suspected that this might be playing a role.’The Grays 01 466 7941 were right; high levels of ingested molybdenum can combine Nutritional supplementation of any kind should only ever be with iron and sulphur in the diet to form a compound call given on the advice of a veterinarian, nutritionist or animal Thiomolybdate. Thiomolybdate binds with copper co- health advisor, where appropriate diagnostics have taken place dependent enzymes in the blood stream which are vital for and a need for supplementation has been identified. Where fertility and renders them inactive. This process is called over supplied, trace elements can result in toxicity; particularly thiomolybdate toxicity although it is often colloquially copper and selenium. referred to as copper lock. Brian added, ‘we wanted to take a scientific, diagnostic-led approach to the issue and enlisted the help of two experts in ruminant nutrition from the UCD Vet School. Through the analysis of soil samples, herbage fresh grass, conserved grass, blood samples and a liver biopsy the team concluded that high levels of ingested molybdenum were leading to copper lock (thiomolybdate toxicity) which was in term resulting in the herd’s fertility and health issues. The UCD team recommended the CoseIcure soluble glass trace element boluses as part of a programme to address these issues.’The boluses contain a unique form of copper (ionic copper) which is available at the same pH as the 44 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

Cosecure Cattle is Ireland’s only medicinal Legal category: LM medicine multiple trace element bolus which was PROVEN to improve fertility in an independent trial.+ Cosecure provides ionic copper ionic cobalt selenium FOR UP TO 6 MONTHS Also need Iodine? Try our CoseIcure Cattle Boluses. They provide ionic copper, iodine, ionic cobalt and selenium for up to 6 months! Legal category: Complementary dietetic feedstuff cosecureboluses.com Call 01 466 7941 or call General Manager Andrew Glynn on 087 252 5110 Global Excellence in Animal Health Date advert designed: July 2021. Cosecure Cattle is a LM medicine which contains copper, cobalt and selenium. CoseIcure Cattle is a complementary dietetic feedstuff which contains copper, cobalt, selenium and iodine. Nutritional supplementation should only ever be given on the advice of a veterinarian, nutritionist or animal health adviser, where appropriate diagnostics have taken place and aisnaeceodmfoprlesxupispslueemwenitthatmioannhyacsaubseeesn. Widheenrteifideedf.iWciehnecrieeosvinerc-osuppppelri,ecdo,btaraltc,eoresleemleenniutIsmtc’esaxnYisroet,souurlrtwiFnheitreoexlimdciotySly;pbpdareritnniucugmlat2rolxy0icc2oitp2ypoec/rcaun4rsd,5tsheelesneicuamn. Bimeda can be contacted at 2, 3 & 4 Airton Close, Airton Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24. Ireland, Tel: +353 (0) 14667 7900. *Infertility contribute to infertility and Cosecure could be a useful aid to address these issues. + Mackenzie, A.M., Moeini, M.M., Telfer, S.B. 2001., The effect of Cosecure on the conception rate and trace element status of dairy cattle. British Society of Animal Production Occasional Publication, 26 (2), 423 – 427. MCR1112.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Keep those questions flowing… Question of season Q2. How can we manage pastures take a two-pronged approach focusing on better in order to reduce the the main bacterial and viral cases of BRDC. Q1.Should milk from cows treated with impact of production losses We know from the recent 2020 ‘All Ireland antibiotics for mastitis be fed to calves? associated with internal parasites Animal Disease Surveillance Report’, BRSV, in cattle and sheep and our the predominant virus causing pneumonia Absolutely not. Milk from cows treated with antibiotics is reliance on antiparasiticides? here, accounts for 10.9% of fatal cases regarded as waste milk (WM) and should not be given to of BRDC in Ireland. NASYM is a live BRSV calves. The European Commission Notice 2015/c 299/04 Pasture management is an essential vaccine which offers protection against issued guidelines discouraging this practice. The potential component of parasite control. There are heterologous strains of BRSV reducing presence of antimicrobial residues may increase the risk of a number of variables that must be taken clinical signs and viral shedding associated maintaining and spreading antimicrobial resistance gene pools into account to reduce the parasitic load. It with infection. Its flexibility of application in the dairy farm, the environment and expose the new born is estimated that 95% of parasites are on (intranasal and intramuscular routes of calf to intestinal diseases. A further potential issue is the pasture and only 5% are in the host. By administration) means that it can be used interference of antibiotics and microbial pathogens with the gut concentrating our efforts on ensuring the in young, recently purchased calves from microbiome’s physiological development in growing calves with pasture being grazed does not contain a 9 days of age (IN) and in strong weanlings the possible consequences on their future health and production high load of parasites we are protecting the and older stock (IM). performance. animal from ingesting these parasites. If you focus on the six most frequently When antibiotics are administered to adult individuals with a • 80% of parasites are concentrated in the diagnosed causes of BRDC in Ireland, mature gut microbiome, microbial diversity has been shown to first 5cm of grass – don’t allow animal to bacterial pneumonia accounts for 64% of decrease significantly but resilience mechanisms slowly restore graze when the grass gets too short fatal cases. Mannheimia haemolytica and the original condition once antibiotics are removed. This does • Worms are by and large species specific Histophilus somni account for more than not happen at an early stage in the calf’s life where exposure so where possible try and mix graze ie half of these bacterial cases. HIPRABOVIS to antimicrobials at an early age may lead to permanent shift in cattle and sheep or sheep and horses or SOMNI/Lkt produces a dual bacterial microbial composition and functions with consequent long-term cattle and horses. protection against both of these pathogens, metabolic alterations. • Reduce the density of animals on the focusing on the Mannheimia haemolytica Therefore, feeding waste milk that contains antibiotics increase pasture. By doing this you reduce the leukotoxin and Histophilus somni for the the risk of selecting antimicrobial resistance traits, feeding overall contamination of pastures as well as first time on the Irish market. calves with milk containing antimicrobials in the first weeks of reducing the likelihood of animals grazing These preventative strategies can address life might compromise their intestinal microbiome development near faecal pats and thereby decrease the some of your concerns when buying in impacting gut immunity, gastrointestinal well being and the risk of ingesting parasites young calves from multiple sources and ability to metabolise nutrients efficiently. Remember no two years are the same, trying to optimise average daily weight parasitic load on the pasture depends on gain as well as reducing antibiotic therapies the season, temperature, rainfall, animal and mortalities. However, it is essential density, humidity and the strategic use of to discuss the most appropriate BRDC parasiticide treatments throughout the vaccination protocol for your specific farm grazing season. with your vet. Q3. I buy bull calves from Q4 Acidiosis in scouring calves, dairy farms and the marts and how does it happen and what rear them to finishing. I’m not can we do about it? sure if my current pneumonia vaccination protocol is working Acidosis is generally understood to be as well as I'd like as I had to hyperacidity i.e. an excess of acids in treat a lot of calves in recent liquids which is caused by a disturbance years, and they aren’t thriving in the acid-base balance of the body. as well as I would have hoped. Calves lose a lot of fluid due to diarrhoea. Last year I lost 10 calves as In addition to water large amounts of well. Is there anything that I electrolytes are washed out especially could do differently? sodium, potassium, chloride and hydrogen carbonate. The acid normally present are This is a typical scenario of many dairy-to- simply buffered by hydrogen carbonate beef farms. Buying calves from multiple in their physiological state – if this is lost sources carries many risks - for example, acidification occurs. mixing of batches and age groups, By including a good buffering agent in the transport stress, potential dietary changes, electrolyte, you can address the issue of hierarchical re-establishment etc. To give acidosis. When selecting electrolytes for calves the best protection so that you can calves look for alkalising agents including reduce antibiotic usage, minimise fatalities, a combination of bicarbonate propionate? and maximise liveweight gain, you should and acetate. Bicarbonate and citrate inhibit the formation of the casein curd in the abomasum. If feeding an oral rehydration solution with bicarbonate or citrate it should be fed about four hours after milk feeding. Look for a product that has a strong ion difference (SID) We welcome all questions from our readers. We will benefit of all our readers, with the ultimate objective try to answer them as best we can and if we are unable of providing good advice to the producer/farmers, thus to answer your question to your satisfaction we can ensuring better livestock production and SAFER FOOD. point you to experts on the topic raised. Remember, So keep them flowing… the questions asked and the answers given are for the Send your questions to: It’s your Field, Unit 5, Kilkerrin Park, Liosbaun Industrial Estate, Tuam Road, Man Galway or email: [email protected] Distr Lega 46 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022

Takceontrol of fluke in sheep and lambs • Sheep drench containing closantel It’s Your Field Spring 2022 / 47 • Targets adult and late immature liver fluke (from 5 weeks), barber’s pole worms and nasal bots • Effective against triclabendazole-resistant fluke Manufactured in NI by: Norbrook Laboratories Ltd, Station Works, Newry, Co. Down, BT35 6JP. Distributed in ROI by: Norbrook Laboratories (Ireland) Ltd, Rossmore Industrial Estate, Monaghan, County Monaghan. Legal Category: ROI: Solantel® 50mg/ml Oral Suspension for Sheep contains 50 mg/ml closantel. | 5003-LA(S)-v2a-ROI-31/01/22

Milk Quality – Trouble shooting bacterial challenges Fionnuala Malone Step One Senior Milk Quality Manager 14 litres of fresh water per cluster unit for the first rinse: Preventing bacteria building up in raw milk is key for food this cold-water rinse washes out as much milk residue and safety. Bacteria can build up quickly in a milking machine dirt as possible. or bulk tank and have the potential to cause issues for products. Healthy cows, good housing and milking Step Two facilities are key, while consistent routines for milking and the washing of milking equipment will all ensure 9 litres of fresh water for the main detergent wash: this compliance with quality standards and ensure safe raw wash cycle eliminates protein and fat from the system. milk production. An acid wash rotated here (in-line with the manufacturers There are three main bacterial measures used by Irish Milk guidelines) will eliminate any milk stone build up and processors to assess raw milk – Somatic Cell Count (SCC), mineral deposits. The acid wash needs to be hot and short Total Bacteria Count (TBC) and Thermoduric bacteria. SCC - if the water cools down it will not be effective. indicates mastitis control on farm however this article focuses on TBC and Thermoduric control. The biggest Step Three challenge for milk processing is high levels of Thermoduric bacteria rather than TBC. These bacteria are heat resistant 14 litres of fresh water per cluster unit for the final rinse: and thus can survive pasteurisation - pasteurisation will this final rinse with fresh water. Ideally then follow with actually cause them to multiply. They then are extremely one final rinse and include peracetic acid. This step will difficult to remove from processing plants if they get sterilise the clean plant and will ensure all build up and a foothold, so it is absolutely key to keep them out of deposits in the plant are pushed out. The sanitiser step milking machines or bulk tanks. of peracetic acid will ensure the lines are left as clean as possible. Trouble shooting milk quality problems involves breaking Hard water or mineralised water containing iron etc will down what is actually happening versus what ‘is perceived’ reduce the detergent efficacy. Advise clients to use a water as taking place on any farm. It involves working with softener and have a more frequent rotation of caustic and farmers to analyse a wash routine and review equipment acid detergents. suitability and milking practices. Regular servicing and The hot wash water temperature is key and must be at maintenance by IMQ technicians of the milking machine 75ºC at start point and run to waste at 55ºC. Any cooler and the bulk tank by a refrigeration technician is key. This and it just won’t create an effective detergent solution article aims to give some insights into key areas to check. mix and the cleaning won’t be effective. A key action is to pre-rinse the lines with hot water as the start of the wash Water cycle so they are warmed and the detergent wash water stays hot. One of the key pillars is checking for sufficient hot water. First the wash trough must be able to take the required Detergents volume of water – this is vital to success. Where the water volume isn’t enough – the wash water flow won’t Another key pillar is to use only chlorine free (CF) be turbulent enough to take the dirt / milk residue out of detergents on bulk tanks and when washing milking the lines and it will get left behind to build up with high machines. This is due to EU legislation on chlorate levels bacterial counts, causing issues. There are three core steps – legislation designed to protect the most vulnerable to wash routines and each step requires fresh water each of dairy consumers – young children. CF detergents are time to be effective. now specifically requested by all customers - from Infant Formula manufacturers to Ornua, to avoid any risk of 48 \\ It’s Your Field Spring 2022 having residues of Trichloromethane (TCM), perchlorates or chlorates in milk. Choice of teat disinfectants is also key to ensure they do not contain chloride or chlorine dioxide as these have been found to be linked to chlorate residues also. As an industry, when trouble shooting bacterial build up issues - continue to focus on correct detergent use and not to encourage switching back to chlorine for any reason. From working with farmers, we have seen that CF detergents are working and that chlorine is no longer needed. A key point is to only recommend tried, tested and approved CF detergents. Avoid cheaper knock off products as over time these don’t clean tanks or machines as well as approved products. Storage of detergents is key and avoiding using aged and degraded detergents that are chlorine free but that have been stored in sunlight will break down eventually to produce residues.