The Church of the East - An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

["Index | 341 Assyrian Patriotic Party 292 celibacy 42, 61, 78, 86, 99, 119, 120c, 121, 180, 257 121, 154 Islamic State 97c, 101c, 176, 178, 179, 180, 184, Assyrian Protestant Church 106, 112, 114, 239, 283 crucifix 119, 207, 257 freedom of religion 74, 275 102c, 145c, 274c, 185, 186, 187 crucifixion 14, 52c, 70c, freedom of will 6, 33, 36, 290-92 maphrian 100, 117, 224, 256 cenobitic 111, 127, 128, 225, 256 astrology 6, 10c, 36, 84 129, 130, 131 108, 109, 114, 118, 119, 41, 60, 63, 107, 116, 117 Jacobite 6, 22, 49, 84, 86, Maphrianate 293 auditores 110, 115 122, 124, 126, 161, 163, 93, 94, 99, 100, 101, mar 7, 8, 14, 15, 16c, 19c, autocephaly 81 Ch\u2019an (Zen) 192 166, 167c, 188, 189, Garshuni 19 117, 132, 159, 239, 21, 22, 24c, 28, 29c, 30, Avesta 10, 63 Chaldean Catholic Church 190, 191 genocide 7, 259, 260, 263, 240, 242 30c, 45, 47c, 52, 54, 66, Crusade 156, 211, 212, 227, 74, 76c, 77c, 78, 79c, Babylonian 12, 17, 140, 222 238, 239, 251, 252, 228, 275 267, 277 Jataka 193 81c, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, baptism 13, 14, 26, 41, 49, 272, 283 Crusader 14c, 17c, 19c, Gentile Christian 3, 12 Jew, Jewish 11, 12, 13, 14, 90, 92, 98c, 100, 101, Chaldean 7, 8, 10c, 19, 23, 26, 156, 211, 212, 213, Ghassanid 92, 99 101c, 102c, 103c, 104, 67, 110, 114, 115, 118, 36, 77c, 97c, 103c, 119, 214, 216, 218, 223, 227, gnosis 36, 109, 110 18, 21, 23, 25, 32, 34, 119, 120, 120c, 121, 120, 121, 122, 122c, 125, 132, 202c, 232c, 228, 238 Gnosticism 11, 36, 37, 110, 36, 41, 59, 62, 65, 69, 122c, 123c, 129, 131, 126, 163, 177, 195, 201, 238, 242, 247, 248, 249, 70, 72c, 83, 90, 94, 105, 132c, 137, 147c, 162, 241, 258 250, 250c, 251, 252, Dar Al-Harb 149 164 107, 121, 137, 138, 140, 173, 202, 219, 220, 221, Barlaam and Josaphaat 115 252c, 253, 254, 256, 257, Dar Al-Islam 149, 150 God the Father 33, 34, 36, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 224, 225, 226, 227, bema 124c, 125, 125c 126 260, 261, 263, 264, 266, deacon 67, 76, 77, 111c, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159, 228c, 229, 230, 231, Beth sahade 285 269, 272, 274, 274c, 275, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 83, 160, 161, 167, 186, 221, 231c, 232, 236, 237, Bible 32, 34, 40, 56, 57, 58, 276, 276c, 281, 282 123, 140, 165, 182, 195 107, 126 224, 226, 227, 233, 252, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 82, 146c, 192 chess 84 death penalty 65, 72, 73, Goth 11, 33, 39, 43, 201c, 263, 264, 276 244, 244c, 245c, 246c, bishop 3, 8, 17, 19c, 20, 21, chorepiscopus 66, 67, 76, 77 205 Jewish Christian 3, 13, 19, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 22, 23, 26, 26c, 28, 33, chrism 121 105, 267, 276 grace 25, 28c, 30, 48, 49, 32, 57, 105, 108, 110, 255, 255c, 256, 257, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, christianoi 13 decimal system 199 116, 117, 119, 120, 133, 125 257c, 258, 258c, 259c, 44, 44c, 45, 48, 49, 51, Christology 6, 32, 37, 38, demiurge 34, 36, 37, 110 134, 135, 142, 162, 192, jihad 261 260, 262, 262c, 263, 52c, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 40, 41, 42, 45, 52, 82, Dharani 286f 254, 269 jing jiao 191 264, 265, 266, 269, 270, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 86, 135, 214 diaspora 12 19, 23, 59, 269, Grantha 30 Judaism 12, 13, 14, 21, 59, 271, 271c, 272, 274, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, Christotokos 44, 47 Greek 6, 10, 13, 21, 23, 25, 70, 105, 106, 137, 139, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 81, 81c, 83, 87, 88, 90, Chronicle of Adiabene 21 273, 274, 278, 283 28, 35, 37, 40, 46, 49, 140, 147, 159, 162, 164 283, 283c 92, 93, 95, 96, 96c, 97, Church Council of the Diatessaron 21, 35, 56, 57, 57, 60, 65, 67, 75, 82, Marcionism 34, 36 98c, 99, 100, 102, 102c, Middle East 282 84, 88, 119, 128, 129, Ka\u2019ba 142 Marcionite 17, 35c, 36, 108, 109, 111, 116, 120, circumcision 3, 12, 13, 164 110, 159 135, 143, 156, 157, 159, Kara Khitai 207, 209, 210 73, 110 121, 125, 126, 131, 140, Codex Syriacus Sinaiticus Didascalia Apostolorum 15 162, 219, 280, 282 karma 188, 192 Marganitha, The Book of 143, 153, 166, 167, 177, 290 Dob Dob 131 Gulf War 7, 275 Kerait 195, 197, 197c, 198, 231 179, 180, 181, 184, 197, Codex Syrus Curetonianus Docetism 34 marriage 12, 35, 61, 62 66, 201c, 203, 209, 212, 290 Dominican 213, 232, 236, hadith 165 199, 203, 205, 211, 78, 88, 106, 111, 114, 217, 221, 223, 229, 231, confirmation 50, 80, 120, hanana 83, 84, 85, 121 212c, 216 121, 122, 176, 202, 233, 235, 237, 238, 239, 121, 122c, 148, 252 280 Hanife 144 Ketaba demasqata 114 211c, 217, 245, 252, 271 240, 241, 242, 242c, Confucianism 186, 187, Donatism 289 Hashemites 305 Kojima A and B 299 martyrdom 66, 69, 70, 71, 243, 244c, 250c, 252, 188, 193, 205, 266 Druzes 152 Hebraic 144, 145, 152 Koran 80, 92, 138, 139, 142, 74, 112, 223, 275 253, 255, 255c, 257, copper plate 30c, 245 dualism 34, 35, 36, 60, 63, Hell 41, 62, 63, 65c, 66, 135, 146c, 148, 151, 160, Martyrion 102c 259, 261, 272, 275 Copt 3, 55, 118, 283 161, 162, 163, 216 massacre 7, 23c, 70, 72, blood money 148, 276, 276c Coptic Church 3, 40, 54, 99, 109, 116, 132 165, 188, 193, 214, 227, Kufic 30, 29 74, 88, 142, 186, 198, bodhisattva 166, 188, 192, 272, 282 Dwekh Nawsha 101c, 292 261, 283 Kurds 7, 95c, 97c, 101c, 208, 209, 211, 211c, 223 Council of Apostles 2, Dyophysite 6, 18, 38, 40, Henoticon 2, 53, 82, 83 132, 133c, 166, 231, 214, 218, 223, 226, 232, Bogomils 293 13, 14 Hephtalites see also White 232, 251c, 253, 254, 233, 241, 252, 253, 254, Brothers and Sisters of the Council of Arles 39 55c, 81, 82, 87, 230 Huns 87, 169 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 255, 256, 261, 262, 263, Covenant 66 Council of Carthage 116 Dyophysitism 37 heresy 2, 7, 31, 32, 34, 36, 49, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 277 Buddhism 5, 7, 39, 59, 105, Council of Chalcedon 39, 63, 161, 189, 257, 259 266, 267, 270, 274, 275, mathematics 6, 10c, 84, 108, 109, 133, 164, 178, 50, 51, 53, 71, 82 East Syriac dialect 3 hermit 16c, 95c, 111, 112, 277c 157, 158 179, 180, 182, 184, 186, Council of Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire 11, 113, 113c, 115, 127, 128, Kushan 19, 59, 108 mawali 150 187, 187c, 188, 191, First 3, 32, 39 130, 130c, 137, 138, 151, kyana 46 medicine 6, 82, 84, 110, 192, 193, 196, 200, 205, Council of Constantinople, 33, 53, 71, 82 167c, 229, 273 157, 158, 178, 185, 219 209, 212, 220, 221, 222, Second 33, 37 Eastern Syriac 205, 254, 273 Herpad 63, 64 laicization 59, 84 Meditatio mortis 113 226, 266 Ebionites 32 Hinduism 7 Lakhmid 91, 92 Melkite 25, 38, 53, 93, 94, burial 61, 88, 103c, 121, Council of Ephesus, First Ecumenism 289 Holocaust 233, 252, 263 Lao-Tzu 181, 192, 193 98, 107, 148, 156, 159, 126, 166c, 171, 182c, 2, 7, 42, 45, 50, 57, 131, Edict of Milan 38 Holy Spirit 7, 32, 33, 34, 36, Last Judgement 110, 120c, 178, 214 196, 216 238, 270 Edict of Tolerance of Omar 41, 45, 82, 83, 120, 121, Merkit 199 Buyid 156 125, 126, 142, 174, 181, 149, 150c, 162, 223 Messalian 128 Byzantine 3, 11, 15, 23, 25, Council of Ephesus, Second 98 189, 191, 225, 225c, 274, League of Nations 264, metropolitan 3, 4, 8, 13, 28, 33, 38, 42, 44, 52, 51 electi 110, 111, 113, 115 279, 280, 281 22, 23c, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54c, 55c, 58c, 71, 73, Elkesaites 108 Holy War see also jihad12, 265, 269 52c, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 74, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, Council of Florence 247 Encratism 21, 35 216, 261, 267 Lent 77 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 91c, 92, 93, 94, Council of Nicea 3, 22, 23c, Encratites 111, 113, 115, homoiusios 33 Liao 186, 209 88, 89, 93, 96, 98c, 100, 94c, 96, 98, 127, 128, homousios 33 liturgy for the dead 126 122c, 123c, 143, 152, 129, 140, 141, 142, 144, 33, 39, 41, 53, 75, 81c 127 House of Knowledge 6, logic 84 153, 158, 163, 164, 152, 156, 159, 165, 178 Council of Trent 6, 56, enhypostasis 54 84, 157 logos 37, 41, 48 169, 173, 174, 175, epiclesis 126 human nature of Christ 6, 176, 184, 185, 189, Caitra 175 120, 121 epiphany 77, 126 37, 44, 189 Maccabees 12 193, 195, 204, 210, Caliphate of Cordoba 159 Council, Second Vatican Erk\u00fct 205 humanity 1, 32, 33, 34, 37, Magupat see also mobed 224, 229, 231, 232, canon 31, 35, 38, 56, 75, 76, Essenes 127 41, 42, 47, 50, 52, 54, 233, 235, 236, 239, 270 Estrangela 56, 57c, 94c, 166, 60, 61c, 62, 83, 84, 85, 63, 64 241, 242, 243, 243c, 77, 78, 83, 84, 113, 129, councils 31, 37 88, 109, 110, 115, 116, malka 121, 123, 125, 124c 244, 244c, 245c, 247, 130, 231, 271 Creed of Chalcedon 32, 168c, 171, 179, 190c, 117, 118, 125, 148, 161, Mamluks 214, 218, 218c, 248, 249, 251, 264, Canon muratori 57 203c, 209, 211 189, 193, 230, 232, 280 265, 269, 271, 272, 278 Cappadocian Fathers 33, 52, 55 eternal fire 60 hypostasis 46, 47, 51, 52, 54 225, 227, 228 metropolitan see of the 165 Creed of Nicea 39, 81 Eucharist 26, 39, 76, 83, Manchurian 18, 198, 199, interior 78 Carpocratians 164 cross 27c, 28c, 29, 30, 32, 96, 120, 120c, 121, 122, icthys 294 metropolitan see of the catechumen 110, 114, 118, 126, 152, 164, 166, 177, Il-Khan 5, 96c, 102c, 199, 206, 209 outer regions 79 125, 126 34, 37, 41, 52, 52c, 58c, 241, 272, 282 Mandeans 65 Miaphysite 3, 17c, 18, 25, Catholicism 26, 39, 56, 203, 66, 69, 71, 72c, 94, 94c, excommunication 31, 93, 216, 219, 224, 225c, Mandylion 15, 16c, 165, 37, 38, 40, 41, 52, 53, 204, 249, 250, 253 96c, 114, 118, 119, 120, 99, 114, 238, 245, 252, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 54, 54c, 55, 55c, 57, 58, Catholicos 66, 75, 76, 77, 121, 142, 151, 152, 161, 253 231c, 232 227 58c, 71, 82, 83, 85c, 86, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 163, 164, 166, 167c, exegesis 33, 34, 40, 42, Il-Khanate 216, 225, 227, Manichaean 17, 43, 61, 105, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 88, 91, 95, 98, 119, 148, 170, 171, 172c, 174, 82, 84 233 99, 101, 141, 142, 146, 153, 154, 230, 242, 175, 175c, 177, 179, exile 7, 12, 25, 37, 43, 42, illumination 133 106, 108, 108c, 109, 249, 252 180c, 181, 182c, 187c, 49, 50c, 74, 87, 88, 91, Imitatio Christi 135 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, catholicos-patriarch 2 189, 190, 195, 196c, 97, 99, 132c, 158, 181, incubation 82c, 104, 174 115, 116, 146, 172, 176, 200, 211, 214, 220, 221, 222, 256, 261c, 266, Inquisition 8, 39, 49, 88, 178, 179, 184, 185, 207, 222, 222c, 223, 225, 269, 273, 275, 278, 283, 238, 239, 240, 241 215, 221, 222, 226c 229, 229c, 231, 232, 283c Islamic Republic 274 Manichaean cursive 293 238, 254, 258, 277, Manichaean manuscript 278c, 283, 284c Farawahar 61c 108c, 179 cross as sacrament 163 filioque 230 Manichaeism 31, 32, 37, 60, Cross of Koonan 239 first communion 120, 121, 61, 105, 106, 107, 108, Cross of Resurrection 118, 109, 111, 112, 115, 118, 122c forgiveness of sins 120,","342 | The Church of the East 147, 159, 161, 214, 217, 160, 162, 191, 222 Politeia 36 99, 100, 105, 108, 122, 260, 271, 281, 282 Turko-Mongolian peoples 225, 242, 282 \u00d6ng\u00fct 196, 196c, 201, 201c, polygamy 88, 106, 163 140, 143, 144, 147, 152, synod of 410 25, 74 195, 196 Miaphysite Churches 3, 54, polytheism 138, 143, 154, 155, 162, 174c, 181, 184, synod of 424 67, 72, 81, 271 83, 93, 99, 283 202, 202c, 203, 203c, 192c, 222 synod of 486 62, 78, 86\u201387 Turoyo 19, 277 Middle Persian 27c, 30, 80 205, 217, 229 161, 196 Satparamita Sutra 185 synod of Ishoyahb I 54, 84 two natures 8, 32, 40, 41, millet 69, 248 Ophites 289 Portuguese 29, 40, 236, 237, School of Alexandria 40 synod of Patriarch Acacius Mithras cult 10, 11, 63 original sin 6, 84, 115, 116, School of Antioch 33, 41, 42, 47, 50, 51, 52, 83, mobed 63, 64, 69, 74, 88 117, 118, 135, 161, 188, 238, 239, 240 50, 40 78, 83 100, 189, 230 Monarchianism 32, 34 189, 190, 283 predestination 6, 63, 116, School of Athens 84 synod of Rome 39, 47 monasticism 22, 24, 35, 61, Orthodox Syrian Church School of Edessa 18, 49, synod of Timothy 132 Uigur 5, 18, 80, 102c, 108, 93, 111, 114, 115, 121, 238c, 239c, 242 117, 135 53, 81 Synodicon Orientale 74, 86 108c, 166, 176, 177, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, ossuary 172c Presbyter 66, 67, 198, 209 School of Nisibis 22, 81, 82 Syriac language 57, 203c, 177c, 179, 184, 185, 195, 273, 274 Ottoman 69, 248, 252, 254, Presbyterian 164, 253, 254, School of the Pure Land 193 205, 206, 207, 213, 215, Mongol 3, 4, 5, 56, 96c, 156, 259, 264 School of Toledo 156 211, 273, 277, 279 219, 227, 228, 228c, 229 157, 167, 168, 171, 175, Ottoman Empire 248, 252, 255 Scythian 9, 13 Syrian script 19 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 259, 260, 263, 264 priesthood 43, 121, 153 Second Adam 42, 112, Syrian-Orthodox Church 7, Uigur script 205, 206, 221, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, prosopon 42, 46, 47, 49 118, 119 227 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, Pahlavi 10, 29c, 30, 63, 65c, Seleucian calendar 210c 22, 28c, 29, 52c, 54, 94c, 213, 213c, 214, 215, 80, 106, 177 qam 195 Seljuk 73c, 132, 156, 209 100, 101c, 124, 132, 144, Umayyad 147, 148, 149, 215c, 216, 218, 218c, Qarluq 173 Septuagint 143, 157 225, 241, 242 150c, 151, 152 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, paleo-Christianity 13 Qibla 163 Serto 3, 18, 26 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, pallium 248, 249 qnoma see also hypostasis Seven Sleepers of Ephesus Taghlib 92, 147 unio mystica 134 232, 233, 232c, 255 pan-Islamism 252, 259 297 Tahirid 173 United Nations 269 monogamy 157, 163 paper 41, 51, 57c, 108c, 158, 46, 54 sexuality 116 Talmud 140 usia 46, 47 Monogram of Christ 119 qostroma 124c, 125, 126 Shahnameh 85c Tang Dynasty 97, 167, 179, monolatry 11 159, 174, 190c, 192, Quraysh 142, 143 shaman 65, 169, 195, 205 Vatellatu 30c monophysite 40 203c, 281c qurbana 122 shamanist 192c, 195, 196, 181, 182c, 186, 187, 188, Vatican 26, 203c, 219, 228c, monophysitism 37, 51, 81 paper money 226 212c 193, 221, 229c monotheism 12, 31, 34, 53, Paraclete 107, 108, 109, Rassul 160 sharia 276 Tangut 4, 79, 175, 205, 242, 250, 252, 270 55, 106, 107, 138, 139, 114, 152, 154 raze 125 Shiite 113 207, 207c, 208, 209, Vetus Syra 57 143, 160, 161, 193 paradise 19, 62, 65c, 66, rebirth 110, 118, 189, 222 shqaqona 124c, 125, 285 210, 229 Vicar General 207, 227, monsoon winds 26, 138 118, 122, 125, 135, 163, Reconquista 267 simandron 125, 151 Tao 179, 180, 192, 193 Montanist 43, 161 176c, 189, 193, 283 resurrection 6, 13, 14, 34, simony 148, 155 Tao-Buddhism 300 229, 230 Mor 94c, 127c, 131c, 133c, parsopa see also prosopon sin 6, 33, 37, 41, 107, 116, Tao\/Buddhism 192 Vulgate 56 134, 240, 241, 242, 242c 46, 230 36, 49, 52, 52c, 62, 77, 117, 120, 124, 125, 135, Taoism 7, 109, 117, 119, Mosaic Law 3, 12, 14, 34, Parthian 9, 10, 10c, 11, 12, 91, 111, 114, 117, 118, 161, 178, 188, 189, 190, 180, 181, 181c, 186, 187, Wahabis 143 162, 164 14, 15, 19, 21, 25, 59, 119, 120c, 121, 122, 125, 191, 193, 275, 280, 283 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, West Syrian dialect 19 Mother of Christ 249, 280 63, 107, 108, 177 126, 134, 162, 163, 164, Skand-Gumanik Vicar 106 193, 205, 219, 220, 221, West Syrians 19, 74, 111c, Mother of God 26c, 45, 46, patriarchate 3, 33, 37, 38, 165, 166, 168c, 176c, slave 13, 118, 142, 149, 155, 222, 266 48, 118, 249, 280 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 178, 180c, 188, 189, 190, 157, 186, 224, 256 Tatar 198, 199 245 Mu\u2019tazilites 297 48, 51, 53, 54c, 59, 81, 191, 222, 281c Sogdian 18, 80, 169, 172, Ten Tribes 12 Western Roman Empire 11, mysticism 1, 6, 132, 134, 111c, 230, 233, 238, 241, Robber Synod 8, 38, 51, 131 173, 174, 175, 175c, 176, Tengrism 195, 196, 212c 164, 191, 283 243, 249, 250, 251, 252, Roman Empire 1, 2c, 3, 9, 177, 178, 178c, 179, 181, tetragospels 18, 35 40, 53 266, 269, 271, 278 10, 11, 13, 14c, 26, 33, 184, 205 Theopaschism 83 Western Turks 87, 90, 179, Naby 160 Patripassianism 34 37, 39, 40, 53, 59, 65, Song of the Pearl 108 Theotokos 43, 44, 45, 46, Naiman 198, 199, 202, Paulician 293 66, 71, 75, 82, 98, 108 soul 1, 10, 25, 36, 37, 41, 42, 47, 48, 161, 239 195 Pax Romana 9 Roman Imperial Church 3 52, 61, 62, 66, 106, 108, Thomas Christians 3, 25, White Huns see also 205, 206, 206c, 208c, Pazand 63 Russian Orthodox Church 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 26, 28c, 29, 39, 235, 236, 209, 217 pentarchy 39 254, 259, 260 132, 133, 134, 135, 158, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, Hephtalites 4, 71, 72, nature of Christ 6, 31, 32, Pentecost 7, 14, 137, 166, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 242, 245, 246, 246c 73, 79, 86, 87, 169, 195 34, 37, 42, 44, 52, 55, 168c, 189, 195, 215, 276 Sabaean 138, 139 231, 232c, 260, 280 Three Chapters 2, 54, 55, 82 World Council of Churches 142, 189 Peoples of the Book 146, Sabellianism 34 sourdough 121 Three Kings 14, 126 282 Nazarene 8, 13, 65, 68, 149, 150 Sabha Prathinidhi spirituality 6, 22, 105, 191, Tome 51, 53 wu wei 192 69, 258 persecution 25, 28, 39, 54, 279, 283 Tours and Poitiers, Battle Nestorian script 3, 18, 178c, 60, 61, 62, 64, 64c, 66, Mandalam 241 state Church 5, 38, 55, 66, of 267 Yassaq 206 203c 67, 68c, 70, 70c, 71, 72, sacrament 26, 42, 110, 115, 82, 98, 247 translation work 158 Yelikewen 219, 220 New Testament 34, 35, 56, 74, 78, 81, 86, 92, 98, 99, stylite 55c, 90, 93, 131c Treasure Cave 118 Yezidi 226c 57, 58, 80, 110, 145, 100, 101, 105, 108, 140, 117, 119, 120, 121, 128, subdeacon 67, 126 Treaty of Lausanne 264 yin and yang 180 160, 164, 166, 170, 141, 152, 156, 162, 165, 163, 239, 241, 252, 272, Sufism 164 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 305 Young Turks 252, 260 191, 254 182, 186, 226, 232, 248, 280, 282 Surit 19 Tree of Life 118, 119 Yuan Dynasty 202c, 205, Niniveh Plains Protection 257, 266, 267, 276, 283 Sadducees 12 swastika 118, 176, 196, 196c triad 138, 139c, 160 Unit 292 Peshitta 18, 35, 56, 57, 57c, Safavid 248 synagogue 125, 140, 164, Trinity 7, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 206, 216, 217, 219, 220, Novatian 43 58, 94c, 143, 166, 168c, salvation 11, 13, 36, 37, 41, 226, 233 42, 45, 46, 55, 83, 107, 221, 222, 224 Nushizad 88 171, 177, 203c, 229, 254 42, 52, 56, 107, 108, synod 3, 31, 47, 48, 51, 54, 119, 121, 132, 140, 141c, Odes of Solomon 36 Phagspa 206, 221 109, 110, 111, 117, 118, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 142, 160, 162, 189, 190c, zakat 146 Oirat 199 Phaidon 36 119, 122, 128, 131, 135, 80, 81, 83, 86, 98, 196, 191, 193, 221, 280 Zang 155 Old Testament 34, 57, 105, Pharisees 12 161, 188, 192, 193, 280 231, 239, 241, 247, 249, tritheism 32, 45, 160 zealots 12 110, 111, 119, 122, 145, physis 40, 46 Samsara 178 True Cross 94, 94c, 96, 96c, Zebaoth 12 PKK 277 Sarmatian 11 177, 231 zimmi 149, 155 plague 209, 267 Sassanian 2c, 11, 22, 23, 25, Turkic peoples 195, 196, Zoroastrianism 10, 36, 59, 28, 53, 55c, 59, 60, 63, 209 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 73c, 60, 63, 64, 64c, 65, 66, 74, 75, 81, 82, 84, 85, 70, 72, 105, 106, 107, 86, 87c, 88, 90, 91, 91c, 109, 119, 138, 145, 152, 92, 93, 94, 96c, 97, 98, 180, 181, 186 Zurvanism 63","","","","40 Wolga 60 80 Ob OLDEN HORDEG Irtysh OG 40 CSaesapian LAakrael- HUZ ALTA Syr(J-Daxaaryrtaes) Balchasch-Lake H A L I H TMGiyzaduarchKkahlaa,n U R K I S T A N Chu R L U Q D OF SEVEN RIVERS Otrar A Almalik Taraz Q Talas Mirki Navakat H I TA I N Gurgentsch T R AUrgSNuatmSarOqaXndTaAshkNent I LAN Aqsu A Bukhara T E TSermez Penjikent Suyab Balasagun Urumqi T SaruIussykul Tarim Turfan Bu R I S Merv T A B A A m u(-ODxaursy)a A KARA K Nishapur OHREAPSHSTAANL I Kashgar KH Herat Balkh Yarkand BGamhayzanna Khotan Miran Place Tanktse TIBET Christian community Metropolitan see Sutlej H A L I H Nomadic Metropolitan see Indus A LTA I Peoples, nations Trading routes (Silk roads) 20 G u l f o f Ganges Oman 0 200 400 600 800 1000 km Thana Sopara Gulf of 60 Bengal 80","Angara 100 120 140 4 Jenissei Orchon Lena 2 IT Baikal- Amur Lake Onon MERK his Khan)I G I N JO I R A T R DK Y 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Omei Yangtze B ra h m aputra Fuzhou Xi-jiang (QuanZzahitouun) Quangzhou Irrawady 100 120",""]