Timelines of World History

["CLIMATE CRISIS 299 Millions of young people have demanded climate action from their political leaders. Protests such as Extinction Rebellion and school strikes have given voice to the issue of climate change, which continues to be one of the most prominent concerns of the 21st century.","2000 \u25b3 The Twin Towers collapse after being attacked 11 September 2001 TERRORIST ATTACKS ON THE US Four commercial flights from US airports were hijacked by terrorists posing as normal passengers in a co-ordinated series of attacks on the US. The Al-Qaeda radical Islamist group responsible had been founded by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi-born citizen who had earlier fought with Mujahideen guerrillas against the Soviets in Afghanistan. Two planes brought down the Twin Towers of New York\u2019s World Trade Center. A third struck the Pentagon, while the fourth crashed in Pennsylvania following an onboard fight between passengers and hijackers. Together, the attacks constituted the deadliest terrorist incident to that date, causing almost 3,000 deaths. 13 December 2001 8 February 2002 A decade of A Kashmiri insurgent civil war ends in Algeria as group launches a suicide Islamic fighters surrender to attack on the Indian Parliament government forces 7 October 2001 US-led \u201cwar on terror\u201d begins In response to the terrorist attacks on the United States of 11 September, the US launched its \u201cwar on terror\u201d by bombing strongholds of the Taliban \u2013 Afghanistan\u2019s fundamentalist government. This was followed by \u201cOperation Enduring Freedom\u201d, the invasion of Afghanistan by US and allied forces, which was to last for 20 years. \u25c1 US soldiers board a Chinook helicopter in Afghanistan \u201cThe United States of America will not permit the world\u2019s most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world\u2019s most destructive weapons.\u201d PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH, STATE OF THE NATION ADDRESS, 29 JANUARY 2002","4 January 2004 2000\u20132004 301 NASA rovers land on mars 2004 The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) succeeded in landing the powered robot rover Spirit on the surface of Mars. It was followed three weeks later by its companion, Opportunity, which landed on the other side of the planet. Over the following years (Opportunity remained active until 2018) the rovers gathered data about Martian rocks and soils and searched for evidence of water. \u25b7 NASA rover Spirit 26 February 2003 Conflict breaks out in the Darfur region of western Sudan \u25bd US tanks in Iraq \u25bd Banda Aceh, Sumatra, after the tsunami 20 March 2003 26 December 2004 US-LED FORCES INVADE IRAQ indian ocean tsunami Claiming that Iraq\u2019s dictator Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass Triggered by an undersea earthquake, the tsunami was the third-largest destruction which posed a threat to ever recorded, driving waves up to 30\u2009m (100\u2009ft) high onto coastal locations the West, US President George W. in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and southern India, as well as at least 10 Bush assembled a group of allied other countries. In its wake it left an estimated 227,000 people dead, powers to effect regime change. The making it the most lethal such event so far recorded. military campaign was successful and Saddam was overthrown. However, civil strife spread in the power vacuum following his removal and dissidents launched a long-running insurgency against the occupying forces.","302 2005\u20132009 \u201cWhat we know about the global financial crisis is that we don\u2019t know very much.\u201d ECONOMIST PAUL SAMUELSON, 2008 25 August 2005 Hurricane Katrina This powerful storm first made landfall in southern Florida, but gathered force as it travelled west across the Gulf of Mexico. When it hit land again in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, it caused massive devastation, particularly in New Orleans, much of which was flooded for weeks. In all, Katrina caused over 1,800 deaths and US$125 billion of damage. 2005 \u25b3 Devastation in the wake of Hurricane Katrina 12 July 2006 War breaks out in Lebanon between 30 January 2005 Israeli forces and Hezbollah Elections are held in Iraq, but violence continues paramilitaries to trouble the country \u25bd A coal-fired power station producing polluting gases and steam \u25b3 Mourning wreaths for Benazir Bhutto 27 December 2007 16 February 2005 Benazir Bhutto assassinated Kyoto Protocol comes into force Benazir Bhutto served two terms as prime Adopted in 1997 and signed initially by 84 countries, the minister of Pakistan (in 1988\u201390 and Protocol entered into force after an agreed percentage of 1993\u201396) before being driven from office major polluters had signed up to its terms. The accord commits on corruption charges. After nine years in signatories to accept agreed targets for reducing greenhouse exile, she returned to Pakistan to stand in a gas emissions. Currently 192 parties have put their name to it. general election, but was killed when leaving a political rally. It is uncertain who was responsible for the attack, but in Pakistan itself, the former President Musharaf, then in exile, was indicted for the murder.","2008 2005\u20132009 303 global economic crisis 1961\u2013 Triggered initially by a collapse Barack Obama in the US housing market, the crisis saw banks and financial Born in Hawaii, Obama spent almost houses around the developed four years as a US Senator before world unable to meet their winning the Democratic Party commitments. Starting in late nomination for the 2008 2007, the panic crescendoed with Presidential Election. He the failure of the Lehman Brothers served two terms investment bank the following in office. September, and then spread across much of North America and Europe, causing the most severe economic recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. \u25c1 Traders watch as markets tumble 1 August 2008 The 8 August 2008 4 November 2008 Barack 2009 South Ossetia War China hosts its first Obama wins the US Presidential breaks out between election, becoming the nation\u2019s Olympic Games first African-American president Russia and Georgia in Beijing 18 May 2009 In Sri Lanka, 26 years of civil conflict comes to an end with the final defeat of Tamil Tiger guerrillas 10 September 2008 Large Hadron collider (LHC) commissioned CERN\u2019s LHC \u2013 the world\u2019s largest particle collider \u2013 was started up on 10 September 2008. The machine occupies a tunnel 27\u2009km (17 miles) long below the French\u2013Swiss border and allows scientists to accelerate particles to near the speed of light and study the effect of collisions, providing information on the behaviour of the basic building- blocks of the universe. \u25b7 The Large Hadron Collider","304 2010\u20132014 \u25b3 Tunisian protesters 25 August 2012 \u25c1 Voyager 1 4 January 2011 VOYAGER 1 ENTERS INTERSTELLAR SPACE the Arab Spring begins Launched in 1977, the Voyager space Discontent with poor living conditions and repressive probe made successful flybys of regimes spread across North Africa into the Middle Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn\u2019s largest East. It reached new heights when the self- moon Titan before heading into the immolation of a street trader triggered protests in further reaches of the Solar System. Tunisia. In the ensuing power struggles, existing It became the first spacecraft to enter regimes were brought down in Libya, Egypt, and interstellar space when it crossed the Yemen, as well as in Tunisia itself, while large-scale heliosphere \u2013 the boundary beyond demonstrations rocked Algeria, Morocco, Syria, Iraq, which our Sun\u2019s influence is no longer Lebanon, Jordan, and Oman, among other countries. the dominant one. It continues to collect data that it communicates to NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network. 2010 31 October 2011 The UN 2013 China launches the officially declares the Belt-and-Road Initiative population of the planet to have exceeded 7 billion people of global infrastructure development March 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull, 5 March 2013 Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, an Icelandic volcano, erupts, president of Venezuela since disrupting air travel across 2002, dies at the start of northern Europe a fourth term in office 3 July 2013 Egypt\u2019s President Morsi is forced from power Mohamed Morsi came to power in the wake of the Arab Spring demonstrations that forced the resignation of his predecessor, Hosni Mubarak. A former leader of the Islamist Freedom and Justice Party, Morsi stirred protests in their turn from anti-Islamist demonstrators. In response, the military staged a coup that removed Morsi from power, replacing him with General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. 1954\u20132013 Hugo Chavez After becoming Venezuela\u2019s President in 1998, Ch\u00e1vez went on to win three further elections. Buoyed by record oil revenues, he pursued a programme of social reforms designed to help the poor. \u25b3 Protesters gather in Tahrir Square, Cairo","2014\u201315 The European Union faces an unprecedented migrant crisis The EU had long been a destination of choice for people fleeing war and persecution, but in 2014\u201315, numbers increased dramatically. Refugees from wars in Syria and Afghanistan sought to cross EU borders from Turkey, while many thousands more risked their lives by sailing over the Mediterranean in small boats from North Africa. By the end of the year almost a million people had applied for asylum in Germany, the most welcoming host country. \u25b7 Refugees disembarking onto the Greek Island of Lesbos, 2015 16 September 2014 Civil 2014 war breaks out in Yemen between the government and Houthi rebels 27 February 2014 \u25b3 \u201cCrimea is Ukraine\u201d graffiti \u25b3 Islamic State supporters celebrate Russia annexes Crimea 10 June 2014 Russia\u2019s President Putin reacted to the deposing of Ukraine\u2019s pro-Russian President Islamic State terrorists capture Viktor Yanukovych by reviving Russian claims the Iraqi city of Mosul to Crimea, a territory that had been transferred from Russia to Ukraine in 1954. Russian troops In the chaotic aftermath of the Iraq War, supporters of the Islamic were dispatched to install a pro-Russian State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), a Sunni insurgent group, took government that, following a referendum and control of Mosul, the most important city in the north of the a declaration of independence, accepted the country, after the government troops defending it fled. The status of a republic of the Russian Federation. terrorists held it for three years, during which minority groups were brutally oppressed and more than 2,000 people were summarily executed. The Iraqi military, backed by international forces, retook the city after a nine-month campaign .","\u25bd Rohingya Muslims flee persecution306 2015\u201320214 November 2016 \u25b3 Signatories celebrate \u25bd COVID-19 patients undergoing treatment1924\u20132019PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT COMES INTO FORCE Robert Mugabe Initially signed in April 2016, the agreement came Hailed as the father of his country into force once 55 nations responsible for at least when elected Prime Minister of an 55 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions had independent Zimbabwe in 1980, signed up. The accord aims to limit global warming to Mugabe clung on to power for 37 below a 2 per cent increase on pre-industrial levels, and commits signatories to report regularly on the steps years, despite claims of taken to meet that goal. So far 191 states and the corruption and human European Union have ratified the agreement. rights abuses. 2015 21 November 2017 Robert Mugabe is ousted as President 23 June 2016 The United of Zimbabwe after almost four Kingdom votes to leave the European Union after 43 years decades in power in its \u201cBrexit\u201d referendum 8 November 2016 Donald Trump is elected 45th President of the United States \u201cFrom this day forward it\u2019s going to be only America first. America first.\u201d DONALD TRUMP, PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION ADDRESS, JANUARY 2017 9 October 2016 Myanmar\u2019s armed forces TARGET ROHINGYA MUSLIMS Following violence between Rohingya Muslims and Rakhine Buddhists and attacks on Myanmar\u2019s border posts, the Myanmar military launched a brutal crackdown on Rohingya villages in the northern state of Rakhine, bordering on Bangladesh. The repression left more than 20,000 civilians dead, and displaced a million more.","2015\u20132021 307 March 2020 covid-19 pandemic Originating in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, the coronavirus outbreak was classed as a pandemic by the World Health Organization the following March. In the months that followed, it spread around the world, infecting more than 200 million people and causing over 4.25 million deaths by the autumn of 2021. 22 March 2018 President 25 May 2020 George Floyd, 2021 Trump announces tariffs a Black man, is killed by a white that prompt a police officer in the US, triggering US\u2013Chinese trade war protests in many countries 15 March 2019 Mass pro- democracy protests break out in China\u2019s Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong \u25b7 Yellow vest \u25bd Trump supporters besiege the US Capitol protester November 2018 6 January 2021 Gilets jaunes protest in france Pro-Trump protesters storm the US Capitol Motivated initially by discontent over carbon Responding to false claims by Donald Trump that the 2020 presidential taxes and rising fuel prices, the gilets jaunes \u2013 so election was being stolen by the Democrats, supporters broke into the called from the high-visibility yellow vests they Capitol building in Washington DC. The ensuing violence left five people chose to wear \u2013 expanded their demonstrations dead. Joe Biden was declared the 46th President the following day. to protest about rising economic inequality and inadequate public services in rural areas. About 3 million people are thought to have been involved in all. The protests were stopped only by the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic.","308 INDEX INDEX Bold text indicates a main entry Japonisme 213 Polish Succession War 178 Bol\u00edvar, Simon 204, 205 for the subject. Jazz Age 254\u201355 Revolution 216\u201317 Bolivia Kabuki plays 144 Seven Week War 226 A medieval books 77 Seven Years\u2019 War 185, 186, 187 Chaco War 257 Noh theatre 116 Siege of Vienna 133, 161, 167 independence 205 Afghanistan Paris International Exhibition Vienna Treaty 176 Potos\u00ed silver 135 Afghan-Maratha War 188 Austria-Hungary 216, 248, 249 Tihuanaco city 60, 86 Anglo-Afghan War, first 214, 252 Empire formed 226 War of the Pacific 230\u201331 215 Realism 231 Triple Alliance 232 Bosnia 117, 295 Hotak dynasty 171, 175, 177 Renaissance 120\u201321, 139 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 80 Balkan Wars 295 India invasion 102 Romantics 190 Aztecs see Mexico, Aztecs Botticelli, Sandro 120 Khalji dynasty 109 Stradivarius violin 176 Braille, Louis 212 Panipat, Battle of 188 Ashanti empire 168\u201369, 170, 209, B Braque, Georges 245 refugees 305 Brazil Taliban control 296 229, 242 Babbage, Charles 208\u201309 gold rush 165 unification 181 Assyria Babylonians 18, 19, 23, 28, 29, independence 209, 213 \u201cwar on terror\u201d 300 Madrid Treaty 184 Ashurbanipal, Emperor 29 30, 31 Portuguese colonists 129, 154 Afonso I 100 independence 20 Baird, John Logie 252 slave trade 196, 234 agriculture evolution 13 Neo-Assyrian Empire 23, 24, Balkans 64, 66 Triple Alliance War 225 Akbar the Great 135 Britain al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan 80 27, 29 Balkan Wars 295 Acts of Union 171, 202 Al-Qaeda 300 Nimrud 25 and Ottoman Empire 124, 247 American Declaration of Alexander the Great 34, 35 Nineveh 28, 29 see also individual countries Alfred the Great 84 see also Iraq Bangladesh 284 Independence 192 Algeria 212, 300, 304 Attila the Hun 64, 69 Barbados, Slave Code 156 Anglo-Irish Treaty 251 Augustus (Octavian) 45, 46 Barbarossa, Frederick 102 Anglo-Saxons 69, 73, 78, 84, War of Independence 272, 278 Australia battles and wars see under Anatolia see Turkey ANZUS Treaty 271 94 Angola 158, 196, 285 Black War 214 individual countries; World Antonine Wall 54 Antarctica 191, 208, 294 Botany Bay 190 Wars Bank of England founded 165 anti-war protests 276 and colonialism 209 The Beatles 276 Black Death 112, 114\u201315 Apple Computer 286 discovery 141 Becket, Thomas 102 Boston Tea Party 191 Arab Spring 304 first colonists 195 Belgian Congo 220, 234, 281 Brexit 306 Argentina 225, 273 gold discovery 219 Belgium British Empire 165, 220\u201321, 267 Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars Courtrai Battle 110 British Museum 185 Falklands War 289 and EEC 274 counterculture 276\u201377 Aristotle 31 199 Hotel Tassel 237 Dolly the Sheep 296 Armenia 25, 63, 117, 199, 237 women\u2019s vote 238 independence 213 Domesday Book 96 Armstrong, Neil 282, 283 Australopithecines 10 Waterloo Battle 206 East India Company 140, 164, arts Austria World Wars see under World Austrian Succession War 179, Wars 181, 184, 187, 207 Art Deco 252 Bell, Alexander Graham 230 and EEC 284 Art Nouveau 237 180, 181, 187 Benin 124, 197 English Model Parliament 87 Charleston dance 255 First Coalition War 198 Berlin Wall 270, 291, 292, 293 English Renaissance 139 cinema \u201ctalkies\u201d 253 Franz Ferdinand assassination Berners-Lee, Tim 286 Football Association (FA) 225 Cubism 245 Bessemer, Henry 223 general strike, first 252 Enlightenment 149, 182\u201383 247 Bismarck, Otto von 226, 227, 233 Gin Act 184 Floating World, Japan 144\u201345 Grand Alliance 163, 170 Black Death 112, 114\u201315 Grand Alliance 163, 170 Greek philosophy 30 Habsburg rulers 109, 131, 178, Bohemia see Czechoslovakia Greenwich Royal Observatory haiku verse 144, 192 Boleslaw the Great 90 Impressionism 229 194 157 Napoleonic Wars 202, 203, 204 Partition of Poland 190","INDEX 309 Britain cont. Hawkesbury and Nepean 199 cave paintings 11 People\u2019s Republic 270\u201371 Gunpowder Plot 141 Hundred Years 11, 112, 122, 124 Ceaucescu, Nicolai 292 printing and books 53, 91, 92, Hadrian\u2019s Wall 53 Ireland invasion 101 Celcus 50 India and British Raj 220, 223, Jenkin\u2019s Ear 179 Celsius, Anders 180 133, 191 234 Marston Moor 151 Celts 31, 35 reunification 73 India and Independence Act Napoleonic see France, battles Cervantes, Miguel de 142 Russia relationship 163, 278, 263, 266 Chamberlain, Neville 259, 260 Industrial Revolution 170, and wars, and Napoleon Charlemagne 78\u201379 279 172\u201373 Naseby 152 Charles I 150, 152\u201353 Silk Road 109, 114 Ironbridge 173 Norman Conquest 94 Charles II 157, 160 Sima clan 59 Lindisfarne Gospels 77 Northern Ireland Troubles 283, Charles V 131, 132 Terracotta Army 36\u201337 London, Great Exhibition 218 Chaucer, Geoffrey 117 trading 109, 114, 131, 199, 286, London, Great Fire and Plague 296 Chavez, Hugo 304 157 Opium 215, 216, 223 Chechnya 295, 297 307 Magna Carta 105 Peasants\u2019 Revolt 117 Chiang Kai-shek 253, 266, 271 US relations 284, 287, 307 naval arms race 245 Revolutionary 191, 192 Chikamatsu 174 WTO membership 300 nuclear arms race 268\u201369, 279, Roman invasions 44, 50 Chile, War of the Pacific 230\u201331 Yangshao Culture 13 296 Roses 125, 128 China China, battles and wars Pilgrim Fathers 144 Seven Years\u2019 185, 186, 187 An Lushan Rebellion 77 Restoration England 157 and Spanish Armada 138 Belt-and-Road Initiative 304 Boxer Rebellion 242 slave trade 156, 158, 171, 194, Suez crisis 274 Black Death 114 Burma invasion 189 196, 204 Viking invasions 78 Buddhism 51, 67 Caishi 101 Stamp Act 189 World Wars see under World cholera pandemic 207 civil war 266 Stonehenge 14, 18 classic novels 133 India conflict 279 tobacco imports 142 Wars clock, water-driven 96 Japan 259 Tudor dynasty 128 Zululand invasion 231 Confucianism 29, 116, 166 Nanjing Treaty 216 women\u2019s vote 238, 245 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 210 Cultural Revolution 280\u201381 Opium 215, 216, 223 see also Ireland Brunelleschi, Filippo 123 Dadu River dam 194 Qing see under China, Buddhism dictionaries and Britain, battles and wars Cambodia 105 dynasties, Qing 1812 with US 205 China 51, 67 encyclopaedias 52, 176 Red Cliffs campaign 58 Agincourt 119 Diamond Sutra 53 economic policies 92 Re d Turban revolt 113 Amritsar massacre 249 India 32, 38, 46 eunuch rule 55, 85, 118, 146 Russia, Ussuri River 282 Anglo-Afghan 214 Japan 71, 73, 102, 106 famine 263 Talas River 77 Anglo-Dutch 154 Java 78\u201379 Forbidden City 122 Trung sisters revolt 50 Anglo-Maratha 192 Bulgaria 247, 249 Grand Canal 73 Tumu 124 Anglo-Mysore 189 and Byzantines 82, 84, 89, 103 \u201cGreat Leap Forward\u201d 274\u201375, Weihaiwei 240 Ashanti uprising 168, 242 Burma see Myanmar Yellow Turban Revolt 55 Bannockburn 111 Byzantine Empire 77, 98 281 China, dynasties Beachy Head 164 and Bulgaria 82, 84, 89, 103 Great Wall of China 36, 126 Chen 73 Boer 232 Constantinople 104, 124 gunpowder 83, 92, 108 Eastern Zhou 26, 29 Bosworth Field 128 iconoclasm 76 Hong Kong 296\u201397, 307 Five Dynasties and Ten Boyne 164 plague 72 Hundred Schools of Thought Carnatic 181, 184 see also Turkey Kingdoms 85, 87 Crimean 219, 224 29, 36 Han 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 55 Culloden 181 C Iron Age 20 Jin 99, 101, 105 English Civil War (1139) 99 Jurchens 92, 97, 99 Later Zhou 87 English Civil War (1642) calendars 44, 45, 138 Long March 257 Ming 67, 116, 118, 122, 126, 142, 150\u201351, 52, 154 Cambodia 55, 283 Mongol Empire see Mongol Falklands 289 146, 148, 151, 156 French and Indian 185 Angkor Wat temple 79, 98 Empire Northern Song 92\u201393 Hastings 94 Khmer Empire 79, 105, 216 nuclear arms race 268\u201369 Northern Wei 62, 67, 68 Canada see North America, Olympic Games 303 Northern Zhou 73 one-child policy 288 Qin 32, 34, 36\u201337, 39 Canada painting development 67 Shang 19 Carter, Jimmy 286 paper money 82, 92 Sixteen Kingdoms 62, 67 Catherine the Great 188, 194 Song 86\u201387, 92\u201393, 96, 99","310 INDEX China, dynasties cont. Jesuits 133, 134, 152, 184, 187 Cuba and China\u2019s Red Flag Fleet 205 Southern Song 92, 99, 101, Jesus 47, 50 Castro, Fidel 275 Netherlands 140, 150 108 and Manichaeism 59 Cuban missile crisis 279 economics Tang 74, 75, 77, 84 missionaries in China 175, independence 241 depression (1873\u20131896) 229 Three Kingdoms Period 58 slave trade 196 Floating World, Japan 144\u201345 Warring States Period 32\u201333, 242 global economic crisis 303 36, 39 Protestant Reformation 130, Curie, Marie 241 Great Depression 257 Wei 67 Cuvier, Georges 200 Wall Street crash 253, 254 Western Jin 61, 62 131, 132, 133 Czechoslovakia Egypt Xi 47 Quakers 160, 194 Camp David Accords 286 Xia 15, 19 and Renaissance 120, 130 Defenestration of Prague 143 earthquakes 38 Yuan see under Mongol Empire Sagrajas Battle 86 Hussites 119 Lighthouse of Alexandria 38 Zhou 21, 36 St Peter\u2019s Basilica 130, 146 Kutna Hora Battle 122 Mamluks 107, 109, 130 Spanish Inquisition 127 Prague Spring 282 Middle Kingdom 15 China, dynasties, Qing 67, 179, spread 63 Sudetenland 259 Muhammad Ali dynasty 205, 231, 240 Suleiman invasions 133 Thirty Years\u2019 War 143, 146 and US Prohibition 250 Velvet Revolution 292 213 Cixi, Empress 224 Visigoths convert to White Mountain Battle 146 mummification 14 Dream of the Red Chamber Narmer dynasty 13 Catholicism 73 D New Kingdom 19, 22 198 Vulgate Bible 67 Nubia kingdom see Nubia Mongolia invasion 166 Christianity, Holy Roman Da Vinci, Leonardo 120, 185 Nurhaci armies 142 Daguerre, Louis 212 kingdom overthrown 246 Emperors 99, 113, 146, 180 Dahomey kingdom 140, 152, 177 Ptolemaics 35, 38 queue hairstyle 152 Barbarossa, Frederick 102 Dalai Lama 150 Pyramids 14, 16\u201317 Red Flag Fleet 205 Charlemagne 78, 79 Dante 110 Republic status 272 rise of 148, 151 Charles V 131 Darwin, Charles 215 Rosetta Stone 201 Shanhai Pass Battle 150 Henry IV 95 De Soto, Hernando 134 Suez Canal 210, 227 Taiping Rebellion 218, 219 Otto I 87 Dead Sea Scrolls 266\u201367 Suez crisis 274 Three Feudatories revolt see also Romans and Roman Deng Xiaoping 286 sun worship 20 Denmark 87, 90 Temple of Luxor 25 159 Empire Egypt, battles and wars Weihaiwei Battle 240 Churchill, Winston 261, 266 EEC membership 284 Arab Spring 304 White Lotus rebellion 200 Cixi, Empress 224 Nazi invasion 259 Cairo conquest 130 Yongzheng Emperor 175 Cleopatra 45, 61 Revolution (1848) 216\u201317 civil war (850\u2009bce) 25 Chinggis Khan 104 climate crisis 298\u201399, 302 slave trade 198 El Alamein 263 Christianity Clive, Robert 187 Descartes, Ren\u00e9 149 Ethiopia invasion 230 Aksum kingdom 68 clocks Dickens, Charles 214 and Fatimids 87 Albigensianism 106 Diderot, Denis 182 Mahdists\u2019 uprising 233 Armenians massacred 237 pendulum 155 Diocletian 48, 61, 63 Memphis 28 Avignon papacy 110, 116\u201317, water-driven 96 Dolly the Sheep 296 Napoleon invasion 200\u2013201 Colossus code-breaker 209 Domesday Book 96 Six-Day 281, 284 119 Columbus, Christopher Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 226 Einstein, Albert 244 Byzantine Empire see Engels, Friedrich 217 128\u201329 E Ethiopia Byzantine Empire computing 208\u201309, 286 Aksum kingdom 63, 68 Church of England 133 Confucianism 29, 116, 166 earthquakes Egyptian invasion 230 Cistercians 97 Congo see Belgian Congo Edo, Japan 222 famine 290 Concordat of Worms 99 Constantine 62\u201363 Egypt 38 Italian invasion 258 Crusades 97, 100, 103, 104, Cook, James 189, 190, 191 Lisbon 186 Ogaden War 286 Copernicus, Nicolaus 134 Peru 181 Solomonic dynasty 108 107, 109 Cort\u00e9s, Hernan 131, 132 San Francisco 244 Tewodros II 222 Franciscans 104 Covid-19 pandemic 306\u201307 Sicily 165 Wichale Treaty 240 Granada fall 129 Croatia, Balkan Wars 295 Great Schism 94 Crompton, Samuel 172 East India Company Gutenberg Bible 125 Cromwell, Oliver 153, 154 Britain 140, 164, 181, 184, 187, Japanese suppression 134, Crusades 97, 100, 104, 107, 207 149 109","INDEX 311 European Economic Community Cathars 104, 106 Gatling, Richard 225 Peloponnesian War 33 (EEC) 284, 291 Crimean 219 George III 191, 192 philosophy 30 First Coalition 198 Georgia 101, 303 Santorini eruption 19 Treaty of Paris 271 Franco-Prussian 226 Germany Spartans 28 Treaty of Rome 274 French and Indian 185 Greenland European partitioning of Africa Huguenots 136, 139 Berlin Wall 270, 291, 292, 293 Inuit migration 97 Hundred Years 11, 112, 122, 124 Black Death 114 Vikings 88 233 Italian 129 Great Depression 257 Guatemala 66, 75 European Union 296, 306 Jacquerie peasant revolt 113, Gutenberg Bible 125 Maya see Maya Homo neanderthalensis gunpowder 83, 92, 108, 141 Maastricht Treaty 295 114 Gustavus Adolphus, King 142, migrant crisis 305 Marengo 202 discovery 223 Nancy 127 jet planes 243 148 F Opium 223 Meissen porcelain 171 Pavia 132 Munich Agreement 259 H Falklands 289 Poitiers 113 naval arms race 245 famines Revolution (1789) 182, 191, 195, Neanderthals 10 Haiti 196, 199, 203 Nuremberg laws 258 Hannibal 39 China 263 199, 234 reunification 294 Harappans 12, 15 Ethiopia 290 Revolution (1830) 213 Seven Week War 226 Harvey, William 147 India 147, 230 Revolution (1848) 216\u201317 Soviet d\u00e9tente 283 Haywood, Eliza 181 Ireland 216 Rocroi 151 Sudetenland 259 health and medicine Russia 250 Roman\u2013Gallic 35 Thirty Years\u2019 War 147, 148, 153 Fiji Islands 283 Seven Years\u2019 185, 186, 187 Triple Alliance 232 anaesthesia development 200 Finland 238, 260 Spanish Succession 170 unification (1866\u201371) 226 anatomical studies 147 Fitch, John 195 Thailand coup 163 Verdun Treaty 83 biology advances 214\u201315 Fitzgerald, F. Scott 254 Tours 76 World Wars see under World birth control 250 flight see under transport Tunisia invasion 232 Black Death 112, 114\u201315 Ford, Henry 235 Valmy 198 Wars Celcus, De Medicina 50 France Vietnam, Cochinchina Zeppelin airship 242 cell theory 214 Avignon papacy 110, 116\u201317, Campaign 223 see also Prussia cholera pandemic 207, 219 World Wars see under World Ghana 72, 274 Covid-19 pandemic 306\u201307 119 Ashanti empire 168\u201369, 170, DNA 215 The Book of Hours of Jean 77 Wars Human Genome Project 294 Canal du Midi 160 France, battles and wars, and 209, 229, 242 Islamic medicine 80 Capetians 88 Gia Long, Emperor 202 penicillin 253 colonialism 237 Napoleon 198, 201, 202, 203 Giotto 110 plague outbreaks 54, 72, 157, Eiffel Tower 234 Austerlitz 204 global warming 298\u201399, 302 Fifth Republic 275 Egypt invasion 200\u2013201 gold mining 165, 217, 219, 228 190 gilets jaunes protests 307 Peninsular War 204 Gorbachev, Mikhail 290, 291, 292 Roman medicine 50 Godescal Evangelistary 77 Russian invasion 205 Greece scurvy 185 Louisiana claim 161, 203 Waterloo 206 syphilis 129 Merovingian dynasty ends 77 Franco, General Francisco 258, Actium Battle 45 variolation 174 nuclear arms race 268\u201369 Age of Tyrants 29, 31 X-rays 240 Palace of the Sun King 156 285 colonial expansion 27 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor Paris International Exhibition Franklin, Benjamin 185 Colossus of Rhodes 38 Franz Ferdinand assassination Corinth destruction 41 95 252 Crete 87, 157, 241 Henry IV (of Nantes) 139 Peace of Nijmegen 159 247 Dark Ages 21 Henry \u201cthe Navigator\u201d, Prince 123 Pont du Gard 49 Frederick the Great 180 Golden Age 31 Henry V 119 slavery abolition 194 Freud, Sigmund 241 Greco-Persian Wars 32, 33 Henry VIII 133 Suez crisis 274 Fukuda Chiyo-ni (Soen) 192 Independence War 209 Herodotus 33 sugar plantations 179 military junta 281 Herschel, William 141 Verdun Treaty 83 G Minoans 18, 19 Hinduism 40, 113, 159, 174, 179, France, battles and wars Olympic Games 26, 241 Algiers invasion 212 Gagarin, Yuri 278 Parthenon 33, 162 207 Beachy Head 164 Gaius Marius 41 Hitler, Adolf 257, 260, 265 Carnatic 181, 184 Gandhi, Mahatma 234, 266, 267","312 INDEX Hokusai, Katsushika 144 Maratha Empire 157, 159, 170, Greco-Persian Wars 32, 33 Iron Age 15, 20 Homer 27 174, 188, 207 Hotak dynasty 171, 175, 179 Islam Homo erectus 10 Iran-Iraq War 288, 291 Homo neanderthalensis 223 Maurya Empire 35, 38, 40 Islamic medicine 80 Almohad Muslims 98, 100, 105 Hong Kong 296\u201397, 307 National Congress 234, 259, Khomeini, Ayatollah 287 Almoravid Emirate 94, 96, 98, Hong Xiuquan 219 Manichaeism 59 Hungary 263 Nadir Shah 177, 178\u201379 100 Pandya kingdom 83, 85 and Ottomans 140 cartography 80\u201381 Austria-Hungary see Austria- Shunga Dynasty 40 Parthian dynasty 44, 59 Fulani Muslims 178 Hungary Sikhism 167, 171, 179, 217 Persepolis 31 Hijra journey 74 Timurid Empire 117 Qajar dynasty 199 Mecca and Medina 130 Habsburg control 167 tsunami 301 Safavid dynasty 130, 138, 149, medicine 80 and Holy Roman Empire 195 Vedic Sanskrit 20, 26 Prophet Muhammad 73, 74, Lombard invasion of Italy 72 Vijayanagar Empire 112\u201313, 122 157, 171, 175 opposition parties 292 see also Pakistan Sassanids 59, 60, 70, 74 75 Ottoman invasion 125, 133 India, Mughal Empire 132, 175 Seljuqs 91 Quran 75 Revolution (1848) 216\u201317 architecture 137 Shahnameh poem 112 Rohingya Muslims 306 Stephen as first king 89 Aurangzeb rule 155, 159, 162, Timurid Empire 117 science 80\u201381 Huygens, Christiaan 155 unification 177 Shi\u2019ism 130 167, 170 US-backed coup 272 see also individual countries I Jahan reign 147 Iraq (Mesopotamia) Israel Jahan Shah rule 135, 137, 147, Abbasid caliphate 78, 80 Camp David Accords 286 Ice Age 11, 161 Akkadian Empire 14, 15, 18 Dead Sea Scrolls 266\u201367 Iceland 170 Amorites 18 First Temple, Jerusalem 23 Kandahar 153 Assyria see Assyria as independent Jewish state Althing parliament 84, 87 Nadir Shah invasion 171, 177, Babylonians 18, 19, 23, 28, 29, Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption 267 178\u201379 30, 31 Kings 22, 23 304 Purandar Treaty 157 Baghdad capture 86, 106 Lebanon invasion 289 Laki volcano eruption 193 India, battles and wars Baghdad library 80, 82 Oslo Accord 295 settled by Vikings 84 Afghan-Maratha 188 city-states 12, 18 Six-Day War 281, 284 imperialism 220\u201321 Amritsar 249 cuneiform system 14 see also Palestine see also individual countries Anglo-Maratha 192 early transport 13 Italy Inca Empire 123, 133, 135, 137 Anglo-Mysore 189 elections 302 and Ethiopia 240, 258 India China conflict 279 Great Ziggurat of Ur 15 Bologna University 96 Agra Fort 137 Gandhara 42 Gulf War 294 Civitate Battle 94 Ashoka and \u201cEdicts\u201d 38 Ghurids 102 Hatra kingdom 54 Etruscan culture 24 Bakshali manuscript 58 Meerut rebellion 223 Iran-Iraq War 288, 291 Florence 123 British Raj 220, 223, 234 Panipat 188 and Islamic State 305 France Wars 129 Buddhism 32, 38, 46 Plassey 187 Ottomans regain 149 Legnano Battle 102 cholera pandemic 207 Seven Years\u2019 War 187 weapons of mass destruction and Lombards 72, 77 Coringa cyclone 215 Timur invasion 117 Ostrogoths 64, 71 Delhi Sultanate 104, 109 Indonesia 301 plague 72 East India Company see East cave paintings 11 Ireland Renaissance 120\u201321 cholera 207 Revolution (1830) 213 India Company Krakatoa eruption 232\u201333 Anglo-Irish Treaty 251 Revolution (1848) 216\u201317 famines 147, 230 and Netherlands 143, 146, 267 Anglo-Norman invasion 101 Romans see Romans and Ghaznavid state 89, 91 tsunami 301 Boyne Battle 164 Goa base 130 Indus Valley 12, 15 and Cromwell 153 Roman Empire Gupta Empire 62, 69 industrialization 170, 172\u201373, 177, EEC membership 284 Rome 130, 133, 146, 228 Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty 79 famine 216 Sicily 82, 165 Hinduism 40, 113, 159, 174, 179, 220 overlordship 102 Sicily earthquake 165 Intergovernmental Panel on Republicans 248 Vesuvius eruption 51 207 Vikings 83, 90 World Wars see under World independence 266 Climate Change (IPCC) 298 see also Britain Kashmir claims 280, 300 Iran (Persia) Wars Kushanas 42, 51 Ivan the Great 127 Magadha Empire 32, 62 Achaemenid Empire 30, 31, 34 Damghan Battle 177","INDEX 313 J Jazz Age 254\u201355 Lebanon Maya of Tikal 56, 66, 75 Jerusalem see under Israel; Arab Spring 304 Temple of the Inscriptions Jahan Shah 135, 137, 147, 170 civil war 285 Jamaica, Tacky\u2019s War 188 Palestine; Judaea Hezbollah 302 56\u201357 Japan Jesus 47, 50 Hiram I 22, 23 writing system 56 Jimmu, Emperor 28 Israel invasion 289 see also Mexico anaesthesia development 200 Joan of Arc 122 Phoenicians 21, 22, 24, 25 Mazarin, Cardinal 153, 154 Ashikaga Shogunate 112 Johnson, Samuel 186 Tyre centre 22 medicine see health and Buddhism 71, 73, 102, 106 Judaea Christianity 134, 149 Lenin, Vladimir 250 medicine Edo earthquake 222 Christianity, spread of 63 Liberia 208, 217 Mehmed II 124 Floating World 144\u201345 Herod rebuilds Jewish temple Libya 291 Mendeleev, Dmitri 227 foreign influence rejection 149 Mesopotamia see Iraq Fujiwara regents 83, 90\u201391 47 Arab Spring 304 Mexico 223, 225, 230, 295 Genroku era 162 Jerusalem Temple Mount 23, First Barbary War 202 Great Fire of Meireki 155 Lincoln, Abraham 224 Independence War 204\u201305 haiku verse 144, 192 43, 47, 51 Lindberg, Charles 253 Mayans see Mayans Heian (Kyoto) 78 Judas Maccabaeus and Linnaeus, Carl 178, 179 Monte Alb\u00e1n 32, 42 Japonisme 213 Lithuania 117, 136, 292 Olmec culture 21, 24, 25, 34 Jimmu, first Emperor 28 Hasmonaean dynasty 40 Grunwald Battle 119 Pyramid of the Sun 52 J\u014dmon period 11, 12 Romans annex 43 Live Aid 290 revolution 246 Kabuki plays 144 Julius Caesar 44\u201345 Louis IX 107, 108 Texas Revolution 214 Kamakura Shogunate 103, 105 Julius II, Pope 130 Louis XIV 150, 153, 154, 156, 159, Toltecs 85, 88 Kokinsh\u016b anthology 85 Justinian 71, 72 Zapotecs 32, 42 Meiji Restoration 227 163 Mexico, Aztecs Noh theatre 116 K Louis XVI 162, 191 and Cort\u00e9s 131, 132 Portuguese trade 134\u201335 Luther, Martin 131, 132 Flower Wars 125 seclusion policy 219 Kangxi Emperor 166 Luxembourg 185, 274 Tenochtitlan 85, 111, 128 Seventeen Constitutions 73 Kant, Immanuel 182 Ly Thai To, Emperor 90 Triple Alliance 122, 125 Shimonoseki Treaty 240 Kashmir 280 Michelangelo 120, 130, 134, 146 Shintoism 177 Kennedy, John F. 278, 279, 283 M Middle Ages, parliamentary Taika reforms 75 Kenya Tokugawa Shogunate 142, 144, Madagascar 212 history 87 Mau Mau rebellion 271 Madero, Francisco 246 Miescher, Friedrich 215 219, 227 Mombasa 167 Magna Carta 105 Mongol Empire 99, 105 tsunami 190 Khomeini, Ayatollah 287 Malcolm X 280 Yamato kingdom 60 Khrushchev, Nikita 272, 279 Maldives 90 Baghdad 106 Japan, battles and wars King, Martin Luther 273, 278 Mali 105, 126, 139, 224 and Chinggis Khan 104 China 259 Korea Golden Horde 116, 117, 127 Gempei 103 Japanese invasions 67, 139 Mansa Musa pilgrimage 111 Japan invasion 109 Japanese-Russian 243, 244 Japanese-Russian War 243 Manchuria and Kublai Khan 107, 108, 109 Jokyu 105 Joseon dynasty 118 Oirat Mongols 124 Korea see under Korea Korean War 270, 272 Japanese invasion 256 Qing invasion 166 Manchuria 256 Manchu invasion 148 Japanese-Russian War 243 Song dynasty fall 108 Mongol Empire 109 Shimonoseki treaty 240 Mandela, Nelson 294 Timurid Empire 117 Nagashino Castle 137 turtle-ships 139 Mao Zedong 257, 266, 271, Yuan dynasty 107, 108, 113, 116 Onin War 126 unification 75, 86 see also China Osaka 142 Kosovo 117, 295 274\u201375, 280\u201381, 286 Montenegro 231, 247 Sekigahara 140\u201341 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 252 Marco Polo 109 Morisot, Berthe 229 Weihaiwei 240 Kublai Khan 107, 108, 109 Marshall Islands, hydrogen bomb Morocco World War II see under World Kuwait 187, 238, 294 Almohad conquests 98 Kyoto Protocol 298, 302 269 Almoravid Emirate 94, 96, 98, War II Marx, Karl 217 Java 212, 236 L Mauritius, dodo extinction 157 100 Maya Ibn Battuta, Islamic voyager 113 Borobudur temples 78\u201379 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) stabilization 187 303 Classic Period 56\u201357 Tondibi Battle 139 collapse 56 League of Nations 250, 256 Long Count calendar system Leary, Timothy 276 45, 56","314 INDEX Morse, Samuel 216 North America economic crisis 303 Seminole 206 Morsi, Mohamed 304 Adena culture 22, 40\u201341 Eerie Canal 210 September 11th 270, 300 Mozambique, independence 285 Boston Tea Party 191 Ellis Island 236\u201337 Texas Revolution 214 Mugabe, Robert 288, 306 Britain and Stamp Act 189 Emancipation Proclamation US\u2013Chinese trade war 307 Mussolini, Benito 249, 250, 258, Chaco Canyon Pueblo 89 Vietnam 276, 280 Declaration of Independence 224 \u201cwar on terror\u201d 300 265 192 Empire State Building 256 World War II see under World Myanmar (Burma) Florida 207 First United Congress 87 Georgia 177 Great Depression 257 War II China invasion 189 Hohokam settlement 76 Harlem Renaissance 254 Wounded Knee 236 guerrilla campaign 264 Jamestown 141 Hooker telescope 141 Norway 231, 259 Pagan kingdom 98 Louisiana claim 161, 203 Hurricane Katrina 302 Nubia kingdom 15, 19, 21, 71 Rohingya Muslims 306 Manhattan Island 147 Indian Appropriations Act 218 Kingdom of Kush 22, 26, 30 unification 91, 184 Massachusetts 148, 152 Indian Removal Act 213 Mero\u00eb 27, 30, 46 Mississippian Mound Building Jazz Age 254\u201355 see also Egypt N 100 \u201cJim Crow\u201d laws 237 nuclear arms race 268\u201369, 279, New York 157 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 252 Nadir Shah 171, 177, 178\u201379 Pennsylvania 160\u201361 McCarthyism 270 296 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 272, 274, Pilgrim Fathers 144 Manhattan Project 262, 268 Plan of Union 185 Marshall Plan 267 O 283 Pueblo people 160, 164 Moon landing 283 NATO 270 Salem witch trials 164 NAFTA trade agreement 295 Obama, Barack 303 Neanderthals 10 San Antonio fort 174 NASA 275, 289, 301, 304 Olympic Games 26, 241, 303 Netherlands tobacco exports 142 nuclear arms 268\u201369, 279, 291 Oman 154, 167 Watson Brake 13 Prohibition 250, 254 OPEC and oil crisis 285 Anglo-Dutch trade wars 154 racial segregation 232, 241, Organisation of African Unity Beachy Head Battle 164 North America, battles and wars colonialism 212 Fallen Timbers 199 246, 249, 273 (OAU) 279 Disaster Year 159 French and Indian 185 Red Cross 232 Otto I 87 Downs Battle 149 Revolutionary 192\u201393 San Francisco earthquake 244 Ottoman Empire 152 Dutch East India Company Seven Years\u2019 185, 186, 187 slave trade abolition 204 Yamasee 174 Strategic Arms Limitation Algiers invasion 212 140, 150 Armenian massacre 237 Grand Alliance 163 North America, Canada 158, 227 Treaty (SALT) 284 Asov Siege 166 and Indonesia 143, 146, 267 Canadian Pacific Railway 234 Strategic Defence Initiative and Balkans 124, 247 Java War 212 Inuit migration 97 Blue Mosque, Istanbul 143 Manhattan Island 147 NAFTA agreement 295 289 Cairo conquest 130 Nazi invasion 259 NATO agreement 270 Transcontinental Railway 210 Constantinople fall 124 Spanish Revolt 136 Seven Years\u2019 War 185, 186, 187 Tuskegee Institute 232 Crimea ceded to Russia 191, Thirty Years\u2019 War 153 U-2 spyplane 278 New Zealand North America, US Wall Street crash 253, 254 194 ANZUS Treaty 271 anti-war protests 276 Watergate 285 European campaigns 133 discovery 150, 189 ANZUS Treaty 271 whaler sinking 208 final defeat 167 Maori colonization 111 Boeing jet aircraft 243 women\u2019s vote 217, 228, 238\u2013 and Greek independence Waitangi Treaty 216 Brooklyn Bridge 228 women\u2019s vote 237, 238 California gold rush 217 39 209 Newcomen, Thomas 165, 173 Camp David Accords 286 Yellowstone Park 228 Iraq regained 149 Newton, Isaac 162 Capitol stormed 307 North America, US, battles and Koprolu viziers 155 Nicaragua, Sandinista 287 China relations 287 Lepanto Battle 136 Ni\u00e9pce, Joseph 212 Civil Rights Movement 272\u201373, wars Nicopolis Battle 118 Nigeria 276 1812 with Britain 205 Persian war 140 Biafran War 283 Constitution 194 Antietam 224 San Stefano Treaty 231 Edo people 124 counterculture 276\u201377 Civil War 224\u201325 Sevres Treaty 251 Nok culture 20, 54 and Cuba 241 Cuban missile crisis 279 Timur invasion 117 Yoruba culture 94 Iraq 301 Tulip period 174 Nightingale, Florence 224 Libya 202, 291 Vienna siege 161, 167 Nixon, Richard M. 276, 284, 285 Little Bighorn 230 Young Turks 245 see also Turkey","INDEX 315 P partition 180, 190 Reagan, Ronald 288, 289, 291 Milvian Bridge 62\u201363 Polish Succession War 178 religions see Buddhism; Mithridatic 42, 43 Pakistan 261, 266 Revolution 213 Ostrogoth invasion 70, 71 and Bangladesh 284 Solidarity 288, 292 Christianity; Hinduism; Islam; Palmyrenes 61 Hotak dynasty 171 World War II see under World Shintoism; Sikhism Punic 38\u201339 Kashmir claims 280 Rhodes, Cecil 235 Roman\u2013Gallic 35 Mohenjo-daro city 15 War II Rhodesia see Zimbabwe Social 42 see also India Pompey (general) 43, 44 Richelieu, Cardinal 147 Syracuse siege 39 population of planet 304 Robert the Bruce 111 Third Macedonian 40 Palestine Portugal Romania Trajan campaigns 52\u201353 and Britain 249, 258 Communist regime 292 Vandals sack Rome 68, 69 and Israel 267, 295 Alcacer Quibir Battle 137 Dacian kingdom 52\u201353 R\u00f6ntgen, Wilhelm 240 Oslo Accord 295 and Angola 158 San Stefano Treaty 231 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 257, 260, Saladin conquers Jerusalem Aviz dynasty 117 Romans and Roman Empire 103 and Azores 122 Antonine Constitution 58 263, 265 see also Israel China\u2019s Red Flag Fleet 205 Antonine Wall 54 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 188 explorers 129, 130 calendar reform 44 Russia (Soviet Union) Panama, Jenkin\u2019s Ear War 179 independence 100, 150 Colosseum 49, 52 pandemics see under health and Lisbon earthquake 186 and Constantinople 63 Anti-Jewish pogroms 233 Madrid Treaty 184 decline and fall 64\u201365 Avar kingdom 72 medicine Peninsular War 204 engineering and architecture Bolsheviks 249, 250 Papin, Denis 165 Revolution 213 48\u201349 Chernobyl 290\u201391 Paraguay San Ildefonso Treaty 184 founding of Rome 27 China relationship 163, 278, slave trade 124, 170 Four Emperors Year 51 Chaco War 257 Tordesillas Treaty 128 Gallic Empire breakaway 60 279 Triple Alliance War 225 Zamora Treaty 100 Germanic kingdoms 64 Crimea ceded to 191, 194 Paris Agreement 298, 306 and Zimbabwe 161 grid pattern cities 48 d\u00e9tente with Germany Parks, Rosa 273 printing and books, China 53, 91, Hadrian\u2019s Wall 53 Pepin III 77 literature 45 283 Periodic Table 227 92, 133, 191 medical knowledge 50 famine 250 Persia see Iran Prussia Military Anarchy period Great Northern Expedition Peru 59, 61 Chavin culture 21, 24, 34 Enlightenment 180 plague outbreak 54 176 Huari culture 70 France invasion 198 road network 48 Hermitage Museum 185 Huaynaputina eruption 140 Franco-Prussian War 226 slave revolt 43 International Women\u2019s Day Inca Empire 123, 133, 135, 137 Revolution 216\u201317 Tetrarchy system 61, 63 Machu Picchu 123, 246 Seven Years\u2019 War 185, 186, 187 Triumvirates 43, 44, 45 247 Moche culture 58 Teutonic Knights 106, 119 Twelve Tables of the Laws Nerchinsk Treaty 163 Nazca geoglyphs 69 Waterloo Battle 206 33 Novgorod 98, 106 Norte Chico culture 13, 14 see also Germany see also Christianity, Holy nuclear arms race 268\u201369, 279, Pacific War 230\u201331 Putin, Vladimir 297, 305 Roman Emperors Sican culture 97 Pyramids Romans and Roman Empire, 291 tsunami and earthquake 181 Egypt 14, 16\u201317 battles and wars Nystad Treaty 170 Peter the Great 160, 174\u201375 Mexico 52 Actium 45 plague 190 Philippines 262 Attila the Hun 64, 69 Romanov dynasty 142 People Power Revolution 290 Q Britain invasions 44, 50 Russian Primary Chronicle 77 photography 212, 228 Carthage destruction 41 San Stefano Treaty 231 Picasso, Pablo 245 Qianlong Emperor 179, 191, 200 Dacian invasion 52\u201353 Soviet Empire collapse Pilgrim Fathers 144 Goth invasion 66, 67 plague outbreaks 54, 72, 157, 190 R Judaea annex 43 292\u201393 Poland Marcommanic 54\u201355 Sputnik I 274 and Cossack rebels 154 racial segregation Masada capture 51 Strategic Arms Limitation Deluge 155 South Africa 267, 294 Grunwald Battle 119 US 232, 241, 246, 249, 273 Treaty (SALT) 284 Liegnitz Battle 106 Time of Troubles 141, 142 Lithuania unification 117, 136 railways 210, 211, 234, 236 Trans-Siberian Railway 236 Rameses II 21 U-2 spyplane 278 Raphael 120\u201321, 130 women\u2019s vote 238 World War II see under World War II","316 INDEX Russia (Soviet Union), battles and Sikhism 167, 171, 179, 217 Rocroi 151 television 273 wars Singapore 207, 262 Sagrajas 96 see also transport slave trade 158, 170, 171 Spanish Armada 138 Tewodros II 222 Asov Siege 166 Spanish Succession 170 Thailand Austerlitz 204 abolition 194, 196\u201397, 198, Spartacus 43 Chakkri Dynasty 193 Chechnya invasions 295, 297 204, 234 Sputnik I 274 coup 163 Cossack revolt 158 Sri Lanka 90, 303 Dvaravati 70 Crimea annexed 305 Barbados Slave Code 156 Buddhist canon 46 tsunami 301 Crimean War 219 first African shiploads 124 tsunami 301 Thomas Aquinas 107 Cuban missile crisis 279 Romans and slave revolt 43 Stalin, Joseph 272\u201373 Tibet, unification 150 Great Northern 175 Smalls, Robert 225 Stephenson, Robert and George tobacco imports, Britain 142 Japanese-Russian 243, 244 smartphones 286 transport and Napoleon Bonaparte 204, Smith, Joseph 212 210, 211 bicycle 207 Solomon Islands 262 Sudan early wheeled 13 205 South Africa flight, powered 243, 259 North Caucasus annexed 207 apartheid 267, 294 Darfur conflict 301 flight, solo transatlantic 253 Northern 170 Boer Wars 232, 243 Mahdists 233 flight, Zeppelin airship 242 Prague Spring 282 British South Africa Company Suleiman the Magnificent 133 motoring, early 235 Revolution 244, 249, 250 Sweden railways 210, 211, 234, 236 Russo-Turkish 179, 191, 194 235 Nystad Treaty 170 rubber tyres 215 South Ossetia 303 Cape of Good Hope 200 Polish Deluge 155 space travel 278, 283 strelsty military revolt 167 gold discovery 228 Riksbank central bank 157 steamboat travel 195, 210 Tatars, defeat of 127 Native National Congress 247 Thirty Years\u2019s War 148 Titanic sinks 246 Ussuri River 282 women\u2019s vote 238 Switzerland turtle-ships 139 Winter 260 Xhosa Wars 193 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) see also technology Rwanda, massacre 295 Soviet Union see Russia Trump, Donald 291, 306, 307 space travel 278, 283 303 tsunamis S Spain Revolution 213 Indian Ocean 301 anarchosyndicalists 257 Thirty Years\u2019 War 153 Japan 190 Saddam Hussain 288, 294, 301 Conquistadores 133, 135 Syria Lisbon 186 St Augustine 68, 73 C\u00f3rdoba 86, 91 Abbasids overthrow Umayyads Peru 181 St Francis of Assisi 104 Cortes of Le\u00f3n parliament 87 Tunisia Saladin 103 and Cuba 240, 241 77 Aghlabid empire 79, 85 Salem witch trials 164 Inquisition 127 Crusades 100, 109 Arab Spring 304 Saudi Arabia Madrid Treaty 184 Damascus 88, 100 Carthaginian Empire 25, 41 Prado Museum 185 refugees 305 French invasion 232 first state 181 Pueblo people 160 Zenobia of Palmyra 60\u201361 Punic Wars 38\u201339, 41 OPEC oil crisis 285 as republic 229, 256 Turing, Alan 209 Prophet Muhammad in Mecca San Antonio fort 174 T Turkey San Ildefonso Treaty 184 Byzantine Empire see 74 Tordesillas Treaty 128 Tacitus 45 and Wahhabi 203, 205 Vienna Treaty 176 Taiwan 156, 161 Byzantine Empire women\u2019s vote 238 Visigoths 73 Taliban 296 Constantinople 63 Saverey, Thomas 165 Spain, battles and wars Tanzania 244 G\u00f6bekli Tepe stone circles 12 Seljuqs 91, 95, 96 Almohad invasion 100, 105 Tasman, Abel 150 Hittites 18, 20 Septimius Severus 55 Arab-Berber invasion 76 technology Lydia kingdom 21, 29 Serbia Carlist 213, 229 Manzikert Battle 95 Balkan Wars 295 Civil War 258 and climate crisis 298\u201399, 302 Russo-Turkish war 179, 191, 194, San Stefano Treaty 231 Downs 149 Colossus code-breaker 209 Serb\u2013Bosnian coalition 117 Dutch Revolt 136 computing 208\u201309, 286 231 Severus Alexander 59 Eighty Years\u2019 153 electric battery 202 San Stefano Treaty 231 Shakespeare, William 139 Grenada fall 129 Islamic science 80\u201381 S\u00e8vres Treaty 251 Shalmaneser III 24, 25 Jenkin\u2019s Ear 179 Large Hadron collider 303 see also Ottoman Empire Shintoism 177 Peninsular 204 smartphones 286 ships see under transport steam engines 165 Sierra Leone 194 telephone 230 telescope 141","INDEX 317 Turkmenistan, Seljuqs 91 W Y Tutankhamun 20, 251 Wang Anshi 92 Yemen, civil war 305 U \u201cwar on terror\u201d 300 Yongle Emperor 118, 122 wars and battles see under Yongzheng Emperor 175, 179 U-2 spyplane 278 Yugoslavia UK see Britain individual countries; World Ukraine Wars Balkan Wars 295 Warsaw Pact 273 German invasion 262 Black Death 112, 114 Washington, George 192, 194 Cossack rebels 154 Watt, James 165 Z Greek Orthodox 88 Wellington, Duke of 206 and Vikings 84 West Indies Federation 274 Zambia, Victoria Falls 222 United Nations 265, 270, 298, William III (William of Orange) Zheng He 118 159, 163, 164 Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) 304 women\u2019s suffrage 238\u201339 Urnfeld culture 20 World War I British imperial expansion 235 US see North America, US armistice 249 Great Zimbabwe city 97 Uzbekistan, Samarkand 122 Austria-Hungary 248 independence 281, 288, 306 Franz Ferdinand 247 Portuguese driven from 161 V German advance halted 247 Zululand 206 German Mark collapse 251 British invasion 231 Venezuela Passchendaele 248 independence 204, 205 Verdun 248 social reforms 304 World War II Afrika Korps 263 Vesalius, Andreas 120 Atlantic, Battle of 263 Victoria, Queen 214, 215 Belgium 259, 261, 264 Vietnam blitzkrieg campaigns 261 Britain, Battle of 261 Cambodia War 216 Colossus code-breaker 209 Cham-Vietnamese War 126 El Alamein 263 Champa kingdom 55, 88, 100, France, Paris liberation 264 German invasions 259, 260, 126 262 Cochinchina Campaign 223 Germany, fall of 265 colonial rule 272 Hiroshima and Nagasaki Dai Viet kingdom 88 bombings 265, 268 Ly dynasty 90 Italy entry 263 Ming dynasty revolt 122 Italy invasion 264 peace 284\u201385 Japan, military occupation, end Trung sisters revolt 50 of 271 unification 202 Jewish genocide 263, 265 US troops in 279 Kursk Battle 264 Vietnam War 280 Munich Agreement 259 Vikings Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Britain 78 Pact 260, 262 Greenland 88 Okinawa capture 262 Iceland 84 Operation Overlord 264, 265 Ireland 83, 90 Pacific War 262 Ukraine 84 Pearl Harbor 262\u201363 Virgil 45 Russia and Stalingrad 264 volcanic eruptions Wright, Joseph 182\u201383 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull, Iceland 304 Huaynaputina, Peru 140 Krakatoa, Indonesia 232\u201333 Laki, Iceland 193 Vesuvius, Italy 51","318 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The publisher would like to thank Diana Vowles for proofreading. 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