Firearms - An Illustrated History

["M O D E R N A R T I L L E R Y ( 1 9 4 6 \u2013 P R E S E N T ) \u2022 299 Breech mechanism lever raises and Hydropneumatic Spring balancing gear lowers breechblock as required recuperator Muzzle brake Tarpaulins keep Hydraulic recoil dust off parts buffer Box trail \u25b2 BRITISH L118 LIGHT GUN The L118 Light Gun is a 105mm Multisection Date 1970s towed howitzer with a box-shaped barrel Origin UK tubular trail. It was originally built Length 28\u00beft (8.8m) for the British Army in the 1970s. Caliber 105mm Pinzgauzer all-terrain vehicles Range 10\u00bd miles (17.2km) (ATVs) are used by the British Army to tow this gun. Electronic assembly carries computer system FULL VIEW Cradle \u25c0 M777 HOWITZER Developed by BAE Systems, Date 2005 the M777 Howitzer is a Digital and Origin UK British gun that is used mainly radio link Length 10.7m (35ft) by the US marine corps. It is Caliber 155mm the world\u2019s lightest 155mm Road wheel Range 25 miles (40km) with howitzer and uses titanium M982 round parts. It is almost solely controlled by computers, which makes the gun extremely accurate due to its sophisticated aiming and positioning system. Stabilizer PROJECTILE USED BY M777 HOWITZER","300 \u2022 T H E M O D E R N E R A ( 1 9 4 5 \u2013 P R E S E N T D A Y ) DISGUISED FIREARMS Trigger Since the 16th century, attempts have been made to disguise Bullet fires through firearms as other objects (see pp. 222\u201323). Although early ignition front of flashlight systems (wheel-lock and flintlock) prevented any degree of effective disguise, the introduction of the self-contained metallic cartridge made it possible. As a result, from the mid-19th century onward, firearms have been made in the form of canes, umbrellas, pens, and so forth. These arms are effective only at close range, and civilian use of them is frowned upon by authorities because the weapons could be utilized for nefarious purposes, such as assassinations. Muzzle Flashlight casing conceals weapon mechanics Trigger \u25c0 CIGARETTE LIGHTER PISTOL \u25b2 FLASHLIGHT STINGER Date 1970s Date 1980s Origin Not known Origin US Barrel 1\u00bdin (4cm) Barrel 2in (5cm) Caliber .22in Caliber .22in What appears to be a cigarette This covert weapon is disguised as a lighter actually contains a flashlight and actually contains a .22in single-shot pistol.The trigger single-shot firearm.The bullet is loaded is of a clasp type and runs behind the flashlight\u2019s bulb section and is up the side of the \u201cgun\u201d body. fired by depressing the light switch. It is not known which country produced this firearm, but it was made in the 1970s. Trigger Leather-bound shaft Trigger \u25b2 WILSON UMBRELLA GUN Date 1985 Chamber Origin UK Barrel 30in (76.2cm) Caliber .410in Umbrellas lend themselves well to concealed firearms.This example comes under the category of \u201cgentry guns,\u201d along with theWilson cane gun above.The purpose of gentry guns such as these is somewhat ambiguous, since they are impractical for hunting and are of limited power for self-defense.This umbrella gun has a center-fire mechanism around its barrel. However, it is not licensed for sporting use in the US.","D I S G U I S E D F I R E A R M S \u2022 301 \u25b2 WILSON CANE GUN This cane gun is a \u201cgentry gun\u201d produced Barrel housed Date 1984 by the same gunmaker who made theWilson in shaft of cane Origin UK umbrella gun (below).With a caliber of .410in Barrel Not known and a range of up to 25 yards (23m), it would Barrel Caliber .410in have been suitable for poaching. \u25c0 RING PISTOL Cocking mechanism Date 1990s Origin Switzerland \u25b2 PEN PISTOL Trigger Barrel 1in (2.5cm) Caliber .22in Date 1990s Barrel This is possibly the ultimate concealed weapon. It has an Origin Lebanon overall length of only 1\u00bein (4.3cm) and the barrel is scarcely Barrel 2in (5cm) longer than the .22in cartridge that it fires. Penetration from such a Caliber .22in gun would be a matter of an inch or two, so the firing range would This pen pistol is of extremely need to be point-blank. lightweight\u20142\u00bdoz (70g)\u2014hence it uses the .22in cartridge. However, it would require careful handling if the pistol was not to endanger the user as well as the target. Muzzle Hammer Trigger Knife grip Cloth umbrella \u25b2 KNIFE PISTOL This modern weapon originated in China in the Date 2000s 2000s, and would be intended for criminal or Origin China covert use. It features a folding knife integrated Barrel 1in (2.5cm) with a three-shot pistol firing .22in ammunition. Caliber .22in The .22in round is ideal for small weapons such as this firearm, since it produces negligible recoil.","302 \u2022 H O W G U N S W O R K B E F O R E T H E 1 9 T H C E N T U R Y HOW GUNS WORK Matchlock BEFORE THE A user loaded a charge of gunpowder and a lead ball at the muzzle, 19TH CENTURY then poured a small amount of finer-grained gunpowder into the priming pan, before closing the pan cover. He would then place a Early guns were tubes of bronze or iron, loaded at the piece of match-cord, its end already smoldering, in the jaws of muzzle with a propellant (main charge of gunpowder) and a snake-shaped match-holder called a serpentine.The user might a projectile (ball of lead or stone).The barrel had a small test the position of the end of the match by gently squeezing the hole\u2014a vent, or touchhole\u2014at the breech, into which a trigger to lower the serpentine, to make sure the match was user placed priming powder (a small amount of gunpowder). positioned over the center of the closed pan. Igniting this priming powder, usually with smoldering match-cord, caused flames to pass down the vent and fire the Main charge Lead ball Match propellant in the barrel.The vents of later hand-cannon were (gunpowder) on the right of the breech, with a shelf, or pan, for the priming powder. Next came devices that ignited the priming powder Vent Serpentine holds mechanically.These mechanisms were called locks, because end of match their workings resembled the lock mechanism on a door or Priming chest.The first was the matchlock. Pan powder Pan cover OVERHEAD VIEW OF MATCHLOCK MECHANISM Pan cover drawn Smoldering Match back manually end of match Trigger Pan carrying Serpentine priming powder \u25b2 FIRING ARTILLERY 1Before firing, the user readies the gun by blowing on the already-smoldering Until the 19th century almost all artillery was fired by match- match to enliven it, and by moving the pan cover aside. cord, usually held at the end of a rod (linstock) to allow the gunner to stand away from the recoiling gun. In the late 19th Smoldering end of match Serpentine swings backward century, gunners were able to fire instantly using \u201cfriction tube\u201d contacts priming powder primers\u2014copper tubes containing fine gunpowder placed directly into the vent. It was operated by a lanyard, as seen here, which was a length of cord with a hook. Wrought-iron barrel Vent Wooden tiller, which was used to adjust aim \u25b2 HAND-CANNON Pan Hand-cannon were the earliest guns small enough to be carried and fired by one user.They had no mechanical firing mechanism\u2014 User pulls trigger the user touched a smoldering match-cord on the vent manually. 2\u00a0Pulling the trigger rotates the serpentine, plunging the burning match into the pan with the priming powder.This produces a flash that ignites the main charge via a vent in the side of the barrel.","H O W G U N S W O R K B E F O R E T H E 1 9 T H C E N T U R Y \u2022 303 Wheel-lock Flintlock The wheel-lock used a rotating steel wheel to strike sparks from The flintlock had a simpler design than the wheel-lock. It used the a piece of iron pyrite. After loading the barrel, the user rotated the impact of natural flint on hardened steel to strike sparks.The cock held wheel with a key about three-quarters of a turn, until it was held by a flint, which was propelled forward by a spring to strike a steel part the trigger mechanism.Then he placed the priming powder in the called the frizzen, which was a combined striking plate and pan cover. pan.The top of the wheel passed up through a slot in the bottom The impact forced the steel back, opening the pan cover. Sparks fell of the priming pan, so that sparks produced when the iron pyrite into the priming powder to ignite it. contacted the wheel fell into the priming powder. Pan contains Piece of Frizzen (striking priming powder iron pyrite Flint plate and pan cover) Lock plate Dog Cock Trigger Steel wheel Key used Trigger Pan Frizzen spring (underneath lock plate) to wind wheel 1A spring-loaded arm called a dog, retained in position by the dog spring, holds a 1Before firing, the cock is held by a hooked part called a sear (inside piece of iron pyrite in its jaws.The user spans the lock\u2014winding the steel wheel the gun). A frizzen spring holds the frizzen closed over the pan. using a key, which compresses the mainspring (underneath lock plate). Cock plunges Flint strikes against Iron pyrite forward steel of frizzen placed over pan Pan open, exposing priming powder Trigger Frizzen spring pulled Pan cover is closed 2\u00a0Pulling the trigger retracts the sear, allowing the cock to spring forward to scrape the face of the steel.This impact forces the steel back, opening the attached pan 2\u00a0Before firing, the user moves the dog manually, placing it onto the cover and exposing the priming powder. pan cover, which is shut. Cock fully Sparks ignite forward priming powder Spinning wheel Pan cover of frizzen is open Pan is open, exposing priming powder Sparks Frizzen Trigger pulled ignite spring priming 3\u00a0Pulling the trigger releases the wheel, which starts spinning.The pan cover powder opens automatically, bringing the iron pyrite into contact with the wheel.The friction creates sparks, which ignite the priming powder, causing a flash that 3\u00a0Sparks caused by the flint striking the steel fall into the pan to ignite the priming ignites the main charge in the barrel. powder.This produces a flash that ignites the main charge in the barrel via a vent in the side of the barrel.","304 \u2022 H O W G U N S W O R K F R O M T H E 1 9 T H C E N T U R Y HOW GUNS WORK Bolt action FROM THE Bolt action, essentially based on the device that holds a garden gate 19TH CENTURY closed, is a sure and effective design of breech-loading firearm. The mechanism was used with the first repeater rifles, which were the The invention of percussion caps provided firearms first guns with magazines.The magazines contained cartridges ready with an instantaneous method for the chemical ignition of to be loaded and fired. the propellant (gunpowder). By the 1870s, these caps were contained within fully integrated metallic cartridges.These Bolt After drawing the bolt Firing pin Cartridge pushed up by the cartridges carried a projectile, propellant, and a primer in handle to the rear, the user magazine spring and forward one compact package. Cartridges could be loaded quickly moves it forward into the breech by the bolt at the breech of the gun\u2014with the cartridges being fed into the chamber by bolt action. Soon, cartridges were being fed Chamber repeatedly from magazines.The automation of this loading process, from magazines or belts, using a recoil-operated or Sear is Magazine spring a gas-operated action, led to semi-automatic (self-loading) and connected fully automatic weapons. to trigger Percussion cap 1The user lifts the bolt handle, rotating the body of the bolt and freeing its locking lugs, and draws it fully to the rear.This opens the breech of the gun. As the user A percussion cap is formed of two layers of copper foil with a mixture moves the bolt forward, it picks up a cartridge from the magazine and chambers it. of fulminate of mercury, potassium chlorate, and sulfur or antimony between them.The composition catches fire when the hammer strikes it. User places percussion Bolt fires Trigger Firing pin strikes Bullet cap on nipple forward fires trips sear Mainspring cartridge Nipple Hammer cocked Trigger Head of cartridge contains primer 1A sear (a hooklike part inside the gun) holds the hammer in the cocked position. The sear connects to the trigger.The user places the percussion cap on the nipple, User pulls trigger the bore of which leads to the propellant in the barrel. 2\u00a0As the user returns the bolt handle to the closed position, seating the locking lugs and sealing the breech, the mainspring and firing pin are held back by the sear, which keeps the bolt cocked. Pulling the trigger trips the sear and releases the firing pin. As the mainspring decompresses, the pin flies forward and impacts the primer at the head of the cartridge, detonating it and firing the bullet. Hammer strikes Flash travels down capped nipple bore of nipple Bolt pulled back by user Spent cartridge case ejected Vent to barrel User pulls trigger 2\u00a0Pulling the trigger trips the sear, releasing the hammer and driving it onto the 3\u00a0As the user withdraws the bolt, it extracts the spent cartridge case by means of a nipple.The primer in the cap ignites.The flame passes down the bore in the hook on the bolt head, which engages with the rim of the case.The recoil force nipple and through a vent into the main charge in the barrel, igniting it. generated pushes the bolt backward, compressing the mainspring, which then springs forward once more.The movement pushes up the next cartridge.","H O W G U N S W O R K F R O M T H E 1 9 T H C E N T U R Y \u2022 305 Recoil reloading Gas reloading Every action, Isaac Newton\u2019sThird Law of Motion tells us, has an As an alternative to harnessing the force of the gun\u2019s recoil, it equal and opposite reaction.The action\u2014ignition of the propellant\u2014 in a firearm\u2014propels the bullet down the barrel and on toward is possible to use some of the energy of the violently expanding its target.The reaction, known as the recoil, drives the gun into the shoulder or hand of the user. Recoil-operated action drives the gases that propel the bullet down the barrel. Some of that gas auto-loading action of many semiautomatic pistols and automatic guns, such as machine-guns. can be tapped off after the bullet has passed and employed to reload the gun by driving the breechblock or bolt to the rear. In automatic weapons, this action is cycled to produce continuous fire. Sear stops Mainspring Sear prevents bolt Bolt begins the bolt from begins to traveling fully forward Head of cartridge decompress to advance advancing farther contains primer Bolt begins to advance Cocking handle Piston Gas cylinder Cartridge is Cartridge is Barrel chambered chambered Firing pin Belt of cartridges Belt of cartridges Gas port is held in Mainspring position begins to by the sear decompress 1First, the user draws the cocking handle back against the mainspring, compressing 1First, the user draws back the bolt against the mainspring.The mainspring pushes it. As the mainspring rebounds, it pushes the bolt forward, stripping a cartridge it forward again and as the bolt begins to advance, it strips a cartridge from the from the magazine and chambering it.The sear is connected to the trigger and now magazine and chambers it.The bolt is attached to a piston in a cylinder running holds the bolt and the firing pin in position. parallel to the barrel. At the head of the cylinder is a gas port. Mainspring Sear is Pin strikes cartridge Mainspring Bolt moves forward Bullet fires extends fully released extends fully from cartridge Trigger pulled Bullet fires Firing pin strikes Gas port by user from cartridge cartridge Bolt jumps Trigger pulled forward by user 2\u00a0Pulling the trigger releases the sear.The mainspring extends fully, pushing the 2\u00a0Pulling the trigger releases the sear.The mainspring extends, pushing the bolt bolt fully forward and sending the firing pin flying toward the cartridge.The pin forward.The firing pin impacts with the primer in the head of the cartridge, impacts the primer in the head of the cartridge and detonates it, igniting the detonating it, igniting the propellant and firing the bullet. propellant and firing the bullet. Recoil first throws Compressed Bolt travels Cartridge case Gas pushes bolt to rear mainspring to the rear is ejected piston will propel backward Cartridge case bolt forward Gas cylinder is ejected automatically Compressed Next cartridge Next cartridge Some gas bleeds mainspring for chambering for chambering off into cylinder will propel bolt forward via gas port automatically 3\u00a0The recoil from firing the cartridge sends the bolt backwards, ejecting the empty 3\u00a0As the bullet passes the gas port, some of the gas produced by burning the propellant cartridge case and allowing a new cartridge to enter the chamber. If the trigger bleeds through the port, forcing the piston backward.As the bolt travels to the rear, remains depressed, the cycle continues. it ejects the spent cartridge case.The mainspring then extends, pushing the bolt ahead and chambering a new cartridge. If the trigger remains depressed, the cycle continues.","306 \u2022 A M M U N I T I O N B E F O R E 1 9 0 0 AMMUNITION Early cartridges BEFORE 1900 Early 19th-century cartridges carried a measured quantity of gunpowder and Smoothbore guns and rifles were loaded at the muzzle a bullet.Wrapped in paper, skin, or fabric, these cartridges posed a problem for with lead balls and a separate propellant (gunpowder), breech-loading guns, whose breeches had to be sealed to prevent leakage of gases ignited by fine gunpowder acting as primer. Guns became produced by the ignited propellant.To propel the bullet efficiently, a gas-tight easier to load with the advent of the cartridge, a package seal was needed at the breech.The solution lay in the metallic cartridge, which carrying the lead ball and propellant.While early paper was able to seal the breech perfectly. At the same time, metallic cartridges cartridges had to be torn open, later ones could be loaded became \u201cunitary\u201d cartridges by integrating the primer, along with the propellant whole. It was the unitary metallic cartridge (see pp.112\u2013 and projectile, within their metal shell. Metallic cartridges for rifled arms 13), a combination of cartridge and primer in one case, have longer ranges than those of handguns.They are usually longer than pistol that made breech-loading quick and simple. cartridges, contain more propellant, and are designed for longer barrels, which allow bullets to be fully accelerated.This provides more velocity and The powder-and-ball era energy to the bullet, increasing its range and penetration power. To achieve any sort of accuracy, the ball fired from a smoothbore PAPER CARTRIDGES Ball held at one end gun had to be spherical and of an exact size. Rifling improved The first cartridges were matters, but made the weapon slow to load; the problem was nothing more than paper WESTLEY RICHARDS solved by the expanding bullet (see pp.98\u201399). packages containing a measured \u201cMONKEY TAIL\u201d CARTRIDGE charge of powder and a ball. This paper-wrapped cartridge had a greased felt Rifle belt They were used with both wad at the rear, which remained in the breech until flintlock and percussion systems. pushed forward for removal before a new round MUSKET\/RIFLE BALLS BELTED BALL was loaded. Doing so cleaned the bore and Pin reduced fouling. The size of the ball was expressed in \u201cbore,\u201d Some balls, such as the Brunswick ball being the number of balls of that size that (see p.98), were belted to slide into could be cast from 1lb (0.45kg) of lead. the grooves in a gun\u2019s rifled barrel. Groove PIN-FIRE CARTRIDGE SNIDER-ENFIELD BOXER CARTRIDGE Skirt Invented in the 1830s, the pin-fire This was an early experiment at producing a was an early version of the unitary center-fire cartridge, in the 1860s, with the primer MINI\u00c9 BULLETS GROOVED MINI\u00c9 BULLET metallic cartridge.When the at the center of the base.This cartridge for the These bullets had a hollow base.The force Greased grooves in the bullet trigger was pulled, the gun\u2019s Snider-Enfield rifle had a perforated iron base of the propellant detonating caused the lubricated the barrel as the hammer fell on a pin projecting and walls built up from coiled brass foils. bullets\u2019 skirts to expand and grip the rifling. bullet gripped the rifling. from the base of the cartridge.The force of impact drove the pin into the primer contained within the cartridge\u2019s base, igniting the primer and firing the gun. .56IN-50 SPENCER (1860) 11MM CHASSEPOT (1871) The rim-fire was another early type After the Franco-PrussianWar (1870\u201371), of metallic cartridge.This rim-fire the cartridge developed for the Mauser M71 round was fired by the first effective rifle was adapted for the Chassepot rifle, repeater rifle\u2014the Spencer which was converted to take it. carbine\u2014from the CivilWar-era. Percussion cap .30IN-30 WINCHESTER (1895) .303IN MK V (1899) This cartridge was the first \u201ccivilian\u201d The British Army\u2019s Lee-Metfords and PERCUSSION CAPS round to be charged with smokeless Lee-Enfields were chambered for this The percussion cap (see pp.80\u201381) provided an easier way to ignite powder (see pp.142\u201343), a new blunt-nosed rifle bullet from 1899. the propellant by using a chemical primer. It was a thin, copper cap propellant. It contained 30 grains shaped to fit over a hollow plug attached to the breech of the gun. (1.94g) of it. The chemical in it exploded when struck by the gun\u2019s hammer. Percussion caps could be used with powder and ball, as well as the earliest cartridges.","A M M U N I T I O N B E F O R E 1 9 0 0 \u2022 307 CARTRIDGE BOX FOR REPEATING RIFLES (1871) Pistol cartridges .476IN WEBLEY (1881) Manufacturers of firearms preferred owners to use their The .577in revolver was unwieldy and own brand of ammunition.This pack of Winchester rifle Pistols fire over a shorter range than a replacement in .476in caliber was cartridges is typical of the late 1800s. rifles, and they use shorter cartridges adopted instead. It, too, was short-lived. that contain less powder and are less BULLET BOX FOR MATCH RIFLES (1872) powerful. Shorter barrels mean a lower 10.4MM BODEO (1889) To maintain consistent shooting, competitors in long-range bullet velocity and lower penetrating This revolver cartridge, used by the Italian \u201cmatch\u201d rifle-shooting contests demanded great precision in the power. Like rifle cartridges, they Army from 1891, produced a muzzle manufacture of ammunition components. Swaged, or pressure- developed from rim-fire to the better velocity of 837ft (255m) per second\u2014 formed, bullets were individually weighed. center-fire design in the 1860s. higher than most cartridges of the time. TOOLS .44IN HENRY (1860) .455IN WEBLEY (1891) BALL MOLD This rim-fire round had primer Webley\u2019s first smokeless-powder cartridge arranged around the base of its case. was more powerful than earlier types.As a BALL\/BULLET MOLD It was soon superseded by the lighter bullet with a more powerful charge, it center-fire cartridge. could travel faster and inflict more damage. .44IN ALLEN AND WHEELOCK (1860S) 7.63MM BERGMANN (1896) Allen andWheelock revolvers were The first cartridges made for the chambered for \u201clip-fire\u201d cartridges (similar Bergmann No 3 pistol in 1896 were to rim-fire), chiefly in small calibers. rimless and grooveless, with a sharp nose. .45IN COLT (B\u00c9N\u00c9T 1865) Shotgun cartridges Colonel SV B\u00e9n\u00e9t\u2019s 1865 version of the center-fire cartridge formed the Only the very largest shotgun basis for Berdan\u2019s popular center-fire cartridges were made entirely of metallic cartridge. brass. Others had cardboard bodies. CASTING BULLETS .45IN COLT (THUER 1868) 10-BORE PIN-FIRE Until the sale of loose bullets became common, firearms were supplied Alexander Thuer developed a method of Production of most with molds, with cavities into which molten lead was poured via channels. converting Colt \u201ccap-and-ball\u201d revolvers pin-fire cartridges The metal solidified in the molds, producing ammunition of the correct to fire this tapering brass cartridge. ceased in the 1860s. size. Excess metal that solidified in the channels was termed sprue. However those for Seen here are two molds.The upper mold has an automatic sprue cutter, .44IN SMITH ANDWESSON shotguns, continued which simply sliced off the sprue as the mold was opened.The lower RUSSIAN (1870) until the 1920s. mold has a more usual pivoting sprue cutter, which would cut off the This center-fire cartridge was sprue when knocked to one side. supplied to the Russian Army for WILDFOWL CARTRIDGE Smith andWesson revolvers. Large cartridges such as this were loaded CAPPER\/ with up to \u00beoz (20g) of gunpowder and DECAPPER 3\u00bdoz (100g) of shot. RELOADING PRIMERS .577IN WEBLEY (1880S) This tool was used to remove fired primers\u2014a special form of percussion Many small-caliber cartridges lacked the cap\u2014and install fresh ones in the heads of metallic center-fire cartridges. explosive power to stop a man.Webley addressed this with a .577in cartridge.","308 \u2022 A M M U N I T I O N A F T E R 1 9 0 0 .470IN NITRO EXPRESS (1907) \u201cNitro\u201d refers to the propellant, while \u201cExpress\u201d refers to the bullet, AMMUNITION AFTER 1900 which was first produced in 1907.The bullet is hollow at the tip\u2014 on hitting the target, the bullet expands, reducing its penetration but Following the development of the unitary brass cartridge, increasing the tissue damage. Muzzle velocity of the bullet is 2,150ft which combined all three essential elements (primer, propellant, (655.3m) per second, with 5,130ft-lb (6,955J) of energy. and projectile) in one package, it only remained for the nature of those elements to be improved. Primers became more effective 7.7 \u00d7 56MM ITALIAN (1910) and bullets became more aerodynamic and capable of accuracy at The Italian 7.7mm cartridge had a 173-grain (11.25-g) long ranges. However, the most important developments were bullet and a small charge with a muzzle velocity of in propellant. In the final decade of the 19th century, propellants 2,035ft (620.3m) per second. evolved, with the advent of smokeless powder and later of a nitroglycerine-based mixture generally known as cordite.This .303IN MKVII (1910) replaced gunpowder entirely. This version of the Lee-Enfield cartridge, with a 180-grain (11.66-g) bullet, had a muzzle velocity of 2,460ft (804.6m) Rifle cartridges per second and 2,420ft-lb (3,281J) of energy. In the late 19th century, rifle bullets acquired a sharply pointed .50IN BROWNING \/12.7MM M2 (1916\/17) nose and a taper toward the tail.The shape minimized air resistance Developed for the M2 machine-gun and adopted as a rifle in flight, which almost doubled their effective range and improved round, this cartridge has a 710-grain (46-g) bullet and their accuracy. In these examples, both velocity and energy are a muzzle velocity of 2,800ft (853.4m) per second. measured at the muzzle.The heavier the bullet and the higher its velocity, the greater is its energy. .22IN HORNET (1920s) One of very few high-velocity miniature rounds, the .22in 8 \u00d7 58MM KRAG (1889) Hornet was developed in the 1920s. Its 45-grain (2.9-g) This option for the Krag-J\u00f8rgensen rifle was adopted by the bullet leaves the muzzle at 2,690ft (820m) per second. Danish Army.This 195-grain (12.7-g) bullet had a muzzle velocity of 2,525ft (770m) per second. 7.92 \u00d7 33MM KURTZ (1938) This was the first effective intermediate cartridge\u2014less powerful than 7.7 \u00d7 56MM JAPANESE (1889) a typical battle rifle cartridge, such as the 7.62 \u00d7 54mm Russian, but This fully rimmed cartridge\u2014in which the rim was significantly significantly more powerful than pistol cartridges. It was developed in wider than than the base of the cartridge\u2014was used by the Arisaka Nazi Germany and was copied by the Soviet Union in slightly smaller rifle. It had a 175-grain (11.35g) bullet and a muzzle velocity of dimensions. It had a range of around 1,950ft (595m). 2,350ft (716.3m) per second. .257INWEATHERBY MAGNUM (1944) 7.62 \u00d7 54MM RUSSIAN (1891) This is loaded with an 87-grain (5.31-g) \u201cvarmint\u201d bullet\u2014 This \u201c3-line\u201d cartridge was loaded with a 150-grain (9.65-g) for rifles used to shoot small mammals, such as rodents.The bullet that left the muzzle at 2,855ft (870m) per second.The cartridge achieves a muzzle velocity of 3,825ft (1165.8m) \u201cline\u201d is a caliber measure approximating one-tenth of an inch. per second and delivers 2,826ft-lb (3,832J) of energy. 7.92 \u00d7 57MM MAUSER (1905) Also called the SmK cartridge, this was loaded with a steel-jacketed 177-grain (11.5-g) bullet that left the muzzle at 2,745 ft (836.6m) per second.The boat-tail (tapered end) of the bullet reduced the size of the vacuum at the base of the bullet, and increased its accuracy. .30IN-06 SPRINGFIELD (1906) The .30in-06 remained in US service from 1906 until 1954. Its 152-grain (9.85-g) bullet left the muzzle at 2,910ft (887m) per second, with 2,820ft-lb (3,823J) of energy.","A M M U N I T I O N A F T E R 1 9 0 0 \u2022 309 .30IN M1 CARBINE (1940) Pistol cartridges 9MM PARABELLUM (1901) This intermediate round developed for the AmericanWorld Also known as 9mm Luger, this is the most War II-vintage M1 Carbine is loaded with a 110-grain (7.13-g) The only significant change in the common cartridge in the world. Countless blunt-nosed bullet, effective at up to 600ft (180m). character of pistol ammunition after firearms have been chambered for it. 1900 was the introduction of the 7.62 \u00d7 51MM NATO (1954) high-performance Magnum load. When NATO chose a new rifle and machine-gun cartridge in the early 1950s, it opted for one based on the .30in-06. .38IN S&W (1877) 8MM NAMBU (1902) This is the least powerful .38in cartridge. It The Japanese officer\u2019s pistols issued from .458IN WINCHESTER MAGNUM (1956) gives the 145-grain (9.4-g) bullet a muzzle 1909 onward were the only weapons ever Developed in 1956 as a \u201cbig game\u201d round, with a 500-grain velocity of 685ft (208.7m) per second and made for this powerful round. (32.4-g) bullet, it has a muzzle velocity of 2,040ft (621.8m) 150ft-lb (203J) of energy. per second and 4,620ft-lb (6,264J) of energy. .32IN LONG (1896) .45IN ACP (1904) .338IN WINCHESTER MAGNUM (1958) Though a popular caliber for revolvers, An iconic pistol cartridge, the .45in First produced in 1958, this cartridge was developed for large the original .32in cartridge was low on Automatic Colt Pistol round was North American game. It can be loaded with a variety of bullets, power. A longer version was produced developed for the John Browning- from 175 to 300 grains (11.34g to 19.44g) in weight. in 1896. designed Colt M1911. SS109 5.56MM (1962) .45IN MARS (1899) 9MM STEYR (1911) The NATO-standard SS109 5.56mm round has a steel-tipped This was the most powerful pistol There are many varieties of 9mm projectile, which allows it to penetrate steel effectively.The ammunition in the world prior to revolver cartridge.This one was cartridge weighs 61.7 grains (4g) and achieves a muzzle the arrival of the .44in Magnum.The developed for a pistol designed velocity of 3,085ft (940.3m) per second. bullet had a muzzle velocity of 1,200ft by Mannlicher. (370m) per second and 700ft-lb (950J) 7MM REMINGTON MAGNUM (1962) of energy. Loaded with 62 grains (4,02g) of propellant and a 150-grain (9.72-g) spitzer bullet, this produces a muzzle velocity of 3,100ft .32IN AUTO (1899) .357IN MAGNUM (1935) (944.8m) per second and 3,220ft-lb (4,365J) of energy. A popular caliber for small self-loading Developed by Smith and Wesson and pistols, the .32in has a 60-grain (3.89-g) Winchester, this cartridge has been .416IN REMINGTON MAGNUM (1988) bullet and produces 125ft-lb (169J) produced in many varieties. Average A development of a cartridge produced by John Rigby and Company of energy. muzzle velocity is around 1,300ft in 1911, the .416in Remington produces a muzzle velocity of 2,400ft (396.2m) per second. (731.5m) per second and 5,115ft-lb (6,935J) of energy. 9MM MARS (1899) .44IN MAGNUM (1954) Severely bottlenecked cartridges (with This round was originally developed for necks narrower than the rest of the case) revolvers, but later adopted for rifles and are unusual in pistols, but the designer carbines as well. A 240-grain (15.55-g) insisted on a heavy propellant load for bullet leaves the muzzle at 1,500ft the 9mm Mars. (457.2m) per second with 1,200ft-lb (1,627J) of energy. .243IN WINCHESTER MAGNUM (2003) .380IN ENFIELD\/WEBLEY (1900) .50IN ACTION EXPRESS (1988) This short-case round delivers less power than a normal cartridge: a Made for the Enfield Mk 1 revolver, the Developed for the Desert Eagle pistol, its 100-grain (6.48-g) bullet leaves the muzzle at 2,960ft (902.2m) per 200-grain (12.96-g) bullet was almost as 325-grain (21-g) bullet leaves the muzzle second with 1,945ft-lb (2,637J) of energy. powerful as the .455in it replaced. with 1,415ft-lb (1,918J) of energy.","310 \u2022 G L O S S A R Y Glossary Discharger cup Gunpowder A cup fixed to the end of a musket or rifle A mixture of saltpetre, charcoal, and sulfur. Action Breechblock to accept grenades or missiles for firing. Until the 1880s, the sole propellant used in The mechanism of a gun involving the An iron or steel component that slides or small arms and artillery. loading and firing of a cartridge and hinges to expose the breech of a barrel to Dog the ejection of the spent cartridge. allow reloading, and against which the The spring-loaded arm that holds the iron Halberd cartridge rests while being fired. pyrite in a wheel-lock gun. A weapon with a short, wide, axlike Artillery blade, a spearpoint, and a back pike for Guns that are too big and heavy to be fired Breech-loader Double-action penetrating armor. by hand, including cannon, and also smaller A firearm in which the propellant and An action type, typical of a revolver, in which weapons, such as swivel guns. projectile are loaded at the breech of the hammer can be cocked either automatically Hammer the barrel. by pulling the trigger, or manually. An externally-mounted spring-driven part Assault rifle that is cocked by hand.When released by A short-barreled, easily portable rifle Bridle Extractor the trigger, it struck the cap on the nipple capable of selective fire\u2014semiautomatic or A piece of metal projecting from the pan The moving part of a firearm that removes of a percussion firearm, or the cartridges of automatic fire\u2014and utilizing a high-capacity of a flintlock to support the head of the spent cartridge cases from the chamber revolvers and earlier kinds of breech-loading magazine with medium- and small-caliber frizzen\u2019s pivot screw; also, a bridging piece after firing. sporting guns and rifles. cartridges with short cases. inside a gunlock to stabilize the inner end of the axle of the tumbler (part of the Field gun Hand-cannon Automatic sear mechanism). A portable artillery piece that was towed A small, crude, cannonlike firearm dating Describes a firearm that will load and fire alongside infantry and cavalry on the from the early 15th century. It was equipped continually while the trigger is kept pulled. Bullpup battlefield. In the 18th and 19th centuries, with a wooden tiller to direct it. A type of rifle configuration in which the it fired solid shot, explosive shells, and Barrel shroud firing mechanism is set in the butt, allowing canister shot (shot made of smaller balls). Harquebus A covering attached to the barrel of a for a normal-length barrel in a relatively Modern field guns fire shells. A man-portable firearm that evolved firearm that insulates the user\u2019s hands short weapon. It also allows the magazine from the hand-cannon. It was equipped with from the hot barrel. to be housed behind the trigger. Firing pin a wooden stock to rest it against the user\u2019s A thin rod that strikes the primer of a shoulder, arm, or chest, and was originally Battery Butt center-fire cartridge when the trigger is fired by a handheld match-cord. A group of artillery weapons\u2014usually four The part of a long gun held to the shoulder pulled. It can be moved by an external to eight. or the part of a pistol held in the hand. hammer on the gun or, in firearms with Heavy machine-gun bolts, positioned at the end of the bolt. A machine-gun chambered for a round of Bayonet Caliber larger-than-rifle caliber, usually 12.7mm. A blade designed to fit into, over, under, or The internal diameter of a weapon\u2019s barrel; Flash hider It was usually fired from a fixed mount. around the muzzle end of a firearm, enabling also used to describe specific cartridge types. A device that conceals the flash of burning it to be used as a close-combat weapon. gases exiting the muzzle on firing a gun. Hinged frame Carbine A pistol in which the barrel can be hinged Blowback A short-barreled rifle or musket. Among Flint down to expose the chamber. A type of firearm operation in which muzzle-loading firearms, a carbine was often A piece of stone with a sharp edge that is the loading cycle is driven by the motion of lighter caliber than a long musket. capable of producing sparks when that edge Hold-open device of the spent cartridge case as it is pushed is struck against hardened steel. A catch that holds back a long gun\u2019s bolt if backward by the exploding gases, which are Cartridge there is no cartridge to be chambered; it also produced by the ignition of the propellant. A wrapping of paper containing a measured Flintlock holds the slide of a self-loading pistol back charge of gunpowder and a ball or bullet (in A firing mechanism in which a flint strikes so that the weapon may be dismantled. Blunderbuss muzzle-loading firearms); a tube, usually a hardened steel surface, creating sparks A muzzle-loading firearm with a short barrel metallic, containing propellant, primer, that ignite the priming powder. Howitzer and a flared muzzle. and projectile (in breech-loading guns). A high-angle, long-range artillery piece, Forestock fitted with a shorter barrel than a field gun, Bolt Center-fire The part of the stock of a firearm under the used for destroying fortifications and trench In bolt-action weapons, the rod-shaped part Describes a self-contained cartridge barrel and forward of the trigger guard. systems. After World War I, howitzers come that closes and seals the breech. It loads and carrying the chemical primer in the center to include longer-barreled weapons. extracts cartridges and carries the firing pin. of its head. It is the most modern form of Frizzen It is also present in recoil- and gas-operated metallic cartridge. In the flintlock mechanism, a curved Hydropneumatic recoil self-loading weapons. metal plate, formed by the union of the A type of recuperator mechanism for artillery. Chamber pan cover and striking steel that is usually Metal tubes below the barrel were partially Bolt action The part of a firearm from which the hinged and struck by a flint. filled with liquid. As the barrel recoiled on A mechanism for loading a firearm at its projectile is fired. firing, the liquid was forced back in the breech. In guns featuring this action, the bolt Fulminate tubes, compressing the air, which acted is manually moved using a small handle.The Cleaning rod A detonating chemical used as a primer as a natural spring to return the barrel breech opens, and the spent cartridge case is A metal device used to clean residue to ignite the main powder charge in the to its rest position. ejected while a fresh round is chambered. in the barrel. case of percussion locks and all subsequent types of firing mechanism. Iron pyrite Bore Cock A natural mineral that was used to produce The internal diameter of a gun\u2019s barrel. The clamp that holds the flint in a flintlock Gas operation sparks for igniting the priming powder in gun; the act of pulling back a hammer, bolt, A type of autoloading action in which the wheel-lock mechanism. Box-lock or cocking handle to ready a gun for firing. the loading cycle is driven by the gases A variant of the flintlock mechanism in produced by igniting the propellant. Lanyard ring which the cock was placed centrally inside Cycle A ring on the butt of a pistol or revolver the pistol. In later firearms, the term is used The series of operations necessary to General-purpose machine-gun by which the user can attach the weapon to describe a firing mechanism enclosed fire a round and return the gun to its (GPMG) to his body using a cord or strap. within a box-shaped housing in the breech. firing position. A multipurpose machine-gun that works either as a light or a medium machine-gun Lever action Break-open Cyclic rate and is mounted on a bipod or tripod. A mechanism for loading a gun at its breech. An action in which the barrel hinges An estimated rate of fire of an The lever is used to open the breech chamber. downward before the trigger guard for automatic weapon. Grenade loading at the breech of the firearm. A small bomb that can be fired by Light machine-gun (LMG) Cylinder grenade-launchers and also by some rifles. A machine-gun chambered for rifle-caliber Breech The part of a revolver that holds cartridges In the case of rifles, the grenade is mounted ammunition, but not capable of sustained fire. The rear part of the bore of a firearm or in separate chambers usually placed parallel on the muzzle and propelled by firing a artillery piece. to a central axis. blank cartridge down the barrel. Lock plate An iron or steel plate around which a Gunlock gun\u2019s lock mechanism is built; the main The firing mechanism on a small arm. part of many forms of gunlock.","G L O S S A R Y \u2022 311 Machine-gun Parabellum Recuperator Single-shot rifle A fully automatic weapon intended for The 9 \u00d7 19mm cartridge developed by A device that enables an artillery piece\u2019s barrel A rifle that has to be manually reloaded sustained fire from an ammunition belt Georg Luger for his self-loading pistol. to return to its firing position after recoil. after every shot. or magazine. Patchbox Repeating rifle Slide action Mainspring A compartment in the stock of a firearm; A rifle that can discharge multiple A firearm mechanism in which the The principal spring of a gunlock mechanism. used for storing tools and patches of greased consecutive shots using cartridges rearward and forward motion of a sliding In early gunlocks, it powered the wheel or cloth, in which the ball of a muzzle-loading loaded from a magazine. sleeve ejects the spent cartridge case, loads cock, and in later mechanisms, the hammer, rifle was wrapped before it was loaded in a new cartridge, and cocks the gun. Also striker, or firing pin. order to grip, clean, and lubricate the bore. Revolver known as pump action. A gun that carries ammunition in a Magazine Pepperbox rotating cylinder. Smokeless powder A storage device, detachable or integral, in a A popular name for a type of revolver, A smokeless propellant, used almost gun for holding and feeding the ammunition. usually percussion, which had no separate Rifle universally now, that is composed of Forms include box, drum, or tube. barrel. Instead the chambers of the cylinder A long-barreled firearm with spiral grooves a mixture of nitrocellulose and other were extended to form a group of barrels. in the barrel. chemicals and is shaped into thin flakes Magnum before being loaded into a cartridge. A long version of a standard cartridge. Its Percussion-cap mechanism Rifling Unlike black powder (gunpowder), it does increased length helps to accommodate more A firing mechanism featuring a small cap The spiral grooves cut into the barrel that not give away a concealed shooter\u2019s position. powder for higher velocity, power, and range. containing fulminate that serves as a primer. induce spin on the bullet. Smoothbore Matchlock Pin-fire Rifled musket Describes a gun barrel lacking a rifled interior. A firing mechanism incorporating a match- Describes a self-contained cartridge that A musket which has been rifled by adding cord (or \u201cslow-match\u201d) that ignites the includes a metal pin, which strikes and grooves in its barrel to impart a spin to Snaphance priming powder when the trigger is pulled. ignites the primer within the cartridge the bullet. An early flintlock mechanism featuring when hit by the weapon\u2019s hammer. a separate pivoting striking surface made Match-cord Rim-fire of steel, and a sliding pan-cover. Sometimes A hemp cord which was used to ignite Pistol Describes a self-contained cartridge that spelled \u201csnaphaunce.\u201d gunpowder in early firearms. A nonrepeating, repeating, or semiautomatic carries the primer in its rim.The primer small arm designed to be fired from one hand. is ignited when the firing pin strikes Solid frame Medium machine-gun and crushes the rim when hit by the A revolver design in which the cylinder A machine-gun chambered for rifle-caliber Prawl weapon\u2019s hammer. is held in a rectangular frame made by the ammunition and capable of sustained fire. A bump or a knob on the frame of a small top and bottom straps, the standing breech arm to prevent the user\u2019s hand from slipping. Safety catch end, and the part of the frame forming the Metallic cartridge A mechanism which helps prevent the rear of the barrel. A cartridge with a metallic case. Most Pricker accidental discharge from a firearm, are self-contained\u2014propellant, projectile A pointed metal tool used to clean out ensuring safe handling. Stock (bullet), and chemical primer are held residual gunpowder from a gun\u2019s touchhole. The portion of a firearm that is held by the within the case. Sear person firing it. Primer An often hooklike part of the firing Miquelet A substance lit by a firing mechanism to ignite mechanism that connects the trigger Submachine-gun A type of flintlock mechanism\u2014prevalent the main charge in the barrel. Priming powder to the cock, hammer, or striker. A handheld, fully automatic weapon in the Mediterranean between the late-16th (gunpowder) and a detonating chemical, such firing pistol-caliber rounds; it is shorter and mid-19th centuries\u2014in which the as fulminate, are both examples of a primer. Selective fire than a rifle. mainspring is on the outside of the gun. The system in some firearms for switching Priming powder between semiautomatic and automatic firing Suppressor Mortar The small amount of fine gunpowder lit mode.The preferred mode can be activated Another word for silencer. A short-barreled, muzzle-loading artillery by a firing mechanism to ignite the main by means of a selector. piece that fires projectiles at high angles. charge in the barrel. Toradar Mortars have evolved from weapons firing Self-loading An Indian matchlock gun on which the solid projectiles of stone to those firing Projectile Describes a weapon that employs recoil barrel and the stock are fastened together special self-propelled explosive projectiles. A bullet, ball, grenade, or shot (group force or the force of exploding propellant by coils of rawhide or wire. of small lead balls), fired by a firearm. gases to eject a spent cartridge and chamber Musket a new one. Also known as auto-loading. Touchhole A smoothbore, muzzle-loading long arm Propellant A hole in the breech of early cannon and that fires a spherical lead ball; the standard The chemical substance, such as gunpowder, Semiautomatic small arms through which the main charge military weapon carried by infantry from which imparts movement to the projectile Describes weapons that go through one was ignited. Also known as the vent. the 16th to the mid-19th century. in a firearm. Also called the main or cycle of firing and self-loading on each powder charge. pull of the trigger, but do not perform Trigger guard Muzzle brake continuous fire. Also known as self-loading. A frame protecting the trigger from damage A device that reduces the muzzle\u2019s tendency Ramrod See also Automatic. and unintentional pressure that could to lift or swing. Also known as a compensator. A wooden or metal rod employed in accidentally discharge the weapon. charging the weapon by ramming the wad Serpentine Muzzle-loader and bullet or shot down the barrel against An S-shaped piece of metal with a central Trunnion A firearm in which the propellant the powder charge. pivot attached to the side of a matchlock A cylindrical protrusion on each side of the and projectile are loaded from the gun. It held a slow match that was lowered barrel of an artillery piece on which it pivots gun\u2019s muzzle. Recoil onto the priming pan on pulling the trigger. to lower or elevate its barrel. The rearward movement of the barrel (or Nipple weapon) in reaction to the forward motion Shot Under-lever A small tube screwed into the breech of a of the bullet. A measured quantity of small lead pellets. A lever, placed under the barrel near the percussion firearm\u2019s barrel. It was hollow trigger guard, that is used to open the and allowed the burning gases from the Recoil operation Shrapnel breech in most lever-action guns. primer to reach the breech. A type of firearm action in which the loading Fragments or debris thrown out by an cycle is driven by the recoil of the barrel or exploding shell, grenade, or bomb. Wad Open frame breechblock after the firing of a cartridge. A piece of paper, cardboard, or felt, used to A revolver design in which the cylinder Single-action retain the charge in the cartridge or barrel. is not contained by a top-strap of metal Recoil spring An action type, typical of a revolver, in and can be removed easily for cleaning. A coil spring attached to the slide or other which the hammer must be cocked manually Wheel-lock type of breech component of a self-loading prior to each shot. A firing mechanism that provided a means Pan or automatic firearm. It initially absorbs for self-igniting a firearm for the first time. The receptacle for holding the priming the recoil, then returns the slide or breech Silencer It featured a wheel that created sparks on powder of either a matchlock, wheel-lock, mechanism to the closed position, readying A device that reduces, but rarely silences, rubbing against a piece of iron pyrite.The or flintlock gun. the gun for firing. the sound, flash, and recoil of a fired round. sparks then lit the priming powder.","312 \u2022 I N D E X Index BL 6in Mark 1 26cwt Howitzer 229 C BL 7.2in Mark III Howitzer 230\u201331 Page numbers in bold indicate major entries. Gatling Gun 138\u201339 Blakely 2.75-in RML Mountain Gun 132 C14 Timberwolf Sniper Rifle 253 muzzle-loading (1830\u201380) 132\u201333 Blakely Ordnance Company 132 Cadell,Thomas 45 2.75in Mountain Gun 218\u201319 Asia Blanchard,Thomas 62 Calisher and Terry Capping Breech-loading 3in Mortar 229 firearms (1650\u20131780) 72\u201373 Blish \u201cH\u201d piece 213 4-pounder Swivel Gun 70\u201371 firearms (1781\u20131830) 74\u201377 blowback system 167 Carbine 111 4.2in Mortar 231 Ottoman firearms 78\u201379 blunderbusses cannon 6-pounder Antitank Gun 232 assault rifles 176, 241, 243, 244\u201345 6-pounder Field Gun 69 1947\u201375 246\u201349 Clemmes Flintlock 58 1650\u20131780 66\u201367 6-pounder, Indian 66\u201367 1976\u2013present 250\u201351 double-barreled 58 1781\u20131830 68\u201369 7.2in BL Mark III Howitzer 230\u201331 Atra Model 901 Pistol 174 flintlock 58\u201359, 78, 79 early 12\u201313 7.7cm FK 96 NA Field Gun 219 Avtomat Kalashnikova see AK47; AK74 pistols 47 hand 14 9-Pounder RML Field Gun 133 Ax, Combination 35 Bofors 40mm Antiaircraft Gun 235 naval (before 1650) 16\u201317 12-pounder RBL 134\u201335 bolt 213, 248, 277 Canon de 75mm Mod\u00e8le 1897 218 12-pounder RML 133 B bolt action 108, 109, 114, 117, 144, 146, capper\/decapper 307 12in Mark I Howitzer on Railroad carbines 27 Mounting 228 Baby Dragoon Revolver 88 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 164, 225, 304 1650\u20131760 56\u201357 13-in Mortar 70 Baker, Ezekiel 58, 60 bolt action sniper rifles 252\u201353 1761\u20131830 58\u201359 13-in Sea-service Mortar 67 Baker, Newton D 94 bolt carrier 248 ArisakaYear 38\/44 156\u201357 18-pounder, Chinese 69 Baker Rifle 60\u201361 bolt handle 109 Berthier 154\u201355 18-pounder QF Mark II 218 ball mold 307 bombards 12\u201313 Berthier Mod\u00e8le 1916 154\u201355 24-pounder Gun 132 ball pommel 32 bombs, PIAT 238 breech-loading 110\u201311 32-pounder, Chinese 132 ball remover 101 Borchardt, Hugo 165, 166, 168, 169 Calisher and Terry Capping Breech-loading 40-pounder RBL 134\u201335 Ballard Rifle 114\u201315 Borchardt C.93 Pistol 166\u201367 50mm Light Mortar 36 229 balls 306 Boulanger, Georges 147 111 \u201cBaltic\u201d Flintlock 28\u201329 box-lock mechanism 46, 47, 48, 121 Carbine Ax 56\u201357 A bandoleers 25 Boxer, Colonel 112 Chassepot Percussion 110\u201311 Bar-Hammer Pepperbox Pistol 86 Boxted Bombard 12 Colt M4 240\u201341 accessories box 104 barbed wire 160\u201361 Boys MK1 Antitank Rifle 236\u201337 De Lisle 151, 222\u201323 Achenback, C. F. 128 Barker, Clyde 210 brass knuckles 220 early 32\u201333 Adams, Robert 92, 93 barrel bands 54 Breda Greene 110\u201311 Adams Double-action Revolver Model 1851 92 barrel bushing 178\u201379 Heavy Dragoon Pattern 1796 59 ADS Amphibious Rifle 268\u201369 barrel-locking systems 192 Modello 30 Machine-gun 205 Kropatschek Gendarmerie 144\u201345 Ager,Wilson 136 barrels 139 Modello 37 Machine-gun 199 Lee-Enfield No. 5 Mark 1 (\u201cJungle Carbine\u201d) Ager Machine-gun 136 breech-loading 14, 15, 44, 64, 81, 85, 112, 304 AGS-17 \u201cPlayma\u201d Grenade-launcher 294\u201395 assembly 178\u201379, 212, 248, 276 artillery 134\u201335 151 AK47 Assault Rifle 244, 245, 248\u201349, 261 bent 215 carbines 110\u201311 Light Dragoon Flintlock 57 AK47 Type 56S Assault Rifle 246\u201347 hinged 120 field guns 216\u201317 M1 176\u201377, 214, 215 AK74 Assault Rifle 246\u201347 shorter length 154, 156 mechanism 110, 114 M1A1 with Folding Stock 214\u201315 AK74 Assault Rifle with GP25 Grenade- Barton, George 173 pistols 44, 86, 87 Mau-Mau 288\u201389 battery guns see machine-guns rifled field guns 216, 217 Mod\u00e8le 1866 111 launcher 292\u201393 bayonets 47, 55, 58, 61, 100\u201301, 103, 151 rifles 98, 108\u201309, 114\u201315 Modello 1891 TS 146\u201347 Alberghetti, Orazio Antonio 67 bazookas 238 shotguns 120\u201321 Mosin-Nagant M1944 156\u201357 ammunition MIA1 238\u201339 swivel guns 16, 70\u201371 muzzle-loading 110 Beaumont, F. B. E. 92 Breech-loading 15-pounder 7cwt Field Gun Sharps 110\u201311 after 1900 308\u201309 Beaumont-Adams Revolver 92 Simonov SKS-45 242 before 1900 306\u201307 Benelli M1 Shotgun 285 216\u201317 Spencer Model 1865 117 ammunition belts 188, 203 Benet, Lawrence V. 195 Breech-loading Swivel Gun 70\u201371 Steyr M1893 Cavalry 146\u201347 amphibious firearms 268\u201369 Bennett,Thomas G. 180, 181 breechblock 167, 170, 171, 178 Westley Richards \u201cMonkey Tail\u201d 111 Anschutz-Miroku Over\/Under Shotgun 283 Berdan, Hiram 112, 113 Bren Gun 204\u201305 Winchester Model 1866 117, 118, 119 antiaircraft (AA) guns 232\u201335 Beretta, Bartolomeo 172, 173 Brno Model 465 Rifle 279 Winchester Model 1894 Sporting 224\u201345 antitank weapons Beretta, Carlo 173 \u201cBrown Bess\u201d 52\u201353, 64 see also rifles antitank artillery (1880\u20131945) 232\u201333 Beretta, Franco 173 Browning, John Moses 95, 119, 167, 168, Carl Gustav Recoil-less Rifle 297 antitank rifles 165, 236\u201339 Beretta, Giuseppe 172 Carnatic Torador 72\u201373 man-portable (1930\u201339) 236\u201337 Beretta, Pietro 172, 173 176, 178, 180\u201381, 183, 188, 192, 194, Carron Ironworks 70 man-portable (1940\u201345) 238\u201339 Beretta, Pietro Antonio 172 225, 258, 285 carronades 70, 71 recoil-less 296\u201397 Beretta, Ugo Gussalli 172\u201373 Browning, Jonathan 180 cartridges antimony 91 Beretta Browning, Matt 180 5.56mm NATO 142 AR7 Explorer Armalite Survival Rifle 292 89 Target Pistol 267 Browning .44in-40 Winchester 112 Arisaka, Col Nariakira 153 318 Pistol 175 BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle) 176, 181, .45in ACP 178, 212 Arisaka 418 Pistol 173 185, 194, 244, 258 .50in BMG 99, 252 Meiji 30 152\u201353 686 Onyx Pro Shotgun 283 cartridges 178 .450in Martini Henry Boxer 113 Type 99 Rifle 156\u201357 9000S Pistol 271 FN Browning HP 35 Revolver 181 after 1900 308\u201309 Year 38\/44 Carbine 156\u201357 M9 Pistol 173 GP35 Pistol (High Power) 174\u201375 brass 165 Armalite Company 245 Model 92FS Pistol 265 M2 HB Machine-gun 192\u201393, 199 center-fire 112, 113, 119, 120, 124, 136, Armstrong, Sir William 133, 216 Model 1918 Submachine-gun 172, 173 M1911 Pistol 173 Armstrong Model 1934 Pistol 173, 175 M1918 Light Machine-gun 181 162\u201363 12-Pounder RML 133 Model 1951 Brigadier Pistol 264 Model 1900 Pistol 167, 181 early 306\u201307 17.72-in 100-Ton Gun 132\u201333 Model S-686 Shotgun 282\u201383 Model 1917 Machine-gun 181, 188, 259 Enfield Rifled Musket 100\u201301 RBL 12-Pounder 134\u201335 Modello 1938\/42 Submachine-gun 209 Browning locking system 266, 270 flare 220 RBL 40-Pounder 134 S-686 Shotgun 173 Brunswick balls 98 fully-combustible paper 110 arquebuses see harquebuses SO Over-and-Under Shotguns 173 Brunswick Rifle 96\u201397 Lebel 8mm 142 artillery SO1 Shotgun 173 bullet molds 91, 104, 307 metallic 112\u201313, 115, 124, 128, 136, 142, 1880\u20131945 141 SO5 Shotgun 173 bullets 1885\u201396 216\u201317 SO6 Shotgun 173 casting 307 144, 164 1897\u20131911 218\u201319 Ultra Light Deluxe Shotgun 282\u201383 Desaleux solid brass\/bronze pointed NATO 242, 243 1914\u201336 228\u201329 Bergmann (spitzer) 142 paper\/fabric-wrapped 61, 112, 306 1937\u201345 230\u201331 LMG 15NA Machine-gun 202\u201303 higher-velocity 99 Parabellum 170, 171, 208 1945\u2013present 298\u201399 MP18\/1 Submachine-gun 206\u201307 lead 91 percussion revolvers 91 American Civil War 113, 130\u201331 No. 3 Pistol 167 Mini\u00e9 98\u201399, 306 pin-fire 112, 120, 306 antitank (1880\u20131945) 232\u201333 Berthier see also cartridges pistol 307, 309 breech-loading (1830\u201380) 134\u201335 Carbine (1907) 154\u201355 bullpup configuration 245, 250, 255, pyrotechnic smoke 220 early machine-guns 136\u201339 Mod\u00e8le 1916 Carbine 154\u201355 291 rifle 306, 308\u201309 field and naval (before 1650) 14\u201315 \u201cBig Bertha\u201d 228\u201329 Bundukh Torador 74\u201375 rim-fire 112, 124, 125, 128 field and siege (1650\u20131780) 66\u201367 BL 5.5in Medium Gun Mark III 231 Buntline, Ned 95 self-consuming paper 108 field and siege (1781\u20131830) 68\u201369 Buntline Specials 95 self-contained metallic 80, 81, 85, 112\u201313, Burnside Rifle Company 117 Burton, Frank F 244 128, 304 Burton\u2019s Automatic Rifle 244 shotgun 307 butt small caliber\/intermediate 244, 245 removable 213 smokeless 146, 150, 164 saw handle 48 standardized 242, 243 unitary 113, 116, 136, 304 see also bullets cascabel 70","I N D E X \u2022 313 cavalry 26\u201327, 38, 129 D FN Model 1950 Rifle 278 Gardner,William 137 cavalry carbines FN P90 submachine-gun 275 Gardner Gun 137, 184 D20 Howitzer 298 FN2000 Bullpup Assault Rifle 251 gas blowback\/leakage 112, 164 Modello 1891 TS 146\u201347 da Vinci, Leonardo 27 Falcon, Bronze, with Ten-sided Barrel 16\u201317 gas cylinder 249 Steyr M1893 146\u201347 Daewoo USAS-12 Shotgun 285 falling-block action 183 gas reloading 175, 177, 248, 305 center-fire revolvers 162\u201363 Dafte, John 49 Famas F1 Assault Rifle 245, 250 gas-operated firearms 180, 242, 266, 284, 285 Cermak, Jiri 247 dags 32 Ferguson Rifle 98 gas-operated machine-guns 188, 194\u201395, 199 CETME 243, 256, 258 Darne Rotary-breech Shotgun 282\u201383 FG42 Automatic Rifle 214\u201315, 259 Gastinne-Renette 86 charger 151, 164 Davies, John M. 119 Fiat-Revelli Model 1914 Machine-gun 199 Gatling, Richard Jordan 136, 138 Charleville Model 1763\/66 Musket 55 De Lisle Carbine 151, 222\u201323 field artillery Gatling Gun 138\u201339, 184 Charleville Pattern Musket, Springfield 63 de Lisle,William Godfray 222 1650\u20131780 66\u201367 Charter Arms Police Bulldog Revolver 262 de Reffye, Commandant 137 1781\u20131830 68\u201369 Early Gatling converted to metallic Chassepot, Alphonse 111 De Reffye Mitrailleuse Volley Gun 137 1830\u201380 132\u201335 cartridge 136 Chassepot Percussion Carbine 110\u201311 Deane, John 93 1885\u201396 216\u201317 Ch\u00e2tellrault Mod\u00e8le 1924\/5 Machine-gun 204 Deane-Harding Army Model Revolver 93 1897\u20131911 218\u201319 Gatling Minigun M134 260 Chauchat MLE 1915 Machine-gun 201, 204 Degtyarev before 1650 14\u201315 General-Purpose Machine-Gun (GPMG) 258, chemical ignition systems 39, 80\u201381, 82, 85, field guns 298 DShK 1938 Machine-gun 198\u201399 2.75in Mountain Gun 218\u201319 259, 260, 261 112 RP46 Light Machine-gun 258 7.7cm FK 96 NA 219 Gewehr 43 Rifle 177 Churchill,Winston S. 164, 165 Delince, M. 45 18-pounder QF Mark II 218 Gewehr 98 see Mauser Model 1898 Rifle Cigarette Lighter Pistol 300 Delvigne, Captain Henri-Gustave 98 Breech-loading 15-pounder 7cwt 216\u201317 Gibbs-Farquharson Rifle 224\u201325 Cigarette Pistol 223 Demi-cannon, Bronze 17 Canon de 75mm Mod\u00e8le 1897 218 Global Positioning System (GPS) 298 clandestine operations 220, 221, 276 Demi-culverin, Bronze 17 M1897 75mm \u201cSoixante Quinze\u201d 218\u201319 Glock, Gaston 266 Clemmes Flintlock Blunderbuss 58 Deringer, Henry 125 Model 1896 135 Glock Coastguard Pistol, Pattern 1842 86 derricks 67 ZIS-3 M1942 232 cock 38 Desaleux, Captain 142 fire control mechanisms 245 17 Pistol 266 cock-on-closing action 150, 151 Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken firing pin 108, 109, 164 19 GEN 4 9mm Pistol 271 cocking handle 213, 277 spring-driven 238 Goryunov SGM Machine-gun 195, 196 Coehorn Mortar 66 see DWM Flak 36 AA\/AT Gun 232\u201333 Greene Carbine 110\u201311 Collier, Elisha 49, 94 Dillinger, John 181 Flak 38 2cm Antiaircraft Gun 234 Greener-Martini Police Shotgun 182\u201383 Colt, Samuel 62, 88, 90, 93, 94\u201395, 96, discharge, accidental 112, 164 flare pistols 220 grenade-launchers 294\u201395 discharger cups 53 flash guards 55 multipurpose arms 160\u201361, 292\u201393 122, 128 disguised firearms 300\u201301 Flashlight Stinger 300 grenades Colt Diu, Siege of 72 flintlock blunderbusses antitank 161 dog 26, 27 1761\u20131830 58\u201359 cast-iron 53 All American 2000 Pistol 270 Dolep, Andrew 41, 64 Ottoman 78\u201379 GP25 293 Dragoon Revolver 95 Dolne, Louis 220 flintlock carbines 1650\u20131760 56\u201357 M79 40mm 294 Frontier Double-action Revolver 127 Dolne Apache Pistol 220 Mills Bombs 160 Lightning Double-action Revolver 126 Dorff, Stephen 181 1761\u20131830 58\u201359 Griffin, Benjamin 64 M4 Carbine 240\u201341 double-action revolvers 92, 93, 162 flintlock guns, early 40\u201341 Griffin, Joseph 64 M1895 Machine-gun 180\u201381 Double-barreled Hammer Rifle 123 flintlock hunting guns, 1650\u20131830 64\u201365 gunpowder 11, 12, 134, 142, 146, 302 M1911 Pistol see Model 1911 Pistol Double-barreled Hammerless Shotgun flintlock mechanism 11, 23, 27, 28, 37, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 27 M1911A1 Pistol 95, 168, 169, 265 Model 1849 Pocket Revolver 88\u201389 224\u201345 38\u201339, 85, 303 H Model 1851 Navy Revolver 88 Double-barreled Hunting Rifle 224 advantages of 39 Model 1855 Pocket Revolver 88\u20139 Double-barreled Percussion Long Rifle 97 drawbacks of 39, 80 Hadley 65 Model 1902 Pistol 168 Double-barreled Pin-fire Pistol 125 The FlintlockYears 36\u201383 Halberd with Two Wheel-lock Mechanisms Model 1911 Pistol 95, 178\u201379, 267 double-barreled shotguns 282\u201383 flintlock muskets 39 Navy Conversion 124\u201325 double-set trigger 279 1650\u20131769 52\u201353, 78 34\u201335 Navy Revolver (1861) 90\u201391, 95, 124 Dragoon Pistol 88\u201389 1770\u20131830 50\u201351, 54\u201355 Hall, John Hancock 59 New Service Revolver 162 Dragunov SVD Sniper Rifle 255 1831\u201352 96\u201397 Hall Rifle 59 Paterson Revolving Rifle 122\u201323 Dreyse, Johann Nikolaus von 108, 112, 200\u201301 flintlock pistols 27, 39 hammerless shotguns 120\u201321 Python Revolver 262 Dreyse 1650\u20131700 42\u201343 Hammerli 162 Target Pistol 292, 293 Revolving Rifle 116\u201317 1701\u201375 44\u201345 hand-cannon 14\u201315, 20, 302 Second Model Dragoon Revolver 88\u201389, 95 Maschinengewehr 13 Machine-gun 200\u201301 1776\u20131800 46\u201347, 79 hand-made arms 288\u201389 Single Action Army (SAA) Model 1863 Needle-fire Rifle 81, 108\u201309, 164 1801\u201330 48\u201349 handguns Needle-fire Rifle Model 1862 115 early 40\u201341 (\u201cPeacemaker\u201d) 94\u201395, 124 dueling pistols 48\u201349, 82\u201383, 107 flintlock revolvers 49, 56, 94 before 1650 20\u201321 Single Action Army (SAA) Model 1873 Dupont Chemical Corporation 281 Flintlock Revolving Sporting Gun 56\u201357 see also pistols; revolvers Dutch M1873 Army Revolver 126 flintlock rifles 28\u201329 hang-fire 184 126\u201327 DWM 168, 196 1650\u20131760 56\u201357 Harding,William 93 Colt-Browning M1895 \u201cPotato Digger\u201d DWM MG08 Machine-gun 196, 203 1761\u20131830 58\u201359 Harper\u2019s Ferry 1831\u201352 96\u201397 Model 1805 Pistol 48 Machine-gun 188, 194 EF flintlock shotguns, 1650\u20131760 56\u201357 Rifle 59 Colt\u2019s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Flintlock Swivel Gun 71 harquebuses 20\u201321, 24, 172, 173 Earp,Wyatt 95 foresight 139 Heavy Dragoon Carbine, Pattern 1796 59 Company 94\u201395, 158\u201359, 180, 188 Echeverria 174 Forsyth, Rev. Alexander John 80, 81, 82 Heavy Dragoon Pistol 45 combat shotguns 182\u201383 Egypt, self-loading pistols 264 Forsyth Patent Percussion Sporting Gun 82\u201383 heavy machine-guns combination tool 101 ejection port 178, 249 Fosbery, Colonel 168 1900\u201310 196\u201397 combination weapons elevating gear 139 fouling 142 1911\u201345 198\u201399 Elswick Ordnance Company 228 Four-pounder Swivel Gun 70\u201371 Heckler, Edmund 256 Carbine Axe 56\u201357 Enami family 73 FP-45 Liberator Pistol 222 Heckler and Koch 165, 256\u201357 Combination Axe 35 Enfield Franchi SPAS 12 Shotgun 284 G3 Rifle 256, 257 Combination Long Gun 23 Francino, Giovanni Battista 33 G3A3 Rifle 243, 257 disguised firearms 300\u201301 L42A1 Sniper Rifle 252 Franco\u2013Prussian War 137 G41 Rifle 243, 257 rifles for special purposes (1880\u20131945) No.2 Mark 1 Revolver 163 Frederick William, King of Prussia 55 HK33 Assault Rifle 256, 257 Pattern 1853 Rifled Musket 99, 100\u201301, frizzen 38, 39, 40, 80 MP5 Submachine-gun 257 160\u201361 fully automatic firearms 184, 185 MP5A5 Submachine-gun 257, 292 special purpose weapons (1880\u20131945) 220 102 fully automatic rifles 214\u201315 MP7 Submachine-gun 274\u201375 specialized and multipurpose arms Pattern 1913 Rifle 154\u201355 fulminate 39, 80, 81, 82, 90 PSG-1 Sniper Rifle 255 Pattern 1914 Rifle 119, 154\u201355 Fusil Reglementaire Mod\u00e8le 1853 102\u201303 Universal Service Pistol 270 (1945\u2013present) 292\u201393 see also Lee-Enfield VP70M Pistol 264, 265 up to 1650 34\u201335 EOKA G Hecate II Sniper Rifle 253 Combination Wheel-lock\/Matchlock Musket Pistol 288 Helwan Pistol 264 Shotpistol 288 Gabbett-Fairfax, Hugo 169 Henoul, Guillaume 41 28\u201329 Evans, John 49 Gabbett-Fairfax, \u201cMars\u201d Pistol 166\u201367, 169 Henry, Benjamin Tyler 116, 118, 225 Cominazzo, Lazarino 31 Extreme Range Sights 145 Galil Henry Model 1860 Rifle 116\u201317, 118 compound rammers 88 Fabbrica d\u2019Armi Pietro Beretta SpA 172\u201373, Herold, Lorenz 33 Cooper, Joseph Rock 87 7.62mm Sniper Rifle 254 HESH (High-explosive Squash Head) Cooper Under-hammer Pistol 87 175 Assault Rifle 247 Cottesmore, Lt.-Col. Lord 151 Fabrique National (FN) 180, 181 Garand, John 176 round 297 covert forces 221, 222\u201323, 276, 300\u201301 Garand, M1 Rifle 63, 176\u201377 Hi Nawa Jyu 22\u201323, 72\u201373 Cutts, Richard 212 FN Browning HP 35 Revolver 181 High Standard Arms Company 211 Cutts Compensator 211, 212, 213 FN FAL Prototype Rifle 242, 247 cylinders FN MAG Light Machine-gun 258, 259 Model A Target Pistol 222 FN Minimi Light Machine-gun 260 Model B with Silencer 222 bored-through 124, 128 multichambered 49 rotating 81, 86, 94 CZ58 Assault Rifle 247 CZ75 Pistol 265","314 \u2022 I N D E X Holland and Holland Krummlauf 214\u201315 M3A1 Submachine-gun 210 recoil-operated (1966\u2013present) 260\u201361 Double-barreled Hammer Rifle 123 Krupp M16 Assault Rifle 245 RPK74 Light 261 Shotgun 120\u201321 M16A1 Rifle with M203A2 Schwarzlose Model 07\/12 197 sporting rifles and shotguns 286\u201387 Field Gun 217 Spandau 08\/15 Aircraft 200\u201301 L\/12 Howitzer 228\u201329 Grenade-launcher 293 Steyr AUG LMG 261 holster pistols 32\u201333, 42\u201345, 49 L1A1 Rifle 242 M20 Silenced Pistol 264\u201365 Vickers Berthier .303-in LMG 205 Holt,Tim 95 L4 MOBAT 296\u201397 M40 Sniper Rifle 252 Vickers \u201cLight Pattern\u201d Model 1908 188\u201389 homemade arms 288\u201389 L7A2 Light Machine-gun 259 M59\/66 Assault Rifle with Grenade-launcher Vickers-Maxim \u201cNew Light\u201d Model 1906 hook guns 20\u201321 L85A1 Rifle 242, 250 horseback, shooting on 26\u201327 L86A1 Light Support Weapon 260\u201361 292 189, 196, 197 Horsley,Thomas 121 L96A1 Sniper Rifle 253 M60 Light Machine-gun 258, 259 water coolant jackets 185, 186, 188, 202 Hotchkiss L118 Light Gun 299 M79 \u201cBlooper\u201d Grenade-launcher 294 see also submachine-guns Lahti L39 Antitank Rifle 236\u201337 M109 Howitzer 298 MacLeod, George 99 MLE 1914 Machine-gun 184, 190, Lamarre 40 M777 Howitzer 298\u201399 Madsen Medium LMG Machine-gun 200 194\u201395, 198 Lamberti 49 M1897 75mm \u201cSoixante Quinze\u201d Field Gun magazine slot 139 Lanchester SMG 208\u201309 magazines 113, 116, 139, 143, 184 QF 3-pounder Naval Gun 216 Land-Pattern Musket 52\u201353 218\u201319 box 144, 148, 149, 155, 165, 179 Houllier, Benjamin 112 Lang, Joseph 93 M1938 122mm Howitzer 230\u201331 curved 249 howitzers 228, 230, 298 lanyard 302 MAC M-10 Submachine-gun 276\u201377 drum 209, 210, 212, 213, 285 LAR Grizzly Mk IV Pistol 267 Mace Wheel-lock 34 high-capacity 246 6in 217 Lathe, Blanchard\u2019s 62 machine-guns 85, 112, 143, 184\u201385 rotating spool 252 7.2in BL Mark III 230\u201331 Lattarelli, Filippo 67 \u201csnail\u201d drum 207 12in Mark I on Railway Mounting 228 Lawrence,T E 165 Ager 136 tubular 144, 149, 284 BL 6in Mark 1 26cwt 229 Le Mat, Jean-Alexandre 89 air-cooled 192, 194, 201, 202, 203 mainspring 170, 171, 213, 248 D20 298 Le Mat Bergmann LMG 15NA 202\u201303 Makarov PM Pistol 264, 273 Krupp L\/12 228\u201329 Pistol 89 Breda Modello 30 205 mallets 60 L118 Light Gun 299 Revolver Rifle 117 Breda Modello 37 199 man-portable antitank weapons M1A1 Pack 230 le Page, Henri 104 Bren 204\u201305 1930\u201339 236\u201337 M109 298 le Page, Jean 104 Browning M2 HB 192\u201393, 199 1940\u201345 238\u201339 M777 298\u201399 le Page, Pierre 104 Browning M1918 181 Mannlicher, Ferdinand Ritter von 147, 149, M1938 122mm 230\u201331 Le Page Sporting Gun 104\u201305 Browning Model 1917 181, 188, 259 Skoda Heavy Field M1914\/16 228 Lebel, Colonel Nicholas 142 Browning Model 1919 192\u201393 290 Hunt,Walter 118, 128 Lebel Ch\u00e2tellrault Mod\u00e8le 1924\/5 204 Mannlicher 148, 225 Hunter, James 46 Mod\u00e8le 1886\/93 Rifle 142, 146\u201347, 155 Chauchat MLE 1915 201, 204 hunting guns Mod\u00e8le 1892 Revolver 162 Colt M1895 180\u201381 Model 1895 Rifle 148\u201349 1880\u20131945 224\u201327 Lecomte, Hippolyte 50 Colt-Browning M1895 \u201cPotato Digger\u201d 188, see also Steyr-Mannlicher Asian (1781\u20131830) 76\u201377 Lee, James P. 145, 150\u201351 Mannlicher-Carcano Cavalry Carbine 146 bolt-action hunting rifles (1945\u2013present) Lee, Col Roswell 62, 63 194 Manton, Joe 81 Lee-Enfield 150\u201351, 252, 253 De Reffye Mitrailleuse Volley Gun 137 Manufacture Nationale d\u2019Armes de Tulle 278\u201379 De Lisle Carbine 151, 222\u201323 Degtyarev DShK 1938 198\u201399 double-barreled shotguns 282\u201383 Magazine (MLE) Rifle 151 Degtyarev RP46 Light 258 (MAT) 49 Submachine-gun 272\u201373 European (1650\u20131830) 64\u201365 Mark 1 Rifle 148\u201349, 154 drawbacks of mechanical 184 Marengoni,Tullio 172\u201373 European (before 1650) 30\u201331 No. 4, Mk 1 Rifle 156\u201357 Dreyse Maschinengewehr 13 200\u201301 \u201cMars\u201d Pistol (Gabbett-Fairfax) 166\u201367 hunting rifles (1945\u2013present) 280\u201381 No. 4 Rifle 151 DWM MG08 196, 203 Martini-Henry rifles 113 repeating and self-loading shotguns No. 4 Rifle with Grenade-launcher 160\u201361 early 136\u201337 Maschinengewehr 34 192 No. 5 Mark 1 Rifle (\u201cJungle Carbine\u201d) 151 Early Gatling Converted to Metallic Maschinengewehr 42 192, 193, 258, 259 (1945\u2013present) 284\u201385 SMLE Mark III Rifle 150, 151, 154\u201355 match-cord 26, 38, 302 sporting rifles (1830\u201380) 122\u201323 SMLE Mark III Rifle with Wire-cutter Cartridge 136 matchlock harquebuses 20\u201321 hydropneumatic recoil mechanism 218, 229 Fiat-Revelli Model 1914 199 matchlock mechanism 11, 15, 20, 22\u201323, 27, Attachment 160\u201361 FN MAG Light 258, 259 IJ SMLE rifle with Mills Bomb-launcher 160\u201361 FN Minimi Light 260 28, 37, 38, 39, 72, 302 see also Enfield fully automatic 185 matchlock muskets 24\u201325, 26, 72\u201375 IMI Lee-Metford Mark 1 Rifle 144\u201345, 150 Gardner Gun 137, 184 matchlock pistols 74 Desert Eagle Pistol 266\u201367 Lefaucheux, Casimir 112, 120, 121, 124 gas-operated 188, 194\u201395, 260 matchlock rifles 28\u201329 Jericho 941 Pistol 267 Lefaucheux, Eug\u00e8ne 124 Gatling Gun 138\u201339, 184 matchlocks Lefaucheux Pin-fire Revolver 124 Gatling Minigun M134 260 improvised arms 288\u201389 lever action 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 129, Goryunov SGM 195, 196 Asian 72\u201377 India-Pattern Musket 54\u201355 GPMG 258, 259, 260, 261 early matchlock guns (up to 1650) 22\u201323 Indian Mutiny 100 144, 148, 164 heavy (1900\u201310) 196\u201397 Mau-Mau Carbine 288\u201389 Indore Torador 74\u201375 Lewis Gun M1914 194 heavy (1911\u201345) 198\u201399 Mauser, Franz Andreas 164 Infanterie Gewehr M1888 Rifle 144\u201345 Licorne 68 Hotchkiss MLE 1914 184, 190, 194\u201395, 198 Mauser, Peter Paul 115, 144, 164\u201365, 181 infrared 255 Light Dragoon Flintlock Carbine 56\u201357 Japanese Type 11 204 Mauser,Wilhelm 165 intelligence services 221 light machine-guns 185, 244 L7A2 Light 259 Mauser iron pyrite 27 L86A1 Light Support Weapon 260\u201361 1918 T-Gewehr Rifle 165 Israel Military Industries (IMI) 261, 266 1902\u201315 200\u201301 Lewis Gun M1914 194 Bolt-action Rifle 225 ISTEC 292 1916\u201325 202\u201303 light (1902\u201315) 200\u201301 C.96 Pistol (\u201cBroomhandle\u201d) 165, 166 Ithaca M6 Survival Rifle 293 1926\u201345 204\u201305 light (1916\u201325) 202\u201303 KAR 98k Rifle 156\u201357, 165 J. P. Sauer and Sohn 266 1945\u201365 258\u201359 light (1926\u201345) 204\u201305 M1878 \u201cZig-Zag\u201d Revolver 127, 165 jazails 47 1966\u2013present 260\u201361 light (1945\u201365) 258 Model 71\/84 Rifle 144\u201345 Jennings, Lewis 118, 128 linstock 302 light (1966\u2013present) 260\u201361 Model 1871 Rifle 115, 164 Joseph Lang Transitional Revolver 93 LMG see light machine-guns lightweight, portable 184, 185 Model 1893 Rifle 152\u201353 Juliard, A 48 loading indicator 170 M60 Light 258, 259 Model 1896 Rifle 152\u201353 Lochhead, J. L. 284 Madsen Medium LMG 200 Model 1898 Rifle 151, 152\u201353, 164, 165, 279 KL locked-breech pistols 168 Maschinengewehr 34 192 Plezier 1895\u201397 Deluxe Rifle 148\u201349 Loewe, Ludwig 166 Maschinengewehr 42 192, 193, 258, 259 Mauser-CETME LMG 258\u201359 Kakae Zutsu 14\u201315 long-range battles 143 Mauser-CETME LMG 258\u201359 Maxim, Hiram 166, 184, 185, 186, 187 Kalashnikov, Mikhail 244, 246, 248, 260 Lorenzoni, Michele 64 Maxim 1-pounder \u201cPom-Pom\u201d 186 Maxim Kalashnikov Loyalist Submachine-gun 288\u201389 Maxim .45-in Gatling-Gardner Caliber 187 .45-in Gatling-Gardner Caliber Machine- Luger, Georg 168, 171 Maxim Early Pattern 186 AK47 Assault Rifle 244, 245, 248\u201349 Luger Maxim Gun 184\u201385, 244 gun 187 AK47 Type 56S Assault Rifle 246\u201347 Artillery Pistol 140\u201341, 171 Maxim Gun M1910 143 1-pounder \u201cPom-Pom\u201d Machine-gun 186 AK74 Assault Rifle 246\u201347 Lange P.08 Pistol 168, 170\u201371 Maxim Maschinengewehr 08\/15 202\u201303 Early Pattern Machine-gun 186 AK74 Assault Rifle with GP25 P.08 9mm Parabellum Pistol 168\u201369 Maxim MG08\/18 202\u201303 machine-guns 142, 143, 166 Grenade-launcher 292\u201393 P.08 American Eagle Pistol 168 Maxim Model 1904 188, 196 Maschinengewehr 08\/15 Machine-gun Kendall, Nicanor 122 P.08 Pistol with Supressor 221 Maxim Model 1910 196\u201397 Kentucky Long Rifle 57, 96\u201397 Maxim Parabellum LMG 14\/17 202\u201303 202\u201303 Kerr, James 93 M Maxim-Nordenfelt Model 1893 186\u201387 Maxim Gun 184\u201385, 244 Kerr Double-action Revolver 93 MG43 261 Maxim Gun M1910 143 Knife Pistol 301 M1 Carbine 176\u201377, 214, 215 NATO Ameli 259 MG08\/18 Machine-gun 202\u201303 Knight, Reed, Jr. 270 M1A1 155mm Gun 231 Negev 261 Model 1904 machine-gun 188, 196 Koch,Theodor 256 M1A1 Carbine with Folding Stock 214\u201315 Nordenfelt Gun 136\u201337, 184 Model 1910 Machine-gun 196\u201397 Krag Rifle 63, 153 M1A1 Pack Howitzer 230 PKM 260 Parabellum LMG 14\/17 Machine-gun 202\u201303 Krag-J\u00f8rgensen M1888 Rifle 144\u201345 M3 \u201cGrease Gun\u201d 210 recoil action 166, 184, 185 Maxim-Nordenfelt Model 1893 Machine-gun Kropatschek, Alfred Ritter von 144 recoil-operated (1884\u201395) 186\u201387 Kropatschek Gendarmerie Carbine 144\u201345 recoil-operated (1896\u20131917) 188\u201391 186\u201387 recoil-operated (1918\u201345) 192\u201393 Maynard, Edward 81, 103 Mechem MGL Mk1 Grenade-launcher 295 Meda,Tibetan 72\u201373 Meiji, Emperor 153","I N D E X \u2022 315 Mercie, Henri 195 New Haven Arms Co. 116, 119 flintlock 27, 39, 40\u201349, 78, 79 PKM General-Purpose Machine-Gun 260 metallic-cartridge 112\u201313, 115, 124, 128, New Land Pattern Pistol 49 Four-barreled Tap-action 46 plastic pistols 266 Newton, Sir Isaac 305 FP-45 Liberator 222 pocket pistols 47, 48\u201349 136, 142, 144, 164 Nickl, Josef 221 French Mod\u00e8le 1777 46 pocket revolvers 88\u201389 pistols 124\u201325 nitrocellulose 142 Glock 17 266 police revolvers 126\u201327 Nock, Henry 58 Glock 19 GEN 4 9mm 271 Metford,William Ellis 145, 150 Nock Volley Gun 83 Hammerli 162 Target 292, 293 revolvers 129, 262 MG43 Light Machine-gun 261 Nordenfelt,Thorsten 137, 187 Heavy Dragoon 45 semiautomatic pistols 172 MIA1 Bazooka 238\u201339 Nordenfelt Gun 136\u201337, 184 Heckler and Koch USP 270 shotguns 182\u201383, 284 MILAN Antitank Missile-launcher 296 nylon 280, 281 Heckler and Koch VP70M 264, 265 sniper rifles 252 Military Armaments Corporation 276 Helwan 264 submachine-guns 273, 274 Military fork with wheel-lock pistol 34\u201335 OP High Standard Model A Target 222 Polsten Quad 20mm Antiaircraft Gun 235 Military and Police Revolver 129 High Standard Model B with Silencer 222 potassium nitrate 26 Mills Bombs 160\u201361 Odkolek von Augeza, Baron A 195 holster 32\u201333, 42\u201345, 49 powder flask 24, 25, 91 Mini\u00e9, Captain Claude-Etienne 98\u201399 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 222 IMI Desert Eagle 266\u201367 powder horn 105 Mini\u00e9 bullets 98\u201399, 306 open-bolt 277 IMI Jericho 941 267 powder, smokeless 150 minions 16 optical sight 250, 255, 260 Knife 301 PPSH-41 Submachine-gun 208\u201309, 244 Minnie ball 98 Ordnance Factory, Enfield 100 Land- and Sea-pattern 86 prawls 48 miquelet lock 44, 65, 78, 79 \u00d6sterreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft LAR Grizzly Mk IV 267 priming pan 80 miquelet rifles 78\u201379 Le Mat 89 priming powder 302 Miroku Corporation 283 290, 291 Li\u00e8ge 45 Prince, Frederick 123 missile launchers 296 Ottoman firearms 1650\u20131830 78\u201379 locked-breech 168 Prince\u2019s Patent Capping Breech-loading Rifle Mississippi Rifle (Springfield Model 1841) 103 over-and-under guns 282 Luger Artillery 140\u201341 MOBAT (Mobile Battalion Antitank) 296\u201397 PAK 36 Antitank Gun 232 Luger Lange P.08 168, 170\u201371 123 Mondragon, General Manuel 176 PAK 40 Antitank Gun 232\u201333 Luger P.08 9mm Parabellum 168\u201369 Pryse, Charles 127 Mondragon Model 1908 Rifle 176\u201377 Palmcrantz, Helge 137 Luger P.08, with Supressor 221 PTRD Antitank Rifle 238\u201339 Mons Meg 12\u201313 Panzerb\u00fcsche 39 Antitank Rifle 238 Luger P.08 American Eagle 168 pump-action 182, 183, 284 Montcrieffe, Sir David 65 pattern 52 M20 Silenced 264\u201365 pyrotechnic smoke cartridges 220 Montigny, Joseph 137 Pauly, Jean Samuel 108, 112 Makarov PM 264, 273 Moore, Clayton 95 Peabody, Henry O. 115 \u201cMars,\u201d by Gabbett-Fairfax 166\u201367 QR mortar bombs 229 Peabody-Martini Rifle 114\u201315, 186 matchlock 74 mortars 228, 230, 298 Peebles, Captain Alan 195 Mauser C.96 165, 166 QF guns see \u201cQuick-Fire\u201d guns 3in 229 Pellet-lock Percussion Gun 82\u201383 metallic-cartridge 124\u201325 Queen Anne Pistol 46 4.2in 231 pellet-lock system 83 Nambu Taisho 14 174 \u201cQuick-Fire\u201d guns 216, 218 50mm Light M36 229 Pen Pistol 301 New Land Pattern 49 quick-loading firearms 112\u201313 1650\u20131780 66\u201367 Pennsylvania Rifle 57 Pattern 1842 Coastguard 86 Radom M1935 Pistol 175 Coehorn 66 pepperbox pistols 86, 92 Pen 301 ramrods 22, 55, 61, 101, 105 early 13 percussion cap dispenser 105 pepperbox 86, 92 rapid-fire weapons 136, 141 naval 70 percussion caps\/ignition 39, 80\u201381, 82, 85, 86, percussion cap 82\u201383, 86\u201387 Rappahannock Pistol 46 Mosin-Nagant Pipe 223 Rasmussen, Julius 200 M91 Rifle 146\u201347 90, 94, 102, 110, 112, 128, 136, 304, 306 plastic 266 Rast and Gasser M1898 Revolver 162 M1944 Carbine 156\u201357 percussion guns, early 82\u201383 pocket 47, 48\u201349 RBL (rifled breech-loaders) 134\u201335 Mountain Gun, 2.75in 218\u201319 percussion muskets 84\u201385 Queen Anne 46 ready-to-fire guns 26\u201327 Mousqueton d\u2019Artillerie Mod\u00e8le 1842 97 percussion rifles 80\u201381, 97 Radom M1935 175 rear sight 109, 171, 178 MP38 Submachine-gun 206\u201307 Rappahannock 46 receiver 178, 212, 213, 248, 277 musket balls 98, 306 underhammer 122\u201323 Remington Rim-fire Double-barreled recoil operation 166, 170, 171, 176, 178\u201379, musket rests 24 percussion-cap pistols 82\u201383, 86\u201387 muskets 20 percussion-cap revolvers 88\u201393, 124 Derringer 125 184, 185, 186, 188, 212, 218, 256, 1650\u20131769 52\u201353 Permjakov, Ivan 65 repeating 128 284, 305 1770\u20131830 54\u201355 personal defense weapons 174, 220, 275 Ring 301 recoil spring 178, 277 1831\u201352 96\u201397 PGM, France 253 Sea Service 47 recoil-activated automatic traverse mechanism 1853\u201370 102\u201303 PIAT (Projector, Infantry, Antitank) 237, self-loading 141, 165 193 Charleville Pattern 55, 62, 63 self-loading (1894\u20131900) 166\u201367 recoil-less antitank weapons 296\u201397 Enfield Pattern 1853 Rifled 99, 100\u201301, 102 238\u201339 self-loading (1901\u201324) 168\u201371 recoil-operated machine-guns flintlock 39, 52\u201355, 96\u201397 pin-fire cartridges 112, 120, 306 self-loading (1925\u201345) 174\u201375 1884\u201395 186\u201387 Fusil Reglementaire Mod\u00e8le 1853 102\u201303 pin-fire design 124 self-loading (1945\u201380) 264\u201365 1896\u20131917 188\u201391 India-Pattern 54\u201355 pin-fire sporting guns 120\u201321 self-loading (1981\u201390) 266\u201367 1918-45 192\u201393 Land-Pattern 52\u201353 Pipe pistol 223 self-loading (1991\u2013present) 270\u201371 Reichsrevolver M1879 127 lead balls 98 pistols 27, 38 semiautomatic see self-loading Remington matchlock 24\u201325, 26, 72 Sharps Breech-loading Pistol 87 1100 Semiautomatic Shotgun 285 Model 1777 (French) 55 Atra Model 901 174 SIG-Sauer 9mm P226 266, 270\u201371 Army Model 1875 126 Model 1798 (Austrian) 55 automatic 181 Single-shot cigarette 223 Model 700 Etron-X Rifle 278\u201379 Model 1842 (US) 97 Beretta 89 Target 267 single-shot large-bore 220 Model 870 Shotgun 284\u201385 rifled 100 Beretta 318 175 single-use 222, 223 Nylon 66 Rifle 280\u201381 Sea Service 52\u201353 Beretta 418 173 Smith and Wesson Sigma 270 Rim-fire Double-barreled Derringer 125 smoothbore 102 Beretta 9000S 271 South African (home-made) 289 Wingmaster Pump-action Shotgun 284\u201385 Springfield Model 1795,Type I 55 Beretta, Model 1934 173, 175 spy and covert forces 222\u201323 Remington Arms Company 99, 281 Springfield Model 1795,Type II 54\u201355 Beretta M9 173 Star Model M 174 repeating firearms 85, 136 Springfield Model 1861 Rifled 62 Beretta Model 92FS 265 Steyr M1905 168, 291 repeating flintlocks 64 Springfield Model 1863 Type II 63 Beretta Model 1951 Brigadier 264 Steyr M1912 290 repeating pistols 128 standard patterns 52, 54 Bergmann No. 3 167 Steyr SPP 271, 291 repeating rifles 112, 113, 118, 164, 224, 280 muzzle-loading 14, 20, 28, 56, 62, 66, 68, 102 blunderbuss 47 Steyr-Hahn Model 1911 169 manually operated (1830\u201380) 116\u201317 artillery 132\u201333 Borchardt C.93 166\u201367 tap-action 45, 46 manually operated (1880\u201388) 144\u201345 carbines 110 breech-loading 44, 86, 87 target 86\u201387 manually operated (1889\u201393) 146\u201347 conversion to breech-loading 113 Browning GP35 (High Power) 174\u201375 Tokarev TT Model 1933 174, 264 manually operated (1894\u201395) 148\u201349 muskets 50\u201351 Browning M1911 173 transitional 92\u201393 manually operated (1896\u20131905) 152\u201353 problems of 114 Browning Model 1900 167, 181 Turn-off Pocket 49 manually operated (1906\u201316) 154\u201355 rifles 110 cartridges 307, 309 Type 67 264 manually operated (1917\u201345) 156\u201357 cased pairs 106\u201307 VZ 27, with Supressor 221 repeating shotguns 180, 181, 182\u201383, 284\u201385 N Cigarette Lighter 300 Walther P38 175 revolver rifles 116\u201317 Colt All American 2000 270 Walther PPK 174 revolvers Nambu, Kijiro 204 Colt M1911A1 95, 168, 169, 265 Webley Model 1910 169 Adams Double-action Model 1851 92 Nambu Taisho 14 Pistol 174 Colt Model 1902 168 Webley and Scott Flare 220 Adams-Deane Model 92 NATO Ameli Machine-gun 259 Colt Model 1911 95, 178\u201379, 267 Webley and Scott, with Supressor 221 Baby Dragoon 88 naval artillery Cooper Under-hammer Pistol 87 Webley-Fosbury 168 Beaumont-Adams 92 CZ75 265 Welrod Silenced 223 Browning FN Browning HP 35 181 1650\u20131830 67, 70\u201371 Dolne Apache 220 wheel-lock 32\u201333 center-fire 162\u201363 1830\u201380 134\u201335, 137 double-barreled 41, 43, 45 Wilson 44 Charter Arms Police Bulldog 262 1885\u201396 216 Double-barreled Pin-fire 125 Wrist 222 Colt Dragoon 95 before 1650 14\u201317 dueling 48\u201349, 82\u201383, 107 see also revolvers Colt Frontier Double-action 127 Negev 261 early 32\u201333 piston 247, 248 Colt Lightning Double-action 126 EOKA 288 Colt Model 1849 Pocket 88\u201389 EOKA Shotpistol 288 flare 220","316 \u2022 I N D E X Colt Model 1851 Navy 88 Dragunov SVD Sniper 255 Pattern 1851 Percussion 80\u201381 Saive, Dieudonn\u00e9 181 Colt Model 1855 Pocket 88\u201389 Dreyse Needle-fire 81, 108\u201309, 164 Peabody-Martini 114\u201315, 185 Sakai school 73 Colt Navy (1861) 90\u201391, 95, 124 Dreyse Needle-fire Model 1862 115 Pennsylvania 57 Saker, Bronze 17 Colt Navy Conversion 124\u201325 Enfield L42A1 Sniper 252 percussion 80\u201381, 97 saltpeter 26 Colt New Service 162 Enfield Pattern 1853 Rifled Musket 99, Percussion Underhammer 122\u201323 scent-bottle locks 80, 83 Colt Python 262 Prince\u2019s Patent Capping Breech-loading 123 Schalch, Andrew 66 Colt Second Model Dragoon 88\u201389, 95 100\u201301, 102 PTRD Antitank 238\u201339 Schmeisser, Louis 167 Colt Single Action Army (SAA) Model 1873 Enfield Pattern 1913 154\u201355 recoil-less antitank 296\u201397 Schmidt, Col Rudolf 146 Enfield Pattern 1914 119, 154\u201355 Remington Model 700 Etron-X 278\u201379 Schmidt-Rubin M1889 Rifle 146\u201347 126\u201327 European hunting guns 30\u201331 Remington Nylon 66 280\u201381 Schofield, Major George 129 Colt Single Action Army (SAA) Model 1863 Famas F1 Assault 245, 250 Rigby Mauser 225 Schofield Revolver 129 Ferguson 98 Ruger 77 279 Sch\u00f6nauer, Otto 290 (\u201cPeacemaker\u201d) 94\u201395, 124 FG42 Automatic 214\u201315, 259 SA80 Assault 251, 257 Schouboe,Theodor 200 Deane-Harding Army Model 93 flintlock 1650\u20131760 56\u201357 St. Etienne Self-loading 175 Schwarzlose Model 07\/12 Machine-gun 197 development of 80, 81 flintlock 1761\u20131830 58\u201359 Schmidt-Rubin M1889 146\u201347 screw-thread ball remover 101 Dutch M1873 Army 126 flintlock 1830\u201352 96\u201397 self-loading 119, 141, 176\u201377 Sea Service Mortar, 13-in 67 Enfield No. 2 Mark 1 163 FN FAL Prototype 242 self-loading and fully automatic 214\u201315 Sea Service Pistol 47 flintlock 49, 56, 94 FN Model 1950 278 self-loading sniper 254\u201355 sear 170 Joseph Lang Transitional 93 FN2000 Bullpup Assault 251 semiautomatic see self-loading security services 174, 273 Kerr Double-action 93 Galil 7.62mm Sniper 254 single-shot breech-loading 114\u201315 Seidel, Alex 256 Lebel Mod\u00e8le 1892 162 Galil Assault 247 sniper 99, 252\u201355 self-cocking mechanism 92, 162, 168 Lefaucheux Pin-fire 124 Gewehr 43 177 Solothurn S18-100 Antitank 236\u201337 self-loading pistols 112, 141 Mauser M1878 \u201cZig-Zag\u201d 127, 165 Gibbs-Farquharson 224\u201325 special purpose 160\u201361, 292\u201393 Mechem MGL Mk1 295 Hall 59 Spencer 116\u201317 1894\u20131900 166\u201367 metallic-cartridge 126\u201327 Harper\u2019s Ferry 59 sporting 122\u201323, 278\u201381 1901\u201324 168\u201371 modern (1945\u2013present) 262\u201363 Heckler and Koch G3 256, 257 sporting long guns 28\u201329 1925\u201345 174\u201375 percussion-cap 88\u201393, 116, 124 Heckler and Koch G3A3 243 Springfield Model 1841 Mississippi 103 1945\u201380 264\u201365 Rast and Gasser M1898 162 Heckler and Koch G41 243, 257 Springfield Model 1855 99, 102\u201303 1981\u201390 266\u201367 Reichsrevolver M1879 127 Heckler and Koch HK33 Assault 256, 257 Springfield Model 1866 Allin \u201cTrapdoor\u201d 1991\u2013present 270\u201371 Remington Army Model 1875 126 Heckler and Koch PSG-1 Sniper 255 self-loading rifles Ruger GP-100 263 Hectate II Sniper 253 Conversion 114\u201315 1880\u20131945 141, 176\u201377, 214\u201315 Smith and Wesson .38in Chief\u2019s Special 262 Henry Model 1860 116\u201317, 118 Springfield Model 1873 Trapdoor 63 1945\u2013present day 242\u201343 Smith andWesson .38in Safety Hammerless 129 Holland and Holland Double-barreled Springfield Model 1903 63, 152\u201353 sniper 254\u201355 Smith and Wesson .357 Magnum 263 Sterling Light Auto 242\u201343 self-loading shotguns 284\u201385 Smith and Wesson Airweight 262 Hammer 123 Steyr AUG Assault 250\u201351, 291 semiautomatic see self-loading Smith and Wesson M1917 163 hunting 280\u201381 Steyr SSG-69 Sniper 252, 291 serpentine 22, 74 Smith and Wesson Military and Police 129, Infanterie Gewehr M1888 144\u201345 Stoner 63 Assault 243 Sharps, Christian 87 Ithaca M6 Survival 293 Stoner Assault 243 Sharps 162\u201363 Kentucky Long 57, 96\u201397 Strum Ruger No. 1 281 Breech-loading Pistol 87 Smith and Wesson Model 1 128, 129 Krag 63 Sturmgewehr 44 176\u201377, 258 Carbine 110\u201311 Smith and Wesson Model 2 128, 129 Krag-J\u00f8rgensen M1888 144\u201345 Sturmgewehr 44 Shaw, John 64 Smith and Wesson Model 3 129 L1A1 242 Shaw, Joshua 80, 81 Smith and Wesson Model 27 163 L4 MOBAT 296\u201397 with Krummlauf Device 214\u201315 Shays, Daniel 63 Smith and Wesson Model 29 129, 263 L85A1 242, 250 Tokarev SVT40 177 shells 67, 68, 70, 132, 186, 216, 228, 231, Smith and Wesson Model 500 X-frame 263 L96A1 Sniper 253 Under-hammer Turret 96\u201397 Smith and Wesson Model 1913 129 Lahti L39 Antitank 236\u201337 Under-lever 122\u201323 232, 234, 235, 236, 293, 298 Smith and Wesson No. 3 Russian Model 126 Le Mat Revolver 117 Vetterli-Vitali 1880 117 Shigeyasu, Kunitomo Tobei 73 Smith and Wesson Schofield 129 Lebel Mod\u00e8le 1886\/93 142, 146\u201347, 155 Walther WA2000 Sniper 255 shot Smith and Wesson Tiffany Magnum 262\u201363 Lee-Enfield Magazine (MLE) 151 Whitworth 102\u201303 Starr Army Model 89 Lee-Enfield Mark 1 148\u201349 Winchester Model 79 278\u201379 canister 68 transitional 92\u201393 Lee-Enfield No. 4 151 Winchester Model 90 180 lead and iron 132 Walker-Colt 95 Lee-Enfield No. 4, Mk.1 156\u201357 Winchester Model 100 281 solid 68 Webley Mark I 125 Lee-Enfield No. 4 with Grenade-launcher Winchester Model 1873 119 shotguns Webley and Scott MK VI 162 Winchester Model 1873 Sporting 224\u201325 1650\u20131760 56\u201357 Webley-Pryse No. 4 127 160\u201361 Winchester Model 1876 116\u201317 1761\u20131830 58\u201359 see also pistols Lee-Enfield No. 5 Mark 1 (\u201cJungle Carbine\u201d) Winchester Model 1885 180 Anschutz-Miroku Over\/Under 283 revolving muskets 75 Winchester Model 1886 180 Benelli M1 285 rifle balls 306 151 Winchester Model 1892 180 Beretta 686 Onyx Pro 283 rifled breech-loaders see RBL Lee-Enfield SMLE Mark III 150, 151, 154\u201355 Winchester Model 1894 119, 280\u201381 Beretta Model S-686 282\u201383 rifled muzzle-loaders see RML Lee-Enfield SMLE Mark III with Wire-cutter Winchester Model 1895 148\u201349, 180 Beretta S-686 173 rifles see also carbines Beretta SO series 173 3-inch Ordnance 130\u201331 Attachment 160\u201361 Rigby, John 225 Beretta SO1 173 1853\u201370 102\u201303 Lee-Enfield SMLE with Mills Bomb- Rigby Mauser Rifle 225 Beretta SO5 173 ADS Amphibious 268\u201369 Ring Pistol 301 Beretta SO6 173 AK47 Assault 244, 245, 248\u201349, 261 launcher 160\u201361 RML (rifled muzzle-loaders) 132\u201333 Beretta Ultra Light Deluxe 282\u201383 AK47 Type 56S Assault 246\u201347 Lee-Metford Mark 1 144\u201345, 150 Robinet, Bronze 16 breech-loading 120\u201321 AK74 Assault 246\u201347 M1 Garand 63, 176\u201377 Rocket Propelled Grenade launcher see RPG cartridges 307 antitank 165, 236\u201339 M16 Assault 245 rockets, M1A1 239 combat and police (1880\u20131945) 182\u201383 AR7 Explorer Armalite Survival 292 M16A1 with M203A2 Grenade-launcher 293 roller-delayed recoil action 256 Daewoo USAS-12 285 Arisaka Meiji 30 152\u201353 M40 Sniper 252 Root, Elisha K 88, 94 Darne Rotary-breech 282\u201383 Arisaka Type 99 156\u201357 M59\/66 Assault with Grenade-launcher 292 rotary-breech action 282 double-barreled 282\u201383 assault 176, 241, 243, 244\u201345 Mannlicher Model 1895 148\u201349 Royal Brass Foundry,Woolwich 66, 68 flintlock double-barreled 57, 67 Baker 60\u201361 manually operated repeating (1830\u201380) 116\u201317 Royal Ordnance 257 Franchi SPAS 12 284 Ballard 114\u201315 manually operated repeating (1880\u201388) 144\u201345 Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield 150, 242, Greener-Martini Police 182\u201383 bolt action sniper 252\u201353 manually operated repeating (1889\u201393) 146\u201347 Holland and Holland 120\u201321, 286\u201387 bolt-action hunting 278\u201379 manually operated repeating (1894\u201395) 148\u201349 250, 251 pin-fire 120\u201321 bolt-action repeating 62 manually operated repeating (1896\u20131905) RPG-7V Grenade-launcher 294 Remington 1100 Semiautomatic 285 Boys MK1 Antitank 236\u201337 RPK74 Light Machine-gun 261 Remington Model 870 284\u201385 breech-loading 98 152\u201353 Rue de Rohan, Battle of the 50\u201351 RemingtonWingmaster Pump-action 284\u201385 Brno Model 465 279 manually operated repeating (1906\u201316) 154\u201355 Ruger,William B 281 repeating and self-loading 284\u201385 Browning Automatic (BAR) 176, 181, 185, manually operated repeating (1917\u201345) 156\u201357 Ruger Stevens Model 77E 284\u201385 Martini-Henry 113 Westley Richards Double-barreled 194, 244, 258 Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr 165 77 Rifle 279 Brunswick 96\u201397 Mauser Bolt-action 225 GP-100 Revolver 263 Hammerless 224\u201325 Burton\u2019s Automatic 244 Mauser KAR 98k 156\u201357, 165 Ruhr, Hans 33 Winchester Model 50 284 C14 Timberwolf 253 Mauser Model 71\/84 144\u201345 Winchester Model 1887 Under-lever 181, Carl Gustav Recoil-less 297 Mauser Model 1871 115, 165 S cartridges 308\u201309 Mauser Model 1893 152\u201353 182\u201383 Colt Paterson Revolving 122\u201323 Mauser Model 1896 152\u201353 SA80 Assault Rifle 251, 257 Winchester Model 1897 Pump-action 180, Colt Revolving 116\u201317 Mauser Model 1898 151, 152\u201353, 164, Saab Bofors 297 competition 173 safaris 224\u201327 182\u201383 CZ58 Assault 247 165, 279 safety catch 127 shoulder stock 165, 166, 171, 276 Double-barreled Hunting 224 Mauser Plezier 1895\u201397 Deluxe 148\u201349 St. Etienne Self-loading Rifle 175 Shpagin 208 Double-barreled Percussion Long 97 miquelet 78\u201379 siege warfare 18\u201319 Mondragon Model 1908 176\u201377 Mosin-Nagant M91 146\u201377 artillery 1830\u201380 132\u201335 Mousqueton d\u2019Artillerie Mod\u00e8le 1842 97 siege artillery 1650\u20131780 66\u201367 Panzerb\u00fcsche 39 Antitank 238","I N D E X \u2022 317 siege artillery 1781-1830 68\u201369 Model 1903 Rifle 63, 152\u201353 TU Werndl, Josef 290, 291 SIG 266 Springfield Armoury, Massachusetts 55, Werndl, Leopold 290 SIG-Sauer Tagliaferro, General John 211 Wesson, Daniel Baird 128\u201329 62\u201363 tap-action pistols 45, 46 Westley Richards,William 225 9mm P226 Pistol 266 squeeze-type matchlocks 72, 74 tape primer 81, 103, 110 Westley Richards P226 Pistol 270\u201371 Star Model M Pistol 174 taps 46 silenced weapons 220, 221, 222\u201323, 264\u201365, Starr, Nathan 89 target shooting 107, 129, 151, 173, 292 Double-barreled Hammerless 224\u201325 Starr Army Model 89 telescopic sights 279 \u201cMonkey Tail\u201d Carbine 111 276\u201377 steadying spurs 48 Texado, Francisco Ximenez de 67 wheel-lock carbines 32\u201333 Silk Gun, Chinese 69 Stechkin APS Submachine-gun 272, 273 Thompson, John T. 213 wheel-lock mechanism 11, 26\u201327, 28, 30, 37, Simonov, Sergei Gravilovich 242 steel 134 Thompson Simonov SKS-45 Carbine 242 Sten 38, 39, 303 single-shot breech-loading rifles 114\u201315 M1 Submachine-gun 211 wheel-lock pistols 32\u201333 Single-shot Cigarette Pistol 223 Mark II (Silenced) Submachine-gun M1A1 Submachine-gun 211 Skoda Heavy Field Howitzer M1914\/16 228 208\u201309 M1921 Submachine-gun 210, 213 combination weapons 34\u201335 Skorpion Model 1928 Submachine-gun 179, 185, wheel-lock rifles 10\u201311, 28\u201329 Mark II Submachine-gun 208, 239 Wheel-lock Tschinke 28\u201329 VZ61 Submachine-gun 273 Sterling Light Auto Rifle 242\u201343 212\u201313 White, Rollin 124, 128, 129 VZ83 Submachine-gun 274 Stevens Model 77E Shotgun 284\u201385 Model 1928A1 Submachine-gun 211 Whiting, J H 169 slide 178 Steyr Three-barreled gun, bronze 66 Whitworth, Joseph 98, 102 slide bar 284 tinder-lighters 27 Whitworth slide stop 179 AUG Assault Rifle 250\u201351, 291 Tippin,Walter 53 slide-action 183 AUG LMG 261 toggle assembly 170\u201371 45-mm Breech-loading Boat Gun 135 SMG see submachine-guns M1893 Cavalry Carbine 146\u201347 toggle-bolt breech mechanism 168, 225 Rifle 102\u201303 Smith, Horace 128\u201329 M1905 Pistol 168, 291 Tokarev, Fedor 177 Williams, David M 284 Smith, Samuel and Charles 121 M1912 Pistol 290 Tokarev Wilson, Robert 44 Smith,W. H. B. 290 MPI 81 Submachine-gun 274, 291 SVT40 Rifle 177 Wilson Smith and Wesson 124, 128\u201329 SPP Pistol 271, 291 TT Model 1933 Pistol 164, 174 Cane Gun 300\u201301 .38in Chief\u2019s Special Revolver 262 SSG-69 Sniper Rifle 252, 291 Tommy Gun 210 Umbrella Gun 300\u201301 .38in Safety Hammerless Revolver 129 Steyr-Hahn Model 1911 Pistol 169 tompion 101 Winchester, Oliver 116, 118\u201319, 128 .357 Magnum 263 Steyr-Mannlicher 168, 290\u201391 toradors 72\u201375 Winchester Airweight Revolver 262 stocks Transitional bar-hammer revolver 92 cartridges 112 M1917 Revolver 163 adjustable 252 traversing handspike 139 Model 50 Shotgun 284 Military and Police 129, 162\u201363 folding 215, 221, 284 trench warfare 182, 189, 190\u201391, 200, 206, 210 Model 79 Rifle 278\u201379 Model 1 Revolver 128, 129 Stoner, Eugene 245, 270, 292 trigger bar 74 Model 90 Rifle 180 Model 2 Revolver 128, 129 Stoner trigger guards 48 Model 100 Rifle 281 Model 3 Revolver 129 63 Assault Rifle 243 Tschinke 28\u201329 Model 1866 Carbine 117, 118, 119 Model 27 Revolver 163 Assault Rifle 243 tube-lock 81 Model 1873 Rifle 119 Model 29 Revolver 129, 263 straight-pull breech mechanism 147, 148, 149 T\u00fcfenk, Balkan Miquelet 79 Model 1873 Sporting Rifle 224\u201325 Model 500 X-frame Revolver 263 stripper clip loading system 151, 164, 165 Turn-off Pocket Pistol 49 Model 1876 Rifle 116\u201317 Model 1913 Revolver 129 Sturm, Ruger and Co. 263, 279 turret guns 96\u201397 Model 1885 Rifle 180 No. 3 Russian Model 126 Sturm Ruger No. 1 Rifle 281 Tyler, Benjamin 112 Model 1886 Rifle 180 Schofield Revolver 129 Sturmgewehr 44 Rifle 176\u201377, 244, 258 Type 11 Japanese Light Machine-gun 204 Model 1887 Under-lever Shotgun 181, Sigma Pistol 270 Type 67 Pistol 264 Tiffany Magnum 262\u201363 with Krummlauf device 214\u201315 UD42 Submachine-gun 210\u201311 182\u201383 smokeless guns 142\u201343 submachine-guns 185, 244 Under-hammer Turret Rifle 96\u201397 Model 1892 Rifle 180 smokeless powder 142, 185, 186 Under-lever Rifle 122\u201323 Model 1894 Rifle 119, 280\u201381 snap-matchlock mechanism 72, 74 1945\u201365 272\u201373 Uzi 9mm Steel Stock Submachine-gun 272\u201373 Model 1894 Sporting Carbine 224\u201325 snaphance lock 23, 27, 30, 38\u201339, 40, 78 1966\u2013present 274\u201377 Uzi Submachine-gun 273 Model 1895 Rifle 148\u201349, 180 snaphance pistols 40\u201341 advanced 241 Model 1897 Pump-action shotgun 180, Snapping Matchlock 22\u201323 American (1920\u201345) 210\u201313 VW sniper rifles 99 Beretta Model 1918 172, 173 182\u201383 bolt action 252\u201353 Beretta Modello 1938\/42 209 Vetterli-Vitali 1880 Rifle 117 Winchester Repeating Arms Company self-loading 254\u201355 Bergmann MP18\/1 206\u201307 Vickers Berthier .303-in Light Machine-gun 205 Snoxall, Alfred 151 European (1915\u201338) 206\u201307 Vickers \u201cLight Pattern\u201d Model 1908 Machine- 118\u201319, 164, 180, 181, 183, 244 Solothurn S18-100 Antitank Rifle 236\u201337 European (1939\u201345) 208\u201309 wire-cutter attachments 151, 160\u201361 sound supressors 221, 276, 277 FN P90 275 gun 188\u201389 WOMBAT (Weapon of Magnesium Battalion, Spandau 08\/15 Aircraft Machine-gun 200\u201301 Heckler and Koch MP5 257 Vickers, Sons and Maxim 187, 188 Special Operations Executive (SOE) 222, 223 Heckler and Koch MP5A5 257, 292 Vickers-Maxim \u201cNew Light\u201d Model 1906 Antitank) 296 Special Operations Response Team (SORT) 257 Heckler and Koch MP7 274\u201375 Machine-gun 189, 196, 197 World in Conflict (1880\u20131945) 140\u201383 special-purpose guns (1880\u20131945) 220\u201321 Lanchester SMG 208\u201309 Vieille, Paul Marie Eug\u00e8ne 142 WorldWar I 118, 119, 141, 165, 206, 290, 291 specialized and multi-purpose arms Loyalist 288\u201309 Villar Perosa M1918 Submachine-gun 206\u201307 M3 \u201cGrease Gun\u201d 210 volley guns 83, 137 antiaircraft guns 234 (1945\u2013present) 292\u201393 M3A1 210 Vollmer, Heinrich 206 antitank artillery 232 Spencer, Christopher 117 MAC M-10 276\u201377 Voltaire, Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet de 68 artillery 135, 219, 228\u201329, 230 Spencer Manufacture Nationale d\u2019Armes de Tulle Vorgrimler, Ludwig 243, 256 machine-guns 181, 186, 187, 188\u201391, 194, VZ 27 Pistol with Supressor 221 Carbine Model 1865 117 (MAT) 49 272\u201373 wad punch 104 198\u201399, 200\u201303 Rifle 116\u201317 MP38 206\u201307 Waffenfabrik Mauser 115, 153, 225, 256 man-portable antitank weapons 236 spies 221, 222\u201323, 300\u201301 PPSH-41 208\u201309, 244 Walker, Samuel Hilton 95 pistols 170 sporting guns Skorpion VZ61 273 Walker-Colt Revolver 95 revolvers 127, 162, 163 1880\u20131945 224\u201325 Skorpion VZ83 274 wall guns 74\u201375 rifles 150, 151, 154\u20135, 156, 160\u20131, 164, 176 breech-loading shotguns 120\u201321 Stechkin APS 272, 273 Walther shotguns 182\u201383 double-barreled shotguns 282\u201383 Sten Mark II 208 special purpose guns 220 early percussion 82\u201383 Sten Mark II (Silenced) 208\u201309 P38 Pistol 175 submachine-guns 172, 173, 206\u201307 European hunting guns (1650\u20131830) 64\u201365 Steyr MPI 81 274, 291 PPK Pistol 174 World War II 141, 256, 290 Flintlock Revolving 56 Thompson M1 211 WA2000 Sniper Rifle 255 antiaircraft guns 234\u201335 Holland and Holland 286\u201387 Thompson M1A1 211 Ward, Simon 165 antitank artillery 232\u201333 hunting rifles (1945\u2013present) 278\u201381 Thompson M1921 210, 213 Waters, John 47 artillery 228, 229, 230\u201331 Le Page 104\u201305 Thompson Model 1928 179, 185, 212\u201313 Webley assault rifles 244 repeating and self-loading shotguns Thompson Model 1928A1 211 Mark I Revolver 125 machine-guns 192, 194\u201395, 198\u201399 UD42 210\u201311 Model 1910 Pistol 169 man-portable antitank weapons 238\u201339 (1945\u2013present) 284\u201385 Uzi 273 Webley and Scott 125, 162 pistols 170, 175 sporting long guns (up to 1650) 28\u201329 Uzi 9mm Steel Stock 272\u201373 Flare Pistol 220 rifles 156, 164, 165, 176\u201377, 242 sporting rifles (1830\u201380) 122\u201323 Villar Perosa M1918 206\u201307 MK VI Revolver 162 self-loading and fully automatic rifles 214\u201315 Springfield Welgun SMG 221 Pistol with Supressor 221 special-purpose guns 221 Charleville Pattern Musket 62, 63 Sullivan, James L 245 Webley-Fosbury Pistol 168 spy and covert forces guns 222\u201323, 300 M1 Garand Rifle 63, 176\u201377 Swebelius, Gus 211 Webley-Pryse No. 4 Revolver 127 submachine-guns 208\u201311 Model 1795,Type I 55 swivel guns Welgun SMG 221 worm 101 Model 1795,Type II 54\u201355 before 1650 14\u201315, 16 Welrod Silenced Pistol 223 wounds, bullet 99 Model 1855 Rifle 99, 102\u201303 naval (1650\u20131830) 70\u201371 Wender system 41, 97 Wrist Pistol 222 Model 1861 Rifled Musket 62 sword bayonets 61 Werndl, Franz 291 wrought iron 134 Model 1863 Type II Musket 63, 102\u201303 synthetic materials 241, 245, 257, 264, W\u00fcrttemberg Royal Armoury 164\u201365 Model 1866 Rifle Allin \u201cTrapdoor\u201d 266, 280 YZ Conversion 114\u201315 Model 1873 Trapdoor Rifle 63 Youlton Hyperscope 189 Zbrojovka, Ceska 221 ZIS-3 M1942 Field\/Antitank Gun 232","318 \u2022 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to Antiques (ftr); Springfield Armory. 10\u201311 (CMSM) (c). 41 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of thank the following for their help with Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory. The Combined Military Services Museum the Armouries (tr); Fort Nelson (cr, b). making the book: 12 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (CMSM) (ca). 42 Dorling Kindersley: 70\u201371 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (c); Courtesy of the Royal Museum of \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c, t). 70 Dorling Kindersley: Fort The Smithsonian Institution the Armed Forces and of Military History, (clb). 42\u201343 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Nelson (bl). 71 Dorling Kindersley: David D. Miller III Brussels, Belgium (t). 12\u201334 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c). 43 Fort Nelson (c). 72 Dorling Kindersley: Associate Curator in the Armed Forces History Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries division at the National Museum of American of the Armouries (ftl). 13 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (t, b). 44 (tl, clb). 74\u201375 Dorling Kindersley: History, Kenneth E. Behring Center, Smithsonian Kindersley: Fort Nelson (t); The Tank Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Museum (c, br). 13\u201335 Dorling of Trustees of the Armouries (cla, br); (c, t, ca, b). 75 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Warwick Castle, Warwick (tr). 44\u201345 \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries National Historic Site of the Armouries (ftr). 14 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (c, cra, cb). 76\u201377 Corbis: Stapleton Alex MacKenzie Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Trustees of the Armouries (c). 45 Dorling Collection. Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Acting Chief of Resource Management of the Armouries (cla);The Combined Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, ca, Military Services Museum (CMSM) (b). the Armouries (cla); Ross Simms and the c, b). 77 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Richard Colton 14\u201315 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Winchcombe Folk and Police Museum Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, Park Ranger\/Interpreter, Historian, Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c). (clb); Judith Miller\/Wallis and Wallis (b). ca, bl). 78 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 HistoricWeapons Safety Officer 15 Dorling Kindersley: Arm\u00e9 Museum, 46 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Stockholm, Sweden (t, ca); The Tank of Trustees of the Armouries (tr, br); (tr, ca, c). 78\u201379 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques Museum (b). 16\u201317 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory (crb). 46\u201347 Dorling \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries joesalter.com Fort Nelson (t, c, cb). 16 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (cb, b). 79 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: Fort Nelson (cla, ca, bl). 17 of the Armouries (c). 47 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tr, Joe Salter Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (t, ca, Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees c, clb). 80 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Joe Salter Jr. b). 18\u201319 Getty Images: Peeter Snayers. of the Armouries (t, cb, b). 48 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tr); Peter Shirley 20\u201321 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Down East Antiques (bl). 80\u201381 The Jim Emo of Trustees of the Armouries (t, ca, c, b). the Armouries (tr, cl). 48\u201349 Dorling Bridgeman Art Library: National Army 22\u201323 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Museum,London\/Gibb, Robert (1845\u2013 The publisher would also like to of Trustees of the Armouries (t, c, b); The of the Armouries (c). 49 Dorling 1932) (b). 81 Dorling Kindersley: thank: Rohan Sinha, Martyn Page, Ishani Combined Military Services Museum Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Springfield Armory (br). University Of Nandi, Saloni Singh, Esha Banerjee, and (CMSM) (ca). 23 Dorling Kindersley: the Armouries (tl, cra, bl, br); David Edge Aberdeen: Alexander John Forsyth, Priyaneet Singh for editorial assistance; \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cla). 50\u201351 Getty Images: Hippolyte Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, (cla). www. Jaypal Singh Chauhan for DTP assistance; (ca, cla, cb). 24\u201325 Dorling Kindersley: Lecomte. 52\u201353 Dorling Kindersley: historicalimagebank.com: Military & Debra Wolter for proofreading; and \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Historical Image Bank (crb). 82 Dorling Helen Peters for indexing. (ca). 24 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The (t); Springfield Armory (c). 53 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Board of Trustees of the Armouries (bl, br). Kindersley: Springfield Armory (cl). of the Armouries (t, cl). 82\u201383 Dorling The publisher would like to thank the 25 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 54\u201355 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees following for their kind permission Trustees of the Armouries (b, t). 26\u201327 of Trustees of the Armouries (cb); of the Armouries (c). 83 Dorling to reproduce their photographs: Getty Images: (c). 26 Dorling Springfield Armory (t, ca, c). 54 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (b). Smithsonian (Key: a-above; b-below\/bottom; c-center; of the Armouries (cla, tr). 27 Dorling of the Armouries (b). 55 Dorling Institution, Washington, DC, USA: f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (ca, ca\/Full View). 84\u201385 Dorling the Armouries (br). Getty Images: (cra). of the Armouries (clb, cb); Springfield Kindersley: Down East Antiques. 86\u201387 Front Endpapers: Corbis: Philip James 28\u201329 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Armory (t). 56\u201357 Dorling Kindersley: Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Corwin (lr). 1 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 of Trustees of the Armouries (c, b, t). 29 \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Trustees of the Armouries (t). 86 Dorling The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (t, c, cb). 56 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of 2\u20133 Boxall and Edmiston gunmakers. Trustees of the Armouries (cb, br, ca). Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca, b). the Armouries (c, bl). 86\u2013138 Dorling 4 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield 30\u201331 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board 57 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Armory (br). 5 Alamy Images: Interfoto of Trustees of the Armouries (t, b, c). 31 Trustees of the Armouries (cla, b). 58\u201359 of the Armouries (ftl). 87 Dorling (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Down East Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Antiques (br). 6 Alamy Images: Stan Tess Trustees of the Armouries (ca, bc, c). of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cb); of the Armouries (ca, c, bc). 87\u2013139 (bl). Boxall and Edmiston gunmakers: 32\u201333 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Springfield Armory (c). 59 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (br). 7 Alamy Images: EN Field Sports of Trustees of the Armouries (t, b). 32 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Trustees of the Armouries (ftr). 88 (bl). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of the Armouries (ca, b). 62 \u00a9 Copyright Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of of Trustees of the Armouries (br). 8 Trustees of the Armouries (cla); Wallace James A. Langone 2013 (c). courtesy Trustees of the Armouries (tr, cla). 88\u201389 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques Collection, London (cr). 33 Dorling of the National Park Service: Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (ftl). 9 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Springfield Armory NHS\/Historic Trustees of the Armouries (c). 89 Dorling of the Armouries (c); Warwick Castle, Photograph Collection (tr). 63 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Information on caliber (firearms) Warwick (ca). 34\u201335 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (bl); Gettysburg National Throughout this book, measurements are Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees the Armouries (tl, tr); Springfield Armory Military Park (t, br). 90\u201391 Dorling provided in US measurements and metric, of the Armouries (ca). 34 Dorling (tc). Courtesy of the National Park Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of except in the case of caliber. Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Service: Springfield Armory NHS\/ the Armouries. 90 Dorling Kindersley: of the Armouries (cb). 35 Dorling Historic Photograph Collection (b). 64\u201365 \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries In the muzzle-loading era, the gauge Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (br). 91 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The diameters, or calibers, of guns were often of the Armouries (bc, br, crb). 36\u201337 Trustees of the Armouries (t, ca, c). 64 Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cb, not standardized, so calibers are provided Dorling Kindersley: Down East Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of bl, br). 92 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The in both US and metric measurements for Antiques. 38\u201339 Alamy Images: North Trustees of the Armouries (cra, cb). 65 Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tr, b). each weapon from this period.With Wind Picture Archives. 38 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 92\u201393 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board the advent of the metallic cartridge, Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Trustees of the Armouries (t, cra, cb, b). of Trustees of the Armouries (c). 93 manufacturers provided specifications of the Armouries (bl). 38\u201382 Dorling 66\u201367 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of for caliber, which is expressed in either Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Nelson (t, c). 66 Dorling Kindersley: Trustees of the Armouries (t, b). 94 inches or millimeters only. of the Armouries (ftl). 39 Dorling Fort Nelson (ca, cl, bl). 67 Dorling Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Getty Images: Kindersley: Springfield Armory. 39\u201383 Kindersley: Fort Nelson (ca). Courtesy (tl). 95 Alamy Images: AF archive (b). Calibers of shotgun are given by \u201cgauge,\u201d Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of of the Royal Artillery Historical Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of since this type of firearm is still identified Trustees of the Armouries (ftr). 40\u201341 Trust: (cr). 68 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tc, tr). 96 using a form of measurement created in Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory the 17th century, based on the number of Trustees of the Armouries (t, b); The (tr); Fort Nelson (cl, bc). 68\u201369 Dorling (t). 96\u201397 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The balls which could be cast from a single Combined Military Services Museum Kindersley: Fort Nelson (tl). 69 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca); pound of lead.","A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S \u2022 319 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Combined Military Services Museum b, t). 183 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The of the Armouries (c); Springfield Armory of Trustees of the Armouries (bl); The (CMSM) (ca). 155 Dorling Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the Armouries (clb). (t, crb, b). 98\u201399 Alamy Images: Archive Combined Military Services Museum \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries 184 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Images (b). 98 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 (CMSM) (c, crb). 126 Dorling (c);The Combined Military Services of Trustees of the Armouries (tr). 184\u2013185 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Museum (CMSM) (t). 156\u2013157 Dorling The Royal Green Jackets Museum: (clb, bl); Springfield Armory (tr). 99 of the Armouries (tr, ca, cr, br); The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of (b). 185 Alamy Images: Lordprice Alamy Images: Steven Milne (br). Combined Military Services Museum the Armouries (t, ca, c, b); Imperial War Collection (cra). Dorling Kindersley: Photoshot: UPPA (cra). 100\u2013101 (CMSM) (bl). 127 Dorling Kindersley: Museum, Duxford (cb). 157 Dorling \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (crb); Springfield Armory (br). 186 of Trustees of the Armouries (c, b). 100 (t, cb, cla); The Combined Military of the Armouries (cl). 158\u2013159 Getty Dorling Kindersley: By kind permission Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Services Museum (CMSM) (br). 128 Getty Images: Time Life Pictures. 160\u2013161 of The Trustees of the Imperial War Trustees of the Armouries (br, cla). 101 Images: (tl). 128\u2013129 Getty Images: Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Museum, London (tr); \u00a9 The Board Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Universal Images Group (b). 129 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (c, b); Jean- of Trustees of the Armouries (cl, bl). 187 Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tr, cb, br, bl). Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Pierre Verney (t). 160 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 102\u2013103 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The the Armouries (tl, tc, tr). Fairfax Media Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Trustees of the Armouries (t, b). 188 Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca, c). Management Pty Ltd.: Wayne Taylor. of the Armouries (c). 162\u2013163 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 102 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board 130\u2013131 Corbis: Bettmann. 132 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Trustees of the Armouries (r); Springfield of Trustees of the Armouries (cb). 103 Kindersley: Fort Nelson (tr, c, br, bl). of the Armouries (c). 162 Dorling Armory (cl, clb). 189 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 133 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Trustees of the Armouries (t, b, cb). 104\u2013 (b); The Tank Museum (t). 134\u2013135 of the Armouries (tc, br, bc, tl); The of the Armouries (bc). 190\u2013191 Corbis: 105 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum Combined Military Services Museum Hulton-Deutsch Collection. 192 Dorling of Trustees of the Armouries. 104 Dorling (c). 134 Dorling Kindersley: Fort (CMSM) (cl). 163 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Courtesy of the Royal Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Nelson (b). 135 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Artillery Historical Trust (bl); The of the Armouries (ca, bl, bc, br). 105 Fort Nelson (tr); The Tank Museum (b). (tr, cra). 164 Alamy Images: Interfoto Combined Military Services Museum Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 136 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield (tl). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board (CMSM) (t). 192\u2013193 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (ca, t, bl, cb). Armory (tc, ftr, c). 136\u2013137 Dorling of Trustees of the Armouries (cra). Getty Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees 106\u2013107 Alamy Images: INTERFOTO. Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Images: (bl). 165 Alamy Images: AF of the Armouries (b). 193 Dorling 108 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield of the Armouries (c). 137 Dorling archive (br). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Armory (t, ca, b). 109 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees The Board of Trustees of the Armouries of the Armouries (tc). 194 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory (c, cr, clb, of the Armouries (bl); Royal Artillery (tl). 166\u2013167 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of bl, br). 110\u2013111 Dorling Kindersley: Historical Trust (tc); Courtesy of the The Board of Trustees of the Armouries the Armouries (cb, b). 194\u2013195 Dorling \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Royal Artillery Historical Trust (bc). 138 (t, c). 166 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (t, c, b). 111 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca). of the Armouries (c). 195 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca, Royal Artillery Historical Trust (bl). 140\u2013 167 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of cb, bl). 112 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The 141 Dorling Kindersley: Down East of Trustees of the Armouries (cra, br). the Armouries (t, br). 196 Alamy Images: Board of Trustees of the Armouries (bl); Antiques. 142 Dorling Kindersley: 168 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board INTERFOTO (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory (tr); 95th Rifles and The Science Museum, London (clb). of Trustees of the Armouries (tr, cl, bl); \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Re-enactment Living History Unit (cl). Dreamstime.com: Vladimir Tronin (tr). Springfield Armory (cla). Smithsonian (tr). 196\u2013197 Dorling Kindersley: 112\u2013113 The Bridgeman Art Library: Regis Dupont: (br). 142\u2013238 Dorling Institution, Washington, DC, USA: The Tank Museum (c). 197 Dorling Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (br). 169 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: Jean-Pierre Verney (tc). 198 Australia (b). 113 Corbis: Medford of the Armouries (ftl). 143 Corbis: (b). Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tr, Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Historical Society Collection (cla). Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum cra); The Tank Museum (c). 170 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (tr). 198\u2013199 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (tr). 143\u2013239 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Kindersley: Springfield Armory (ca, bc). Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum Trustees of the Armouries (crb). 114\u2013115 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries 170\u2013171 Dorling Kindersley: (c). 199 Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (ftr). 144\u2013145 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Springfield Armory (c, b). 171 Dorling Museum (b). 200 Dorling Kindersley: Trustees of the Armouries (c, b); The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Kindersley: Springfield Armory (tl, tc, \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Springfield Armory (ca). 115 Dorling (c, b); The Tank Museum (t). 144 Dorling cra, crb). 172 Corbis: Sygma\/Gianni (c). 200\u2013201 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Giansanti (bl). Getty Images: AFP (cr). Board of Trustees of the Armouries (b). the Armouries (ca, cb); Springfield Armory of the Armouries (cla). 145 Dorling 173 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board \u00a9 Royal Armouries: (t). 201 Dorling (t). 116 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of of Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tc). Getty Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cla, the Armouries (ca, cb). 146\u2013147 Dorling Images: (bl). 174 Dorling Kindersley: the Armouries (bl); The Tank Museum (c). cl). 116\u2013117 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries 202\u2013203 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cb, of the Armouries (t, c, b). 146 Dorling (cla, fcla, tr, bc, crb); H. Keith Melton, Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c); The b). 117 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees spymuseum.org (cl). 174\u2013175 Dorling Tank Museum (t). \u00a9 Royal Armouries: Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cb); of the Armouries (cl). 147 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (b). 203 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The The Tank Museum (tr); The Combined Kindersley: Courtesy of the Royal of the Armouries (c). 175 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cb, Military Services Museum (CMSM) (b). Artillery Historical Trust (ca); The Tank Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of ca). 204\u2013205 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 118\u2013119 Getty Images: De Agostini (b). Museum (cb). 148\u2013149 Dorling the Armouries (tl, cr, tr); The Combined The Board of Trustees of the Armouries 118 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Military Services Museum (CMSM) (br). (b). 204 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The of Trustees of the Armouries (ca). Getty the Armouries (t);The Combined Military 176\u2013177 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cl); Images: (tl). 119 Alamy Images: Photos Services Museum (CMSM) (cb). 149 Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, b). The Combined Military Services Museum 12 (cr). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Dorling Kindersley: The Combined 176 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board (CMSM) (tr). 205 Dorling Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tr). Military Services Museum (CMSM) (b). of Trustees of the Armouries (c); \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries 120\u2013121 \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of 150 Alamy Images: PF-(wararchive) Springfield Armory (ca). 177 Dorling (t, br); The Tank Museum (c). 206\u2013207 the Armouries: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees (b). City of Cambridge Archives Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of of the Armouries (b). Dorling Kindersley: Photograph Collection: (tr). 151 the Armouries (bl, c, cb). 178 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (t, c); The \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Dorling Kindersley: Jean-Pierre Verney Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Combined Military Services Museum (t, ca, c). 121 Dorling Kindersley: (tl); The Tank Museum (tr). Getty Images: the Armouries (cl); Springfield Armory (bl, (CMSM) (b). 206 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries John D McHugh (cr). 152\u2013153 Dorling br, cb). 178\u2013179 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (crb). 122\u2013123 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Springfield Armory (ca, c). 179 Dorling (crb);The Combined Military Services \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries the Armouries (t, ca, c, b). 153 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory (bl, br, Museum (CMSM) (bc). 207 Dorling (tc, c, ca). 123 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of tc, tr). 180 Ogden Union Station Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees The Board of Trustees of the Armouries the Armouries (cla, cb). 154\u2013cla Dorling Collection: (tl, c). 181 Alamy Images: of the Armouries (tc). 208\u2013209 Dorling (t, b). 124\u2013125 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Kindersley: The Combined Military AF archive (b). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t). Services Museum (CMSM). 154\u2013155 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries of the Armouries (t, b);The Combined 124 Dorling Kindersley: Gettysburg Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (tl, tc). 182\u2013183 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 Military Services Museum (CMSM) (c). National Military Park, PA (bl). 125 Trustees of the Armouries (cb, b); The The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c, 208 Dorling Kindersley: The Combined","320 \u2022 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S Military Services Museum (CMSM) (bl). of Trustees of the Armouries (tr); The c, b); The Tank Museum (cr). 261 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 209 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Tank Museum (b). 236\u2013237 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Trustees of the Armouries (t, bl, crb, br). of Trustees of the Armouries (tr); The Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees the Armouries (t, cra, c, b). 262 Dorling 294 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Combined Military Services Museum of the Armouries (t); Ministry of Defence Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Trustees of the Armouries (tr, cl, b). (CMSM) (cb). 210\u2013211 Dorling Pattern Room, Nottingham (b). 236 of the Armouries (cla, cl, bl, br); Down 294\u2013295 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Kindersley: Springfield Armory (t); Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of East Antiques (tr). 262\u2013263 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c). The Tank Museum (b). 210 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (c); Ministry Kindersley: Down East Antiques (c). 295 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of of Defence Pattern Room, Nottingham (bl). 263 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (ca, tl). 296 the Armouries (ca, cr, cl). 211 Dorling 238\u2013239 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The of Trustees of the Armouries (cra, bl). Alamy Images: Stocktrek Images, Inc Kindersley: Springfield Armory (ca, cl); Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t); Pitt \u00a9 Royal Armouries: (tl). 264\u2013265 (ca). Dorling Kindersley: The Tank The Tank Museum (br). 212\u2013213 Dorling Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (c). Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Museum (bl). 296\u2013297 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory (ca). 238 Dorling Kindersley: The Combined Trustees of the Armouries (t). 264 Kindersley: The Tank Museum (b). 297 212 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Military Services Museum (CMSM) (b); Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum Armory (bl). 213 Dorling Kindersley: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford Trustees of the Armouries (cl, bl, bc). 265 (br). Courtesy of U.S. Army: (ca). 298 Springfield Armory (c, cb, crb, cb\/Bolt, br, (clb). 239 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Alamy Images: Stocktrek Images, Inc bl, tl, tc). 214\u2013215 Dorling Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cb, Trustees of the Armouries (tr, tl, bc); (cla). Dreamstime.com: Meoita (cra). The Tank Museum (t, b). 215 Dorling b). 240\u2013241 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques (c). 266 Dorling 298\u2013299 Courtesy of U.S. Army: (b). Kindersley: The Combined Military Down East Antiques. 242\u2013243 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of 299 Alamy Images: Stocktrek Images, Inc Services Museum (CMSM) (c); The Tank Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees the Armouries (tc, c); The Tank Museum (t); ZUMA Press, Inc. (br). Courtesy Museum (bc). 216 Dorling Kindersley: of the Armouries (c). 242 Dorling (bl). 267 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The of U.S. Army: (cr). 300\u2013301 Dorling Fort Nelson (tr, bl). 216\u2013217 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cra, Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Kindersley: Fort Nelson (b). 217 of the Armouries (bl, ca); The Combined br). 268\u2013269 Corbis: Stocktrek Images\/ of the Armouries (t, b). 300 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (tc); Military Services Museum (CMSM) (tr). Tom Weber. 270 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Royal Artillery Historical Trust (cr). 218\u2013 242\u2013300 Dorling Kindersley: Down \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries of the Armouries (cra, cl). 301 Dorling 219 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Artillery East Antiques (ftl). 243 Dorling (bl); Down East Antiques (cr). 271 Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Historical Trust (tc, b). 218 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of of the Armouries (br, ca). 302 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Artillery Historical of the Armouries (t, ca, b, crb). 243\u2013301 Trustees of the Armouries (bl, cra, crb). Kindersley: The Combined Military Trust (cb); The Tank Museum (cl, cla, bc). Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques 272\u2013273 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Services Museum (CMSM) (bl). Palmerston 219 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (ftr). 244 Cody Firearms Museum: Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t); Forts Society: (c). 302\u2013320 Dorling (tr, cla). 220 Dorling Kindersley: The (Original Winchester photograph from The Tank Museum (b). 272 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques (ftl). Combined Military Services Museum 1918\u201319) Rifle currently in the Cody Kindersley: The Tank Museum (bl). 273 303\u2013319 Dorling Kindersley: Down (CMSM) (tr); Robin Wigington, Arbour Firearms Museum (bc). Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of East Antiques (ftr). 306 Dorling Antiques, Ltd., Stratford-upon-Avon (tc); Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Trustees of the Armouries (c, br); The Tank Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Jean-Pierre Verney (cb, crb, b). 220\u2013221 the Armouries (bl, c, c\/left); Springfield Museum (bc). 274 Dorling Kindersley: the Armouries (cl, cl\/Belted Balls, bl, bl\/ Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Armory (tr). Herb G Houze: (br). 245 \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries opened, ca, cra, cr, c, cb, clb, bc, br); Trustees of the Armouries (c). 221 Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum (tr, cla). 274\u2013275 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques. 307 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board (br). Press Association Images: AP\/ \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Trustees of the Armouries (t, b); H. Charles J. Ryan (t). 246\u2013247 Dorling (b). 275 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The of the Armouries (ca\/Allen and Keith Melton (cra). 222\u2013223 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, br). Wheelock, c, cb\/Theur, cb\/.44in Kindersley: The Tank Museum (c). 222 the Armouries (t); The Tank Museum (c). 276 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Smith and Wesson, cb, tr, tr\/Bodeo, ca, Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of 246 Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Armory (cla, cl, bl). 276\u2013277 Dorling cr, br\/Wildfowl Cartridge, br); Down Trustees of the Armouries (tr, b); H. Keith Museum (bl). 247 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Springfield Armory (b). 277 East Antiques (cl, clb, bl); (ca\/.44in Melton (ca). 223 Dorling Kindersley: H. \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory Henry); Springfield Armory (tl). 308 Keith Melton (tc); Ministry of Defence (b); The Tank Museum (ca). 248\u2013249 (tl, tc, cla, c). 278\u2013279 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Pattern Room, Nottingham (b). 224\u2013225 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Trustees of the Armouries (cla, clb\/ Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (t, cb). 248 Dorling Kindersley: the Armouries (b); Down East Antiques 7.62 \u00d7 54mm Russian (1891), bl, tr, Trustees of the Armouries (c, t); Wallace Springfield Armory (ca, c). 249 Dorling (t). 278 Dorling Kindersley: Down cra\/303 MKV, cr, cb, cb\/7.92 \u00d7 33mm Collection, London (cb). 224 Dorling Kindersley: Springfield Armory (bl, tr, East Antiques (c, cla). 279 Dorling Kurtz (1938), br); (c, clb\/7.92 \u00d7 57mm Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees bc). 250\u2013251 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Down East Antiques (ca, c). Mauser (1905)). 309 Dorling Kindersley: of the Armouries (c). 225 Dorling The Tank Museum (t). 250 Dorling 280\u2013281 Dorling Kindersley: Down \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of East Antiques (ca, c, b). 281 Dorling (cra\/7.7 \u00d7 56mm Italian, tl, cla\/ of the Armouries (clb, b, ca, ca\/Mauser). the Armouries (b); The Tank Museum (c). Kindersley: Down East Antiques (t, cl). 7.62 \u00d7 51mm Nato, cla\/.458in Winchester 226\u2013227 Corbis: Bettmann. 228 Dorling 251 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board 282\u2013283 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Magnum (1956), c, clb\/7mm Remington Kindersley: Fort Nelson (cl); Royal of Trustees of the Armouries (br); The Tank Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cb); Magnum rifle catridge, clb, bl, tc, tr\/ Museum of the Armed Forces and of Museum (cb). 252 Dorling Kindersley: Down East Antiques (c). 283 Dorling Parabellum, ca\/Nambu, ca\/.32 Long pistol Military History, Brussels, Belgium (b). \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Kindersley: Down East Antiques (clb, ca, cartridge, cr, cb\/.32 Auto, cb\/9 mm Mars, 228\u2013229 RMN: Mod\u00e8le r\u00e9duit de la (tc, ca, cl). 252\u2013253 Dorling Kindersley: b). 284\u2013285 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The bc, cra\/.45in ACP, crb\/.357in Magnum Grosse Bertha Echelle 1\/5 de l\u2019obusier The Tank Museum (b). 253 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, c). rifle cartridge, crb\/.44in Magnum rifle de si\u00e8ge allemand de type M, mod\u00e8le Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of 284 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of cartridge, br). Back Endpapers: Corbis: 1914 07567\/RMN \u2013 Grand Palais\/Marie the Armouries (t); The Tank Museum (bl, Trustees of the Armouries (b); Down East Philip James Corwin (lr). Dorling Bruggeman\/Paris \u2013 Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e (t). ca). 254 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Antiques (ca). 285 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Trustees 229 Dorling Kindersley: The Combined Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, b). \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries of the Armouries (Postcard 1), Military Services Museum (CMSM) (bl, 255 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of (t, ca, b); Down East Antiques (cb). 288\u2013 (Postcard 2). bc); Fort Nelson (crb). 230 Dorling Trustees of the Armouries (tr, c); Courtesy 289 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Kindersley: Fort Nelson (tr, cl); Royal of the Ministry of Defence Pattern Room, Trustees of the Armouries (t, c, b). 288 All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley Artillery Historical Trust (bl). 230\u2013231 Nottingham (b). 256 Heckler and Koch Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board of Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson (cla). GMBH: (tr, bl). 257 Alamy Images: Trustees of the Armouries (cb, bl). 289 For further information see: 231 Dorling Kindersley: Fort Nelson Mikael Karlsson (b). Dorling Kindersley: Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board www.dkimages.com (bc); Royal Artillery Historical Trust (tr, \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries of Trustees of the Armouries (cla). 290 tc, br). 232 Dorling Kindersley: Fort (tc, tl, tr). 258 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 STEYR MANNLICHER GMBH: (tl, cr). Nelson (b); Royal Artillery Historical Trust The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tr, 291 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board (tr, c). 233 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The c). 258\u2013259 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The of Trustees of the Armouries (tl, tc); The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (b); Board of Trustees of the Armouries (b). Tank Museum (tr). Getty Images: AFP Royal Artillery Historical Trust (t). 234 259 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board (b). 292\u2013293 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Dorling Kindersley: The Combined of Trustees of the Armouries (c); The Tank Board of Trustees of the Armouries (t, cb). Military Services Museum (CMSM) (b, t). Museum (t). 260 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 292 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board 235 Dorling Kindersley: \u00a9 The Board The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (tc, of Trustees of the Armouries (c). 293"]