MURDER CASES 249 See also: Dr Crippen 216 ■ The Manson Family 230–37 ■ The Murders of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls 254–57 The white Ford Bronco is chased at a slow speed along an LA freeway in the gathering dusk. The televised chase was a cultural phenomenon, and raised interest in the Simpson case. By 2pm, the Los Angeles Police Meanwhile, officers searched the without bail. In a controversial Department had issued an all- Bronco and found $8,000 (£7,000) decision, the prosecutors chose points bulletin for Simpson’s arrest. in cash, clothes, and a disguise – to file charges in downtown LA, Early that evening, the Bronco was a fake goatee, moustache, and which would result in a jury pool spotted. One officer approached the make-up kit – as well as family with a majority of people of colour. car but, because Simpson had a photos and a loaded handgun. gun to his head, decided to back Veteran LAPD detective Tom off. This ignited a low-speed chase, Courtroom personnel Lange led the murder investigation. with up to 20 police cars and nine Simpson was arraigned on 20 June, Prosecutor Marcia Clark, a Deputy helicopters following the car. and pleaded not guilty to both District Attorney, was designated Thousands of spectators packed murders. He was ordered to be held lead prosecutor; acting as the overpasses to cheer on the co-counsel was Deputy District ❯❯ white Bronco, some holding homemade signs urging Simpson to keep running. Television stations interrupted regularly scheduled programming, and the chase was seen by some 95 million viewers. After 80 km (50 miles) on the freeway, the chase ended at 8pm at Simpson’s Brentwood estate. In exchange for a peaceful surrender, Simpson was allowed an hour in the house to speak to his mother. O.J. Simpson Born Orenthal James Simpson, After he retired from the NFL, O.J. Simpson grew up poor in the Simpson began a career as a housing projects outside San football broadcaster and actor, Francisco, California. Simpson and appeared in several movies discovered a passion for football including The Towering Inferno, and won a football scholarship Capricorn One, and The Naked to the University of Southern Gun trilogy. California. In 1968, he won the prestigious Heisman Trophy. Simpson met 18-year-old waitress Nicole Brown in 1977, After college, Simpson was and the two were married in drafted to the NFL and played 11 1985. They had two children: seasons with the Buffalo Bills and Sydney and Justin. After a San Francisco 49ers. In 1973 he tumultuous marriage rife with became the first player to rush claims of spousal abuse, Nicole 1,800 metres (2,000 yards) in a filed for divorce on 25 February season, and was later inducted 1992. Two years later, Simpson into the Football Hall of Fame. was accused of her murder.
250 O.J. SIMPSON O.J. Simpson in court beside one of his lawyers, Johnnie Cochran Jr. Cochran was criticized by Deputy DA Christopher Darden for emphasizing possible racial discrimination at play. Attorney Christopher Darden. LAPD, claiming that the DNA to the lab, and some of Simpson’s Simpson, meanwhile, hired a team evidence had been contaminated blood was purportedly spilled by of high-profile lawyers including due to sloppy police work. technicians in the very lab where F. Lee Bailey, Robert Kardashian, they tested the evidence samples. Robert Shapiro, Alan Dershowitz, One officer admitted that he had Johnnie Cochran Jr, and Barry taken home Simpson’s shoes and Detective Fuhrman also came Scheck. Dubbed the “Dream Team”, left them unattended in his boot for under scrutiny. During cross- they cost Simpson between $3 and at least six hours, breaking the examination, F. Lee Bailey pressed $6 million (£2.7–5.5 million). chain of custody. Furthermore, the Fuhrman, who had found the forensics team was found to have second glove, about his history of Controversial trial mishandled the blood samples – racist rhetoric. Fuhrman denied it, The trial began on 24 January 1995, one vial was carried around in a but audiotapes were discovered of and lasted 134 days; viewers jacket for hours before it was taken him repeatedly using racial slurs. watched live via a closed-circuit The tapes became a cornerstone camera in the courtroom. The case of the defence argument that the turned the detectives, lawyers, and detective’s testimony lacked even Judge Lance Ito into credibility. Charged with perjury, celebrities; the proceedings were Fuhrman invoked his right to dubbed the “Trial of the Century”. remain silent when asked if he had planted evidence. Part of the fascination stemmed from a deep societal divide over On 15 June 1995, defence lawyer whether or not Simpson was guilty. Cochran goaded Darden into While 77 per cent of white people asking Simpson to put on the polled believed that he had done it, leather glove. The glove appeared the African American community too tight for Simpson’s hand. In his thought otherwise: 72 per cent closing arguments, Cochran used believed he should be acquitted. the glove demonstration to quip, The defence argued that Simpson “If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” had been set up by racially biased cops, then took another shot at the Maintaining a chain of custody When evidence is collected at a of from another source, or crime scene, it must be handled planted in an attempt to frame in a scrupulously careful manner an innocent party. To maintain to prevent contamination and to the chain of custody, each item prove it has not been tampered of evidence must be labelled with. To preserve the integrity with the initials of everyone of evidence and ensure it can be who handles it. Prosecutors use used in court, law enforcement chain of custody documentation establishes a chain of custody to prove that evidence has not – chronological documentation been tampered with, and that showing its seizure, control, it was discovered at the scene transfer, and analysis. of the crime. If there are any discrepancies, or if a chain of Recording a chain of custody custody is broken, evidence can establishes that evidence is be declared inadmissible. connected to the crime, instead
MURDER CASES 251 The events of 12 June 1994 were laid 6:30pm Nicole Brown Simpson out for the jury with the testimony of has dinner at Mezzaluna with her several key witnesses, including mother and children. Simpson’s house guest and his driver. Not only did we play the race 9:35pm Nicole's mother calls 9:50pm Goldman card, we dealt it from the Mezzaluna to say that she left leaves the restaurant bottom of the deck. her glasses behind. Ronald and takes the glasses Robert Shapiro Goldman agrees to drop them to Nicole’s house. off with Nicole. The jury was quick to make their 10:15pm 10:25pm Limousine driver decision. After only four hours of Simpson’s Allan Park arrives at Simpson’s deliberation, they voted to acquit neighbour home to take him to the airport. O.J. Simpson – to the shock of the Pablo Fenjves nation. Critics attributed the jury's hears someone 10:40–10:50pm decision to its racial make-up. Jury crying out and Park repeatedly members themselves cited LAPD the barking of buzzes the intercom incompetence and an unconvincing a dog. but there is no case by the prosecution. 10:40pm A guest at response. Around Simpson’s house, Kato 10:58pm, Park sees Civil punishment Kaelin, hears three loud a large black man In 1997, Ron Goldman’s parents thumps against the wall walking across the sued Simpson in civil court for of his room. driveway towards wrongful death. Nicole’s father also About 11pm Park buzzes the the house. filed a suit. A civil suit could not intercom and O.J. Simpson answers. 11–11:15pm Simpson puts his land Simpson any prison time, but He says he has overslept. bags in the limousine and it could make him pay a price. He leaves for Los Angeles Airport. lost badly in the civil suit, and was 11:45pm ordered to pay $33.5 million (£22 Simpson departs on 13 June 12:10am The dead bodies of million) to the victims’ families. a flight to Chicago. Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are found outside her townhouse. In 2007, Simpson once more found himself in legal trouble. On 13 September, he and his friends threatened a memorabilia dealer at gunpoint in a Las Vegas hotel room, demanding the return of items that Simpson believed had been stolen from him. On 3 October 2008 – 13 years to the day after he was acquitted of murder – O.J. Simpson was sentenced to 33 years in prison, on 10 felony counts. Many believe this sentence was a way to bring him, at last, to justice. ■
252 WFCORHUAILLFETPLISNATYTOHREESPY CRAIG JACOBSEN, AUGUST 1997 IN CONTEXT I n August 1997, the body of the alias John Flowers, took her backup singer and dancer into the back room and delivered LOCATION Ginger Rios was unearthed a swift uppercut to her nose that Las Vegas, Nevada from a shallow grave in Arizona’s proved fatal. He then put her body portion of the Mojave Desert. The in a bin bag, moved her to the back THEME 20-year-old had last been seen four of his van, cleaned up the back Multiple murder months earlier, on 4 April, at a spy room with strong bleach, and drove craft store near the University Rios’s body to Arizona. BEFORE of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1978 The bodies of siblings Jacobsen’s wife, Cheryl Ciccone, Jacqueline and Malcolm Rios had gone there to purchase was with her husband when Rios Bradshaw are discovered by a book on cleaning up her credit walked into the store. She saw a sheep herder near the desert report. While her husband, Mark Rios’s body, and accompanied town of Barstow, California. Hollinger, waited in the car, Rios Jacobsen to Arizona. Fearing for ran into the shop. According to her life, however, she later went to 1984 William Richard Bradford Hollinger, she planned to be gone the authorities, and four months strangles 15-year-old Tracey just a few minutes. Rios, however, later guided police to Rios’s body. Campbell to death at a remote never emerged from the store. The campsite in the Mojave Desert, owner, Craig Jacobsen, who used A second victim and leaves her body there. A month after Rios’s death, another Las Vegas woman went missing: AFTER chiropractor’s daughter Mary 2009 The remains of 11 Stoddard. On 10 May, hunters women are found buried in the chanced upon the body of a young sands of Albuquerque’s West woman in a desert grave in Pinal Mesa. Some may have been County, Arizona. A forensic facial there since 2001. reconstruction was ordered, but nobody claimed the victim, who 2013 Joseph and Summer became Jane Doe 2278DFAZ. McStay, who along with their young sons have been missing Craig Jacobsen looks unkempt in his since February 2010, are found 1997 mugshot. Jacobsen confessed to murdered in the desert near murdering Ginger Rios, claiming to Victorville, California. have killed her because he had snapped when she “got in his face.”
MURDER CASES 253 See also: Dr Crippen 216 ■ The Death of Azaria Chamberlain 238–39 ■ Ian Brady and Myra Hindley 284–85 Pinal County, Arizona is a land of remote desert valleys – one of which became a burial ground for Jacobsen’s victims. The graves were found near Florence, a town southeast of Phoenix. in a county cemetery, but the location of the plot was not on the paperwork. Without the body, prosecutors had to focus their case on Ginger Rios. Jacobsen was convicted in 2000 and sentenced to at least 25 years behind bars. The graves of Doe and Rios were in battery and counterfeiting. Under Third victim close proximity to each other, and interrogation, as well as admitting In a strange twist of events, in both graves were covered with that he killed Rios, Jacobsen 2010, the remains of Jane Doe were concrete caps, which suggested confessed to killing a second relocated and identified by the the two shared a killer. woman in Las Vegas and burying Doe Network. She was not Mary her in Arizona. Stoddard. Jane Doe was actually Arrest and detention 15-year-old Christina Martinez, In August 1997, Jacobsen was Jacobsen identified the woman who disappeared in May 1997 on arrested in Los Angeles, California, as Mary Stoddard, which seemingly her way to a local laundrette in by a fugitive law-enforcement task solved the mystery of Jane Doe’s Phoenix, Arizona – two blocks from force – he was wanted in Florida for identity. However, the Arizona another store owned by Jacobsen. authorities had reburied Jane Doe In 2014, a grand jury charged Jacobsen with the murder of Martinez. The body of Stoddard has not been recovered, despite searches near the other graves. ■ Forensic facial reconstruction Facial reconstruction software Advancements in computerized Network, a US not-for-profit creates a photo-realistic image based 3D technology have vastly organization dedicated to on the skull and other known data, improved the field of forensic connecting missing and such as age, ethnicity, or weight. facial reconstruction. It is now unidentified persons with John possible to scan a skull from and Jane Doe cases. The US multiple angles to create a precise has a 50 per cent success rate digital reconstruction, instead of in making identifications from having to build a model by hand forensic facial reconstruction. from clay. The technique is particularly useful for crimes that The technique of forensic involve unidentified remains. facial reconstruction has also been used to create realistic Reconstructed images may be images of historical figure, such shown to potential victims’ family as King Richard III, Copernicus, members, run through police and Tutankhamun, based on databases, or sent to the Doe their remains.
254 IN CONTEXT DPTAEOOFORNTPA’ATLILDEWKAAATNRNODETUS LOCATION Las Vegas, Nevada, and THE MURDERS OF TUPAC SHAKUR AND BIGGIE Los Angeles, California, US SMALLS, 1996 AND 1997 THEME Drive-by shootings BEFORE July 1931 Coll Gang gunmen accidentally hit children playing outside, in a drive-by attack in Harlem, New York. 31 July 1996 Rapper Seagram Miller, age 26, is killed in a drive-by shooting in Oakland, California. AFTER 7 May 2004 Polish war correspondent Waldemar Milewicz is killed in a drive-by attack on his press vehicle south of Baghdad, Iraq. 3 September 2012 Colombian drug lord Griselda Blanco is killed in a motorcycle drive-by shooting in Medellín. I n the late 1990s, two of hip- hop’s biggest stars, Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls, were gunned down in eerily similar drive-by shootings. Shakur, working on the West Coast, and Smalls, who performed as The Notorious B.I.G. on the East Coast, were modern-day American storytellers pursuing similar musical careers. When Shakur travelled to New York, he regularly invited Smalls on stage to rap, aiding the career of The Notorious B.I.G. In the years before their deaths, however, they were embroiled in a bitter feud that became known as the East Coast- West Coast hip-hop rivalry.
MURDER CASES 255 See also: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy 316–21 ■ The Abduction of Aldo Moro 322–23 7 September, 8:30pm Shakur and friends leave the Tyson/Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas 8:30–9pm Shakur and his bodyguards are involved in a physical altercation with Orlando Anderson outside the hotel Bad blood between Shakur and Biggie and Tupac hang out at the 11:15pm Smalls began in Manhattan in 1994 Royalty Hotel in May 1994. They Shakur is shot at close when Shakur was ambushed and freestyled and were filmed by Dream range at a Las Vegas shot at Quad Studios by three men. Hampton, in one of the few videos of intersection, in his BMW They stole $35,000 worth of jewellery the two rappers together. (about £30,000 today) from him and 750 sedan his crew and then escaped. Smalls On 7 September 1996, Tupac 8–9 September was recording in the building at the Shakur, just 25 years old, was shot Shakur undergoes time, and Shakur was convinced in a car-to-car shooting on his way three operations at the that Smalls and his record producer, to a party in Las Vegas, Nevada. University Medical Center Sean “Diddy” Combs, had set him He died six days after the shooting. of Southern Nevada up. The two men never reconciled. Six months later, on 9 March 13 September, 4.03pm I don’t think the powers that 1997, 24-year-old Smalls was shot Shakur is pronounced be give a damn that another four times in a car-to-car drive-by little ghetto kid gets killed in attack as he left a party at the dead due to the streets. It’s not important Petersen Automotive Museum in respiratory failure to them to solve this case. Los Angeles, California. He died within 30 minutes of the shooting. DJ Shay Shocking scenes On 7 September 1996, Shakur attended a boxing match between Mike Tyson and Bruce Seldon at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. As he left the bout with his entourage – which included friends, backup singers, and Death Row Records producer Marion “Suge” Knight Jr – the crew spotted ❯❯
256 THE MURDERS OF TUPAC SHAKUR AND BIGGIE SMALLS Gang identity and turf wars inside a parking garage next to the intersection and hurried down to Gang warfare – which can have Gangs use signifiers of identity street level. They followed Knight’s violent consequences even for to create a sense of exclusivity, sedan as it made a U-turn to evade innocent bystanders – usually such as tattoos, clothing, and the gunman. The driver of the occurs within low-income hand signs. Cadillac turned onto another street communities. The Los Angeles and disappeared into the night. Police Department believes that Gang rivalries usually occur there are five main reasons that between two sides seeking For the next seven days, Shakur individuals in such communities control of a particular territory. remained in a coma in a critical join gangs. Some are attracted One of the deadliest rivalries is condition. He also underwent to the increased social status, or that of the Bloods and Crips in several surgeries and medical the sense of brotherhood. Others Los Angeles. It began in the procedures to stop the bleeding want protection from rival 1970s over control of the in his chest. On the afternoon of gangs, or want to engage more neighbourhood of Compton and 13 September, however, he died easily in criminal activity. Some accounted for a high percentage from his injuries. are simply coerced into joining. of the gang-related murders in southern Los Angeles. Shakur’s shooting sparked a five-day gang war on the streets of Orlando Tive “Baby Lane” up next to Knight’s black sedan, Compton, California, between the Anderson, a member of the in which Shakur and Knight were Bloods and the Crips. In the end, Southside Crips Gang. riding. As the Cadillac came three men were dead and 10 were alongside, a man in the back seat wounded. The Compton Police Knight was affiliated with the rolled down the window, stuck out Department attributed the war to rival Pirus Bloods street gang. Upon his arm, and opened fire. Shakur retaliation by the Bloods against seeing Anderson, Knight’s friend was shot three times, once in the the Crips for the Shakur shooting. Trevon “Tray” Lane told Shakur chest; Knight was hit with shrapnel that Anderson was part of a posse at the base of his skull. Biggie gunned down that snatched a Death Row gold Five months later, in February 1997, necklace from Lane’s neck a month Two bicycle officers with the Biggie Smalls – whose real name earlier. Shakur pounced on Las Vegas Metropolitan Police was Christopher Wallace – travelled Anderson, and his whole entourage Department heard the shots from to Los Angeles to promote his joined in stomping and kicking him, not caring that their actions were being captured on the casino’s surveillance videotape. However, Anderson declined to press charges, and they all went their separate ways. Shakur shot After Anderson’s beating, Shakur’s group got into a convoy of cars to head to a party. At 11:15pm, at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane, a white Cadillac with California licence plates pulled Funeral cars pass down St. James Place, Brooklyn, towards the home of Biggie’s mother Voletta Wallace on 18 March 1997. Press and crowds gathered to pay tribute to the rapper.
I don’t think my son’s death driver’s window of the Impala and MURDER CASES 257 was connected to Tupac. fired at Smalls with a 9 mm blue- steel pistol, hitting him four times. 9 March 12:30am And I don’t think Christopher Biggie Smalls and his had anything to do with The driver of the Impala sped entourage leave the Tupac’s death. away, while Smalls’s entourage Petersen Automotive Voletta Wallace rushed him to hospital. Despite the Museum in Los Angeles doctors’ efforts, Smalls was second studio album and film a pronounced dead 30 minutes later. Smalls’s music video for the album’s lead Suburban stops at a red single, “Hypnotize”. On 7 March, Unsolved crime light near the museum; Smalls appeared at the Soul Train Police investigations into Shakur’s Music Awards to present an award death did not lead to any formal a Chevrolet Impala to singer Toni Braxton, but was murder charges. In his affidavit pulls up alongside booed by some members of the chronicling the investigation, The driver of the Impala audience due to his feud with the Detective Timothy Brennan of the fires four shots into late Tupac Shakur. Compton Police Department’s gang Smalls’s chest at unit named Anderson as Shakur’s On 8 March, Smalls, with likely killer. However, Anderson close range record producer Sean Combs and was killed in an unrelated shootout Smalls is rushed to the an entourage, attended a party in Compton in 1998 and could not Cedars-Sinai Medical hosted by Vibe magazine and be charged. Brennan was also Center in Los Angeles Qwest Records at the Petersen assigned to the taskforce working Automotive Museum on Wilshire to find Smalls’s killer. There, too, 1:15am Boulevard, Los Angeles. Smalls the police were unable to bring the Biggie Smalls is told his mother he had cancelled killer to justice. pronounced dead a flight to London so that he could as a result of his attend the party. Multiple conspiracy theories gunshot wounds surround the murders of both A fire marshal closed the party rappers, but none have been early due to overcrowding, and substantiated. Rumours persist at 12:30am, Smalls and his that Smalls had Shakur killed, but entourage left the museum in two there is no evidence to back up the GMC Suburbans. Smalls sat in the theory. Investigators also found no front passenger seat. When his proof that the murder of Biggie SUV stopped at a red light behind Smalls was linked to the East Combs’s vehicle at the corner of Coast-West Coast rap war. Still, Wilshire Boulevard and South some claimed that Sean Combs Fairfax Avenue, a Chevrolet Impala hired Anderson to take out Shakur, drove up alongside. and others said Suge Knight ordered the hit on Smalls. The events that unfolded mirrored the fate that had befallen The most plausible theory, said Shakur. A man in a button-down the Los Angeles police, was that shirt and bow tie rolled down the Smalls was shot over a financial dispute with Crips members who had acted as his bodyguards – and that it was unrelated to the murder of Shakur. Nonetheless, new books, biopics, and theories continue to flourish, with even the police assigned to the cases now writing about the mysterious deaths of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls. ■
SERIAL K
ILLERS
260 INTRODUCTION In Ancient China, Hungarian noblewoman In Colorado, Harvey Liu Pengli, Prince of Elizabeth Báthory Glatman murders and Jidong, engages in a abducts, tortures, photographs young women 29-year killing spree. and kills hundreds of that he lures to hotel young girls. rooms with promises of careers as models. 141–121 BCE 1585–1610 1957–58 1324 1888 1963–65 In Ireland, aristocrat Dame Jack the Ripper stalks Ian Brady and Myra Alice Kyteler is accused the streets of London’s Hindley abduct, East End, murdering torture, and kill of murder through and disembowelling children, and bury witchcraft for the murder them on England’s local prostitutes. Saddleworth Moor. of her four husbands. T he term “serial murder” In the years since, individuals and have existed for many centuries. was coined in 1930 by agencies have sought to revise the The cases of Liu Pengli, a prince in Ernst Gennat, director of definition of the term serial murder. ancient China, Dame Alice Kyteler the Berlin police, in reference to Some specify a minimum of four in 14th-century England, and the Peter Kurten, who killed nine victims, while others apply the Hungarian Countess Elizabeth people in and around Düsseldorf. term to cases with just two. The Báthory at the turn of the 17th Forty-four years later in America, phrase “cooling-off period” was also century seem to indicate that it FBI behavioural scientist Robert felt to be ambiguous. The FBI has was only considered worthy of note Ressler adopted the term “serial revised its own definition of serial when killings were committed by killer”, specifically to describe a murder to be “the unlawful killing those of high social station. person who commits three or more of two or more victims by the same murders on separate occasions, offender(s), in separate events”. This may be the reason why a with each one separated by a This new criteria allows police member of the British Royal Family “cooling-off period”. departments who have identified became a suspect in London’s the early stages of a homicidal Whitechapel Murders of 1888. Ressler’s definition distinguished pattern to approach it in the Jack the Ripper, more than likely serial killing from mass murder, specific manner necessary to a working-class man, operated in during which at least four victims investigate a series of murders. the right place at the right time are slain in a single location, as at in history to ignite the public the Teigin Bank incident in Tokyo, Noble killers imagination. The rise of modern and the spree killings of Charles Although many argue that serial policing in London after the Whitman. Ressler is credited with murder is a product of the modern establishment of the Metropolitan bringing the phrase “serial killer” age, the reality is that serial killers Police in 1829 and the proliferation into popular use. of print media meant that the
SERIAL KILLERS 261 In northern California, Using various DNA evidence links English doctor Harold seven people are disguises, Ted Bundy local baker Colin Shipman is arrested for Pitchfork to two murdered at the hands targets female murdering elderly of the Zodiac, college students separate murders in a patients by injecting small English village. an unknown serial across seven them with lethal killer who sends US states. doses of drugs. cryptic messages. 1968–69 1971–78 1983–86 1998 1999 1971 1978–81 1990 Fred and Rosemary West Jeffrey Dahmer In Russia, Andrei Sadist John Edward sexually torture and murders and Chikatilo is arrested after Robinson commits the murder their first shared dismembers 17 last of eight murders, victim at their home in young men in Ohio initially being luring women through and Wisconsin. discounted as the online chat rooms. Gloucester, England. culprit in dozens of murders. city’s bloodiest, most gruesome pictures were reprinted in the Five years after the Zodiac’s last crimes began to be documented, very detective magazines that had letter in 1974, the televised trial disseminated, and commercially nurtured his own deviant fantasies. of Ted Bundy – the superficially exploited. The Penny Dreadful, Similarly, in England, in the 1960s, charming killer of American college a cheap 19th-century publication “Moors Murderers” Ian Brady and girls – shattered popular notions featuring sensational stories of Myra Hindley, became the first of serial killers as ugly monsters. the most grisly murders, appeared known compulsive killers to make Bundy looked like the kind of in weekly instalments and was audio recordings of a victim. The upright, young man many parents devoured by the British public. recording was played at their trial would want their daughter to meet. and the court listened in silence to Bundy’s trial overlapped with the Diaries and records harrowing evidence of the pair’s pioneering research of the Ressler- By the 1950s, cameras and torture and abuse of 10-year-old era Behavioral Science Unit in recording devices were widely Lesley Ann Downey. Virginia, which began to offer serial affordable, and serial murderers killer profiles to police agencies could create their own record of Serial killer cases continued across the western world. their crimes. Aroused by the to be covered in the media. Shortly images of bound, scantily clad after this, on the West Coast of the By the 1980s, serial murder women on the covers of detective US, a killer calling himself “the rates were at an all-time high. The magazines, serial murderer Harvey Zodiac” sent proof of his crimes to most notorious cases of the late- Glatman abducted, tied up, newspapers in the San Francisco 1980s and 1990s included Andrei photographed, and then murdered area, accompanied by strange Chikatilo in Russia and Jeffrey at least three women in California. codes and letters threatening to Dahmer in the US, as well as Fred Once apprehended, Glatman’s commit further carnage if he did and Rosemary West and Harold not receive front page coverage. Shipman in the UK. ■
262 PMSEHUOERPEDLREERS…IPNOGFROTR LIU PENGLI, 144–121 bce IN CONTEXT S erial killers are by no means He was arrogant and cruel, a modern phenomenon. and paid no attention to the LOCATION Centuries before Jack the etiquette demanded between Jidong, China Ripper, Rosemary and Fred West, or Ted Bundy murdered their victims, ruler and subject. THEME Prince Liu Pengli slaughtered Sima Qian Serial killing thrill-seekers dozens of men, women, and children in ancient China. Emperor Jing. Investigations finally BEFORE brought Liu Pengli’s crimes to light, 313 bce In ancient Rome, Liu Pengli, one of five brothers, and he was found responsible for at rumours circulate of a mass ruled over the principality of Jidong least 100 murders. poisoning by Roman matrons during the second century bce. after several men drop dead. It was a tempestuous time of Under pressure from his Some 170 women are arrested. rebellion and political machinations courtiers, who demanded Liu They claim that their potions that led to the banishment of Liu Pengli’s execution, the emperor are medicinal but two of them Pengli’s father, the beloved younger acknowledged the severity of the die when they are made to brother of Emperor Jing. crime, but was reluctant to kill his drink their own concoctions. own nephew. Instead, he stripped Soon after coming to power in Liu Pengli of his royal status and AFTER Jidong, Liu assembled a gang of banished him to another province. 2007 In Russia, Alexander slaves and young men on the run. The sentence was considered the Pichushkin is brought to trial Together, they went out at night to next best thing to execution. ■ for the murder of at least terrorize anyone they found. The 48 people between 1992 people lived in fear of their ruler. and 2006. Known as the Liu killed his subjects and stole Chessboard Killer, Pichushkin their possessions, with no higher claims that he wanted to kill 64 motive than pleasure. people – the number of squares on a chessboard. Moscow’s In the 29th year of his rule, the Bitsa Park, where Pichushkin serial killer’s run came to an end played chess, is the scene of when the son of one of his victims many of his murders. went to the only person who could stop the wave of terror – Liu’s uncle, See also: Ted Bundy 276–83 ■ Fred and Rosemary West 286–87 ■ Harold Shipman 290–91 ■ Jeffrey Dahmer 293
SERIAL KILLERS 263 CTAHLEIRECTSEAAIHNIDADDDEAAMMOEN ALICE KYTELER, 1324 IN CONTEXT T o lose one husband is elite. When le Poer’s children came unfortunate; to lose four in to him with stories of finding LOCATION rapid succession is bound satanic powders, the body parts of Kilkenny, Ireland to raise eyebrows, especially if all unbaptized babies, and the toenails the men are wealthy. When the of corpses boiled up in a robber’s THEME death of Dame Alice Kyteler’s skull, the bishop did not probe too Witchcraft and sorcery husband, John le Poer, left her a deeply. Dame Alice was brought widow for the fourth time, local to trial and convicted. Delays in BEFORE people accused her of witchcraft. procedure allowed Kyteler to 1317 Hugues Géraud, Bishop escape to England, but her of Cahors, France, is flayed Satanic accusations maidservant, Petronilla de Meath, alive and burned after an In the 14th century, Catholic was condemned for being her ecclesiastical court finds him orthodoxy did not generally take accomplice, and was burned at guilty of using sorcery in an the idea of sorcery seriously – the the stake on 3 November 1324. ■ attempt to assassinate Pope great European witchhunts took John XXII. place in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the Catholic AFTER church frowned on heresy, and 1597 In Scotland, the Great some members of the clergy were Scottish Witch Hunt, which prepared to define this broadly. began in the 1550s, concludes with the trial and conviction of Dame Alice had repeatedly 200 people for witchcraft. clashed with Kilkenny’s Bishop of Confessions are extracted Ossory, who resented her wealth through torture, or guilt is and connections among Ireland’s decided by witch prickers, who pierce the accused with a Kilkenny’s Kyteler’s Inn, reputedly sharp implement. If they fail to established by Dame Kyteler herself, bleed, they are found guilty. continues to trade, bolstered by its connection to the first person convicted of witchcraft in Ireland. See also: Lizzie Borden 208–11 ■ Dr Crippen 216
264 KMTHEAEEIDPBEHLNEOSROWDYOIOLUFLNG ELIZABETH BÁTHORY, 1585–1610 IN CONTEXT B rick by brick, stonemasons The shadows will envelop you walled a 50-year-old woman and you will find time to LOCATION into a windowless suite repent your bestial life. Kingdom of Hungary inside Cachtice Castle, Slovakia, Count Gyorgy Thurzo with only small slits for air and food. THEME For close to five years, the “Blood When Nadasdy died in 1604, Murderous women Countess” remained trapped there Báthory grew even more sadistic. in solitary confinement – a bleak Taking advice on torture from BEFORE end to the life of the most prolific her children’s governess, one of 47–42 bce Prior to her five- female mass murderer of all time. Báthory’s many sexual conquests, year reign as the first queen the countess began to abduct girls of Sri Lanka, Anula of Countess Elizabeth Báthory de to torture and kill. At first, she took Anuradhapura poisons her son Ecsed came from one of Hungary’s the daughters of local peasants, and four of her husbands. most distinguished families. At 15, some of whom were lured by the she married Count Ferenc Nadasdy promise of work. Later, she turned AFTER in a ceremony attended by to wealthy girls who had come to 1876–96 Nurse Amelia European royalty. The couple went her school to learn etiquette. Elizabeth Dyer murders an to live in Cachtice Castle. estimated 400 infants in By this time, rumours were Caversham, England. Nadasdy was the commander circulating about the countess. of the Hungarian forces fighting A prominent Lutheran minister 1988 While inquiring about against the Ottoman Empire. denounced Báthory as a villainess. a missing tenant, police find Called the “Black Hero of Hungary”, In 1610, one of Báthory’s victims seven bodies buried in the he was particularly known for escaped from Cachtice Castle. yard of a California boarding torturing the soldiers he captured. house run by serial killer His wife seemed like any other Dorothea Puente. noblewoman; attending parties, opening an etiquette school for 1989–90 Former prostitute aristocratic ladies, and providing Aileen Wuornos shoots and a haven for destitute war widows. kills seven men in Florida at point-blank range. She Dark obsessions receives the death penalty, and Elizabeth was drawn to the occult. is executed by lethal injection. She began consorting with women who claimed to be witches, and began to torture her servant girls.
SERIAL KILLERS 265 See also: The Dripping Killer 206–07 ■ Lizzie Borden 208–11 ■ Ted Bundy 276–83 ■ Ian Brady and Myra Hindley 284–85 The girl’s testimony prompted blood. One servant claimed to Medieval torture the King of Hungary, Matthias II, have seen Báthory’s records, which to order that Count Gyorgy Thurzo detailed more than 650 victims. From the 12th century, torture start an investigation. increased in Europe, both as a Báthory’s four conspirators were popular method to make On 30 December 1610, Count beheaded and cremated. Báthory, suspects confess to their Thurzo ordered a raid on the castle. however, was saved from execution crimes and as punishment for The investigators found at least one by her noble status, and died in wrongdoing. dead girl, drained of blood, and confinement in 1614. Some have another dying. Further searches suggested that the powerful widow In 1252, Pope Innocent IV uncovered several girls – still alive was a victim of a conspiracy by the authorized his inquisitors to – in the dungeons, and about 50 ruling Hapsburg emperor – or use torture to gain confessions buried beneath the castle. perhaps even her own children. ■ from suspected heretics. These confessions made under At a trial led by Thurzo, Báthory Elizabeth Báthory is often called the duress were especially useful and her servants were accused of “blood Countess” or “female Dracula”. for prosecuting people for torturing and killing hundreds of Her infamy has persisted since her crimes of belief – a growing women between 1585 and 1609: death, with stories that she bathed in category of crime in the beating, burning, freezing, and the blood of virgins to retain her youth. religious unrest that plagued most notably, draining victims’ Europe’s medieval period. Public torture aimed to dissuade criminals and preserve social order. The medieval era was beset by wars, famine, and disease, and crime was a menace that societies could do without. Common techniques included burning, mutilation, and beheading. Often, torture became a public spectacle. Townspeople regularly witnessed public floggings, with criminals chained in iron collars. As a punishment, torture was often just a prelude to public execution, after which corpses, heads, and body parts were impaled on stakes on the city walls.
INNERDSIAWNOILTLHSEERNBDITYOOUF JACK THE RIPPER, 1888
268 JACK THE RIPPER Attacks a prostitute at night in the sidestreets around a pub where she picks up clients IN CONTEXT Slashes the victim’s throat and repeatedly LOCATION stabs her in the stomach Whitechapel, London, UK Eviscerates her body and cuts off pieces of her THEME organs as souvenirs Serial murder of prostitutes Displays the victim’s body in a humiliating position BEFORE 1866 French warehouse porter Disappears into the Whitechapel Joseph Philippe murders six sidestreets to find another victim prostitutes in Paris. He claims to have been in a state of “erotic catalepsy”, some sort of sexual trance or blackout. AFTER 1975–80 “Yorkshire Ripper” Peter Sutcliffe kills 13 women, some of whom are sex workers. 1982–98 Gary Ridgway, known as the “Green River Killer”, kills at least 48 sex workers in Washington state. 1983–2002 Millionaire Robert Pickton murders a number of prostitutes – between six and 49 – and buries some at his family’s pig farm in Vancouver, British Columbia. Around 3:30am on Tuesday, nearly 40 times in her throat and This victim was found by two 7 August 1888, cab driver abdomen. She was identified by her workers outside a stable on Buck’s Albert Crow returned home husband as 39-year-old Martha Row at 3:40am on 31 August. Her to the George Yard Buildings on Tabram, who earned her living as genitals were exposed. Arriving at London’s Whitechapel Road, a prostitute. Investigators learned 4am, surgeon Henry Llewellyn between the areas of Whitechapel that Martha’s body had not been on discovered two fatal slashes and Spitalfields. Crow found what the landing when tenants Joseph running from left to right across her he thought was a female vagrant and Elizabeth Mahoney returned throat. There were also multiple passed out on a landing of the home at 2am. The killer must have postmortem incisions to the property, her skirts hiked up. At committed the crime at some point abdomen. The warmth of her body 5am, tenant John Saunders Reeves, between 2am and 3:30am. and legs led Llewellyn to conclude realized the truth: the unknown that she had not been dead for woman had been murdered. Establishing a pattern longer than half an hour. A laundry The grisly murder of a second mark on her petticoats from a Dr Timothy Killeen, who woman, 24 days later, bore striking Lambeth workhouse identified her performed the autopsy, concluded similarities to the Tabram slaying. as Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols. that the victim had been stabbed
SERIAL KILLERS 269 See also: The Black Dahlia Murder 218–23 ■ Elizabeth Báthory 264–65 ■ Ted Bundy 276–83 At 6am on 8 September, market had slashed his victim’s throat Long described wore a brown worker John Davis discovered the from left to right. A more thorough deerstalker cap and overcoat. The body of a third woman in his examination revealed that a portion police also found a leather apron at backyard, at 29 Hanbury Street in of the uterus had been excised. the scene of Chapman’s death. Spitalfields. Whoever had done the Phillips estimated the time of death grisly deed had eviscerated the at 4:30am or earlier. Local gossip transformed these victim, draping her intestines over details into the tale of “Leather her shoulders. Like the first two Early clues Apron”, a homicidal Hebrew who victims, Annie Chapman worked Scant clues emerged about the preyed upon English prostitutes. as a prostitute. Her body had been three murders, but at an inquest, John Pizer – a Polish Jew and boot- posed to allude to this, with legs witness Elizabeth Long testified maker with the misfortune splayed to degrade her even in death. she had seen Chapman speaking of having the nickname “Leather ❯❯ with a man at 5:30am near the Dr George Bagster Phillips, crime scene. She described the Policemen discover a victim of Jack arriving half an hour later, noted figure as around 40 years old, with the Ripper in this 1891 illustration from that her handkerchief had been dark hair and a foreign, “shabby- Le Petit Parisien. The mysterious killer tightened around her neck, causing genteel” appearance. The man became notorious not just in the United asphyxiation. Once again, the killer Kingdom, but across the world.
270 JACK THE RIPPER Apron” – was named by the media – underemployed men who were I am down on whores and I as a suspect in the killings. On paid a pittance to walk the beat shant quit ripping them till 10 September, Pizer was arrested armed with nothing but a cudgel. despite the lack of evidence against I do get buckled. him. When Pizer was able to give The double event Jack the Ripper an alibi for two of the murders he For a while, all was quiet, and the was released. He later sued a local people of Whitechapel began to match and crept into the darkness. newspaper for libel. relax. The increased police There, in the flickering light, he attention and vigilantes probably beheld the body of a woman in a With few leads, the people of deterred the killer from striking pool of blood. Her dead hand Whitechapel took matters into their again. Then, on 30 September 1888, clutched a packet of cachous – own hands. Local businessmen came the “double-event”. Two new concerned about the effect the victims were discovered within an murders were having on commerce, hour of each other. organized the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee to patrol the At 1am in east Whitechapel, streets after dark. They elected a a steward of the worker’s club, local builder, George Lusk, as the Louis Diemschutz, directed his committee’s chairman. Each night pony-drawn cart into Dutfield’s the group convened at 9pm at the Yard. When the animal began to Crown pub to inspect patrollers act strangely, the steward struck a 3 8 September, 6am, Annie 2 Chapman discovered at 29 Hanbury Street 31 August, 3:40am, Mary Nichols discovered at Buck’s Spitalfields Row Stables [now known as 6 Durward Street] 9 November, 10:45am, Mary Whitechapel Kelly dicovered at Miller’s Court, off Dorset Street [now known as White’s Row car park] 7 August, 3:30am, Martha Tabram discovered at George 1 Yard Buildings [now known as Gunthorpe Street] The City 5 Whitechapel and neighbouring Spitalfields are 30 September, 2am, 4 areas of east London. In the Catherine Eddowes 19th century, Whitechapel discovered in Mitre Square 30 September, 1am, Elizabeth was home to the working Stride discovered at Dutfield’s Yard class, migrants, and [now known as Henriques Street] Jews, all crowded into cheap accommodation.
SERIAL KILLERS 271 The “Dear Boss” letter was sent to London’s Central News Agency on 27 September 1888, suggesting that the killer wanted notoriety. He even gave himself a name: Jack the Ripper. sweets used to freshen the breath. law wife, Catherine Eddowes, after nothing.” Police Superintendent Obviously, the attack had been reading in the paper about two Thomas Arnold was among the first swift and unexpected. Later, pawn tickets found on her person. to arrive at the scene. Fearing that Diemschutz testified that he the graffiti would spark antisemitic believed the killer was still lurking Notes and graffiti rioting, he ordered the “Goulston in the yard when he came upon the Searching along Goulston Street Street Graffito” to be washed away. body. The victim was Elizabeth at 3am on the night of the double Stride, a 44-year-old prostitute. event, PC Albert Long happened The high level of attention that upon a bloodied piece of apron the killings received in the media However, the night’s bloodshed discarded in a stairwell. A cryptic led to numerous hoax letters being had just begun. Within an hour, the message was scrawled in white sent to the investigators. While body of a second woman was found chalk on the wall: “The Juwes are initially considered to be another in the south corner of Mitre Square, the men that will be blamed for hoax, a letter sent on 27 September, a 15-minute walk from Dutfield’s written in red ink, would come to Yard. Dr Frederick Brown attended take a particular hold on the the scene at 2am. investigation – it claimed to come from the killer, and promised to Like Annie Chapman, her “clip the ladys ears off” the next bowels were strung over her right victim. When the autopsy of shoulder, and her legs were spread. Catherine Eddowes revealed a This time the Ripper had used his mutilated earlobe, the police took blade on her face, slicing off the tip the implications of the red letter of her nose and eyelids, and carving seriously. They distributed copies triangular incisions into her cheeks. of the letter among the public During the autopsy, Dr Brown through handbills, hoping to get a discovered that the left kidney and lead. The letter signed off with the part of the womb were missing. first use of the nickname “Jack the John Kelly identified the second Ripper”, which soon captured the victim as his 46-year-old common- public’s imagination. Prostitutes as victims police about the women he More clues were forthcoming. murdered, “Green River Killer” On 16 October, a package arrived Social stigma around sex work Gary Ridgway said, “I thought at the doorstep of George Lusk, ❯❯ often means that prostitutes I was doing you guys a favour, have tenuous family bonds and killing prostitutes.” poor relationships with police. Their disappearances are not Sex workers are frequently typically met with the same placed in vulnerable positions outrage as those of other women. with strangers. The damaged Their transient lifestyles mean egos of their clients, who are they may travel from city to city often unknown quantities, can without telling anybody, and are put prostitutes at risk. The therefore not reported missing correlation between sex work until it is too late. and substance addiction also means that some are led by the Their profession may provide desperation of their situation to a twisted moral justification for lower their guard or take risks killers – when speaking with they normally would not take.
272 JACK THE RIPPER the Chairman of the Whitechapel hacked beyond recognition. At I send you half the Kidney Vigilance Committee. It contained 1:30pm, Superintendent Arnold I took from one women … a letter signed “From hell” and a instructed his men to forcibly tother piece I fried and ate human organ. Examining the enter the dwelling. organ, Dr Thomas Horrocks it was very nice. Openshaw, a surgeon at London Upon examining the corpse’s Jack the Ripper Hospital, concluded that it was a state of decay, doctors Thomas human kidney preserved in spirits. Bond and George Bagster Phillips Then, as suddenly as they had On 19 October, the Daily Telegraph both concluded that the murder had begun, the killings stopped. reported that the kidney belonged occurred between 2 and 8am. The Although some similar subsequent to an alcoholic female in her mid- level of mutilation was unparalleled: murders were suspected to be the forties, but Dr Openshaw himself the victim’s skin had been stripped Ripper’s work – such as the slaying claimed that this was impossible from her legs, her breasts and of Frances Cole in February 1891 to determine. Ultimately, most internal organs removed and – Kelly is usually considered to of the police and surgeons arranged around her remains, and have been the final Ripper victim. attributed the kidney to a prank her face disfigured by countless perpetrated by medical students. gashes. Only one organ – her heart Difficult investigation – was unaccounted for. Today, it seems inconceivable that Final victim the Ripper would be able to elude The last act in the Ripper’s spree Kelly’s mutilations were far the authorities for more than a few occurred on 9 November 1888, at worse than those of the other weeks, let alone an eternity. The 13 Miller’s Court: the home of a victims, and she was considerably investigations were hampered, 25-year-old Irish prostitute named younger. While police at the time however, by a lack of evidence and Mary Kelly. Thomas Bowyer, a rent investigated her murder as a Ripper eyewitnesses – the murders being collector for Kelly’s landlord, John case, it has since been suggested committed so late at night in a McCarthy, stopped by the address that Kelly was killed by someone dangerous area – and also by the at 10:45am with orders to obtain attempting to pass off the murder interference of the press. 29 shillings in back rent from the as the Ripper’s work – perhaps tenant. After knocking on the door even her boyfriend, Joseph Barnett. Initially, the police believed the and receiving no answer, he peered However, Barnett was questioned “Whitechapel murders” to be the through the makeshift curtains by police for hours after Kelly’s work of local gangs – largely due and swiftly recoiled. Kelly’s naked death, and released without charge. to the death of Emma Smith, who body lay sprawled across her bed, The police were yet again unable to was attacked by a gang on 3 April find any useful clues as to the true 1888, and erroneously included in Pioneering policing identity of Jack the Ripper. Scotland Yard’s Ripper files. If Jack the Ripper gave birth Bond employed what is now The police investigation was to the modern serial killer, law termed “linkage analysis”, frustrated at every turn. In enforcement must be credited identifying signature techniques September 1888, Scotland Yard for creating the serial killer’s to establish the likelihood that a sent in Frederick George Abberline, arch nemesis: the criminal series of crimes were committed a policeman who had worked in profiler. Following the murder by a single individual. Whitechapel for 14 years before of Mary Kelly, Dr Thomas Bond, being promoted out of the area. surgeon to the Metropolitan From the way each woman They hoped he would be able Police’s “A” Division, submitted was lying down when they were a report on the deaths of the murdered, each with their throat “Canonical Five” – Nichols, cut, Bond saw the murders as Chapman, Stride, Eddowes, and erotically motivated mutilations Kelly – to Scotland Yard. The committed by one person. His document has been recognized focus on the psychology of the as being ahead of its time. killer was a big improvement on the phrenological approaches to criminal profiling that were popular at the time.
SERIAL KILLERS 273 Painter Walter Sickert (left), Prince and his physician, Sir William came to cutting into his victims. Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (centre), Gull, to psychologically tortured The image of him as a doctor or and Sir William Gull (right) have all wretches like Polish hairdresser surgeon has persisted, however, been suggested as suspects by modern Aaron Kosminski. Today, we are no thanks to reports of the Ripper “Ripperologists” due to their poor alibis. closer to discovering the Ripper’s carrying a Gladstone bag, often identity than we were in 1888. used by medical professionals. to use his knowledge of local criminals to get some information At the inquest into Annie Profiling the Ripper about the killer. This was not the Chapman’s death, Dr Phillips put Modern social scientists largely case – it is unlikely that the Ripper forward the opinion that the Ripper agree that the Ripper was a was a known Whitechapel criminal, may have been a medical man, resident of London’s East End. and the man worked alone. None due to the anatomical knowledge Although we may never know the of the criminals in the area were displayed in his removal of the Ripper’s real name, advances in able to provide any useful leads for victims’ organs. However, Dr Bond our understanding of serial killers Abberline’s investigation. disagreed, stating after the Kelly can provide strong indications as murder that the killer did not even to the kind of person he was. The Ripper was also a press have a butcher’s accuracy when it sensation. Not only did articles There is a strong likelihood that about the murderer create more The murderer is likely to he suffered from chronic or episodic work for the police – who had to be a quiet, inoffensive- impotence, which may have caused deal with false leads, copycats, and or resulted from his abnormal, and terror in the community – but looking man. violent, sexual impulses. Like his journalists also went to extreme Dr Thomas Bond fellow “rippers” Andrei Chikatilo lengths to investigate the murders. and Robert Napper, he was Some followed policemen around as probably aroused by stabbing, they investigated; others went so cutting, or mutilating his victims. far as to dress up like prostitutes An alienated individual, it is likely and wait for the Ripper to appear. that he struggled to form intimate relationships – particularly with In the more than 125 years women. These deductions may since, countless detectives, writers, perhaps explain why the murderer and armchair sleuths have proffered targeted prostitutes. ■ suspects from the Duke of Clarence
274 BWTHEIETDYHE’DAMDRETAHTHAENRBE HARVEY GLATMAN, 1957–58 IN CONTEXT L ocked in a toolbox in the Photographs models apartment of Harvey posing in bondage LOCATION Glatman was a collection of positions Los Angeles, California, US photographs. Some of the pictures showed women with their hands Photographs the same THEME bound behind their backs, eyes models as he binds and Trophy killers wide with terror. Others showed the same women dead, their bodies assaults them BEFORE set in particular poses. Photographs the models 1950s Wisconsin farmer Ed Gein, inspiration for Robert The photographs were the in positions of his Bloch’s novel and subsequent personal signature of one of the own choosing after Hitchcock movie Psycho, made most terrifying serial killers of strangling them everyday items such as bowls the 1950s. They ultimately led to out of his victims’ body parts. his conviction. to death AFTER Teenage rapist Keeps all of the 1969 Police arrest serial killer Raised in Colorado, Harvey photos to relive and shoe fetishist Jerome Glatman was a skinny loner with Brudos in Oregon. He is later buck teeth. As a child, he began each stage of sentenced to life in prison for to exhibit antisocial behaviour and the crime murdering three women. bizarre sexual tendencies. In his teens, he started to break into 1996 In the Ukraine, police women’s apartments, where he tied capture Anatoly Onoprienko, them up and raped them, and then responsible for killing 52 took pictures as mementoes. people. Onoprienko, who targets isolated properties and In 1945, Glatman was caught then murders everyone inside, breaking into a house and was keeps the underwear of his charged with burglary. While on victims – both male and bail, he raped a woman, and served female – as souvenirs. eight months in prison as a result. Following his release, Glatman moved to Albany, New York, where he was soon convicted of a series of muggings. He was imprisoned
SERIAL KILLERS 275 See also: Jack the Ripper 266–73 ■ Ian Brady and Myra Hindley 284–85 ■ Jeffrey Dahmer 293 Los Angeles police officers question Glatman following his arrest for his assault on Lorraine Vigil near Santa Ana, Orange County. Glatman readily confessed all his crimes. and diagnosed as a psychopath. On 27 October 1958, a motorcycle Conviction and sentence However, Glatman was also a cop came across Glatman Knowing that investigators would model prisoner, and he was granted attempting to abduct a woman soon find the incriminating parole in 1951. For the next seven named Lorraine Vigil. The officer photographs of his victims in his years, he worked as a television saw a car pulled over at the side apartment, Glatman confessed to repairman in Denver, Colorado. of the road. Inside the car, a man the three murders and eventually was aiming a pistol at a woman’s led police to the toolbox containing Photographic bait head and attempting to tie her up. the images. He was found guilty In 1957, Glatman moved to Los The officer quickly intervened and of two counts of first-degree Angeles. Using pseudonyms, he arrested Glatman. murder and sentenced to death. posed as a photographer to attract On 18 September 1959, Glatman pretty young women with the Souvenir killers was executed in the gas chamber promise of a modelling career. at San Quentin State Prison. Many serial killers keep He trawled modelling agencies mementoes of their murders. Psychiatric study of Glatman’s for victims and lured the women Often they are trophies, used desire to collect souvenirs of his to hotel rooms, where he paid to revisit the pleasure derived victims changed how serial killings them to pose in bondage positions from the murder. Psychiatrists are investigated in America – the for pictures he claimed were for say the act is a twisted FBI’s Violent Crime Apprehension publication in detective magazines. deviation of the impulse that Program was founded to look Two of those models, Judith Dull motivates collectors of mundane for serial patterns in violent crime. and Ruth Mercado, were bound and items, such as baseball cards, Glatman’s obsessions largely sexually assaulted by Glatman as coins, or stamps. explained the serial nature of his he photographed them. He then offences, and he was indeed later strangled them, photographed their Some of the most notorious classified as a “serial killer”. ■ bodies, and dumped them in the killers have collected souvenirs. desert. A third victim, Shirley Ann In Victorian times, Jack the A number of serial killers have, Bridgeford, met Glatman through Ripper was alleged to keep like Glatman, photographed a classified advertisement. human remains of his victims. their victims’ final moments. In a bizarre twist to this strange urge to record such gruesome crimes, there is also a market for “murderabilia”: items related to murderers. These might be the clothes worn by murderers when they committed their crimes, weapons that were used, or postcards or letters sent from jail. The online company eBay banned the sale of murderabilia in 2001, although buyers and sellers are still active on other e-commerce sites.
KILLI JUST LIKE TO TED BUNDY, 1961–78
278 TED BUNDY IN CONTEXT LOCATION Seven US states, from Washington to Florida THEME College student killer BEFORE 1966 Richard Speck receives life imprisonment for strangling and stabbing eight student nurses in Chicago. 1973 Known as the Co-ed Killer, Edmund Kemper receives concurrent life sentences for the murders of at least six female students in California, as well as those of his own mother and best friend. AFTER 2004 Derrick Todd Lee is convicted of murder after DNA evidence links him to a string of murders committed around Louisiana State University. T ed Bundy was a good- would pose as a young man in need Smooth operator Ted Bundy looking law student. He – wearing a fake cast on his arm, (centre), in consultation with the seemed charming and with his arm in a sling, or hobbling Assistant Public Defender Ed Harvey bright. No one would ever take on crutches – eager for help with a (left) and a Leon County police officer, him for a serial killer, like Charles sailboat or his schoolbooks. Once during his trial in 1979. Manson or Dennis Nilsen. Ted’s he had lured them close to his many victims were different, too. Volkswagen Beetle, Bundy reached residence – at night to abduct and They were mostly pretty, white, under the car for his tyre iron and kill. He was particularly drawn to middle-class college students, and hit them on the head. He then college girls with long, brown hair not the vulnerable women serial bundled them into the car and parted in the middle. It was the killers usually preyed upon. handcuffed them. style of the day, but some wondered if he was unconsciously taking his Ted Bundy’s 30 known victims Theatrical psychopath revenge on a girlfriend who had did not realize they were Bundy loved the play-acting, the worn her hair that way. Perhaps, vulnerable. They often became setup. He would also enter they speculated, she dumped him victims because they stopped to apartments – and even a student or belittled him. help him out in some way. Bundy
SERIAL KILLERS 279 See also: Jack the Ripper 266–73 ■ Harvey Glatman 274–75 ■ Colin Pitchfork 294–97 I don’t feel guilty for Bundy attracts sympathy by wearing a sling, anything. I feel sorry for putting on a fake cast, or using crutches people who feel guilt. He asks a young woman for help gathering his Ted Bundy books or crossing the road Disturbed child He lures the woman to his Volkswagen car Bundy’s family background was complicated. He grew up in He hits the woman with a tyre iron, handcuffs her, Philadelphia believing that his and drives her away grandparents were his parents and that his real mother, Eleanor, was Murders the woman and drives his sister. her corpse to a national park nature reserve for burial From a very early age, Teddy – then Theodore Robert Cowell – were sent away when Bundy was he had with his mother with two enjoyed scaring people. His family four or five years old. They went brothers and two sisters. In an later revealed how, as a three-year- as far west as possible, to Tacoma, attempt to tighten the family ties old, he had delighted in placing Washington, to live with an uncle. and make Johnnie Bundy a father large, sharp kitchen knives around Eleanor began to use her middle figure for the young Teddy, he was his teenage aunt as she slept. name, Louise, and passed herself renamed Theodore Robert Bundy. When his aunt awoke, she was off as a widow or a divorcée. terrified, and her reaction thrilled However, Teddy was missing the laughing toddler. In 1951, Eleanor met and later something – and it was more than married a hospital cook named a father, a mother who wanted him, Dr Dorothy Otnow Lewis, a Johnnie Bundy. Together they had or a home life devoid of violence. psychiatrist who has researched four children. Ted now had to share Teddy was missing empathy. He the mental makeup and motives what little emotional connection was missing an ability to form ❯❯ of serial killers and got to know Bundy when he was on death row, described this behaviour as “extraordinarily bizarre” for such a young child. It suggests Bundy may have endured trauma at a very young age: perhaps he experienced abuse himself, or witnessed extreme violence between members of his family. Whether it was because of the incident with the knives, or for other reasons, Teddy and Eleanor
280 TED BUNDY Murder is not about lust and was never found. Bundy was only Bundy’s VW, the scene of his crimes, it’s not about violence. It’s 14 years old when Burr vanished was later bought by Lonnie Anderson, about possession. and always denied having anything a former Salt Lake County sheriff’s Ted Bundy to do with her disappearance. deputy. It is now in the US National However, detective Robert Keppel’s Museum of Crime and Punishment. emotional bonds with his fellow claim that Bundy never revealed the human beings. He was missing name of his first victim has fuelled Bundy’s first acknowledged murder a conscience. speculation that he did kill the girl. was in January 1974. He was 27 A taste for murder and had graduated with a degree Bundy’s first victim may have been There is good reason to think in psychology from the University eight-year-old Ann Marie Burr, who that Ann was Bundy’s first victim. of Washington in Seattle two years disappeared from her home in Ted and his mother lived with earlier. Bundy abducted 21-year-old Tacoma, Washington, in the early family members in the Burr’s Lynda Ann Healy, a student at morning of 31 August 1961. She neighbourhood before his mother the same university, from the married. Bundy continued to visit basement bedroom of a house she those relatives after they moved. shared with friends. Just over a Although Tacoma police dismissed year later, in March 1975, her skull the speculation about Ann Burr’s was found on Taylor Mountain, disappearance, her parents did not. east of Seattle. Furthermore, Dr Ronald Holmes, a professor in the Department of After Healy’s murder, Bundy Justice Administration at the was unstoppable. Between University of Louisville who February 1974 and August 1975, interviewed Bundy in prison, with brief breaks of just a few claimed he admitted committing weeks between murders, he killed his first murder at the age of 15. more than a dozen young women.
SERIAL KILLERS 281 Bundy’s Florida victims included 21-year-old student Margaret Bowman (right), who was murdered in her bed, and 12-year-old Kimberly Leach (far right), who was abducted from school. During this time, Bundy moved to Utah to enrol at the University of Utah Law School. First arrest movie was not showing locally. DaRonch was approached by Bundy Bundy’s first arrest came in August During a search of the vehicle, in Murray, Utah. Pretending to be a 1975. It was 3am, and he was Hayward found a torn pair of tights, police officer, Bundy claimed her driving his VW through the a crowbar, rope, and a ski mask. car was stolen and told her to go suburbs of Salt Lake City when a Although Bundy was calm, and with him to the station to fill out highway patrol officer, Sgt Bob provided an explanation for having a report. DaRonch got into his Hayward, noticed that Bundy had each of these items, a highly VW, but when she pointed out not turned on his headlights. When suspicious Hayward booked him that Bundy was driving away from Hayward tried to pull Bundy over, a for avoiding arrest. the police station, he became chase through residential streets aggressive and tried to handcuff ensued, which ended when However, it was an incident that her. As DaRonch struggled with Hayward cornered Bundy in an had taken place the previous year Bundy, he mistakenly fixed both abandoned petrol station. Asked by that clinched Bundy’s conviction. In cuffs around the same wrist. ❯❯ Hayward to account for his November 1974, 18-year-old Carol movements that night, Bundy explained that he was a Utah law student and had lost his way after leaving the local drive-in movie. Dressed in a black turtleneck and trousers, Bundy looked the part, but Hayward knew that his claim to have watched The Towering Inferno was a lie, because that Ted Bundy When Bundy’s unmarried mother, his first abandonment. In 1947, 22-year-old Eleanor Louise Cowell, Eleanor returned to collect the found herself pregnant in 1946, baby at the insistence of her she travelled to the Elizabeth father. They called him Teddy. Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont, to give birth. For years, Bundy believed Her father Samuel was a violent that Eleanor was his sister and abusive man, who dominated and that his grandparents were his wife and children. Eleanor was his parents. One of his teachers unable to confirm the identity of later suggested that Bundy her unborn baby’s father, and “snapped” when, at 15, he found rumours began to circulate that out he was illegitimate. After Samuel Cowell was the father. his mother married in 1951, her husband, Johnnie Bundy, legally On 24 November 1946, adopted her son. However, Ted, Theodore Robert Cowell was unimpressed by his stepfather’s born. Eleanor went home, leaving low intelligence, never bonded her baby son at the facility. It was with him.
282 TED BUNDY DaRonch escaped capture and description that Carol DaRonch had line-up, he was arrested for went to the police. She described given of her kidnapper in Murray kidnapping and assault. Detectives her attacker as a fairly good-looking the previous year. suspected him of murder but man driving a VW and wearing a needed hard evidence. smart pair of shiny shoes. A subsequent police search of Bundy’s apartment found evidence This came when hairs from Luckily, Detective Jerry that he had visited several of the murder victim Caryn Campbell Thompson, who was investigating towns from which girls had were found in his car. On 30 June the disappearances of several girls disappeared. When his car was 1976, Bundy was placed in Utah in the area, matched the examined, strands of the girls’ hair State Prison, Colorado. In October, appearance of the man booked by implicated Bundy further. When he was charged with Campbell’s Hayward in Salt Lake City with the DaRonch identified Bundy in a murder and taken to Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for trial. Policeman Off-duty Escaping justice fireman Taking advantage of his law studies, Bundy served as his own lawyer. During a break in proceedings, he was granted permission to use the court’s law library. Left on his own, Bundy jumped out of a library window and made a run for Aspen Mountain. For six days, Bundy roamed hiking trails and campsites until police discovered the fugitive in a stolen car. Bundy was placed in Garfield County jail, Colorado. His second escape involved months of preparation: Bundy got hold of the prison’s floorplan and a hacksaw from fellow prisoners, cut through the ceiling of his cell, and lost enough weight to squeeze through the gap. After practising his escape route several times, Bundy broke out of prison on 30 December 1977. He stole cars, hitchhiked, boarded planes, and travelled by train to Tallahassee, Florida, where he rented a room near Florida State University. A week after he arrived in town, Bundy crept into Chi Omega Student Student Bundy took pleasure in dressing up “Chris “Kenneth and assuming other identities, and Hagen” Misner” would flick through local telephone directories for inspiration. With the aid of various hairstyles, fake moustaches and moles, glasses, and clothes, Bundy developed a range of alter egos.
SERIAL KILLERS 283 During Bundy’s trial, Nita Jane Neary said she saw Bundy leaving the Chi Omega sorority house at Florida State University on the morning two students were murdered. sorority house late one night and Carole Boone, and became a father Several appeals for new trials and attacked four young women, killing – they reportedly bribed a guard to for a stay of execution were denied. two of them. He then attacked a look the other way. He “consulted” In his last days on death row, fifth woman in a nearby apartment. with police about other serial Bundy confessed to 36 murders killers, and cooperated with authors that he was suspected of, and gave A couple of weeks later, Bundy writing about him. details of others that had not abducted 12-year-old Kimberly previously been associated with Diane Leach from in front of her Interviews with killers him, linking him to some 50 school. Her body was later found murders in all. However, a court- in a pigsty. Within a week of her Scientists researching criminal appointed psychiatrist put the disappearance, Bundy was arrested pathologies, investigators number of victims at around 100, for driving a stolen vehicle. hoping for a lead, and journalists and Bundy himself told Dr Ronald Witnesses placed him at the sorority out for a sensational scoop have Holmes that he had committed 300 house and at Kimberly’s school. all been granted permission murders across 10 states. Bundy There was also physical evidence to conduct interviews with offered to give more details about that linked him to the murders. serial killers in prison. As a other missing women if his Convicted of all three murders, consequence, hundreds of execution was postponed for a Bundy was sentenced to death. hours of interview footage few months, but Florida Governor exists, much of it now available Bob Martinez refused to “negotiate Death row on the internet. with a killer”. For nine years and six months Bundy corresponded from Florida’s However, the study of these On the evening of 24 January death row with dozens of people, interviews does not necessarily 1989, 42-year-old Ted Bundy died including Beverly Burr, the mother offer many insights into the in the electric chair. The answer to of Ann. He married a loyal friend, mind of a serial killer. Given why he killed so many women may be deduced from one of the last explanations that he gave: “I just liked to kill. I wanted to kill.” ■ a chance to present themselves and their behaviour to the public outside the prison walls, serial killers are theatrical, often playing up to the interviewers’ desire to gain an understanding of their subjects and to be shocked by them. From Ted Bundy’s cold pretence of remorse, to Charles Manson’s wilfully insane diatribes, and Jeffrey Dahmer’s astonishingly candid responses, the performances of these men make a convincing psychological portrait of a serial killer seem increasingly elusive.
284 CALCULATED, CRUEL, COLD-BLOODED MURDERS IAN BRADY AND MYRA HINDLEY, 1963–65 IN CONTEXT O n 12 July 1963, 16-year-old I would always be covered in Pauline Reade was on her bruises and bite marks. LOCATION way to a dance near He threatened to kill my Saddleworth Moor, near Manchester in northwest England, family. He dominated Manchester, UK when killer Myra Hindley pulled me completely. over in her car and convinced the Myra Hindley THEME teenager to get in. Toxic relationships Hindley, 21, drove the girl to a BEFORE nearby rural area, with her boyfriend 29 January 1958 Teenagers Ian Brady following closely behind Charles Starkweather and Caril on his motorcycle. Brady then raped, Ann Fugate are arrested after tortured, and sexually abused a 60-day road trip across the Reade, before slitting her throat and American Midwest, during burying her body in the bogs of which they kill 11 people. Saddleworth Moor. Fugate, aged 14 at the time of the spree, later claims to have Monstrous obsession to procure vulnerable children for been Starkweather’s hostage. Reade was the couple’s first victim him to assault sexually, torture, – but she would not be their last. and strangle. AFTER Between 1963 and 1965, Brady and 17 February 1993 Canadian Hindley abducted, abused, Months after Pauline Reade’s rapist and killer Paul Bernardo tortured, and killed four more murder, on a Saturday afternoon in is sentenced to life in prison. children in a case known as the November 1963, the pair abducted His wife, Karla Homolka, Moors Murders. Four of their 12-year-old John Kilbride. Brady participates in the murders, victims were discovered buried raped him and then strangled the but strikes a deal with the on Saddleworth Moor. One of them boy with a string. police for a reduced sentence. has never been found. Now jointly revelling in Brady’s Myra Hindley was 18 years old depravity, the couple abducted in 1961, when she began to date their next victim, 12-year-old Keith Ian Brady. He was 22. Despite Bennett, while the boy was on his regularly being dominated and way to visit his grandmother in abused by her boyfriend, Hindley Manchester. On 16 June 1964, became obsessed with him. In an Brady and Hindley drove Bennett to attempt to please Brady, she began Saddleworth Moor and buried him.
SERIAL KILLERS 285 See also: Ted Bundy 276–83 ■ Fred and Rosemary West 286–87 ■ Colin Pitchfork 294–97 These iconic images of Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were taken during their trial for multiple murders in April 1966. Their volatile relationship was behind the deaths of five children. Despite extensive and systematic Smith, hoping to involve him in the pornographic photos and audio searches of the moor, his body murders. Brady then bludgeoned recording of Downey, along with remains undiscovered. Evans with an axe, while Smith a large collection of pictures that watched in horror. He helped Brady were taken on Saddleworth Moor. On 26 December, Brady and and Hindley to clean up, then ran As many as 150 police officers were Hindley visited a fairground, where home to his wife. The Smiths called assigned to conduct an extensive they approached 10-year-old Lesley the police from a phone box, and search of the moor. There, they Ann Downey and asked her to led them to Evans’s body. discovered the bodies of Lesley carry some packages. They Ann Downey and John Kilbride. abducted Downey, bound her with Both Brady and Hindley were rope, and forced her to pose for arrested. During the search of the In 1966, Ian Brady and Myra pornographic photographs. The couple’s home, police found the Hindley were both found guilty pair also made a 13-minute audio of three murders. Following their recording of Downey screaming conviction, they also confessed and pleading for her life. She was to the murders of Pauline Reade then strangled and buried. and Keith Bennett. Admission and downfall Aftermath By then, Brady had grown arrogant In 1987, after a 100-day-long search, and confided his murderous secrets Pauline Reade’s decomposed body to David Smith, Hindley’s 17-year- was found buried in a shallow grave old brother-in-law. In October 1965, on the moors. One of her killers, after luring engineering student Myra Hindley, died in prison on Edward Evans, also 17, to their 15 November 2002, at the age of 60. home, Brady sent Hindley to fetch In 1985, Ian Brady was declared criminally insane and confined to Serial killers in abusive relationships a high-security hospital. He claims that he has no desire to be released Throughout history, women dominant partner will attempt and has repeatedly asked to be with no previous criminal past to control their victim, while allowed to die. ■ have participated in gruesome denying them of the right to crimes with their boyfriends and make their own decisions. husbands. In some of these cases, the women later claimed Whether this was the case that they were dominated and with Myra Hindley is fiercely manipulated by their partners. debated. The victims’ families contend that she was a willing In an abusive relationship, participant in the murders. a manipulative partner may However, in several interviews attempt to isolate their lover Hindley claimed that she did and destroy their self-esteem. In not have a compulsion to kill some situations, this could lead and that she was emotionally to physical, emotional, verbal, manipulated and physically mental, and sexual abuse. The abused by Ian Brady.
286 CMTHAONARNEEWXTPEORRRERDSISBSLE FRED AND ROSEMARY WEST, 1971–87 IN CONTEXT Pick up female Invite friends Turn on hitchhikers in and prostitutes their own LOCATION to their house children Gloucester, UK their car for parties THEME Killer couples Trap victims in their house for extended sessions of sexual torture and abuse BEFORE 1890–93 Australian couple Kill victims if they threaten to leave the house John and Sarah Jane Makin or report the Wests’ crimes run an orphanage at their home. They take payments Dismember victims’ bodies and bury them in from unwed mothers, but kill their garden and local fields the babies in their care and bury them on their property. I n October 1972, 17-year-old by invitations to join the couple’s Caroline Owens met Fred and “sex circle”, Owens quit her job and AFTER Rosemary West while she was left the Wests’ house within weeks. 1986–89 An elderly couple, hitchhiking out of Gloucester. The Faye and Ray Copeland, kill Wests picked her up in their grey In December, the Wests saw drifters whom they hire to Ford Poplar, got chatting, and soon Owens walking alone again. They work as farmhands on their offered her a job as a nanny for their asked her to come home with them Missouri ranch. children. Owens moved in the next for a cup of tea, to apologize for day. However, profoundly disturbed their earlier indiscretion. Owens January–February 1987 accepted. The couple then Michigan couple Gwendolyn Graham and Cathy Wood kill five elderly women in the nursing home where they both work. They perform necrophilic acts on their victims.
SERIAL KILLERS 287 See also: Ted Bundy 276–83 ■ Ian Brady and Myra Hindley 284–85 ■ Colin Pitchfork 294–97 subjected her to a horrifying 12-hour ordeal in which they bound and raped the 17-year-old. After the assault, Owens broke down in tears. This had some effect on Fred West, who said that she could leave, provided she promised to return and continue working as their nanny. Traumatized, Caroline Owens fled back to her mother’s house and called the police. However, Owens was too ashamed to report the rape, and so in 1973, the Wests were charged at Gloucester Magistrates Court with the lesser offence of indecent assault, fined £100, and released. Continuing nightmare abuse and a missing girl. They An artist’s impression of Fred This initial case merely hinted at searched the house and removed and Rosemary West at Gloucester the criminal depravity that went five children from the home, placing Magistrates Court on 30 June 1994. unnoticed inside the Wests’ home them in foster care. Fred was charged with 12 murders, but at Cromwell Street, Gloucester, Rosemary was only charged with 10. for almost 20 years. The couple However, another year elapsed “harvested” their victims by hiring before social workers called police what they had done to Charmaine. teenage girls as nannies, renting to report comments from the Fred and Rosemary’s daughter rooms to young women, and rescued children about 16-year-old Heather suffered a lifetime of abusing their own children. Heather West – daughter of Fred molestation and beatings and was and Rosemary. During the search eventually murdered in June 1987 In the summer of 1992, social of the house the children indicated by Rosemary, in her husband’s workers and police officers once that Heather was “under the patio”. absence, after a “blazing row”. again visited the Wests’ home, This began what became the alerted by reports of both child investigation of Britain’s most In total, nine bodies were found notorious killers. buried at 25 Cromwell Street. One I met Rose at sixteen more was discovered at the Wests’ and trained her to Police excavated the garden at previous home in Gloucester, and what I wanted. 25 Cromwell Street and discovered two others were buried nearby in Fred West not only the remains of Heather and a remote field. The couple were Fred West’s eight-year-old daughter accused of collectively killing Charmaine, but also the skeleton 12 people in the span of 20 years. of Charmaine’s mother, Catherine Costello. Charmaine is believed to Fred West confessed his guilt, have been the Wests’ first victim, but used a blanket in his cell to killed by Rosemary in 1971 in order asphyxiate himself, 10 months before to sever links with Costello, who his trial. Rosemary maintained her was Fred’s first wife. Costello was innocence, but she was eventually subsequently killed by the couple convicted of 10 murders, and when they feared she suspected sentenced to life imprsonment. ■
288 TTSHHPIEESAZKIOSIDNIGAC THE ZODIAC KILLER, 1968–69 IN CONTEXT T he 4 July 1969 should have find kids in a brown car. They were been a wonderful night for shot with a 9-mm Luger. I also killed LOCATION Michael Mageau. Fireworks those kids last year. Goodbye.” San Francisco, California, were exploding over San Francisco US Bay, and he had a date with Coded messages beautiful 22-year-old Darlene Ferrin. On 31 July letters and coded THEME The two were sitting in Darlene’s messages arrived at the San Expressive/transformative car at Blue Rock Springs in Vallejo, Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco serial homicide when a vehicle pulled up. The driver Examiner, and Vallejo Times- got out, shone a torch into their car, Herald. They contained a sinister BEFORE and began to fire a pistol at them. threat: if the ciphers did not appear 1945–46 William Heirens, Ferrin died but Mageau survived. on the newspapers’ front pages by the so-called “Lipstick Killer”, Soon after, a man phoned the Vallejo the following afternoon, the author leaves messages in lipstick police department saying, “I want to would go on a killing rampage. The at the scenes of his crimes report a murder. If you will go 1 mile letters claimed responsibility for in Chicago. east on Columbus Parkway, you will Ferrin’s murder and another double AFTER Expressive/transformative violence 1976–77 Serial killer David Berkowitz leaves handwritten Drawing upon social psychology, of identity. He seeks to unite his letters signed “Son of Sam” criminologist Lee Mellor’s fragmented personality in the near the bodies of his victims expressive/transformative guise of a murderer, even going in the Bronx, New York. theory of violence proposes that so far as to wear a costume and offenders who communicate use a moniker such as “Zodiac”. 1990–93 Heriberto Seda, with the police – whether In his sample of 10 expressive/ a copycat Zodiac Killer, kills through sending letters, leaving transformative offenders, Mellor three people in New York. messages at a crime scene, or by found that 90 per cent were symbolically posing a victim’s single at the time of their body – are engaged in a process offences, and that a majority of identity negotiation. Due to felt that they had never really social inadequacies, the offender grown up, were unstable in cannot establish an acceptable their masculinity and vocation, sense of self and therefore and obsessed with police and/or suffers from a perpetual crisis military culture.
SERIAL KILLERS 289 See also: The Lindbergh Baby Kidnapping 178–85 ■ The Black Dahlia Murder 218–23 ■ Ted Bundy 276–83 homicide committed in Vallejo in San Francisco police circulated this Prime suspect December 1968, which had an composite of the “Zodiac” killer based Of all the names to surface in the identical modus operandi. on the accounts of three witnesses hunt for the killer, that of Arthur interviewed shortly after the murder of Leigh Allen has been the most After some hesitation, the papers Paul Stine in October 1969. mentioned. When questioned in printed their portions of the cipher. 1969, Allen admitted that his mother A second letter arrived at the Herald The final murder definitively linked had recently given him a Zodiac on 4 August, in which the author to the Zodiac occurred in San brand watch, featuring a crossed referred to himself as “the Zodiac”. Francisco on 11 October 1969. That circle symbol. A friend of Allen’s night, cabbie Paul Stine was shot in claimed that after he received the Fatal finale the head by a passenger with a watch, Allen mentioned a desire to By 8 August 1969, a couple living in pistol. The killer ripped away a murder random couples and taunt Salinas decoded the 408 symbol bloodstained section of Stine’s shirt, police with letters signed with the cryptogram, in which the author stole his wallet and keys, and wiped Zodiac symbol. Allen lived within said that he hunted people. The the car down. He was spotted by minutes of the 1968–69 murders and Zodiac described killing as a three witnesses, but their differing owned the same ammunition that thrilling experience and claimed accounts of his appearance and was used in the 1968 attack. that after his death, the victims colour ensured that he was never would be his slaves in the afterlife. arrested. Although police recovered In 2002, 10 years after his death, a bloody fingerprint and black gloves Allen’s DNA was compared to a On the afternoon of 27 August, from the taxi, the killer remained saliva sample taken from a Zodiac Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard unidentified. The killer sent a letter envelope. They did not match, so he were relaxing at Lake Berryessa in to the Chronicle two days later with was excluded by police. However, it Napa when they were approached a bloody piece of Stine’s shirt. The later emerged that Allen asked by a gunman in a strange black letters continued until 1978, but the others to lick envelopes for him, mask and costume. He bound Zodiac killer was never caught. because he claimed that the taste them with rope and stabbed them made him feel nauseous. ■ repeatedly. Hartnell survived to recount the details but Shepard The case against Arthur Leigh Allen died. Before leaving, the killer drew the Zodiac symbol on their car door. Was given a Zodiac Told friends he would brand wristwatch by his like to murder random mother, which featured the couples and taunt police cross-in-the-circle symbol with coded letters Lived only a few Owned the same brand minutes from the of ammunition as those scenes of the crimes used by the Zodiac
290 IMWNEAHDSIISCSAOOLMWGENOSEDOYRETS,OHFE HAROLD SHIPMAN, 1975–98 IN CONTEXT M arried since the age of in Shipman’s care chose cremation 20, and a father of four, for their end, a funeral parlour LOCATION Dr Harold Shipman was employee voiced her suspicions to Hyde, near Manchester, UK seen as a kindly doctor. There had Dr Linda Reynolds of Brooke Surgery been a blip in 1975 when he was in Hyde, who in turn passed them THEME caught forging prescriptions to sate on to the South Manchester District Medical homicides his pethidine addiction, but after coroner. However, after a cursory he paid the £600 fine and went to check, the police found no evidence BEFORE rehab, his indiscretion soon passed of any wrongdoing. 1881–92 Dr Thomas Neill out of memory. Cream, a Scottish-Canadian Flawed reputation medical practitioner, poisons Nevertheless, the frequency with John Shaw was a cabbie who multiple US and British women which his patients died suddenly and regularly drove Shipman’s patients with chloroform. unexpectedly did not entirely escape to his surgery in Hyde, and became notice. Observing that an unusually friends with many of them. In March 1895–1901 Jane Toppan, high number of female senior citizens 1995, the sudden death of Netta a Massachusetts nurse, poisons Ashcroft left Shaw feeling that at least 30 victims, including something was amiss. Well aware of her patients and family. the doctor’s good reputation in the community and convinced that the 1970–82 “Angel of Death” police would not believe him, Shaw Donald Harvey murders maintained a tortured silence as between 37 and 57 patients more and more of Shipman’s patients in various hospitals, using an died. It was not until August 1998 extensive range of methods. that Shaw was convinced that Shipman had murdered 21 of his AFTER patients – and finally voiced his 1988–2003 Charles Cullen concerns to the police. kills 40 patients during his time as a nurse in New Jersey. The harmless looks of Dr Harold Shipman in this police mugshot taken 2001–02 Colin Norris, a male at the time of his arrest belie the reality nurse, kills many of his elderly of his terrible crimes. The doctor’s patients in Glasgow, Scotland. activities went unnoticed for years.
SERIAL KILLERS 291 See also: Burke and Hare 22–23 ■ John Edward Robinson 298–99 ■ The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko 326–31 By that time, Shipman had already found in her system. Shipman, He simply… enjoyed slipped up. On 24 June 1998, who had listed her cause of death the feeling of control over 81-year-old Kathleen Grundy, the as “old age”, was arrested on wealthy former mayor of Hyde, was 7 September. A typewriter of the life and death. discovered dead in her home. When same make used to forge Grundy’s Coroner John Pollard Grundy’s daughter, solicitor Angela will was recovered from Shipman’s Woodruff, read the will – which surgery, and his fingerprints were A fellow prisoner explained that declared that all Grundy’s wealth found all over the document. Shipman had recently received a was to be given to her doctor, Harold letter from his entirely supportive Shipman, instead of to her family – Arrogance and denial wife Primrose, asking him to tell she alerted the authorities to the Following these revelations, police her “everything, no matter what.” forgery. Grundy’s body was brought charges against Shipman exhumed and traces of diamorphine, for the murder of 15 other female The notion that Shipman was an opioid used for pain relief, were patients. On 31 January 2000, he addicted to holding power over life was convicted on all counts. Rather and death has largely been Shipman visits his than obtaining £386,000 from accepted as his motive, because patients at their home Kathleen Grundy’s will, Shipman his clumsy attempt at financial received 15 concurrent life benefit actually precipitated his Injects patients with a sentences. In a subsequent downfall. However, of the 100 items lethal dose of heroin enquiry, he was found responsible of her jewellery seized by police, for a minimum of 218 deaths. The Primrose could only prove that 66 real number may exceed 250. items belonged to her. ■ Despite overwhelming evidence of his guilt, Shipman refused to confess. He turned his back on police interviewers throughout hours of extensive interrogation. However, one day before his 58th birthday, Shipman hanged himself from his cell window. Victimization of the elderly Provides fake causes of In 2006, British criminologist pensioners often occupy death and advocates David Wilson pointed out that dwellings that are easy to break cremations the elderly represent a large into in places where there is part of the victim demographic often little sense of community. Murders at least in the UK. The figure, however, Deaths of the aged are also more 218 patients before was vastly inflated by Harold likely to be attributed to natural Shipman’s many killings. causes than those of other he is caught by citizens and they are therefore the authorities Wilson noted that the old – less likely to be investigated. particularly those estranged from their family or without one It is notable that the vast – often endure invisible lives in majority of Shipman’s victims which weeks or months might were working or lower-middle pass without anybody checking class men and women. Only the on them. Due to inadequate death of a wealthy, high-profile social services, impoverished citizen finally aroused suspicion.
292 AOFMNISATTAUKREE ANDREI CHIKATILO, 1978–90 IN CONTEXT T he official party line was Soviet serial killer Andrei Chikatilo, that there were no serial during court hearings in 1993, which LOCATION killers in the USSR – but revealed the full horror of his 52 brutal Union of Soviet Socialist from early 1983, when the mutilated killings to a stunned Russian public. Republics (USSR) bodies of numerous young women and children were found in the When a young woman’s body THEME wilderness around Rostov-on-Don, was found in the same woods, Serial mutilators the authorities were forced to Chikatilo’s name resurfaced. He reassess. The wound patterns were was arrested and a sample of his BEFORE so striking that police were forced semen taken. It was discovered to 1944 Los Angeles resident to admit that a single predator was be type AB – Chikatilo was a rare Otto Wilson kills and responsible for at least six murders. individual whose blood type eviscerates prostitutes to differed from that of his semen. satisfy a perverse erotic desire. Following extensive surveillance, Chikatilo confessed and was a detective arrested Andrei executed in February 1994. ■ AFTER Chikatilo. He was carrying a knife 1985–99 Peter Dupas murders and rope, and resembled a man at least three women in suspected of murder. They obtained Melbourne, Australia. He a sample of his blood, but it was removes the breasts from his found to be Type A; the killer’s victims as souvenirs. semen indicated a blood type of AB, so Chikatilo was released. 1992–93 Robert Napper sexually attacks dozens of In 1990, a spike in the killings women in southeast London, encouraged the police to step up and kills three of them. He their activity. On 6 November, keeps body parts from his Chikatilo was spotted leaving the victims as trophies. woods near Donleskhoz station. His knees and elbows were stained and his cheeks smeared red. The undercover officer looked over his earlier papers and filed a report. See also: Jack the Ripper 266–73 ■ Ted Bundy 276–83 ■ Colin Pitchfork 294–97
SERIAL KILLERS 293 IOBWROTAEHSVISL,ICOKR JEFFREY DAHMER, 1978–91 IN CONTEXT J ust before midnight on Dahmer also admitted that he had 22 July 1991, a distraught experimented with cannibalism, by LOCATION young man with a handcuff eating the body parts of his victims. Ohio and Wisconsin dangling from his wrist approached two Milwaukee police officers. He Trial and death THEME said that some “freak” had tried to Dahmer’s trial began on 30 January Necrophilic killings restrain him. The three men headed 1992. The purpose of the trial was to back to the aggressor’s apartment. determine whether or not he was BEFORE They were greeted at the door by criminally responsible for his actions. 1947–52 Ed Gein steals the tenant, Jeffrey Dahmer. Despite persuasive arguments from bodies from cemeteries in both sides, he was declared sane, Wisconsin and makes Dahmer tried to talk his way out and received 15 life sentences. He keepsakes from the remains. of the situation, but the appalling was beaten to death with a metal bar stench of death gave him away. In by a fellow prison inmate Christopher 1964–73 Edmund Kemper Dahmer’s bedroom, an officer found Scarver on 28 November 1994. ■ embarks on a crazed spree Polaroid photos of nude male bodies of necrophilia, serial killing, in varying stages of dismemberment. I acted on my fantasies and cannibalism in his The background in the photos and… everything native California. indicated that they had been taken went wrong. in the very same room. Dahmer Jeffrey Dahmer 1978–83 Dennis Nilsen was immediately arrested. The strangles and kills around police then searched his apartment 12 men at his home in London, and discovered boxes, a 215-litre England. He stores some of the (57-gallon) drum, a freezer, and a bodies under the floorboards. fridge filled with human body parts. Several painted skulls and a human AFTER skeleton hung from his showerhead. 1994–2004 Sean Gillis rapes and murders eight women in Back at the police station, Louisiana. He is unable to Dahmer confessed to the murders of account for the brutality of 17 young men, and engaging in his mutilations. necrophilic acts with their corpses. See also: Jack the Ripper 266–73 ■ Ted Bundy 276–83
294 IN CONTEXT AWTODOAYMONEUGNNERG LOCATION Leicestershire, UK COLIN PITCHFORK, 1983–86 THEME DNA convictions BEFORE 1968–72 Samuel P. Evans of Seattle is convicted for two murders 39 years after the crimes were committed, in the oldest cases ever solved using DNA evidence. AFTER 1987 Serial rapist Tommie Lee Andrews is the first criminal in the US to be convicted as a result of DNA evidence. 1988 Virginian Timothy Wilson Spencer becomes the first US murderer convicted as a result of DNA testing. 2003 Steven Avery of Wisconsin is exonerated by DNA evidence, and released after 18 years in prison. O n 2 August 1986, the small English village of Narborough was shaken by the discovery of the body of a 15-year-old girl. Dawn Ashworth had vanished two days earlier on her way home from a friend’s house. She had been assaulted, raped, and strangled to death. Her body was found in a field near the footpath she had taken. Forensic analysis was able to identify a semen sample, which proved that the criminal was a male with type A blood and a rare enzyme profile. Three years before Dawn’s murder, on 21 November 1983, Lynda Mann’s body had also been found on a Narborough footpath.
See also: The Stratton Brothers 212–15 ■ Kirk Bloodsworth 242–43 SERIAL KILLERS 295 ■ Harvey Glatman 274–75 DNA and forensic Like Dawn Ashworth, she was 15 Colin Pitchfork, depicted by a court evidence years old and a victim of assault, artist, appeals against the length of rape, and strangulation. Police had his sentence at the Court of Appeal Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) never solved the crime, but a semen in London in May 2009. His 30-year is a molecule that stores and sample taken at the time matched sentence was commuted by two years. carries all our biological the blood type and enzyme profile information. Every individual of Dawn Ashworth’s killer. Genetic fingerprinting has a different pattern. In Local police contacted the 1981, Professor Alec Jeffreys, The similarities between the geneticist Dr Alec Jeffreys about the a British geneticist from the circumstances of the girls’ deaths, murders of the two girls. They hoped University of Leicester, was as well as this genetic link, led to use his recently discovered studying hereditary diseases police investigating the murder “genetic fingerprinting” technique in families when he discovered of Dawn Ashworth to believe that to further their investigations. They the technique for genetic both crimes were committed by had a suspect in custody, 17-year old fingerprinting – a crucial way the same man. Headlines in local Richard Buckland, who had learning for modern criminologists to newspapers reflected the villagers’ disabilities. Buckland’s confession identify individuals from fear that it was only a matter of confused the police. He admitted to forensic evidence. time until the murderer claimed his committing the first murder, but not third victim: “If we don’t catch him, the second. However, at the time ❯❯ Nazi war criminal Josef it could be your daughter next.” Mengele (pictured below) fled to South America at the end of World War II. He died in 1979, aged 67, when he had a swimming accident in Brazil. However, repeated sightings of Mengele reported around the world led to doubts about his death, and calls that he be brought to justice for his crimes. It was only when Jeffreys compared DNA from a thigh bone of Mengele’s exhumed skeleton with DNA from his son, Rolf, that the so-called “Angel of Death” could be conclusively confirmed as deceased.
296 COLIN PITCHFORK of Lynda Mann’s murder, Buckland that he had been with his son, and I have no doubt whatsoever was just 14 years old. Of course, was released from further that Buckland would the police realized that children questioning. As one of the 5,000 sometimes kill other children – men tested by the police, Pitchfork have been found guilty had it however, they delayed charging gave a DNA sample. This sample, not been for DNA evidence. Buckland until they learned more like many others, did not match the Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys about the second murder. Could it killer’s. However, months after all be the work of a copycat? the DNA had been checked, a victims. It was a perfect match. colleague of Pitchfork’s named Ian Instead of going to trial, Pitchfork Dr Jeffreys compared the genetic Kelly was overheard bragging pleaded guilty to both rapes and profiles of the semen samples from during a drunken conversation at a murders. His claim to have been both murders against that of a blood local pub. Kelly claimed that he had with his son on the night of Lynda sample from Buckland. This proved taken the DNA test on Colin Mann’s murder was true – but he conclusively that both girls were Pitchfork’s behalf. had left his son in the car while killed by the same man – and that he committed the crime. man was not Buckland, who was Kelly was asked to take the released. The police launched a test as a favour to Pitchfork, who Evolution of a killer manhunt, asking 5,000 men in three falsely claimed to have taken it After interviewing Kelly, the police surrounding towns to give a sample already in the name of a friend and judge said that his immense of their blood or saliva. Jeffreys was who had a conviction for indecent gullibility made it “just about” amazed at the trust the police put exposure. Kelly accepted the illegal possible to believe that Kelly was in him, and in the new science of invitation. Pitchfork doctored his taken in by Pitchfork’s lie. When DNA fingerprinting. It took six passport to allow Kelly to enter Pitchfork was eventually convicted, months to process the 5,000 one of the testing stations using he would receive an additional samples. No match was found. Pitchfork’s identity. charge for perverting the course of justice by manipulating Kelly. The course of justice After six weeks, a woman who Local man Colin Pitchfork, a baker, overheard the conversation in the During questioning, Pitchfork had previously been questioned by pub went to the police. As a result revealed his development from the police about his whereabouts of her evidence, Pitchfork was flasher to killer. He relished the on the night that Lynda Mann was immediately arrested. Dr Jeffreys fact that he had exposed himself killed. He truthfully informed them compared Pitchfork’s DNA with to hundreds of women and girls, that of the semen found on the two a compulsion that began in his early teens. Pitchfork had no problem describing some of the girls he exposed himself to in order for the police to verify his British geneticist Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys studies DNA codes in his laboratory at Leicester University. His groundbreaking technique has transformed criminal investigations.
SERIAL KILLERS 297 The key steps involved in “DNA fingerprinting”, which starts with a cheek swab or saliva sample. 1. A DNA sample is taken. 2. DNA is 3. DNA fragments 4. The DNA extracted from are separated into band pattern is the sample. bands in an transferred to a agarose gel. nylon membrane. 9. The X-ray film is 5. A radioactive developed to create a DNA probe is visible “DNA fingerprint”. prepared. 8. X-ray film is laid 7. Excess DNA is washed off and 6. The DNA probe over the membrane the radioactive probe is bound to sticks to specific to detect the the DNA pattern. DNA sequences on radioactive pattern. the membrane. claims. Two further counts of Colin Pitchfork was the world’s first unimpressed by such behaviour. sexual assault were brought killer to be convicted of murder “Life should mean life,” said the against Pitchfork as a result of his based on DNA fingerprinting. mother of one of the girls. willingness to provide details of He was sentenced to life in prison, his crimes. with a minimum term of 30 years. Pitchfork’s sentence was reduced It was evident from the trial that to 28 years, with the caveat that Pitchfork revealed that soon Pitchfork was compulsively violent “the safety of the public is assured.” after he started flashing girls, he towards women. There was every Whilst in prison, he also became an also began to follow them. The chance that he would murder artist. One of the sculptures he rapes of Lynda Mann and Dawn again, given the opportunity. produced was exhibited at the Ashworth insidiously developed Royal Festival Hall in London in out of this tendency – the result Appeal for clemency April 2009. Entitled Bringing the of pure opportunism as Pitchfork In 2009, Pitchfork appealed his Music to Life, it depicted a spotted them in a secluded area. sentence. The court heard how well miniature orchestra and choir, made The state of the teenagers’ bodies Pitchfork had adapted to prison life. in meticulous detail by folding and indicated that Pitchfork had He had spent his time training to tearing the score of Beethoven’s beaten them before he strangled transcribe printed music into Braille Ninth Symphony. It was sold for them to death. and promised to help the blind when £600. However, when British he was released. He had studied and newspapers heard about it, the During questioning, Pitchfork become well educated, had never public was outraged and the was totally unwilling to accept the been in trouble while in custody, sculpture was removed from display. violent brutality of his behaviour, and was trusted to help fellow and exhibited a psychopathic lack inmates adapt to prison life. His In 2016, 30 years after Dawn of distress. Pitchfork claimed that victims’ families, however, were Ashworth’s murder, Pitchfork was he strangled both of his victims denied parole. He was, however, purely to protect his identity. moved to an open prison. ■
298 LTREHETEA’DSPOTYAOSLUSKIRBAAILBDIO.TUIETS JOHN EDWARD ROBINSON, 1984–99 IN CONTEXT I n 1984, 19-year-old Paula John Edward Robinson used Godfrey accepted an offer to online forums for BDSM – bondage and LOCATION work as a sales representative discipline, dominance and submission, Kansas and Missouri, US for Equi-II. The balding founder sadism and masochism – in order to of the company, John Edward select his murder victims. THEME Robinson, arrived at the Godfreys’ Classified ad killers home on 1 September to pick Paula In 1987, Robinson struck again. up for training in San Antonio, After answering a newspaper job BEFORE Texas. Two days later, a handwritten advertisement, Catherine Clampitt, 1900−08 Belle Gunness kills letter, allegedly from Paula, was 27, left her child behind in Texas dozens of the suitors she meets delivered to her parents. It stated and moved to Kansas City. Her through classified ads. that she was safe, but her father, family never saw her again. suspicious, went to the police. She 1947−49 Martha Beck and was put on the missing persons’ From 1987 to 1993, Robinson Raymond Fernandez, known list, until a second letter, also from served time for a number of fraud as the “Lonely Hearts Killers”, “Paula”, arrived at the police convictions. At Western Missouri meet their victims through department. This letter claimed Correctional Facility, Robinson classified lonely heart ads. that she did not wish to see her befriended prison librarian Beverly family and, believing the letter to be AFTER genuine, police dropped the case. 2005 In Osaka, Japan, Hiroshi Maeue seeks sexual Three more victims gratification by strangling That same year, Robinson accepted three people that he meets $2,000 (about £3,300 today) to via an online suicide club. He arrange an adoption for his childless receives the death sentence. brother. Posing as “John Osborne”, he lured 19-year-old Lisa Stasi and 2011 Preacher Richard Beasley her baby, Tiffany, to a motel on and his 16-year-old accomplice 10 January 1985. The following day, Brogan Rafferty kill three Robinson met his brother and sister- middle-aged men, that Beasley in-law at the airport and handed lures into the Ohio wilderness the baby over to them along with with a Craigslist ad for a job a set of forged adoption papers. on a cattle ranch. Lisa Stasi simply disappeared.
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