The Train Book - The Definitive Visual History

HOW SIGNALS WORK . 299 SEMAPHORE SIGNAL TECHNOLOGY Semaphore signal systems began to be introduced in the 1840s and consisted Telegraph Morse key sounder, 1875 The Morse of two pivoting arms or “blades” and a “spectacle” holding two coloured glass telegraph used a single electric lenses. As the arm moved, the lenses moved in front of a light source, The telegraph transformed railway signalling, current switched on or off to send initially an oil lamp, to allow the signals to be seen at night. On the top arm allowing messages to be sent ahead of trains for a series of dots and dashes. the lenses were red and blue, the blue combining with the yellowy flame of the first time. The most successful telegraph the oil lamp to make green. On the bottom arm the lenses were yellow and system was invented by Samuel Morse in 1835. blue. Once electric lights were used, the blue lenses were changed to green. Morse’s first apparatus used a pendulum Red, square-ended device, but his partner, Alfred Vail, suggested arm is horizontal, using a lever and armature to print a code meaning “stop” of dots and dashes – the precursor to Morse code. The system was patented in 1840 and adopted for railway signalling and general use. Thousands of miles of telegraph lines were strung alongside the railways, connecting the US east and west coasts in October 1861. POINTS The points mechanism is a key component of any railway. Invented by English engineer Charles Fox in 1832, the simplest system used a pull rod activated by a lever. This adjusted movable track sections (points) to direct a train onto a curve, taking it away from the main line. Switching the points was a task performed by a signalman, but most points are now operated electronically. Yellow distant Yellow warning Main line open Branch line closed Changing points warning arm arm is raised, No signal for Retracting the pull indicates branch line Point B rod closes Point A “proceed with meaning “all clear” closed and opens Point B, caution” Switch stand the train wheels then or lever following the tracks round onto the branch Pull rod line, which will then be extended open, while the main line will be closed. Point A open Stop Proceed with caution All clear Modern points When the upper arm is With the upper “stop” arm When both the upper and Modern points systems are horizontal, it means stop. raised and its light green, lower arms are raised and now controlled electronically, The lower arm is a “distant” the train can proceed, but both lights show green, allowing for more complex warning, telling the driver the lower distant warning it means that the line traffic operations at busy that the train may have to arm is still telling the driver ahead is clear. The driver sections of connecting track. stop at the next signal. to be cautious as the next can proceed safely at Both arms horizontal signal may require the normal speed until they Red “stop” light instructs means stop. train to stop. arrive at the next signal. Train A not to enter this block of track Green “all clear” light Green “all clear” light Two yellow “preliminary Yellow “caution” light tells Train A to proceed tells Train A to proceed caution” lights instruct instructs Train A that it Green “all clear” light into next block of track into next block of track Train A that it must expect must expect to stop at instructs Train B to proceed to stop in two signals’ time next signal into the next block of track Train B

300 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK Radstock North Signal Box Before the days of automated signalling centres, signalmen managed the movement of trains from local signal boxes. The Radstock North signal box once controlled the trains on the old Great Western Railway North Somerset Line in the UK, and was restored at Didcot to represent an original box from the 1930s. WHETHER IT WAS TO CONTROL a stop signal or to switch a passing train but over time signalling became more mechanical, using levers housed in the onto a different track, signal boxes once served as the control hubs of a rail signal box and positioned next to the track. The manually operated signal boxes transport system. The boxes ensured that trains operated safely over the were often raised to accommodate the movement of the lower part of the levers, correct route and in accordance with the scheduled timetable, and also and to allow the signalman a clear view of the surrounding track. Nowadays, provided the signalman with a warm and dry working environment. The with the advent of electronic signalling technology, traditional signal boxes earliest railway signals were given by hand, or with the issuing of tokens, have largely been replaced with centrally managed signalling control centres. INTERIOR 1 The signal box contains numerous levers set inside a frame mounted on a beam beneath the floor. The levers are painted according to their function. The large wheel operates the level crossing, and the instruments on the shelf above the levers indicate whether or not different sections of the line are clear. The key token instrument offers a safety measure to ensure no two trains are ever on the same line on a collision path. 1. Overview of signal box interior 2. Token equipment for branch line (left) and main line (right) 3. Shelf containing block instruments and telegraph equipment 4. Close-up of three-position block instruments 5. Control levers: red for signals; blue for operating locks and gates; black for controlling points 6. Large wheel and levers for operating level crossing 7. Wicket gate levers 8. Top of levers with release mechanisms 9. Brass plate denoting signal controlled by lever 10. Framed diagram of signalling system at Radstock North 11. Bell tapper to send coded messages to the next signal box 12. Signal levers 13. Single line electric key token instrument 14. Hoops used to pass tokens to drivers 15. GWR clock 16. Lamp allows signal box operation at night 17. Coal-fired stove 2 34

RADSTOCK NORTH SIGNAL BOX . 301 6 57 89 12 10 11 13 14 16 EXTERIOR The signal box is built right next to the level crossing and the railway, with the track connected to the box by complex interlocking mechanics. Each lever inside the box connects to a series of metal pulleys, chains, pivots, and rods that either change a signal, switch a point, or open and close a gate. 17 15

302 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK How Steam Locomotives Work The power of steam has long been recognized as a potential Richard Trevithick, began experimenting with high-pressure energy source and as early as the 1st century CE steam-powered steam engines. These could be made small enough to be devices appeared in the writings of Hero of Alexandria. It wasn’t mounted on wheels and, for the first time, steam could be used until the dawn of the industrial era, however, that effective ways for propulsion. Trevithick’s first engine ran on roads, but in 1803 were found to harness steam power. In 1712 English ironmonger he built a steam locomotive for the Pen-y-Darren colliery that and inventor Thomas Newcomen developed a steam-powered ran on iron track. Within 30 years the railway revolution had pump to clear water from mines. Stationary engines such as begun, providing transport for the masses, and steam was to Newcomen’s became mobile when another English engineer, power the world’s railways for more than a century. CREATING STEAM POWER STEAM LOCOMOTIVE COMPONENTS Tender handbrake Applies the tender To generate steam, hot gases pass from the firebox The essential principles of steam power remained the same furnace along tubes that run through the boiler, where throughout the steam age, although locomotives grew more brakes when the they are surrounded by water. The hot “fire tubes” boil sophisticated. Early steam engines had just one fire tube, for handle is turned the water and steam collects at the top of the boiler. This example, but Stephenson’s Rocket had 25 and later locomotives is referred to as “saturated steam” and a regulator valve had 150 or more. Depending on its job – shunting, hauling Coal space controls the rate at which it is fed into the main steam freight, or a passenger express – a locomotive had to deliver Coal goes from here pipe. Superheater pipes then typically boost the steam its power in different ways using more pistons or more driven to the firehole via the temperature to give it even more energy before feeding wheels, but the basics remained largely the same. fireman’s shovel or an it to the cylinders, where it expands to drive the pistons. automatic feed system Exhaust steam is released through the blast pipe to the TENDER chimney, helping to draw hot gases along the fire tubes. Main steam Superheater element pipes pipe Steam Regulator valve pipe Chimney Safety Water valve Valve Valve rod Piston rod Blast Boiler Air flow Cylinders pipe Firebox KEY Superheated steam Steam exhaust Hot gases Saturated steam Water filler Water tank Water float Brake rigging Allows water tank Supplies water to Indicates Transmits pressure to pipes that feed water level in the brake blocks on to be filled from the boiler water tank each wheel top of tender STEAM PROPULSION Steam feed High Steam exhaust Low pressure steam out Water from the boiler is heated to produce pressure steam in Valve steam, which is then superheated and transferred at high pressure via the steam pipe to the cylinder. Entering the cylinder through a valve, the high-pressure steam Stoking the firebox pushes a piston which, in turn, drives Cylinder Piston The fireman feeds coal into the firebox when the engine is the series of rods and pivots that turn the running, but the fire will have been lit many hours before to driving wheel, thus converting linear 1 Outward stroke High-pressure steam is fed via a valve raise the temperature slowly and avoid damaging the boiler. motion to rotation. into the front of the cylinder where it expands and pushes the piston, which rotates the wheel by half a turn.

HOW STEAM LOCOMOTIVES WORK . 303 INSIDE THE CAB Steam chest Boiler pressure pressure gauge gauge Most steam locomotives had a crew of Gauge glass shows two: fireman and driver. The driver was Vacuum brake boiler water level in charge and controlled the locomotive pressure gauge using the regulator (which acts like a Exhaust steam water throttle), the reverser, and the brake. Blower control injector control Watching his gauges and looking out Steam heating for trackside signals, the driver regulated Live steam water pressure gauge the train’s speed. The duties of the injector control Whistle lever fireman were to maintain a good supply of steam by stoking the fire, and an Vacuum brake Cylinder drain adequate level of water by checking lever cock lever the gauge glass. The fireman used the injector control to force water from the Regulator Fireman’s seat tender into the boiler. With the driver, (throttle) he would also keep an eye out for Reverser Firebox door trackside signals, especially on curves. handle Driver’s seat Oil can warming tray Fire tubes Main steam pipe Boiler Blast pipe Piston valve Carry hot gases from the Carries saturated steam The fire tubes are Draws exhaust steam Supplies steam either to the firebox through the boiler surrounded by water in front or back of the cylinder to the superheaters the boiler which they up the chimney to heat the water heat to produce steam Cylinder Chimney Collects steam from Firebox Steam dome Regulator valve Expels exhaust steam the steam pipe to Supplies heat Directs rising Controls the flow and boiler gases from push the piston to the fire tubes steam into the of saturated steam main steam pipe from the boiler the smokebox Smokebox LOCOMOTIVE Collects hot gases Steam pipe that have passed Takes the superheated through the boiler steam to the cylinder Brake shoe Driving wheel Superheater element Coupling rod Connecting rod Piston Grips directly onto the wheel Linked to other driving Reheats saturated steam to Links the driving Transfers piston Moves forwards or wheels to receive power produce superheated “dry” wheels so that they movement to the backwards inside to slow the locomotive from the piston and give steam at high temperature all turn together driving wheels cylinder when even traction to the rail steam expands Firebox grate Steam exhaust The fireman shovels coal here from the cab Steam exhaust Valve rod Steam feed Steam enters back of cylinder Piston rod Piston Moves in Piston Ready for return direction next outward stroke 2 Exhaust The wheel is connected to the valve via a series of rods. These open the valve to allow 3 Return stroke The movement of the valve also allows 4 Exhaust Once the wheels have made another half turn, the steam, which has now lost pressure, to escape. high-pressure steam to enter the back of the cylinder, the valve allows spent steam to escape and fresh steam allowing the return phase of the stroke to begin. to enter, and the cycle begins again.

304 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK How Diesel Locomotives Work The first diesel engine was demonstrated in 1893 by the German power from the crankshaft to the wheels. A diesel engine can engineer Dr. Rudolf Diesel, who went on to build the first be very powerful; those used in ships can be over 50,000 hp reliable example in 1897. A diesel engine works by drawing air – railway applications are more typically 2,500–4,500 hp. Early into the cylinders and compressing it to increase its pressure diesel locomotives introduced in the 1930s and ‘40s were and temperature. Diesel fuel is then injected into it and the cheaper to operate than steam locomotives, especially where oil resulting combustion produces energy that pushes a piston, was plentiful, because they needed far less manpower. Today which drives a crankshaft. Different transmission systems diesel-powered trains are used worldwide, particularly on less (electric, mechanical, and hydraulic) are used to transfer the busy lines where electrification is not economical. DIESEL-ELECTRICS power in turn operates the traction motors, which are reliable AC (alternating current) power supplied by an fitted to the wheels or axles of the train. Diesel-electric alternator instead of a DC generator. The AC power Most diesel locomotives (and some diesel multiple locomotives are different from electric locomotives – from the alternator was passed through a rectifier to units) have electric transmissions, and are called they carry their own power plants rather than relying transform it to DC electricity to power the traction “diesel-electric”. In a diesel-electric, the power output on an outside supply of electricity. motors. Advances in traction inverter technology in the diesel engine uses a transmission system to in the 1980s and 1990s allowed the AC supply to convert mechanical energy produced by the engine Diesel-electrics originally ran on DC (direct current) power the motors directly, using a system known into electrical power. This is achieved by using the power supplied by a generator, but developments in as three-phase supply. engine crankshaft to power a generator (more recently technology in the 1960s allowed for the use of more an alternator) to produce electricity. This electrical Electric control cubicle Silencer Air intakes Turbocharger Contains electrical controls Reduces engine noise Filtered intakes for air Generates extra horsepower from the engine using hot exhaust gases in the exhaust for the engine and other systems Engine Rectifier Produces mechanical power Converts the AC power Alternator through internal combustion output of the alternator Converts rotary mechanical power Radiator fan to DC output from the engine to Part of the cooling system electricity to power the motors to remove excess heat Flexicoil suspension Braking equipment cabinet Air compressor Fuel tank Battery box Between locomotive body Contains electro-pneumatic Compresses air for A diesel locomotive Contains batteries use in braking and must carry enough and bogies to minimize braking equipment for diesel fuel to last used to start the unsprung weight whole train electrical cooling each journey engine and operate on-board equipment

HOW DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES WORK . 305 DIESEL-MECHANICALS Final Cab Driving Air compressor A mechanical transmission on a drive controls diesel locomotive consists of a direct Compressor mechanical link between the diesel gearbox drive belt engine and the wheels. There are two types of mechanism to achieve this. Radiator In a direct-drive type mechanism, the fan engine is connected to the axles via driveshafts, differentials and gearing. Fluid Radiator The second type is the coupling coupling fan belt rod-drive which is used on rigid locomotives that have no pivoting Diesel engine SHUNTER bogies. To maintain efficient adhesion, coupling rods are attached Gearbox Driveshaft Driving wheels A shunter or switcher is a small railroad to the outer sides of the wheels of Counterbalance Coupling rod locomotive used for moving trains safely all the powered axles, powering all between storage yards and passenger of the wheels at once. stations. Shunters also assemble freight trains before a hauling locomotive takes over. Many shunters are diesel-mechanical locomotives as they do not need to be capable of high speed. Controls Alternator Turbocharger Radiator fan DIESEL-HYDRAULICS AC Radiator Diesel-hydraulic locomotives have similarities to their diesel-mechanical cousins, Diesel engine but while most diesel-mechanical locomotives or diesel-mechanical multiple units Rectifier are only capable of relatively slow speeds using low-powered engines, diesel- hydraulics are able to operate at higher speeds with much more powerful engines. DC This is because they have a torque converter instead of a gearbox. The torque converter contains a thick, viscous fluid inside a rotary impeller system to transfer Air Fuel Traction power based on the amount of speed and power the engine is producing. German compressor tank motor designers favoured diesel-hydraulics after World War II and large numbers were built; locomotives were even built for export as far afield as the USA and Asia. How it works The diagram above shows how power is transferred Bogie Exhaust Main air from the diesel engine to the traction motors on the reservoir tanks wheels, through the alternator and rectifier. Traction motor blower Luggage area Fan to cool down traction Space at rear of power motors on this side of car to store luggage the locomotive Diesel Fuel tank Cooling coil for Batteries engine air compressors Guides help Turbine Torque converter control flow blades A torque converter contains hydraulic fluid that acts within of fluid Impeller rotating elements. One element, Drive from blades the impeller, is driven by the rotary power output of the diesel engine engine. The impeller blades drive the fluid onto the turbine blades, Fluid filling driving the turbine round and port passing rotary force – or torque – on to the wheels. Extra torque is required when starting a locomotive; less torque is needed to maintain a constant speed. Drive to wheels Bogie Traction motor Main air reservoirs Fluid emptying KEY Specially designed for Powers the train using Contain air for braking port Driving impeller high-speed operation electricity generated and other uses Turbine (driven) by the alternator; one Fixed guide vanes fitted to each axle Flow of fluid

306 . HOW RAILWAYS WORK How Electric Locomotives Work In Europe, electric trains were initially developed as a more of choice for subways, helped greatly by the introduction of efficient alternative to steam and early diesel locomotives. multiple-unit train control in 1897. In the US, electrification The first electric locomotive ran in 1879 in Berlin, Germany. of a main line was first used on a 4-mile (6.4-km) stretch of the However, much of the impetus for the switch to electric Baltimore Belt Line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, although traction was driven by the increasing use of railway electrification was confined to urban areas with dense traffic. tunnels, especially in urban areas. In 1890 the first working The introduction of alternating current as a power supply underground system opened in London using electric enabled longer and heavier trains to be operated by electric locomotives, and electricity soon became the power supply locomotives and also increased their speed and efficiency. ELECTRIC TRAINS Electric locomotive Air-conditioning unit Air reservoirs components Provides air conditioning Supplies air for traction motor Like diesel-electric locomotives, electric trains employ electric motors For an electric locomotive blowers and other compressed- to drive the wheels but, unlike diesel-electrics, electricity is generated that is powered via catenary, for driver’s cab and air-cooled electrical equipment externally at a power station. The current is picked up either from the pantograph picks up the electrical equipment catenaries (overhead cables) via a pantograph, or from a third rail. As they power supply and transfers it do not carry their own power-generating equipment, electric locomotives to a transformer, where it is have a better power-to-weight ratio and greater acceleration than their converted to the correct diesel-electric equivalents. This makes electric trains ideal for urban routes voltage to power the traction with multiple stops. They are also faster and quieter than diesel-powered motors attached to each trains. The world rail speed record is held by an electric train – a specially wheel. This power allows converted French TGV which achieved 3571⁄4 mph (574.8 km/h) in 2007. the locomotive to move. Motor blowers Circuit Catenary Main rectifier breaker Compressor Pantograph Cooling fans 3-phase Auxiliary Main transformer Main inverter 3-phase AC motor AC motor rectifier Auxiliary inverter How it works KEY Smoothing choke Air compressors In the three-phase AC electric locomotive above, the High-voltage AC current from catenary Smooths the DC electric Feed the traction motor AC power supply is converted to lower-voltage DC Converted lower-voltage DC current supply to ensure consistency power by the transformer and rectifiers. Inverters Converted lower-voltage AC current of supply to the motors blowers that help keep then convert this power back to AC – but at the same the engine cool lower voltage – to supply power to the motors. THIRD RAIL Rail Power rail Sleeper Insulator Many subway and light rail systems use a third power rail as a method of power supply because Protective cover it is cheaper to install than overhead lines and is relatively efficient. A shoe extending from the Third-rail layout train makes contact with the power rail, and The power rail lies on insulators conducts electricity to the train. The system mounted on sleepers, and sits has the advantage that many trains can use it alongside the running rails used at the same time, disengaging when they no by the wheels of the train. longer need power. The power rail carries a high current that is potentially fatal to humans and animals that come in contact with it, so measures are taken to minimize the risk of contact, especially in stations and depots.

HOW ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES WORK . 307 OVERHEAD LINES Insulator Booster transformer Electric trains that collect their current from catenaries (overhead cables) use a power-collector Contact device such as a pantograph, bow collector, or wire trolley pole. The power collector is in contact with the lowest overhead wire – the contact wire. Mast Normally made from copper or aluminium, the contact wire is designed to carry several thousand Dropper amps of current while remaining in line with the Catenary track and withstanding hostile weather conditions. The mechanics of power-supply wiring is not as Running Pantograph simple as it looks. The contact wire’s tension has to rail The pantograph is kept in contact with the be kept constant; to negotiate curves in the route, overhead line using a spring or an air-pressure for example, the wire has to be held in tension device. Its contact strips are designed so that horizontally while it is pulled laterally. The they do not get hooked up over the top of the overhead wire is deliberately mounted in a zig-zag contact wire as the train moves along. pattern to avoid wearing holes in the pantograph. Main control cabinet Rheostatic brake unit Pantograph Insulator Contains thyristor-based controls Contains brake grid Collects power from Protects locomotive and to convert AC supply to DC overhead cables using crew from high-voltage required by traction motors resistors which dissipate carbon-tipped head power collected by the heat generated by the pantograph traction motors Motor contactor cubicle Controls and regulates power fed to the traction motors Main air reservoir Field control cubicle Traction motor Traction-motor blower Three-axle bogie Air supply for train Contains electrical control Provides the propulsion to move Provides air cooling for All axles have traction braking system equipment for this end of the motors mounted on motors attached and the locomotive – fitted to each the bogie below are powered the locomotive axle with integrated gearbox Transformer (behind battery box) Reduces voltage of electricity supplied by overhead cables to a suitable voltage for traction motors Protective Fixing Protective Power rail cover cover Fixing Shoe on train Sleeper Shoe on train Protective cover Shoe contact Power rail Shoe on Trains are fitted with a “shoe” that Insulator Shoe on train collects current from the power rail. train The simplest design is known as the “top contact”, with the pick-up shoe Power rail sliding along the top part of the power rail. However, the smallest Power rail amount of snow or ice on the exposed rail can render it ineffective. Insulator Side contact offers more protection from the elements, but bottom Sleeper Sleeper Sleeper contact is superior because it makes BOTTOM CONTACT contact with most of the rail and is TOP CONTACT TOP CONTACT WITH COVER SIDE CONTACT unaffected by bad weather.

308 . GLOSSARY Glossary Brake rigging Class The system of rods and levers that connect A group of locomotives built to a common Adhesion Bar-frame locomotive the brake controls to the brake blocks on design. Can also refer to the level of The frictional grip between the wheels of a A lighter weight steam locomotive originally each wheel. passenger comfort and service provided on locomotive and the rail of a track, which is developed by Edward Bury in 1838, which a particular train or carriage, e.g. first class. affected by axle weight. Particularly had a frame made of bars rather than plates. Brake van important when a locomotive is starting. This type was adopted as standard in the US. A railcar at the back of a train that provides Class 1 railroad braking power for goods trains and A US mainline railway that has annual Air brake Bell code accommodation for the train guard. Known carrier operating revenues of more than A braking system that uses compressed air A language using bell signals to describe in the US as a caboose. $250 million. as its operating medium. To apply the brake, trains used by signallers to receive and the compressed air is released into a pass on trains. Branch line Classification light see Marker light cylinder, pushing a piston and spring that A secondary railway line that branches push the brake block against the wheel. Bell tapper off a main line, serving local stations. Classification yard see Marshalling A device used to tap out bell signals yard Air cushion between signallers. Broad gauge A “spring” of air used in modern Any gauge in which the rails are spaced Co-Co suspension systems. Big end more widely than the standard gauge Refers to any diesel or electric locomotive The larger crankpin end of a connecting of 4ft 8½ in (1.435 m); for example, that has two triple-sets of powered axles. Alternating current (AC) rod, bigger than the crosshead end as the Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s 7-ft ¼-in See also Bo-Bo, Wheel arrangement An electric current that reverses its direction stresses are greater. (2.14-m) gauge. of flow rapidly at regular intervals. The rate Coal space at which it reverses per second is the Blanket Buffer The portion of a steam locomives tender frequency, and is calculated in cycles, or An optional layer in the formation of track, A device that cushions the impact of rail that carries coal to fuel the firebox. The rest Hertz (Hz). See also Direct current (DC) the blanket is made of coarse material, and vehicles against each other. of the tender carries water for the boiler. supports the layer of ballast. Alternator See also Ballast, Formation, Subgrade Buffer stop Collector shoe An electromechanical device that converts The structure at the end of a track that A power collection device attached to mechanical energy into electrical energy in Blastpipe stops a train from travelling any further. an electric train that picks up electricity the form of alternating current (AC). Used A pipe that conveys exhaust steam from Known in the US as a bumper post. from an electrified third rail that runs in diesel-electric and electric locomotives. the cylinders up the chimney of a steam alongside the running track. locomotive. This creates a partial vacuum, Bullhead rail Articulated locomotive increasing the flow of air passing through A type of rail developed in the UK, in Compound locomotive A locomotive (often steam) with two the firebox. which the top half of the rail mirrors the A steam locomotive that uses two sets of or more engine units mounted on the same bottom half. This design was intended to cylinders, the second powered by exhaust frame but pivoted so that they can move Block make rails last longer. Once the running steam from the first. independently of each other. This allows In signalling terms, a section of track that side is worn out the rail can be turned them to transition through curves despite sits between two signals. Trains cannot over and reused. Compression ignition a long wheelbase. enter the block if the first signal is “stop”. The process of using heat from compression Bumper post see Buffer stop to ignite and burn fuel in an internal Articulated train Bo-Bo combustion engine. Compression ignition An interconnected train set with cars that A common axle configuration that Bunker engines are known as diesel engines, and are each linked together by a single, describes a locomotive that has two groups An enclosure used to store coal at the back differ from spark ignition engines that use a pivoting bogie. of twin-set powered axles. See also Co-Co, of locomotive not followed by a tender. spark plug to ignite fuel. Wheel arrangement See also Diesel Ashpan Bus connector Located beneath the firebox of a coal- Bogie On an electric multiple unit train, the Conductor see Guard powered steam locomotive, this pan collects A set of pivoted wheels attached to equipment that transfers the electricity the ash and cinders that fall through the suspension components placed at the supplied by the catenary from one unit Conjugated valve gear grate of the firebox. front or rear of a locomotive to give to the next. The operation of a valve on a steam guidance and added support. Known locomotive cylinder by means of levers Atlantic in the US as a truck. Cab driven by the motion of the valve gear on A steam locomotive with a wheel The control room of a locomotive, housing two other cylinders. Used by Sir Herbert arrangement of 4-4-2 – four leading wheels Boiler the engine crew. Nigel Gresley on the three-cylinder on two axles, four powered and coupled The part of a steam engine in which steam locomotives he designed for the Great wheels, and two trailing wheels. First seen is produced and circulates. The boiler must Cabin car Northern and the LNER in the UK. in 1880, it was also called a Milwaukee, be filled with water almost to the top. The A railway car used by railway workers to after the Milwaukee Road, which used the water is generally heated by fire tubes, monitor track conditions. It is usually Connecting rod type for its high-speed passenger operations. producing steam, which builds to a high attached to the end of a train. On a steam engine, a connecting rod links pressure. The fireman ensures the boiler the piston rods to the crankpins of the Axlebox is sufficiently filled with water. Caboose see Brake van driving wheels. In some early electric A metal casing housing the bearing in which locomotives, the connecting rods linked the end of an axle rotates. Boilerman see Fireman Cant the crankshaft with the driving wheels. The angle of elevation of a rail, relative to Axle load Boxcar see Van vertical or to its partner rail. Known in the Consolidation The fraction of a vehicle’s weight that is US as superelevation. A locomotive with a 2-8-0 wheel carried by a given axle. Tracks are designed Brake arrangement. It has two leading wheels on to carry a maximum axle load. A locomotive has a set of brakes to slow it Car, carriage, coach one axle, followed by eight powered and down, and is normally fitted with an Various terms that describe a passenger- coupled driving wheels on four axles. Ballast additional control that engages brakes carrying rail vehicle. Introduced in the 1860s, it was popular in The bed of stone, gravel, or cinders on along the length of the train via the brake the US and Europe as a freight hauler. which a rail track is laid. Sleepers are rigging. Brakes are activated by air, steam, Catenary bedded into the ballast to support the rails. or a vacuum. See also Air brake, Vacuum Originally referring to the wire that Container See also Blanket, Formation, Subgrade brake supported the conductor wire of an A metal freight box that can be packed overhead electrification system, the term with goods, sealed, and then transported by Banker Brake block catenary now applies to the entire specially adapted trains, trucks, and ships. An extra locomotive that is coupled to a The friction material that is pressed against overhead wire arrangement. Also known train to help it climb a steep section of track. a wheel to slow a train down when the as overhead lines and overhead wires. Coupler, Coupling Known in the US as a helper. brake is applied. The mechanism for connecting rail vehicles Chimney together. Methods are standardized across The opening in the top of the smokebox a single railway to allow any rolling stock through which exhaust gases and steam to be coupled together. Known in the UK escape. Known in the US as a smokestack. as a coupling, and in the US as a coupler.

GLOSSARY . 309 Coupling rods Double-heading Fire tubes Guard The driving wheels along each side of a steam The use of two locomotives, with separate Tubes running between a steam A member of a train’s crew who performs locomotive are linked together by coupling crews, at the head of a train. locomotive’s firebox and smokebox. Hot ticketing duties. The guard looks after rods, also known as side rods. Coupling the gases drawn through the fire tubes heat parcels and other freight in the guard’s van, wheels spreads the power and reduces the Driving wheels the water surrounding the tubes. and may also be responsible for the brakes. possibility of wheels slipping. The powered or driven wheels of a Known in the US as a conductor, a term locomotive that provide traction. Flange which is increasingly used in the UK. Cowcatcher see Pilot The projecting lip on the inside edge of a Dynamic breaking wheel that guides the wheel along a rail. Handcar see Pump trolley Crank In electric and diesel-electric locomotives The part of a steam locomotive that and multiple units, the electric traction Flat-bottomed rail Helper see Banker transmits power from the piston to the motors can be used as generators that act The standard rail used today, which takes driving wheels via connecting rods. as brakes to slow down the train. Excess the form of a T-shape with a wide, flat base. Horsepower (hp) energy may be dissipated as heat through A unit of power equal to 550 foot-pounds Crankpin brake grid resistors (this is known as Footplate per second (745.7 watts). Used to express A large steel pin that is pressed into the rheostatic braking). On an electric train, The floor of a locomotive driving cab the power produced by steam, diesel, or wheel centre. On steam engines, the driving the excess energy may also be absorbed where the crew stands. Footplate can also electric locomotives. wheels are driven by rods that transmit back into the power supply system (this refer to the entire cab. force to the wheels through the crankpins. is known as regenerative braking). Hot box Formation Term for an axlebox that has overheated Crankshaft Dynamometer The substructure of a track on which the due to inadequate lubrication or too In steam locomotives, a shaft that acts upon A device (also called a dyno) used for sleepers and rails are laid. See also Ballast, heavy a load. cranks to convert the linear motion of the measuring force, torque, or power. On the Blanket, Subgrade piston into rotary motion. This rotary railways, dynamometer cars are used to Injector motion drives the wheels. measure a locomotive’s speed. Freight A device that feeds water into the boiler A term used to describe trains transporting of a steam locomotive against the pressure Crosshead Ejector finished goods and raw materials. It can of steam in that boiler. The point of connection between the piston Part of a vacuum brake system. The ejector also refer to the load of materials or and the connecting rod that, along with the evacuates the brake pipe to create a products that are being carried. Interchange slidebars, keeps the piston rod in line as it vacuum, which releases the brakes. A railway station where passengers can moves in and out of the cylinder. Funicular railway transfer from one train to another that Electrics Used on tram, cliff, and industrial lines, follows a different route. Known in the Cutting Refers to all locomotives, multiple-unit funicular railways use cables or chains to US as a transfer. A channel dug through a hillside to enable trains, and railcars that draw the electric move vehicles up and down slopes. a rail track to maintain a shallow grade. power for traction from an external source. Interlocking tower see Signal box The electric supply is either picked up from Gangway Cylinder a conductor rail placed beside the track, or A flexible structure provided at the ends Intermodal container An enclosed chamber in which a piston from a caternary. of coaches to provide access from one A term used to describe a freight container moves to produce power that is transmitted coach to another. that can be transferred from one mode of to the wheels. On a steam locomotive, the Elevated railway transport to another, such as from a train piston is made to move by the force of A railway built on raised platforms. Garratt locomotive to a lorry or a ship. high-pressure steam acting against it. Examples are the former Liverpool An articulated steam locomotive with a Overhead Railway in the UK and part boiler in a central frame and two engines Inverter Diesel of the New York Subway in the US. on separate frames at each end. A piece of electrical equipment on a Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines use diesel-electric or electric locomotive that compressed air, rather than a spark, Embankment Gas turbine converts direct current (DC) power supply to ignite the oil that fuels them. On a A raised pathway across a depression in A type of internal combustion engine that into an alternating current (AC) supply. locomotive, the transmission of power from the landscape that enables a rail track to uses high-temperature, high pressure gas a diesel engine to the wheels may be by maintain a shallow gradient. to generate energy. Both US and Russian Jacobs bogie electric, mechanical, or hydraulic means. railways are now experimenting with gas Designed by German railway engineer See also Compression ignition Engine turbine-electric locomotives (GTELs), Wilhelm Jakobs, this is a type of bogie used The power source of a locomotive, driven which use a gas turbine to drive an on articulated railcars and tram vehicles. Diesel-electric by steam, electricity, or diesel. Steam electric generator or alternator. The bogie is placed between two car body Any locomotive, multiple unit, or railcar locomotives may also be referred to as sections, rather than underneath, so that that utilizes the diesel-electric system. steam engines. Gauge the weight of each car is spread on one In a diesel-electric, mechanical power The distance between the inside running half of the bogie. generated by combustion is converted Exhaust edges of the rails of a track. Many gauges into an electric charge in a generator or The used steam and combusted gases are used in different countries and on Journal box alternator, and this electricity powers motors produced by either a steam or a diesel different railways. Also denotes a visual The housing in which the end of an axle that drive the axles. locomotive. display of readings for steam, pressure, etc. turns on a bearing. Diesel-hydraulic Express train Gauge glass Kriegslok Any locomotive, multiple unit, or railcar A train that stops only at certain larger A vertical glass tube in a steam locomotive Short for Kriegslokomotive, this is a German that utilizes the diesel-hydraulic system. stations on its route in order to arrive at its cab that indicates the water level in the war locomotive. Built in large numbers In a diesel-hydraulic, power generated by final destination faster. boiler and firebox. during World War II, they were cheap and combustion is passed through a torque easy to build, easy to maintain, and could converter that transfers power to the wheels Firebox Generator withstand extreme weather conditions. based on the amount of speed and power The section at the rear of a steam An electromechanical device that converts the engine is producing. locomotive boiler that houses the fire that mechanical energy to electrical energy in Leading wheel heats the water in the boiler. Fuel is fed the form of direct current (DC). A wheel located in front of the driving Diesel-mechanical into the firebox from the cab, and the wheels of a steam locomotive that provides Any locomotive, multiple unit, or railcar generated heat is fed through the boiler Gondola see Open wagon support but which is unpowered. that utilizes the diesel-mechanical system. by the fire tubes. In a diesel-mechanical, power generated by Grade, Gradient Level crossing combustion is transferred directly to the Firehole The slope of a track. Known in the UK as A location where a railway crosses wheels by means of driveshafts, gearing, The aperture in the firebox of a steam gradient and in the US as grade. a road or path at the same elevation. and differentials. locomotive through which coal or other Known in the US as a grade crossing fuel is fed by the fireman. Grade crossing see Level crossing or a railroad crossing. Direct current (DC) An electric current that flows in a constant Fireman Grate Level junction direction. Alternating current (AC) has A crew member responsible for keeping the A grille of firebars at the base of a firebox A railway junction where multiple lines significant advantages over direct current firebox of an engine fed with coal or other upon which the fire rests. The gaps in the intersect, crossing the path of oncoming rail in terms of transforming and transmission. fuel. Also known as a stoker or boilerman. grille allow in air to assist the fire. traffic at the same elevation.

310 . GLOSSARY Light rail engine to have a multitube boiler – with Pullman car Safety valves A form of rail transport typically operating 25 copper tubes instead of a single flue A luxury railway carriage. Pullmans were In a steam locomotive boiler, relief valves within urban environments. Light rail or twin flue. initially introduced in the US by George that are set to lift automatically to allow vehicles (LRVs) include streetcars and trams. Pullman in 1865 as sleeping cars on steam to escape if the boiler pressure Multiple unit (MU) long-distance trains. exceeds a set limit. Link valve gear A term used in diesel and electric traction A design of valve gear, designed at the that refers to the semi-permanent coupling Pump trolley Saloon Stephensons’ locomotive works in 1842. of several powered and unpowered vehicles A small, open railway vehicle propelled by A luxurious railway carriage used as a to form a single train. its passengers, often by means of a hand lounge, or with private accommodation. Livery pump. Known in the US as a handcar. Distinctive colours, insignia, and other Narrow gauge Sandbox see Sanding cosmetic design features of a rail vehicle. Any railway with a gauge narrower than Rack railway the standard 4ft 8½ in (1.435 m). A railway with an additional toothed Sanding Loading gauge rack-rail. A train or locomotive running on The application of sand between the wheel The dimensions that a rail vehicle must not Oil firing the railway is fitted with a cog that lines tyres and the rails to increase grip and exceed, to avoid collisions with trackside A method of firing a steam locomotive with the teeth on the rail, enabling it to prevent wheelslip. The sand is piped from objects and structures. Different countries using oil as fuel. climb slopes that would be impossible a sandbox, which is often situated on top have different loading gauges. for a normal train. of the boiler. Open wagon Locomotive An open-top piece of rolling stock used Railcar, railmotor Saturated steam A wheeled vehicle used for pulling trains. to transport loose materials such as ore A self-propelled passenger vehicle, usually Steam that has yet to be superheated to Steam and diesel locomotives generate their and coal. Known in the US as a gondola. with the engine located under the floor. remove any remaining water droplets. own power, while electric locomotives Also known as “wet steam”. collect electricity from an external source. Overhead lines or Overhead wires Railway standard time see Catenary Before the introduction of railway Semaphore signalling Maglev train timetables, different places in the same A system that relies on pivoting arms to A train that works by being levitated above Pacific country often had their own local time. relay a signal to drivers. The angle of each and propelled over special tracks by A locomotive with a wheel arrangement In the 1840s, railways began to introduce pivoting arm tells the driver whether the electromagnetic force. Maglevs produce of 4-6-2. It has four leading wheels on a standardized railway time to avoid signal is “stop”, “caution”, or “all clear”. virtually no friction, and are very quiet two axles, six powered and coupled driving confusion caused by local time differences. in operation at high speed. wheels on three axles, and two trailing Shoe see Collector shoe wheels on one axle. The Pacific was a Rectifier Main line common type of steam passenger locomotive A piece of electrical equipment on a Shunter An important railway line, often running during the first half of the 20th century. diesel-electric or electric locomotive that A small locomotive used for moving trucks between major towns or cities. converts an AC power supply into a DC or wagons around in a marshalling yard. Pantograph power supply. They are also used alongside Known in the US as a switcher. Marker light An assembly on the roof of an electric railways to convert traction current. Particularly in the US, a light that was used locomotive or electric multiple-unit Shuttle to signal the status of the train to other power car that draws current from an Regenerative brake see Dynamic A railway service that operates between drivers. Green marker lights indicated a overhead wire (catenary). Also known braking two stations, often without intermediate regularly scheduled train; white marker as a current collector. stops. A common use of shuttle services is lights indicated an extra train; and red Regulator to take passengers between airport termini, marker lights attached to the final car Passenger train A lever used by the driver of a steam or from an airport to a city centre. indicated the end of the train. Red lights are A train with carriages intended to transport locomotive to control the supply of still used in tail lights around the world people rather than goods. These trains steam to the cylinders. Known in the Side rods see Coupling rods today. Also known as a classification light. travel between stations at which passengers US as a throttle. may embark or disembark. Siding Marshalling yard Reverser A section of track off the main line used A place where freight trains are assembled, Passing loop, passing siding Mechanism with a wheel or lever that for storing rolling stock. or where freight wagons for different A position on a single-track railway where controls the forward and reverse motion destinations are moved to the correct train. trains travelling in opposite directions can of a steam locomotive. Signal Known in the US as a classification yard. pass each other. Known as a passing loop A mechanical or electronic fixed unit with in the UK and as a passing siding in the US. Rheostatic brake see Dynamic an arm or a light that indicates whether Metre gauge braking a train should stop, go, or use caution. A railway track with the inside of its rails Permanent way 3 ft 3 in (1 m) apart. The rails, sleepers, and subgrade of a Rolling stock Signalling token railway line. The term comes from the fact A term used by railway companies to refer A token used in old signalling systems. Metro that temporary lines were laid during to the collection of vehicles that run on The token was collected by the train’s crew Internationally, a name that is popularly railway construction, which were then their railway. at the beginning of a block of track. The used for an underground rapid transit replaced by a “permanent way”. token was returned to the signaller at the system – a type of high-capacity rail public ROD other end of the “block” of track. This transport in urban areas. Generally known Pilot Stands for the Railway Operating Division system ensured that at any time, only one as a subway in the US. Each system has its A sloping plate or grid fitted to the front of the British Royal Engineers, who train would be travelling within a block. own name, such as London Underground, of a locomotive; it is designed to push maintained the railways in theatres New York Subway, and Paris Métro. obstructions off the track. Known in of war during World War I. Signaller, signalman the US as a cowcatcher. In the UK, a person employed by a railway Monorail Running board, running plate to manage and operate the points and A railway system based on a single rail. Piston The footway around a locomotive’s engine signals on a section of track from a signal A monorail is often elevated above the The cylindrical assembly that moves back- compartment or boiler. box. Known in the US as a towerman; in ground, and built in urban areas. and-forth inside each cylinder of a steam or the US the term signaller denotes a signal diesel engine. The movement of the piston Running gear maintenance worker. Motion provides mechanical power, which is The parts involved in the movement of an In railway terminology, the collective term transferred by various means to the wheels. engine. Includes wheels, axles, axleboxes, Signal box for the piston rods, connecting rods, and bearings, and springs. A control room in which the movement of valve gear of a locomotive. Piston rod trains is controlled by means of signals and The rod linking the piston in a cylinder Running shed blocks, ensuring trains travel safely and to Motive power depot see Running with the crosshead. An old name for a motive power depot, schedule. Known in the US as a tower or shed where locomotives are stored, repaired, interlocking tower. Points and maintained when not in use. Multitube boiler A track mechanism at the point where two Sleeper A locomotive boiler with multiple tubes, tracks diverge that allows a train to move Saddle tank The cross-piece supporting the rails, made which revolutionized steam locomotive from one track to another. Known A tank locomotive that has the water tank out of wood, concrete, or steel. Early design. Stephenson’s Rocket was the first in the US as a switch. mounted on top of the boiler. railways also used stone sleeper blocks.

GLOSSARY . 311 Known in the US as a tie or crosstie. The Subgrade Traction motor Vertical cylinder term “sleeper” can also describe a coach or Ground prepared to give a consistent An electric motor that uses incoming Vertically mounted cylinders used in early train that provides beds for passengers on gradient to tracks that will be laid above it. electrical energy to power the axles. Used locomotives such as the Stephensons’s overnight or long-distance journeys. See also Ballast, Blanket, Formation in both diesel-electric and electric traction. Locomotion No.1 and, later, in specialized forms of shunting engines and narrow- Sleeping car Subway see Metro Tractive effort gauge locomotives. A carriage with beds where passengers can A measure of a locomotive’s pulling power; sleep while travelling. Sleeping cars were Supercharging the effort that it can exert in moving a Wagon first introduced in the US in the 1830s. A way of introducing more air into the train from standstill. This force is calculated A general term for a rail vehicle that cylinders of a diesel engine, by using a by measuring the energy the locomotive carries freight. Slidebars turbocharger to force air through the inlet exerts on the rails. See also Traction On a steam locomotive, slidebars combine valves at higher than atmospheric pressure. Walschaerts valve gear with the crosshead to guide the movement Trailer, trailer car A form of link motion valve gear first of piston rods. Superelevation see Cant A passenger vehicle in a multiple unit that patented in 1844 by Egide Walschaerts, has no power traction equipment, and a Belgian engineer. It was widely used in Slip coach Superheated steam which is powered by the vehicles that Europe, being easier to maintain and A coach that could be uncoupled from a Steam that has been raised in temperature are attached to it. lighter than Stephenson’s link valve gear. moving express train and braked to a halt and volume by adding extra heat as it It first appeared in the US in 1876 and was at a station. This allowed passengers to passes between the boiler and the cylinders. Trailing wheel also used extensively there. disembark without halting the main train. This dries the steam by turning remaining A wheel located behind the driving wheels water droplets into gas, thus delivering of a steam locomotive that provides support Water column, water plug Smoke deflectors more power. but which is unpowered. A hollow pole fitted with a hose and Metal sheets attached to the smokebox connected to a water supply for filling to funnel air upwards, forcing smoke and Switch see Points Train locomotive water tanks. Water columns steam emitted from the chimney away Passenger or freight vehicles coupled may be fitted onto cranes with movable from the cab to improve visibility. Switcher see Shunter together and travelling as one unit along arms to allow water to be supplied to a railway line. Trains can be self-propelled locomotives on either of two adjacent Smokebox Tail light or locomotive-hauled. tracks. Known in the UK as a water The leading section of a steam locomotive The lamp at the rear of a train. In the UK, column, and in the US as a water plug. boiler assembly that houses the main steam a train is not complete without a red rear Transfer see Interchange pipes to the cylinders, the blastpipe, the warning light. See also Marker light Westinghouse brake chimney, and the ends of the firetubes. Ash Transmission A widely used automatic air brake invented drawn through the firetubes collects here. Tank locomotive In a diesel locomotive, the method by in the 1870s by US engineer George A steam engine that carries its fuel and which power is transmitted from an engine Westinghouse. Universally adopted in the Smokestack see Chimney water on its chassis rather than in a tender. to an axle or the wheels. Transmission may US, it was also developed worldwide. The water is often held in side tanks or in be electrical, hydraulic, or mechanical. Spiral saddletanks that encase the boiler. Wet steam see Saturated steam A railway formation in which tracks cross Truck over themselves as they ascend a mountain. Telegraph (electric) A small rail wagon. Also, the US term Wheel arrangement A communication system developed in for a bogie. A method of classifying locomotives by the Splasher the 1830s that used electrical impulses distribution of different types of wheels. A semi-circular guard used to enclose the travelling through wires to send messages. Turntable For steam locomotives, Whyte notation top section of a large-diameter driving It became the standard instrument of A device for rotating rail vehicles so they is a common system. Diesel and electric wheel. Often fitted when a wheel protrudes railway communication worldwide. can travel back in the direction they came locomotives and powered cars are above the running board of a locomotive. from. Largely obsolete today. categorized by the number of powered Tender and unpowered axles that they have. Standard gauge A vehicle attached to a steam engine that Twin-track railway The unpowered axles, which often carry Rails spaced 4 ft 8½ in (1.435 m) apart. carries the fuel and water. A railway that runs two tracks along the the leading and the trailing wheels, are Standard gauge is the most commonly used same line, each track taking trains in listed numerically, while the powered gauge worldwide. Designed by Robert Third rail opposite directions, rather than both axles supporting the driving wheels are Stephenson for the first inter-city railways, A system that provides an electric train directions being serviced by a single track. given an alphabetical description. See also it is also known as Stephenson’s gauge. with power through a conducting third rail Bo-Bo, Co-Co, and Whyte notation. set alongside the running tracks. The power Underground see Metro Steam chest is collected via a shoe attached to the train. Wheel unit see Bogie The internal part of a locomotive’s cylinder USATC block where the valve chamber connects Three-phase system An abbreviation that stands for United Wheelset with the steam supply and exhaust pipes. A system that enables a steady supply of States Army Transportation Corps. An assembly that consists of two wheels AC current without fluctuations to power Locomotives built in the US for the attached to an axle on a rail vehicle. Steam dome traction motors, enabling higher traction USATC were shipped to Europe for A chamber on top of the barrel of a steam power to be achieved. use by the Allies in World War II. Whyte notation locomotive’s boiler where superheated A classification of steam locomotive wheel steam collects and is directed to the Throttle see Regulator Vacuum brake arrangements that is based on the number cylinders through the steam pipe. A type of brake that is held off by a partial of leading, driving, and trailing wheels. For Tie see Sleeper vacuum and applied when air is let into example, a wheel arrangement of 4-4-0 Steam locomotion the system. Vacuum brakes were used in would denote a locomotive with four Steam locomotion is founded on the Tilting train the UK because, unlike air brakes, they leading wheels, four driving wheels, principle that when water is heated above A train that can lean into bends, enabling did not require a separate pump. and no trailing wheels. its boiling point, it turns to steam and its it to travel faster around curves without volume becomes 1,700 times greater. If this passenger discomfort. Valve Yard expansion takes place within a sealed vessel In a steam locomotive, valves co-ordinate An area off the main line used for storing, such as a boiler, the pressure of the steam Tower see Signal box the movement of steam into and out of the sorting, loading, and unloading vehicles. will become a source of energy. cylinders. In a diesel engine, valves control Many railway yards are located at strategic Towerman see Signaller fuel intake and expulsion of exhaust gases. points along a main line. Large yards may Steam pipe have a tower from which marshalling The pipe that connects the steam dome to Track Valve gear operations are controlled. the steam chest in the cylinder block. The permanent fixtures of rails, ballast, Linkages that connect the valves of a fastenings, and underlying substrate that steam locomotive and control the Stoker see Fireman provide a runway for the wheels of a train. movement of the valves. Streamliner Traction Van A locomotive or train set that incorporates In railway terms, a force that relies on A flat-bottomed freight wagon with streamlining into its shape to provide friction between a wheel and a rail to sliding doors on each side. Known in reduced air resistance. generate motion. See also Adhesion the US as a boxcar.

312 . INDEX Index Baldwin Locomotive Works Bombardier cab interiors continued Baldwin ALCO narrow gauge 131 ALP45 DP 267 Deltic prototype 190–1 All general page references are given in italics. Baldwin Class DS-4-4-660 179 Omneo Régio2N 292 DHR B Class No.19 88–9 References in bold refer to main entries. Baldwin Old Ironsides 30 Traxx 253 DR No. 18.201 235 Baldwin S12 switcher 180 Zefiro 380, 292 DR No. 52.8184-5 “Kriegslok” 175 A Baldwin “Spider” 131 GWR Auto Trailer No. 92 102 Baldwin Switcher 130 Bonnie Prince Charlie 210 IR Class WP No. 7161 209 accidents 104 early diesels 157 Borsig, August 56 Javelin No. 395017 287 Acela Express 265, 279 SR Class Ps-4 134 Borsig No.1 56 King Edward II 139 Adams, William 64 VGN Class SA No. 4 113–7 Boston subway 64 Mallard 155 Adelaide, Queen 53 Box Tunnel (Wiltshire) 48 Merchant Navy Class No. 35028 Clan Line Adler 24–5 ball signals 298 Boxley Whitcomb 30-DM-31 178 273 ADtranz ballast 296 Braithwaite, John 17 Merddin Emrys 81 ballastless track 296 brake vans 146, 108–11 modified DR V100 227 C-100 260–1 Baltimore & Annapolis Railroad, B&A GE brakes 297 N&W J Class No. 611 203 DE AC33C 251 Bridgewater Canal 23 N&W GP9 Class No. 521 185 AEG 224 70-ton switcher 180–1 Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ) 252 Palace on Wheels 259 Aerolite (NER Class XI, No. 66) 98–9 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) 13, 28, 29, Brighton Belle 270, 274, 276, 277 Reading MU No. 800 165 Agenoria 17 Britain see United Kingdom Rocket 21 air brakes 35, 297 36, 72, 306 British Pullman 270–7 steam locomotives 303 airport railways 261 B&O Atlantic 30 British Rail see British Railways Thatcher Perkins 41 Akbar (IR Class WP No. 7161) 204, 206–9 B&O Bo Switcher 125 British Railways (BR) 169, 186, 245 VGN Class SA No. 4 117 Akkuschleppfahrzeuge (ASFs) 237 B&O Class B No.147 Thatcher Perkins 37–41 Alexandra Docks (Newport & South Wales) B&O Class P-34 No. 9523 223 Beeching Report 221 cabooses, H&BT No. 16 108–11 Railway Co. Saddletank No. 1340 98 B&O F7 Class 180–1 BR Class 4MT 210 Cail, Jean-François 46 Alexander III, Tsar 122 B&O “Grasshopper” John Hancock 31 BR Class 05 186–7 Caledonian Railway (CR) Alstom 193, 282 B&O L Class No. 57 Memnon 36 BR Class 7 Britannia 211 Citadis tram 261 B&O Lafayette 31 BR Class 08 186 CR 812 Class 98 Prima II 267 electric trains 95 BR Class 9F 210–11 CR No.123 62–3 Alta Velocidad Española (AVE) 246 GM EMD GP40 223 BR Class 14 236 Engine No.17 62 alternating current 306, 308–9 Baltimore Belt Line 306 BR Class 42 187 Races to the North 62 American Car & Foundry Company, AFC battery locomotives 144, 237 BR Class 58 250 Calgary transit C-train system Siemens S200 three-dome tanker 147 “Battle of Britain” Class Light Pacific BR Class 70 No. 20003 196 293 American Civil War 36, 38, 133 locomotives 198 BR Class 91 253 California Zephyr 43 American Locomotive Company (ALCO) 105, Bavarian Class S3/6 104 BR Class 92 252–3 Camden & Amboy Railway 24 134 Beattie, Joseph 45 BR Class 108 187 “Camelback” (SRR A-4 Class) 76 Amtrak 43, 221, 228 Beeching, Dr Richard 221 BR Class AL1/Class 81 197 Canada 31, 56, 61, 74–5, 146, 157, 250–1, 260 Acela 279 Beeching Report 186, 221 BR Class EM1/Class 76 197 Canadian Central Railway 74 Amtrak Class HHP-8 253 Beijing to Hong Kong high-speed line 265 BR Type 5 Deltic D9000 Class 55 228–9 Canadian National Railways (CN) 229, 250 Amtrak GE Genesis 250 Belgium 131, 151, 198, 248 BR GM EMD Class 66 251 CN Class U-4-a 157 Amtrak Siemens American Cities Sprinter see also Société Nationale des Chemins de BR HST Class 253/254 229, 241 Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) 61, 74–5, 223 BR Type 1 Class 20 187 CP T1-C Class Selkirk 146 ACS-64 293 fer Belges (SNCB) BR Type 4 Class 40 187 Canterbury & Whitstable Railway 24 Amtrak Superliner 241 bento boxes 279 BR Type 4 Class 47 222 Cape Government Railway (CGR), CGR Penn Central/Amtrak Metroliner 240–1 Berlin BR (W) Gas Turbine No. 18000 186–7 Class 7 83 Turboliner 221, 228 BR(W) Brake Third Carriage 216–7 Cape Town to Wellington Railway 57 Amur Line 122–3 division of 221 Deltic 188 carbon dioxide emissions 292 Andrew Barclay Industrial 199 electric tramway 91 logo 136, 271 cargo efficiency 293 Angadh (XE Class) 146 Hauptbahnhof 280–1 Mark III sleeper 241 carriages 52–3, 216–7, 240–1 Argentina 56 U-Bahn F-type train 260 Mark IIIB First Open 241 Art Deco-style 157 Arlberg-Orient-Express 140 Untergrundbahn 95, 260 broad gauge 35, 48, 50–1, 66–7, 120–1, 146 British Pullman 270, 274–7 Armstrong, George 64 Berlin–Potsdam Railway 56 Brocken Railway 268–9 comfort of 217 Art Deco 129, 156, 157, 275 The Best Friend of Charleston 13, 28 Brookwood Cemetery 65 DHR B Class No. 19 89 articulated steam locomotives 95 Beyer Peacock & Co. 95, 121, 210, 211, 212 Broun, Sir Richard 65 Director’s car 30 artillery, railway-mounted 133 Beyer-Garratt 95 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 35, 48–9 GWR Auto Trailer No.92 100–3 Asia Express 156 Class NG G16 211 atmospheric railway 44, 45 GWR broad gauge 51 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe No. 138 212–15 broad gauge 48, 50, 66 Javelin No. 395017 288–9 Railway 241 TGR K Class Garratt 121 Brunel, Marc 48 L&BR Queen Adelaide’s Saloon No. 2 52–3 Atlantic (B&O) 30–1 BG Type 1B N2T Muldenthal 47 Budapest Metro 64, 95, 260 London locals 64–5 atmospheric railway 45 Bhor Ghat Railway 57 car 124 London underground 55 ATO (Automatic Train Operation) 237 Bienvenüe, Fulgence 106 Budd Company, Budd RDC railcar 181 Maryland coach 31 Auriol, President 277 Big Bertha (Dicke Bertha) 133 Buddicom, William 47 Nova Scotia coach 31 Australia 56, 121, 129, 156–7, 238–9 “Big Boy” (UP Class 4000) 9, 169, 204–5 Buehrig 157 Orient Express 140, 141 Austria 46, 112, 113, 121, 133, 196, 261 Big Four 12, 186 Buenos Aires Western Railway 56 Palace on Wheels 254–9 auto coaches 100–3 “Black Five” (LMS Class 5MT) 142 Bugatti, Ettore 157, 158 Prince of Wales’s Coach 82 automatic trains 237, 260–1, 265, Blackie (Hawthorn No.9) 57 Bugatti railcar (autorail) 152, 158–9 Rocket 18, 21 290, 293 “Blackjack” 159 Buick Ma&Pa Car No. 101 161 self-propelled 99 Automatic Warning System (AWS) 284 Blaenau Ffestiniog 78, 83 Bulleid, Oliver 170, 198, 270 The Blue Train 194 AVE see Alta Velocidad Española Bloomer, Amelia 53 “Bullet Trains” 158, 221, 228, 230–1, 264 see also cabooses; coaches BLS Ae 4/4 196 Bury engine 25 cars (automobiles) B Blücher 26 Bury, Edward 25, 44 Draisine 236 “Blue Tigers” (ADtranz DE AC33C) 251 business travel 8 Ma&Pa car No. 1 161 Baghdad Railway 112 Blue Train see The Blue Train 194–5 ownership 221, 222, 236 Baikal see SS Baikal Bluebell Railway 268–9 C pump cars 161 Baikal-Amur Magistral 221, 245 BNSF freight train 293 reliance on 9 Baldwin, Matthias 30, 114 bobbers 108 cab interiors Cascade Tunnel (Washington State) 124 Bockwaer Railway 47 Beyer-Garratt No. 138 215 Catch Me Who Can 13, 14, 16 C&PA Snow Plow 71 catenary 306, 307

INDEX . 313 Cavalier (N&W) 200 Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) Cravens Stock Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) continued engines continued cemetery railways 65 coach 240 DR V22.09 (Class 171/172) 236 how electric locomotives work 306–7 Central Pacific Railroad (CP) 35, 42, 43 DR V60 D (Class 105) 236–7 how steam locomotives work 302–3 Cornishman (GWR) 66–7 DR V300 (Class 132) 237 Napier Deltic D18-25 188 CP No. 60 Jupiter 37 Coronation Class (LNER) 150 Reko-Wagen 241 CF de l’Est Crampton, No. 80 Le Continent Coronation Scot (LMS) 151 English Electric Coudersport & Port Allegany Railroad DeWitt Clinton 29 0-4-0 Battery Locomotive N788 144 46–7 Diesel, Rudolph 304 Deltic prototype 169, 186, 188–91 CF de l’Ouest Buddicom Type 111 No. 33 (C&PA), Snow Plow 68–71 diesel-electrics 304–5 cowcatchers 36 diesel-hydraulics 305 Enterprise express 250 Saint Pierre 47 Crampton, Thomas 46 diesel-mechanicals 305 Ericsson, John 17 Chance, Fred 169 crane tanks 77 diesels 129, 158–61, 169, 170, 178–87, 221, Erie Lackawanna Railway, GM EMD Class Channel Tunnel 245, 246, 248–9, 253, 265, Cravens Stock 240 crew, steam locomotives 303 222–3, 228–9, 236–7, 250–1, 266–7, 293 SD45 222–3 284 Crewe Works 44 first 95 Eurofima 240 Rail Link 248, 265 “Crocodiles” (Krokodils) 160 forerunners of 95 Eurostar 245, 248–9, 284 Chapelon, André 135 Cumberland Valley Road, CVR No. 13 Pioneer how diesel locomotives work 304–5 Chat Moss 23 and oil crisis 252 Class 373/1 246 Cheltenham Flyer (GWR) 150 36 Direct-Orient-Express 140 Evening Star (BR Class 9F) 210–11, 221 chemicals 216 Cuneo, Terence Tenison 220 Director’s Car (1828) 30 Experiment 29 Chemin de Fer de la Baie de la Somme 268 Currier & Ives 72–3 disc brakes 297 Express d’Orient 140, 141 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 229 cut-and-cover method 55 District Railway 64 express freight 143 Chesapeake & Western, Baldwin Class Cygnus Carriage 276 DR Coach No. 100 65 DS-4-4-660 179 Czechoslovakia 222, 224 dock railways 76, 77, 98, 199, 236–7 F Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Mumbai) 61, “Dong Feng” (Chinese DF4) 223 280–1 CSD Class 363 252 Doppelstockwagens 217 Fairlie, Robert Francis 76, 78 Chicago & North Western Railroad 43, 223 double disc signals 298 Fairy Queen (EIR No.22) 56–7 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, D double-decker (duplex) trains 283, 292 “Ferkeltaxi” (DR V22.09) 236 CB&Q Pioneer Zephyr 159 draisines, motorized 236 Ferrocarril Chihuahua-Pacifico, Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad 43 D-Day landings 170, 171, 177 Drehström-Triebwagen 124 Chicago, South Side Elevated Railroad 260 dairy wagons 143 Dripps, Isaac 24 “El Chepe” 268 China 146, 205, 222, 223, 224, 245, 246, Dalhousie, Lord 57 driverless trains 260–1, 290, 293 Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) Dandy Car No.1 53 drivers, steam locomotives 303 265, 278 Danggogae Station (Seoul) 280 Drummond, Dugald 96 FS Class 740 105 Class SL7 156 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) 57, 61, Drysllyn Castle (GWR) 134–5 FS Class ETR 197 DF4 (“Dong Feng”) 223 Dubai Metro 265, 280–1, 290–1 FS Class ETR 200 161 China Railways 268–9 Dubai Rail Link (DURL) 290 FS Class ETR 500 253 CRH2A 278 DHR Class B 83 Dublin, Luas Alstrom Citadis tram 261 Ffestiniog Railway 212 CS Class QJ 205 DHR Class B No.19 84–9 Duchess of Hamilton (LMS) 150–1 FR Double Fairlie No. 10 Merddin Emrys Chinese labourers 43, 74 Davis, Phineas 30 Dudley, Earl of 17 Chittaranjan Locomotive Works 205, 206 de Glehn, Alfred 104 Dunn, Albert 275 76, 78–81 Christie, Agatha 9 Dean, William 130 Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge FR Prince 44–5 Churchill, Sir Winston 276 Delaware & Hudson Canal & Railroad 13, Railroad 268 FR Single Fairlie Taliesin 83 Churchward, George Jackson 95, 97, 99 29 Durant, Thomas 42 Fiennes, Gerard 245 Circum Baikal Line 123 Deltic prototype 169, 186, 188–91, 228, 304 DWA Class 670 railcar 251 Financial Centre metro station (Dubai) 280–1 Citadis trams 261 Deltics 188, 228 Fire Fly (GWR) 50 City & South London Railway (C&SLR) 64 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad 120 E fireboxes C&SLR electric locomotive 65 “Derby Lightweight” trains 187 double 78, 79 C&SLR “Padded Cell” 64 Derwent (S&DR No. 25) 52 East Coast Main Line 62, 150 stoking 302, 303 City of Truro (GWR City Class No. 3440) 97 Deutsche Bahn (DB) 245, 251 Races to the North 62 fireless locomotives 44, 66, 157 Clan Line 270–7 DB ICE 1 247 firemen 303 class travel 47, 64, 89, 217 DB ICE 3 278–9 East Germany 169, 192, 193, 211, 217, 222, first class 47, 217 Class V36 Shunter 170 Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) 169, 210, 245 224–8, 232–7, 240, 245, 252 First Transcontinental Railroad 34–5, 42–3 Climax locomotives 113 DB Class 23 210 flanged wheels 297 coaches DB Class E03/103 229 see also Deutsche Reichsbahn Flèche d’Or 135 broad gauge 51 DB Class E41/141 197 East Indian Railway (EIR) Fliegender Hamburger (DR Class SVT 137) 158 early US 30–1 DB V160 Class 218 223 Flying Hamburger (DR Class SVT 137) 158 GWR Auto Trailer No. 92 100–3 DB V2000 (Class 220) 192 EIR Class XT/1 145 Flying Mail 72–3 Prince of Wales’s Coach 82 DB VT11.5 (Class 601/602) 193 EIR No.22 Fairy Queen 56–7 Flying Scotsman (LNER) 134, 135, 148–9 see also carriages DB VT98 (Class CC6500) 193 EIR No.1354 Phoenix 121 food, perishable 8, 143, 146–7, 216, 217 coal mines 76, 144, 146, 199 Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) 129, 142, 169, 245 Edmondson, Thomas 125 Forster, E.M. 95 Cold War 221, 245 DR Acid Cannister Wagon 217 Edward Bury & Co 25 Forth Bridge 61, 94 Collett, Charles B. 134, 135, 136, 142, 143, DR Class 01 135 Edward VII, King 82 Foster, Raistrick & Co. 17 144, 145, 199 DR Class 03.10 151 Egypt 26 Fowler, Henry 134 colour signals 298–9 DR Class 05 150 Einheitskleinlokomotiven 161 Fowler, John 44 Columbine (GJR) 44–5 DR Class 41 143 ekiben 279 “Fowler’s Ghost” 44 commuters 8, 64, 216, 260–1, 266, 292–3 DR Class 44 146 electric bus connectors 163 Fox, Charles 299 Compagnie du Nord 135 DR Class No. 52.8184-5 “Kriegslok” 169, electric trains 61, 90–1, 95, 124–5, 148, 158–65, France 13, 28–9, 46–7, 56, 95, 104, 105, 106–7, Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits 140 compound engines 96, 104 171, 172–5 260, 169, 196–7, 221, 222–3, 228–9, 129, 130–1, 133, 134–5, 169, 171, 196, compression ignition oil locomotives 95 DR Class 65.10 211 236–7, 246–7, 252–3, 266–7, 278–9, 198–9, 221, 228–9, 245, 246–9, 265, Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 9 DR Class 99.23-24 211 282–9, 292–3 282–3, 292 concentration camps 9, 169, 177 DR Class 99.73-76 145 how electric locomotives work 306–7 see also Société Nationale des Chemins de conductors, cabooses 108–11 DR Class 243 252 Electro-Motive Division 251 fer Français (SNCF) conjugated valve gears 148 DR Class Kö 161 Elevated Railway (New York) 61, 118–9 freight trains 9, 98–9, 130–1, 142–7, 170–1, 177, container transport 223, 236, 293 DR Class SVT 137 Fliegender Hamburger 158 Elizabeth II, Queen 276 180, 187, 192–3, 199, 212, 216–7, 221, continuous braking 146 DR Class V100 222, 224–7 Empire State Express 62, 63 222–3, 236–7, 250–1, 252–3, 266–7, 293 convict labour 122, 123 DR Class V180 222 engine room, Deltic prototype 190 diesel locomotives 304 Cook, Thomas 35 DR Class VT18.16/Class 175 228 engines express freight 143 Cookham Manor (GWR) 143 DR EO4 160 armoured 131 Union Pacific Railroad 42–3 Cooper, Peter 13, 29 DR No. 18 201 232–5 battery-powered 144, 237 freight yards 144 DR V15 (Class 101) 193 how diesel locomotives work 304–5 Friendship Train 171 Fruit Growers Express, FGEX fruit boxcar 146–7

314 . INDEX Furka Cogwheel Steam Railway 268 Great Western Railway (GWR) continued hoppers 146 journeys, great continued Furka Oberalp Bahn 252 GWR 2800 Class 99 horse-drawn railcars 53 Indian Pacific 238–9 Furness Railway, FR No.3 “Old Coppernob” 44 GWR 2884 Class 147 howitzers 133 Orient Express 140–1 Fury (L&MR) 22–3 GWR 3700 Class or City Class 97 HSB Halberstadt railcar 251 GWR 4000 Class or Star Class 97 Hungary 64, 95, 124, 133 Jubilee Coach No.353 65 G GWR 4575 Class Prairie Tank 145 Hunslet Engine Co. 210 Jupiter (CP No.60) 37 GWR 5600 Class 144 Jupiter (L&MR) 22–3 Garbe, Robert 104 GWR 5700 Class Pannier Tank 145 Hunslet Austerity 198 Jura-Simplon Railway 95 gas-turbine powered trains 221, 228 GWR Auto Trailer No. 92 100–3 Lilla 77 Juratovic, Jack 157 Gatwick, ADtranz C-100 260–1 GWR Castle Class Drysllyn Castle 134–5 Linda 77 gauge 296 GWR Corridor Composite carriage Huntingdon & Broad Top Mountain Railroad K No. 7313 216 & Coal Co., H&BT Caboose No.16 108–11 battle of the gauges 35, 48, 51 GWR Dean Goods 130 Huskisson, William 21 Karlsruhe, tram-train 245 broad 35, 48, 50–1, 66–7, 120–1, 146 GWR Firefly Class Fire Fly 50 hydroelectric power 160 Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malaysia) 251 conversion of GWR 66 GWR Hall Class Hinderton Hall 142–3 Kerr Stuart, KS Wren Class 120 metre 224, 296 GWR Iron Duke Class Iron Duke 50 I Kiesel, William 134 standard 26, 35, 48, 51, 66, 120, 296 GWR Iron Duke Class Lord of the Isles 51 King Edward II (GWR No.6023) 135–9 see also narrow gauge GWR Iron Duke Class Sultan 50–1 I-class No.1 56 Klein-Linder articulation 130 geared locomotives 113 GWR Iron Mink Covered Wagon 98–9 Iarnród Éireann, IÉ Class 201 250 “Klondyke” (GNR Class C2) 96–7 General Electric 125, 180, 250, 251 GWR King Class King Edward II 135–9 Illinois Central Railway 217 Komsomolskaya Station (Moscow) 280 General Motors 178–9, 180 GWR Manor Class Cookham Manor 143 Imlay, Richard 31 Krauss, Georg 46 Electro-Motive Division (EMD) 182, 250, GWR Modified Hall 199 India 35, 61, 82, 83, 84–9, 112, 120, 145, 146, “Kriegslok” (DR No. 52.8184-5) 169, 171, GWR Rover Class 51, 66–7 251 GWR Steam Railmotor No. 93 99, 100 160, 171, 204–9, 245, 254–9 172–5 GM EMD Class SD45 222–3 GWR streamlined railcar 158 Indian Class EM 112 Kruckenberg, Franz 158 GM EMD GP40 223 GWR “Toad” brake van 146 Indian F Class 82 Krupp 133, 145 The General (W&A No. 39) 36 Radstock North Signal Box 300–1 Indian Pacific 238–9 KVB (Contrôle Vitesse par Balise) 284 generator car (Palace on Wheels) 259 and standard time 63 Indian Railways genocide 9, 177 L George V, King 150 Green Arrow (LNER Class V2) 143 IR Class AWE 171 German Wagon AG (DWA) 251 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 63 IR Class WL 205 ladder track 296 Germantown & Norristown Railroad 30 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel 129, 134, 135, 143, IR Class WP Pacific No. 7161 204, 206–9 Lafayette (B&O) 31 Germany 13, 24, 30, 31, 35, 46–7, 56, 77, 90–1, IR Class YG 205 lamps, signal 298 148, 150, 152 Indian SPS 120 Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, LYR Wren 95, 104, 105, 112, 120–1, 124, 129, 130–1, “Greyhounds” (LSWR T9 Class) 96 “Indusi” safety gear 232 133, 134–5, 142–3, 145, 147, 150–1, 156, guard’s compartment (Palace on Wheels) 259 industrial design 156, 157 77 158, 160–1, 169, 170–5, 177, 192–3, 197, Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad, GM Class E7a industrial railways 76–7, 98–9, 113, 199, Landwührden (Class G1 No.1) 46 210–11, 217, 222–9, 236–7, 240, 245, 236–7, 267 “Large Bloomers” (LNWR) 52–3 246–7, 251–2, 260, 278–9, 293 178–9 Inner Mongolia 204, 205, 245 “Le Capitole” (SNFC Class CC6500) 228, 229 see also Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB); Gwen Carriage 276 “Inter-city” travel 18, 221, 240, 241 Leipzig Station 129 Deutsche Bahn (DB); Deutsche Reichsbahn InterCityExpress (ICE) 245, 247 Leipzig to Dresden Railway 31, 35 (DR) H intermodal freight transport 223, 236 Lend-Lease programme 170, 198 Gernroder-Harzgerode Railway, GHE T1 international services 140–1, 248–9, 282 Lew (L&B) 144–5 (Triebwagon) 160 Hackworth, Timothy 17, 31, 52 interoperable locomotives 266 Liège-Guillemins Railway Station 280–1 Giant’s Causeway &Bushmills Railway Halske, Johann 91 Invicta 24 light rail systems 245, 265, 292–3 268–9 handcars 161 Ireland 240, 250, 261 light signals 298–9 Gilbert, Rufus 119 Hardwicke (LNWR “Improved Precedent” see also Iarnród Éireann; Córas Iompair Lightning Express 72–3 Glacier Express 252 Éireann Lilla (Hunslet) 77 Gladstone (LB&SCR B1 Class) 62–3 Class No.790) 62 Iron Duke (GWR) 50 Lima Locomotive & Machine Co., Lima Class Golden Arrow 271 Harvey, Charles 119 Italy 26, 105, 160, 161, 197, 253 Gölsdorf, Karl 112, 113 Harzer Schmalspurbahnen 251 after 2000 278, 282 C Shay 121 Gölsdorf “Harzkamel” (modified DR V100) 224–7 see also Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) Lincoln, Abraham 42, 72 Class 170 112 Hawksworth, Frederick W. 199, 217 Ivatt, Henry 96 Linda (Hunslet) 77 Class 310 113 Haydarpasa Terminus (Istanbul) 280–1 lines Gooch, Daniel 50, 66 headlamps 151 J Gotthard Railway 158, 159, 160 Heavy Gustav (Schwerer Gustav) 133 closures 221, 236 Gotthard Tunnel 61 Hedley, William 13, 16 Jamaica 56 electrification 197, 306 grade (gradient) 296 Heeresfeldbahn 130 Japan 60, 61, 82, 169, 221, 228, 230–1, 264, high-speed 245, 246, 265 Grand Central Terminal (New York) 61, 280–1 Heisler, Charles L. 113, 157 modernization 245 Grand Junction Railway (GJR) 44 Heisler 2-truck geared locomotive No.4 113 265, 278–9, 282 Link, O. Winston 200 Columbine 44–5 Henry Oakley (GNR Class C2 Small Atlantic Class SL7 156 Lion 25 “Grasshoppers” 30, 31 Japan National Railways literature, trains in 9 Gratitude Train 171 No.990) 96–7 JNR Shinkansen Series 0 228, 230 Liverpool (L&MR) 22–3 Great Central Railway, GCR Class 8K 130 Henschel metre-gauge 130–1 JNR Shinkansen Series 300 230–1 Liverpool & Manchester Railway (L&MR) Great Eastern Railway (GER) 64 heritage railways 9, 268–9 JR N700 Shinkansen 279 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22–3, 24, 25, 26–7 GER S56 Class 65 Hero of Alexandria 302 Japan’s No.1 82 Locomotion No. 1 13, 16–17, 26 Great Indian Peninsular Railway 57, 112 hi-rail vehicles 161 Javelin No.395017 282–9 Loewy, Raymond 157 GIPR Class WCP 1 160 Hiawatha expresses 156 Jefferson, Thomas 13 London & Birmingham Railway (L&BR) 26 Great Northern Railway (GNR) 148 High Level Bridge (Newcastle) 26 Jennie (KS Wren Class) 120 L&BR Queen Adelaide’s Saloon No.2 52–3 GNR Class C2 Small Atlantic 96–7 High Speed 1 (HS1) 248, 265, 282, 284 Jervis, John B. 28–9 London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) GNR Stirling Single Class 62 High Speed Train (HST) 221, 228, 229, 241 Jessop, William 297 Races to the North 62 high-pressure water-tube boilers 148 Jews, deportation of 9, 177 148, 150 Great Western Railway (GWR) 13, 25, 35, 48, high-speed trains 9, 221, 228–31, 245–9, 253, Ji-Tong Railway 205, 245 LNER Class A3 135, 152 134, 142, 150 jiggers 161 LNER Class A4 Mallard 150–5 GWR Auto-trailer No. 92 100–4 265, 278–9, 282–9 “Jintys” 144 LNER Class C1 Large Atlantic 97 broad gauge 50–1, 66–7 Hinderton Hall (GWR) 142–3 John Bull 24–5 LNER Class P2 150 Broad Gauge Coach 51 historic railways 268–9 John Hancock (B&O “Grasshopper”) 31 LNER Class V2 Green Arrow 143 coat of arms 101 Historical Logging Switchback Railway 268 Johnson, Samuel W. 96, 97 London & North Western Railway (LNWR) GWR 633 Class 64 Hitachi 284 journeys, great LNWR “Improved Precedent” Class 62 Hitler, Adolf 9 The Blue Train 194–5 LNWR “Large Bloomers” 52–3 H.K.Porter Inc. 178 LNWR Pet 45 Holden, James 65 Races to the North 62

INDEX . 315 London & South Eastern Railway (LSER), Metropolitan Railway continued Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W) continued Pen-y-darren steam locomotive LSER Class 395 Javelin 282–9 Met C Class 65 N&W EMD GP9 Class 180 13, 14–15, 16 Met Class A No. 23 52–3 N&W EMD GP9 Class No.521 182–5 London & South Western Railway (LSWR) Met E Class No. 1 98–9 N&W J Class 204 Penn Central Corporation LSWR 4115 Class 64 Met Jubilee Coach No. 353 65 N&W Pullman Class P2 No. 512 216–17 Penn Central Wagon No. 32367 216 LSWR Class 0298 45 Penn Central/Amtrak Metroliner 240–1 LSWR T9 Class 96 Metropolitan-Cammell 217 Norfolk Southern Railway 182 Midland Railway (MR) 51 Norges Statsbaner AS, NSB Class D13 192–3 Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., PP&L “D” London, Brighton & South Coast Railway Norris, William 30, 31 fireless 157 (LB&SCR) MR Class 115 96 North British Locomotive Company 131 MR Compound 1000 Class 97 North British Railway (NBR) Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) 62, 108 LB&SCR A1 Class 64–5 Mikados 146 PRR Class A5s 146 LB&SCR B1 Class 62–3 military railways 9, 130–3 NBR Dandy Car No. 1 53 PRR Class B1 161 London Illustrated News 47 milk trains 143 Races to the North 62 PRR Class E7 112–13 London local railways 64–5 Miller, Joaquin 129 North Eastern Railway (NER) PRR Class G5s 134 London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS) Milwaukee Road, MILW (Chicago, NER Class XI, No. 66 98–9 PRR Class GG1 4935 159 Milwaukee, St Paul & Pacific Railroad) NER electric locomotive 124–5 PRR Class K4s 134, 157 134, 142, 176–7 Class A 156 NER petrol-electric autocar 124 PRR Class S1 157 LMS 8F 170 mining 76, 113, 144, 146, 212, 293 Races to the North 62 track inspection 151 LMS Class 3F “Jinty” 144 mixed traffic 142–3 North London Railway (NLR), NLR 75 Class LMS Class 5MT “Black Five” 142 Modernisation Plan (BR) 169, 186, 187, 210 64 Peppercorn Class A1 No. 60163 Tornado 282 LMS Coronation Class 150–1 Mohawk & Hudson Railroad 29 North Star (GWR Star Class No. 4000) 97 Pere Marquette Railway, PMR GM EMD LMS Diesel Shunter 161 monorails 246 North Star (L&MR) 22–3, 25 LMS Royal Scot Class 134 Morse, Samuel 299 North Western Railway (NWR), SW-1 No. 11 179 London Necropolis Railway 65 Morse code 299 NWR ST 120 permanent way 296 London, Tilbury & Southend Railway, LTSR Moscow Metro 129, 260 Northeast Frontier Railway (NF) 84, 206 Pershing Nord 131 Class 79 99 mountain railways 76, 82, 83, 84–9, 120–1, 125 Northfield, James 238 Pet (LNWR) 45 London Transport, LT Victoria Line 237 multi-voltage electric locomotives 252 Norway 26, 192 petrol locomotives 131, 158 London Underground 35, 44, 64, 237, 260, 306 multiple-unit (MU) trains 100, 162–5, 240, Notesse, Raoul 151 petroleum 216 building 54–5 306 Nova Scotia Coach (1838) 31 Phantom (BR Class 08) 186 Siemens Inspiro metro concept 293 self-powered 292 Novelty 17 Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Shops, P&R Lord of the Isles (GWR) 51 Mussolini, Benito 160 Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, NTV AGV Lucille Carriage 274–5 ETR 575 282 Switcher No. 1251 144 Ludwig Railway 24 N Nutting, John Gurney 157 Phoenix (EIR No. 1354) 121 Luftwaffe 177 Nydqvist & Holm AB (NoHAB) 192 Pickering, Edward 57 luxury 140–1, 194–5, 217, 239, 245, N&W Class A 204 piggyback transport 223 254–9, 265 Nagelmackers, Georges 140 O Pioneer 36 Lyd (L&B) 144–5 Napier Deltic engine 188 Pioneer Zephyr (CB&Q) 159 Lynton to Barnstaple line, L&B Lew 144–5 narrow gauge Ocean Liner (GWR) 277 Planet 24 oil prices/crisis 247, 252, 304 Pocahontas (N&W) 200, 216 M around the world 82–3, 120–1 “Old Coppernob” (FR No. 3) 44 points 299 Beyer-Garratt No. 138 212–15 Old Ironsides (Baldwin) 30 McConnell, James 53 DHR Class B No. 19 84–9 Old Patagonian Express, “La Trochita” 268 mechanical interlocking 35 McIntosh, John F. 98 historic railways 268–9 Oldenburgische Class G1 No. 1 Landwührden Poland 193, 199, 252, 283, 293 MacKay, Charles 61 Merddin Emrys 78–81 Polar Star (GWR Star Class No. 4005) 97 Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains 246, 265, military railways 130 46 Polskie Koleje Panstwowe (PKP) modified DR V100 224–7 Olive Mount Cutting 23, 26 278 specialist steam 76–7 Omneo Régio2N 292 PKP Class EP09 252 Maglev Transrapid prototype 246 see also gauge; metre gauge Ontario & Quebec Railway 74 PKP Class Pt47 199 mail trains 72–3 nationalization 169, 178 Orenstein & Koppel, O&K Feldbahn PKP Class SM30 193 mainline electrification 197 Nelson, Hurst 99 PSK IC Class ED250 283 Mallard (LNER Class A4) 9, 129, 148, 150–5 Netherlands 35 130–1 Port Carlisle Railway 53 Marc Séguin locomotive (1829) 28–9 New Empire State Express 128 Orient Express 61, 140–1 La Porteña 56 Mariazell Railway, Mh 399 121 New South Wales Government Railways, Otavi Railway 212 posters 42, 128, 140, 168, 169, 220, 238, 245, Marquardt, Ernst 169 NSWG Class C38 157 Oudh & Rohilkand Railway, O&RR Class B 265 Marshall Plan 198 New York power rails 306, 307 Maryland & Pennsylvania Railroad (Ma&Pa) Elevated Railway 61, 118–19 No.26 57 Powhatan Arrow (N&W) 216 Subway 64, 95, 119 overhead lines 307 Prairie Tank (GWR) 145 Car No. 1 161 World Fair (1939) 151 Owl 72–3 Preston Docks Sentinel 236–7 GM EMD Type NW2 No. 81 178–9 New York Central & Hudson River Railroad oxygen masks, for high altitude 265 Prince (FR) 44–5 Maryland Car 171 (NYC&HR) 62 Prince of Wales’s Coach 82 Maryland Coach (1830) 31 NYC&HR No. 999 63 P privatization 245, 282 mass city transit 35 New Zealand Railways (NZR) Promontory Summit (Utah) 34–5, 43 mass production 112–13 NZR Class Ab 134 Pacific Railway Act (1862) 42 golden spike 34–5, 37 mass transport 9 NZR Class K 142 “Pacific” type 104, 105, 134–5, 148, 150, 152, Prussian state railways 95 Matheran Hill Railway 84 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Prussian Class G8 112 Maunsell, Richard 142 Robert Stephenson & Co 24, 26 156, 186, 198 Prussian Class P8 104 MDT/IC No. 13715 217 T&W Metro 261 “Padded Cell” carriage 64 Prussian Class T18 105 meals Newcomen, Thomas 16, 302 Pakistan Railways 251 “Puffer” 14 takeaway, Japan 279 Nicholas II, Tsar 122, 123 Palace on Wheels 245, 254–9 Puffing Billy 13, 16 see also restaurant cars Night Ferry 271 Pannier Tank (GWR) 145 Puffing Billy Railway 268–9 mechanical interlocking 35 Nord Compound 104 panorama lounges 278 Pullman Memnon 36–7 Nord Pacific 135 pantographs 306, 307 Car 35 Merchant Navy Class No. 35028 Clan Line Nordhauen-Wernigerode Railway, NWE Paris Class 216 270–1 Mallet 120–1 see also British Pullman Merddin Emrys (FR Double Fairlie No. 10) 76, Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W) 1895 crash 104 Pullman, George Mortimer 35 78–81 N&W ALCO T6 (DL440) Class 180–1 Métro 64, 95, 106–7 pump cars 161 metre gauge 224, 296 N&W Budd S1 sleeper 216 Paris à Orléans Railway, PO Pacific 105 Purves, Libby 265 metro systems see cities by name N&W Class J No.611 200–3 Park, John C. 64 Metroliners 240–1 Passchendaele (NZR Class Ab) 134 Q Metropolitan Railway 35, 64, 260 Pearson, Charles 55 building the Tube 54–5 Pearson, Drew 171 quarries 76, 77, 78, 113 Pease, Edward 35 Queen of Scots 270, 274 Quicksilver (LNER) 150

316 . INDEX R San Diego, SDTI Duewag U2 cars 260 Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Stanley, Henry Morton 9 Sandy & Potton Railway, S&PR No.5 Belges (SNCB) Statens Järnvägar (SJ) R.&W. Hawthorn & Co. 25, 57 Races to the North 61, 62, 95 Shannon 53 Class 40 131 SJ B Class 105 rack-and-pinion system 76 Sankey Viaduct 23 Class 58 130 SJ X2 247 Radstock North Signal Box 300–1 Sans Pareil 17 SNCB 29 198 stations Ragan, Leslie 128 Sapsan (RZD) 279 SNCB Class 12 151 Paris Métro 106, 107 Rail Diesel Car (RDC) 171 Saxon IV K Class 77 Société Nationale des Chemins de fer refurbished 221 rail zeppelin 158 Saxonia 30, 31 spectacular 280–1 Railmotor & Trailer “set” (GWR) 99, 100 Schienenzeppelin 158 Français (SNCF) 129, 292 steam trains 10–31, 32–57, 58–89, 91–123, Railroad Standard Time 63 Schubert, Johann 30, 31 SNCF 141R 198 rails 296, 306–7 Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB) SNCF 241P 199 129–57, 169–77, 198–215, 221, 232–5, railway construction SNCF Class BB 26000 252 268–77 SBB Cargo Bombadier Traxx 253 SNCF Class BB9000 169, 196 cutting-edge 205 Canadian Pacific 74–5 SBB Class Ae8/14 158 SNCF Class C61000 192 Europe’s last gasp 210–11 Eurostar 248–9 SBB Doppelpfeil 159 SNCF Class CC6500 193, 229 golden age 9, 95 tracks 296 Schynige Platte Class He2/2 125 SNCF Class CC7107 169, 196 historic railways 268–9 Trans Australian Railway 238–9 seaside holidays 8 SNCF LGV Sud-Est TGV 247 how steam locomotives work 302–3 Trans-Siberian Railway 122–3 second class 47, 217 SNCF TGV Euroduplex 283 invention of 16 Union Pacific 42–3 Séguin, Marc 13, 28, 29 SNCF TGV P06 283 iron horses 9, 13 Railway Operating Division (ROD) 130 semaphore signals 298–9 SNCF TGV V150 282, 283 and Modernisation Plan 169, 186, 187, Railway Post Office (RPO) cars 72 Settebello (FS Class ETR) 197 Somme offensive 133 210 Railway Regulation (Gauge) Act (1846) 51 Shanghai songs, trains in 9 replacement of 169, 178–9, 186–7, 252 Railway Regulations Act (1847) 217 SMT/Transrapid 278 “Sous-marin” (submarines) 193 revival of 9, 282 Rainhill Trials 13, 17, 18, 26–7 Transrapid Maglev train 265 Souter, John 62 specialist steam 52, 76–81 Raipur Forest Tramway 84 Shannon (S&PR No. 5) 53 South Africa 56, 57, 83, 147, 194–5, 212 spread across world 35 Rajasthan Tourism Department 254 Shay, Ephraim 113, 121 South African Railway 204, 210, 211, 212 versatile 144–5 Rajputana Malwa Railway 82 Sher-e-Punjab (IR Class WL) 205 SAR Class 15F 147 wheel configuration 297 Rapid Transit Act (US, 1875) 119 Sherwood, James B. 270 SAR Class 25C 205 withdrawal of 221, 222 rapid transit systems 260 Shinkansen trains 221, 228, 230, 246, 278, SAR Class 25NC (“Red Devil”) 204, 205 world steam’s last stand (1940–59) 204–5 Reading Company (Railroad) 144 279, 284 South Carolina Railroad 28, 72 world’s last steam railways 9, 245 Reading MU No. 800 162–5 shipyards 76, 77 South Devon Railway 45 zenith of 129 recycled energy 292 shoe contact 306, 307 South Hetton Coliery, SH Chaldron Wagon Steam Waggon (John Stevens’s) 28–9 “Red Devil” (SAR Class 25NC) 204, 205 shunters 144, 160, 161, 169, 170, 186, 198, 52 Stephenson, George 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 35, redbirds 183 210, 305 Southern Belle 277 48, 52, 120 Reko-Wagen (DR) 241 diesel (1940–59) 192–3 Southern Railway (SR) Stephenson, Robert 13, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, Renfe Operadora, AVE S-100 246 see also switchers L&B Lew 144–5 302 restaurant cars Shutt End Colliery Railway 17 Merchant Navy Class 270 Stevens, Frederick William 61 The Blue Train 194 Siemens 261, 279 milk tank wagon 143 Stevens, John 28 Palace on Wheels 255, 258 Amtrak Siemens American Cities Sprinter No. 234S crane tank 77 Stirling, Patrick 62 Venice Simplon-Orient Express 270, 274–7 SR Bulleid Light Pacific 198 Stockton & Darlington Railway (S&DR) 13, revolving disc signals 298 ACS-64 293 SR Class Q1 170 16, 24, 26 Rhaetian Railway (RhB) 252 Desiro Classic 266 SR S15 Class 142 S&DR No. 25 Derwent 52 Riddles, Robert A. 171, 198, 210, 211 Desiro-RUS 267 Southern Railway (SOU) Stourbridge Lion 13, 17 Riggenbach, Niklaus 76 Eurosprinter 266 SR Class Ps-4 134 streamliners rim brakes 297 ICx 293 see also Norfolk Southern Railway diesel and electric 158–9 Road and Track prints (Juratovic) 157 Inspiro metro concept 293 Soviet Railways (SZD) steam 151–7, 200–3 road transport 236 S200 293 Soviet Class M62 222 streetcars 124 alternatives to 9, 265 Vectron 293 Soviet Class P36 204 style, Art Deco 156, 157 road-rail inspection vehicles 161 Siemens, Werner von 61, 91 Soviet Class VL10 236 subgrade 296 Robert Stephenson & Co. 17, 24, 25, 44, 56 Siemens & Halske 91, 124 Soviet ER200 246 subways see underground railways Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns 210 signal boxes 300–1 Spain 240, 246, 265 Südbahn Class 23 GKB 671 46 Rocket 13, 16–21, 24, 26–7, 302 signalmen 300 see also Renfe Operadora Sultan (GWR) 50–1 Rocky Mountains 74–5 signals specialist engines 76–7 Sunbeam (Hawthorn) 25 Royal Albert Bridge 48–9 how signals work 298–9 speed superheating 96, 104 Royal Bavarian State Railways 104 mechanical interlocking 35 age of 156–7 Superliners 241 Royal Border Bridge (Northumberland) 26 Radstock North Signal Box 300–1 emphasis on 8, 221 suspended trains 292 Royal Daylight Tank Wagon 99 Silver Fox (LNER) 150 passenger services 1960–79 228–31 Sweden 105, 192, 247 Royal Saxon State Railway 77 Silver Jubilee (LNER) 150 speed records see also Statens Järnvägar (SJ) Royal Scot Class (LMS) 134 Silver King (LNER) 150 “Bullet Trains” 230 switchers 113, 114–17, 125, 160, 161, 178–81 royal trains 52–3, 82, 276 Silver Link (LNER) 150, 152 diesel 129, 221, 304 see also shunters Russell Snow Plow Company 68 Silverton Tramway 238 electric 169, 196, 228, 230, 265, 279 Switzerland 61, 76, 95, 125, 158–9, 160, Russia 61, 83, 112, 113, 122–3, 129, 133, 279 Simplex locomotive 131 Maglev trains 265 196, 252 see also USSR; Soviet railways Simplon Tunnel 95, 140, 141 Mallard 9, 148, 150, 152, 153 early railways 35 Russian E Class 112, 113 Simplon-Orient-Express 140 Races to the North 62 see also Schweizerische Bundesbahnen Russian O Class 83 Sindh (IR Class YG) 205 Schienenzeppelin 158 (SBB) Russian Railways, RZD Sapsan 279 Singapore, SMRT North-South Line C151 steam 9, 129, 148, 150, 152, 153, 232 Sydney Railway Co. 56 261 TGV 221, 245, 248, 265, 282, 283 S Sir Roger Lumley (GIPR Class WCP1) 160 “Spider” (Baldwin) 131 T Skinny Emma (Schlanke Emma) 133 “Spinners” (MR Class 115) 96 safety features 232, 284 Skoda 133, 252 Spirit of Progress (VR) 156 Tahoe (V&TRR No. 20) 82–3 brakes 297 slave units 192 Spooner, G.P. 78 Talgo III 240 mechanical interlocking 35 sleepers 216, 241, 296 Sprague-Thomson electric train 107 Taliesin (FR Single Fairlie) 83 signals 298–9 The Blue Train 194 Sprye, Richard 65 Tanggula Station (Tibet) 280–1 tokens 300 Orient Express 140–1, 270, 276 SS Baikal 123 tankers 146, 147, 216 Palace on Wheels 254–9 standard rail time 63 Tasmanian Government Railway, TGR K St Pancras International (London) 248, 280–1 snow ploughs Standard steam designs 169 Saint-Étienne & Lyon Railway 28, 29 CP&A Snow Plow 68–71 Stanier, William 134, 142, 151, 170 Class Garratt 121 modified DR V100 225 telegraph system 35, 299

INDEX . 317 TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) 221, 245, 246, underground railways 54–5, 64, 95, 106–7, Vitznau-Rigi Bahn, VRB No. 7 76 248, 265, 278 236, 260, 292–3, 306 VMS Chemnitz tram-train 293 see also cities by name Voith SNCF LGV Sud-Est TGV 247 SNCF TGV Euroduplex 283 Union Express 194 Gravita 266 SNCF TGV P06 283 Union Pacific Railroad (UP) 35, 42–3, 244 Maxima 267 SNCF TGV V150 282, 283 Vossioh TGV-PSE 245 UP Challenger CSA-1 Class/CSA-2 Class Eurolight 267 Thalys PBKA 246–7 147 G6 267 Thames Tunnel scheme 48 Wuppertal Schwebebahn train 292 Thatcher Perkins (B&O Class B No. 147) UP Class 4000 “Big Boy” 169, 204–5 Vulcan Foundry 82, 83 37–41 UP GM EMD Class SD60 250–1 The Blue Train 194–5 UP No.119 (1868) 37 W third class 47, 89, 217 Union Station (Los Angeles) 280–1 third rails 306 United Aircraft Corporation, UAC Turbo wagons Thomas Viaduct 28 Train 229 1836–69 52–3 Thomason-Houston 124 United Arab Emirates 290 1895–1913 98–9 Tibet 265, 280–1 United Kingdom 13–27, 44–5, 48–55, 62–7, Express Dairy milk tank wagon 143 ticketing 125 freight 1914–39 146–7 Tiger 25 76–81, 95, 96–103, 124–5, 129, 130–1, freight 1940–59 216–17 tilting trains 247, 282 133–9, 142–55, 169, 170–1, 176–7, freight 1960–79 223 time, standard rail 63 186–91, 196–9, 210–1, 216–7, 221, 222, see also brake vans; cabooses Tipong Colliery Railway 84 228–9, 236–7, 241, 245, 246, 248–53, “Toads” 146 260–1, 265, 270–7, 282–9 Wapping Tunnel (Liverpool) 23 Todd, Kitson & Laird 25 colonies 56–7 War Department 170 Tõkaidõ Shinkansen line 228, 230, 279 expertise from 46, 56, 82 tokens 300 exports from 24–5, 36, 82, 210 Hunslet Austerity 198 Tolstoy, Leo 9 see also British Railways; rail companies by WD Austerity 171 Tom Thumb 13, 29, 30 name War Department Light Railways 130 Tornado (Peppercorn Class A1) 282 United States 13, 24–5, 28–31, 34–5, 36–43, Wardle, Manning 144 torque converters 305 56, 61, 62–3, 68–73, 60, 95, 108–17, 129, warfare, railways and 9 tracks 130–1, 133, 134, 144, 146–7, 156–9, 161, Warships (BR Class 42) 187 how tracks work 296 168, 169, 170–1, 177, 178–85, 200–4, Watt, James 16 inspection 161 216–7, 221, 228–9, 240–1, 244, 260, 265, Webb, F.W. 62 maintenance 236 292–3 Wehrmacht third rail 306 electrification 306 Armoured Car 170–1 traffic lights 298–9 financing the railroads 36, 36 Class V36 Shunter 170 train-busters 169 mail trains 72–3 Welsh Highland Railway (WHR), Beyer- Train Protection Warning System see also Amtrak; rail companies by name Garratt No.138 212–15 (TPWS) 284 United States Army Transportation Corps West Coast Main Line 62 trams (USTAC) 170 Races to the North 62 electric 124, 260–1 USTAC S100 170 “West Country” Class Light Pacific tram-trains 245, 293 USTAC S160 170 locomotives 198 Trans-Australian Railway 129, 238–9 Universal Exhibition (Paris, 1900) 106 West Germany 169, 192, 193, 210, 223, 228, Trans-Europ Express (TEE) 169, 193 Universal locomotive types 197, 266 229, 245, 260 Trans-Iranian Railway 177 urban railways 8, 260–1, 265, 292–3 see also Deutsche Bundesbahn Trans-Mongolian Railway 123 US National Railroad Passenger Corporation West Highland Line 161 Trans-Siberian Railway 61, 122–3, 129, 221, see Amtrak Western & Atlantic Railroad, W&A No. 39 245 Ushuaia Station (Tierra del Fuego) 280–1 The General 36 transcontinental railway (USA) 34–5, 42–3 USSR 146, 204, 221, 222, 236, 245 Western Pacific Railroad 43 Transrapid prototype 246 see also Russia; Soviet Railways (SZD) Westinghouse, George 35 trench railways 130, 131 wheels 297 Trenitalia, ETR 500 278 V White Pass & Yukon Route 268 Trevithick, Richard 13, 14–15, 16, 302 Whitelegg, Thomas 99 Triebwagen 124, 160 Vail, Alfred 299 Wilson, E.B. 56 Tsuzumi Gate of Kanazawa Station (Tokyo) Van Horne, William Cornelius 74 Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS) 176–7 280 Vancouver Sky Train RTS ICTS Mark I 260 Wood’s crossbar signal 298 Tube see London Underground Vanguard (BR Class 42) 187 World War I 129–33, 160 tunnels VEB double-deck coach 217 locomotives for 130–1 Bhor Ghat Railway 57 VEB Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke World War II 9, 133, 151, 168, 169, 170–7, Box Tunnel (Wiltshire) 48 192, 194, 198 Channel Tunnel 245, 248–9 “Hans Beimler” Hennigsdorf (LEW) 222, Wren (LYR) 77 Connaught Tunnel 75 252 Wuppertal Schwebebahn train 292 London Underground 55 Paris Métro 106 Venice Simplon-Orient Express 140–1, 245, XYZ Simplon Tunnel 95, 140, 141 265, 276, 277 Spiral Tunnels 74, 75 XE Class 146 and switch to electric engines 306 Ventspils Narrow Gauge Railway 268–9 Zefiro 380 292 Turboliner (Amtrak) 221, 228 Vera Carriage 277 Zena Carriage 277 Turkey 140–1, 170 Victoria, Queen 35, 82 Zola, Émile 9 TVM430 (Transmission Voie Machine) 284 Victoria Falls Bridge 95 Tyne & Wear Metro 261 Victoria Line (London) 237 Victoria Railways (VR), VR “S” Class 156 U Victoria Terminus (Bombay) 61 Vienna, ULF tram 261 ultrasonic testing 236 Virat (IR Class AWE) 171 UN Relief & Rehabilitation Administration 170 Virgin Trains, VT Class 390 Pendolino 282 Virginia & Truckee Railroad, V&TRR No. 20 Tahoe 82–3 Virginia Central Railroad, VC Porter No. 3 178 Virginian Railway, VGN Class SA No. 4 113–7

318 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Eisenbahnfreunde Rewari Steam Loco Shed PICTURE CREDITS AND Tony Streeter for all his time, assistance, Traditionsbahnbettiebswerk Northern Railways, Rewari, Haryana - VEHICLE OWNERS and support throughout the making of Strasssfurt e.V. 123110, India this book. Guestener Weg, www.rewaristeamloco.com Key to museums/contributors 39418 Strassfurt, Germany With special thanks to Shyam Bihari B&O Railroad Museum (BORM) General Consultant Tony Streeter is a www.efsft.de Gautam, Sr. Section Engineer, Rewari Didcot Railway Centre (DRC) journalist and editor who writes across With special thanks to Uwe Hüttner Steam Loco Shed Eisenbahnfreunde the rail spectrum from steam to modern Traditionsbahnbetriebswerk railways and international light rail. Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways Ribble Steam Railway Museum Staßfurt e.V. (ETS) A former long-term editor of UK’s Steam Porthmadog, Chain Caul Road, Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways Railway Magazine, he has travelled by, LL49 9NF, UK PR2 2PD, UK (FWHR) and written about, rail in Russia, www.festrail.co.uk www.ribblesteam.org.uk Harzer Schmalspurbahner (HSB) China, India, Canada, and Eastern With special thanks to Andrew Thomas With special thanks to Howard The National Railway Museum, and Western Europe. and Chris Parry Fletcher, Terri Hearty, Jayne Waring, India (NRMI) and Chris Mills The National Railway Museum, Tony Streeter would like to thank the Hitachi Rail Europe Limited York (NRMY) many people who assisted in the making 40 Holborn Viaduct, SCMG Enterprises Limited Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, PHMC of this book, including: Pip Dunn, Peter London, EC1N 2PB, UK The Science Museum, (RMP) Johnson, Anthony Coulls, Tim Bryan, www.hitachirail-eu.com Exhibition Road, Rewari Steam Loco Shed (RSLS) Bernd Seiler, Richard Croucher, Paul With special thanks to Daniela Karthaus London, SW7 2DD, UK Ribble Steam Railway (RSR) Chancellor, Brian Stephenson, Marek With special thanks to Sophia Brothers Virginia Museum of Transportation (VMT) Ciesielski, Robin Garn, Jacques Daffis, HSB, Harzer Schmalspurbahner and Wendy Burford Uwe Hüttner, and Peter Weißhahn. Friedrichstrasse 151, (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; 38855, Wernigerode, Germany The Merchant Navy Locomotive f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) The publisher would like to thank the www.hsb-wr.de Preservation Society Ltd following people for their help with With special thanks to Bernd Seiler (Owners of 35028 Clan Line) 1 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / making the book: Steve Crozier at 12 Inglewood Avenue, Courtesy of RSR / Science Museum Butterfly Creative Solutions for colour National Railway Museum Camberley, Group. 2-3 Dorling Kindersley: Gary retouching; Simon Mumford for (NRM York) Surrey, GU15 1RJ, UK Ombler / Courtesy of BORM. 4 Dorling cartography; Phil Gamble for illustrations; Leeman Road, www.clan-line.org.uk Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Sonia Charbonnier for technical support; York, YO26 4XJ, UK With special thanks to Mr R.F. NRMY / Science Museum Group. Nicola Hodgson for additional text www.nrm.org.uk Abercrombie, Tim Robbins, Peter Starks, 5 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / contributions; Tejaswita Payal, Suparna With special thanks to Chris Hanley and Alan French Courtesy of BORM (bl); Gary Ombler / Sengupta, Sreshtha Bhattacharya, and Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum Neha Pande at DK Delhi for editorial National Railway Museum Venice Simplon-Orient-Express Group (br). 6 Dorling Kindersley: Gary assistance; Neha Sharma, Shruti Singhal, Chanakyapuri, Limited Ombler / Courtesy of Adrian Shooter (bl); and Upasana Sharma at DK Delhi for New Delhi, 110021, India Shackleton House, Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (br). design assistance; Joanna Chisholm for With special thanks to Uday Singh Mina, 4, Battle Bridge Lane, 7 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / proofreading; Helen Peters for the index. Director London, SE1 2HP, UK Courtesy of FWHR (bl); Gary Ombler / The publishers would also like to extend a www.orient-express.com Courtesy of The Merchant Navy special thanks to contributors Keith Fender Northern Railway With special thanks to Andrew Cook, Locomotive Preservation Society Ltd (br). and Julian Holland, whose assistance D.R.M. Office, State Entry Road, New Victoria Christie, Jeff Monk, Julian Clark, 8 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / throughout the project was invaluable. Delhi - 110055, India and Pat Thompson Courtesy of BORM (bl); Gary Ombler / www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum The Publisher would also like to thank With special thanks to Rajesh Kumar, Sr. Virginia Museum of Transportation Group (br). 9 Dorling Kindersley: Gary the following museums, companies, and DME/Power/Delhi 303 Norfolk Avenue SW, Ombler / Courtesy of VMT (bl); Gary individuals for their generosity in allowing Roanoke, VA 24016, US Ombler / Courtesy of Hitachi Rail Europe Dorling Kindersley access to their railway Palace on Wheels www.vmt.org Ltd (br). 10-11 Dorling Kindersley: vehicles and equipment for photography: Rajasthan Tourism Development With special thanks to Beverly Fitzpatrick Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY / Corporation Ltd. and Fran Ferguson Science Museum Group. 12 Getty 8 201, Dampf-Plus GmbH Ground floor, Bikaner House, Images: (c). 13 Corbis: Underwood & Moosglöckchenweg 10, 80995 München, Pandara Road, New Delhi - 110011, India Underwood (br). TopFoto.co.uk: (ca). Germany www.rtdc.in 14 Corbis: Heritage Images (tl). Science www.zugparty.de www.thepalaceonwheels.com & Society Picture Library: Science With special thanks to Christian Goldschagg With special thanks to Pramod Sharma, Museum (bl). 14-15 Getty Images: SSPL General Manager, Rajasthan Tourism / National Rail Museum. 16 Dorling Adrian Shooter Development Corporation Ltd., Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy (Owner of DHR B Class No.19 and its and Pradeep Bohra, General Manager, of The Science Museum, London (cl). carriages) Palace on Wheels Science & Society Picture Library: National Railway Museum (tr). 16-17 Ashford Depot Railway Board Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Station Road, Rail Bhavan, 1, Raisina Road, Courtesy of NRMY (tc). SuperStock: Ashford, TN23 1EZ, UK New Delhi - 110001, India Science and Society (bc). 17 The With special thanks to Nigel King and www.indianrailways.gov.in Bridgeman Art Library: Science Mark Fitzgerald With special thanks to Seema Sharma, Museum, London, UK (cb). Dorling Director, Information & Publicity, Railway Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy of B&O Railroad Museum Board, and Siddharth Singh, Deputy NRMY (br). Science Museum, London : 901, West Pratt Street, Director Public Relations, Railway Board (cr). 18 Dorling Kindersley: Mike Baltimore, Dunning / Courtesy of NRMY (bc, cr). MD 21223, US Railway Museum of Pennsylvania, Getty Images: Gallo Images (tl). www.borail.org PHMC 19 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / With special thanks to David Shackelford, P.O. Box 15, NRMY / Science & Society Picture Library, Ryan McPherson, and Jane Harper Strasburg, London (tc, tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy PA 17579, US of NRMY / Science Museum Group (c). Didcot Railway Centre www.rrmuseumpa.org 20-21 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler Didcot Parkway Station, With special thanks to Dodie Robbins, / Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum Didcot, Oxfordshire, Nicholas Zmijewski, Charles Fox, and Group (all). 22-23 Getty Images: SSPL / OX11 7NJ, UK Deborah Reddig NRM / Pictorial Collection (c). 24 Getty www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk Images: SSPL / NRM / Pictorial With special thanks to Roger Orchard, Collection (cra). Milepost: (tc). Peter Rance, and Frank Dumbleton Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 319 DC, USA: (bc, cl). 25 Alamy Images: Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal Railway Centre: (tl). Dorling Print Collector (bl). 141 Alamy Images: The Art Gallery (cb). colour-rail.com: / Courtesy of NRMI (c). Mary Evans Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy imageBROKER (br); peter jordan (cra). (tc, br). Milepost: Orion Books / Picture Library: (br). Danie van der of DRC (c, cr, bc). 101 Dorling Corbis: Wolfgang Kaehler (tr); Rob Tilley Blandford / Clifford & Wendy Meadway Merwe: (tl). 58-59 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of (cr). Getty Images: E+ (crb). 142 (ca, clb). 26-27 Corbis: Michael Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (c). 102-103 Dorling Kindersley: Alexander Turnbull Library, National Nicholson (c). 26 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Adrian Shooter. 60 Science & Society Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (all). Library Of New Zealand, Te Puna Collection (tl); Michael Nicholson (ftl). Picture Library: NRM / Pictorial 104 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Matauranga o Aotearoa: (cl). colour- Getty Images: SSPL / NRM / Pictorial Collection (c). 61 Alamy Images: North Courtesy of the DB Museum, Nurnburg, rail.com: (cla). Brian Stephenson/RAS: Collection (bl). 28 The Bridgeman Art Wind Picture Archives (ca). The Germany (br); Gary Ombler / Courtesy (tr). 142-143 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Library: Peter Newark American Pictures Bridgeman Art Library: British of the Musee de Chemin de Fer, Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (b). (cr); National Railway Museum, York, Uk Library, London, UK (br). 62-63 colour- Mulhouse (tc). Getty Images: ND / 143 Didcot Railway Centre: Frank (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / rail.com: (tc). Dorling Kindersley: Roger Viollet (bl). Brian Stephenson/ Dumbleton (c). Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of RMP (b). 29 Baltimore and Mike Dunning / Courtesy of NRMY (bc). RAS: (cla). 104-105 Dorling Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cra). Ohio Railroad: (bc). Dorling 62 Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cla). John Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cla). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Whiteley: (crb). 63 Edward Gately: the Musee de Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse 144 colour-rail.com: (cla). Dorling BORM (cl). Mary Evans Picture (c). 64 colour-rail.com: (tr). Steam (c). 105 colour-rail.com: (bl). Brian Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Library: (tr). TopFoto.co.uk: ullsteinbild Picture Library: (cl). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (br, tr). 106 Mary RMP (tr, cra); Gary Ombler / Courtesy (crb). 30 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Stephenson/RAS: (c, clb, bc). 65 Evans Picture Library: Epic / Tallandier of RSR / Science Museum Group (bl). Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (cl, b). colour-rail.com: (clb, br). Getty (tl); (bl). 106-107 Mary Evans Picture 144-145 Dorling Kindersley: Gary 31 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: (tr). Images: SSPL / National Railway Library: (c). 108 Railroad Museum Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (b). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Museum (cra). Brian Stephenson/ of Pennsylvania: (tl). Dorling 145 David Wilcock: (c). Dorling Courtesy of BORM (tl, bl, br). Masterfile: RAS: (cr). TfL from the London Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of (clb). Wikipedia: Urmelbeauftragter (c). Transport Museum collection : (tc, of RMP (c, cr, clb, b). 109-111 Dorling DRC (tl, tr); Deepak Aggarwal / Courtesy 32-33 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler bc). 66-67 Getty Images: SSPL (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMI (br). 146 Chris Doering: (cr). / Courtesy of BORM. 34 Corbis: Philip 68 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / of RMP (all). 112 Milepost: (tc). Brian Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Gendreau / Bettmann (c). 35 Getty Courtesy of RMP (c, cr, clb, b). Railroad Stephenson/RAS: (cl). 113 Dorling Courtesy of RMP (tr); Deepak Aggarwal / Images: De Agostini (br). 36 Corbis: Museum of Pennsylvania: (tl). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Courtesy of RSLS (cla); Gary Ombler / Bettmann (br). Dorling Kindersley: 69 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / of VMT (tr). Alamy Images: John Courtesy of DRC (bc). 146-147 Dorling Gary Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (cl, bl). Courtesy of RMP. 70-71 Dorling Wingfield (cb). Milepost: (cr). 114 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of 36-37 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Virginia Museum of Transportation: ETS (c); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RMP / Courtesy of BORM. 37 Dorling RMP (all). 72-73 akg-images: Universal (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / (b). 147 Kevin Andrusia: (tl). colour- Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Images Group. 74 4Corners: Damm Courtesy of VMT (c, cr, clb, b). 115-117 rail.com: (cra). Dorling Kindersley: BORM (t). Golden Spike National Stefan (cl). Getty Images: (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cl). Historic Site Promontory Summit, 75 Canadian Pacific Railway: Courtesy of VMT (all). 118-119 Corbis: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RMP (br). 148 Utah : (bl, br). 38 BORM: (tl). Dorling Canadian Pacific Archives NS.1960a (cr); J. S. Johnston (c). 120 Dorling Getty Images: SSPL / National Railway Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Canadian Pacific Archives NS.12756 Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal / Museum (tl); SSPL / NRM / Pictorial BORM (c, cr, clb, b). 39 Dorling (crb). Corbis: Wayne Barrett & Anne Courtesy of NRMI (cl); Gary Ombler / Collection (bl). 148-149 Getty Images: Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of McKay / All Canada Photos (tl); Hulton- Courtesy of HSB (c). Peter Johnson: SSPL / National Railway Museum (c). BORM. 40-41 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Deutsch Collection (cra); Sean Sexton (cr). Milepost: (bc). 121 Brian 150 Brian Stephenson/RAS: (tr, clb). Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (all). 42 Collection (tr). Glenbow Museum: (br). Stephenson/RAS (tr). Dorling 150-151 Science & Society Picture Corbis: Steve Crise / Transtock (tl); David 76 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal / Library: National Railway Museum (c). Pollack (cra). 43 Alamy Images: Niall Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der Courtesy of NRMI (cl); Gary Ombler / 151 colour-rail.com: (tl). Corbis: McDiarmid (tl); Visions of Americak LLC Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (c); Gary Courtesy of FWHR (cr); Gary Ombler / Hulton-Deutsch Collection (br). Dorling (br). Corbis: Bettmann (crb, cr); (cra). Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (bl). Courtesy of RMP (br). 122 Corbis: Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Getty Images: (tr). 44 Mary Evans Milepost: (crb). 77 Brian Stephenson/ Douglas Kirkland (clb). The Library BORM (tr). Garn Collection: Borsig Picture Library: (cla). 44-45 Dorling RAS: (tr). David Wilcock: (bc). of Congress, Washington DC: (tr). (clb). 152 colour-rail.com: (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / www.56thparallel.com/: (cl). 123 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / NRMY / FWHR (bl); Mike Dunning / Courtesy Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum Alamy Images: Horizons WWP (cl); Science & Society Picture Library, London of NRMY (bc). 45 The Bridgeman Art Group (tl); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Andrey Semenov (crb). Corbis: (c). Science & Society Picture Library: Library: Ironbridge Gorge Museum, FWHR (c, cb). 78 Dorling Kindersley: Wolfgang Kaehler (cb). Getty Images: National Railway Museum (cr). Telford, Shropshire, UK (tr). Brian Gary Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (c, cr, UIG (tr, ca). Mary Evans Picture 153 Alamy Images: i4images rm (tr). Stephenson/RAS: (ca). Dorling clb, b). Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Library: Illustrated London News (cr); Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Railways: Andrew Thomas (tl). 79 Imagno (br, cra). 124 Stephen Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum NRMY / Science Museum Group (cl); Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Middleton: (cl). Siemens AG, Group (tl). 154-155 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cr). 46 Courtesy of FWHR. 80-81 Dorling Munich/Berlin: (tr, cb). 124-125 Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Science Museum Group (all). 156 colour- Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der of FWHR (all). 82 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of NRMY (bc). 125 Alamy rail.com: (ca). Milepost: (bc). 156-157 Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (c). Tobias Deepak Aggarwal / Courtesy of NRMI Images: David Askham (cr). Dorling colour-rail.com. 157 Canada Science Koehler: (tr). Alex Leroy: (bl). 46-47 (cl, bl). 82-83 Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy &Technology Museum: (tl). Dorling Dorling Kindersley: (bc). 47 Alamy Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Adrian of BORM (tl, tr). 126-127 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Images: Didier Zylberyng (tc). Getty Shooter (t); Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (cra); Gary Ombler / Courtesy Images: SSPL (cra). Verkehrsmuseum of RMP (c). 83 colour-rail.com: (cr). DRC. 128 Corbis: David Pollack (c). 129 of RMP (crb). PROV: (tr). The Library Dresden: (cl). 48 Alamy Images: Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Baltimore and of Congress, Washington DC: (br). 158 Pictorial Press Ltd (bl). Getty Images: Courtesy of FWHR (ca). Keith Fender: Ohio Railroad (ca). Getty Images: SSPL akg-images: ullstein bild / ullstein - Jaffø SSPL / Science Museum (tl). 48-49 (cl). Milepost: (br). 84-89 Dorling (br). 130 Brian Stephenson/RAS: A.W. (cla). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Croughton (cl, tc). David Wilcock: (bl). / Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der 50 Alamy Images: ImagesEurope (cb). of Adrian Shooter (all). 90-91 Getty 130-131 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (tr). Mary Didcot Railway Centre: (cl). 50-51 Images: Imagno / Hulton Archive (c). Ombler / Courtesy of HSB. 131 Evans Picture Library: Sueddeutsche Steam Picture Library: (tc). 51 Dorling 92-93 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Milepost: (cra). Brian Stephenson/ Zeitung Photo (bc, br). Steam Picture Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY / Science RAS: C.R.L. Coles (br); (tc, cr). 132-133 Library: (cb). 158-159 Dorling DRC (bl). Mary Evans Picture Library: Museum Group. 94 Mary Evans Getty Images: UIG (c). 132 Archives Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of (ca). Science & Society Picture Picture Library: (c). 95 akg-images: New Zealand: (cla). 134 Dorling the Musee de Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse Library: NRM / Pictorial Collection (br). (br). Mary Evans Picture Library: (ca). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy (c). 159 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Dorling Steam Picture Library: (clb). 52 96 colour-rail.com: (tc, bl). Brian of RMP (bl). Getty Images: SSPL / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Stephenson/RAS: (c). 97 Milepost: National Railway Museum (br). RMP (tr). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (br). Courtesy of NRMY (bc). Getty Images: (cra, tc, cb). Brian Stephenson/RAS: Milepost: (tr). 134-135 Dorling 160 Dorling Kindersley: Deepak (cla). 52-53 Dorling Kindersley: Mike (bl). 98 TfL from the London Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Aggarwal / Courtesy of NRMI (cl); Gary Dunning / Courtesy of NRMY (bc). Transport Museum collection : (tr). DRC. 135 Brian Stephenson/RAS: F.R. Ombler / Courtesy of ETS (crb); Gary Science & Society Picture Library: David Wilcock: (cla). Dorling Hebron (tl); T.G. Hepburn (tr). Dorling Ombler / Courtesy of HSB (br). 160-161 NRM / Pictorial Collection (tc). 53 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / of DRC (bc). 98-99 Dorling Kindersley: DRC (cr). 136 Didcot Railway Centre: Courtesy of the Verkehrshaus der Schweiz, Courtesy of DRC (c); Gary Ombler / Gary Ombler / Courtesy of NRMY / Bill Turner (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Luzern, Switzerland. 161 Dorling Courtesy of NRMY / Science Museum Science Museum Group (b). 99 Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (c, cr, Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Group (b). 54-55 Alamy Images: The Milepost: (tr). Brian Stephenson/ clb, b). 137-139 Dorling Kindersley: of RMP (tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Keasbury-Gordon Photograph Archive RAS: (cr). David Wilcock: (ca). Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (all). BORM (br); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of (c). 56 akg-images: (tr). NSW Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / 140 Corbis: Chris Hellier (cr); Claude HSB (cr). Keith Fender: (bl). Brian Government State Records: (cla). 57 Courtesy of DRC (bl, br). 100 Didcot Salhani / Sygma (ca). Getty Images: Stephenson/RAS: T.G. Hepburn (cb).

320 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 162 Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania: Courtesy of RSLS (tc). Milepost: (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Grimm (bc); Eddie Linssen (clb). Corbis: (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / 205 Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Transrapid, Lathen, Germany (bl). Massimo Borchi / Atlantide Phototravel Courtesy of RMP (c, cr, b). 163-165 Aggarwal / Courtesy of RSLS (tl, c). 246-247 colour-rail.com: (c). TopFoto. (crb); Wu Hong / EPA (tc); Jon Hicks (ca); Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Milepost: (crb). 206 Aditya Kaushal: co.uk: RIA Novosti (tc). 247 Keith Ricky Leaver / Loop Images (cra). Courtesy of RMP (all). 166-167 Dorling https://www.flickr.com/ Fender: (tr, bc). Milepost: Brian 282 Alamy Images: Avpics (bl). colour- Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of photos/45613074@N06/: (tl). Dorling Solomon (cra, cla). 248 Alamy Images: rail.com: (c). Keith Fender: (tr). 283 ETS. 168 Corbis: Swim Ink 2, LLC / Fred Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal / Malcolm Case-Green (cra); Lordprice Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Chance (c). 169 Corbis: Bettmann (cr); Courtesy of RSLS (c, cr, clb, b). 207-209 Collection (c). Daniel Minaca: (bl). 249 Courtesy of Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd (b). PoodlesRock (ca). 170 colour-rail.com: Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal Alamy Images: qaphotos.com (cr, fcr, Keith Fender: (tc). Getty Images: (cla). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cl, cb). / Courtesy of RSLS (all). 210 Milepost: crb). Corbis: Ian Cumming / Design Pics Gamma-Rapho (cb). Brian Stephenson/ Wikipedia: Hans-Peter Scholz (bl). 170- (cra). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cla, cb). (tr); PictureNet (br). 250-251 colour- RAS. 284 Alamy Images: Maurice 171 Alamy Images: jozef sedmak (bc). 211 Brian Stephenson/RAS: (tr). rail.com: Bob Sweet (c). 250 colour- Savage (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / rail.com: Bob Sweet (c). Keith Fender: Ombler / Courtesy of Hitachi Rail Europe Courtesy of ETS (tc). 171 colour-rail. Courtesy of HSB (ca); Gary Ombler / (tr). Milepost: (cl). 251 colour-rail. Ltd (c, cr, b). 285-289 Dorling com: (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Courtesy of FWHR (c). 212 Ffestiniog & com: (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Ombler / Courtesy of BORM (tr); Deepak Welsh Highland Railways: Andrew Ombler / Courtesy of HSB (cr).Keith Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd (all). 290-291 Aggarwal / Courtesy of RSLS (br). Getty Thomas (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Fender: (cra). 252 Alamy Images: Alamy Images: John Kellerman (c). Images: SSPL (cla). 172 Brian Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (c, cr, b). Prisma Bildagentur AG (bl). Dorling 292 Bombardier Transportation: (cla, Stephenson/RAS: (tl). Dorling 213-215 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy c). Vossloh AG: (br). Chris Wallace: Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Ombler / Courtesy of FWHR (all). 216 of ETS (cla). Keith Fender: (tr, cr). (tr). 293 Keith Fender: (cla, cra). of ETS (c, cr, clb, b). 173-175 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Milepost: Brian Solomon (cl). 252-253 Siemens AG, Munich/Berlin: (cr, br, Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Courtesy of DRC (tr, clb); Gary Ombler / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / bl). Vossloh AG: (tc). 294-295 Dorling of ETS (all). 176-177 Corbis: Hulton- Courtesy of VMT (cla); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DB Schenker (b). 253 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Deutsch Collection (c). 178 Dorling Courtesy of RMP (bc). 216-217 Dorling colour-rail.com: (tl); Bob Sweet (cla). DRC. 296 Dorling Kindersley: (bc); Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Keith Fender: (crb). 254 Alamy Mike Dunning / Courtesy of The Science of VMT (tl, cl). 178-179 Dorling ETS. 217 Garn Collection: (tc). Dorling Images: Caro (c); Indiapicture (cr). Museum, London (bl). 297 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Deepak Aggarwal Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy RMP (b). Ted Ellis: (tc). 179 Dorling VMT (cla); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of / Courtesy of Safdarjung Railway Station of RMP (cr/rim brake). 299 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (r, cr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy (crb, b). www.palaceonwheels.net: Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy of BORM (tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of of BORM (br). 218-219 Dorling (tl). 255-259 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (fcl, c, cl). VMT (cr). 180 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Deepak Aggarwal / Courtesy of Getty Images: falcon0125 (cb). 300-301 Ombler / Courtesy of RMP (cl); Gary of NRMY / Science Museum Group. 220 Safdarjung Railway Station (all). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Ombler / Courtesy of VMT (bl). 180-181 Getty Images: SSPL (c). 221 Alamy 260 Alamy Images: Gunter Marx (tr). Courtesy of DRC (all). 302 Corbis: Scott Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Images: Everett Collection Historical Keith Fender: (cl). Brian Stephenson/ Warren / Aurora Photos (bl). 302-303 Courtesy of BORM (t, c); Gary Ombler / (bc). Getty Images: Sankei Archive (cr). RAS: (cr). 260-261 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Mike Dunning / Courtesy of VMT (b). 182 Courtesy of 222 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Mike Dunning (bc). Courtesy of NRMY (c). 303 Dorling Norfolk & Western Historical Society Courtesy of ETS (cl). Keith Fender: (c, Milepost: Brian Solomon (c). 261 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of (NWHS Collection): (tl). Dorling cra, tc). 222-223 Dorling Kindersley: colour-rail.com: (tl); Bob Sweet (cr). NRMY / Science Museum Group (t). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Gary Ombler / Courtesy of the Museum Keith Fender: (cra). 262-263 Dorling 305 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / VMT (c, cr, clb, b). 183-185 Dorling of Transportation, St Louis, Missouri (bc). Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Courtesy of VMT (tr); Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of 223 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd. 264 Alamy Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of VMT (all). 186 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of BORM (t, br). Keith Images: Raga Jose Fuste / Prisma HSB (cr). 307 Alamy Images: Maurice Gary Ombler / Courtesy of DRC (cl); Fender: (cra). Brian Stephenson/RAS: Bildagentur AG (c). 265 Imaginechina: Savage (tr) Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Science (cl). 224 Harzer Schmalspurbahnen: Ren yuming (cr). With thanks to Museum Group (bl). 186-187 Dorling (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Venice Simplon-Orient Express All other images © Dorling Kindersley Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Courtesy of HSB (c, cr, b). 225-227 Limited www.orientexpress.com: For further information see: www. DRC (t); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / (bc). 266 Keith Fender: (cla, bc, tr). dkimages.com Science Museum Group (c). 187 colour- Courtesy of HSB (all). 228 Amtrak: 266-267 Craig Walker. 267 Keith rail.com: (cra). Keith Fender: (br). Amtrak History and Archives (bl). Fender: (br, cb). Siemens AG, Images on title, contents, and Brian Stephenson/RAS: (bl, cb). colour-rail.com: (tr). Getty Images: Munich/Berlin: (tc). Vossloh AG: (cr, introduction 188 colour-rail.com: (tl). Dorling UIG (cl). 228-229 Alamy Images: Craig bl). 268 Alamy Images: Degas Jean- page 1 Deltic prototype Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Yates T (bc). 229 Keith Fender: (br). Pierre / Hemis.fr (tc); Didier Zylberyng pages 2-3 B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher RSR / Science Museum Group (c, cr, clb, Roger Lalonde: (cr). Brian (cb); Lemaire Stéphane / Hemis.fr (crb). Perkins b). 189-191 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Stephenson/RAS: (cra). 230-231 Corbis: Walter Bibikow / JAI (tr); Luke page 4 Rocket Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Science Corbis: José Fuste Raga (c). 232 Roger Macgregor / Reuters (bc); Scott S. page 5 B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher Museum Group (all). 192 colour-rail. Bastin: (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Warren / National Geographic Society Perkins (bl), LNER No. 4468 Mallard (br) com: (bc). Milepost: (clb). 192-193 Ombler / Courtesy of Dampf-Plus GmbH (cl); Arnd Wiegmann / Reuters (cr). page 6 DHR B Class No. 19 (bl), Marek Ciesielski: (bc). Keith Fender: (c, cr, clb, b). 233-235 Dorling Getty Images: David Boyer / National King Class No. 6023 King Edward II (br) (tc). 193 colour-rail.com: (cra). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Geographic (bl). 268-269 Alamy page 7 NG G16 Beyer-Garratt No. 138 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of of Dampf-Plus GmbH (all). 236 Keith Images: Aigars Reinholds (bc). (bl), Merchant Navy Class No. 35028 the DB Museum, Nurnburg, Germany Fender: (cra). TopFoto.co.uk: RIA 269 Alamy Images: David Lyons (tl). Clan Line (br) (tr); Gary Ombler / Courtesy of ETS (br). Novosti (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Dorling Kindersley: Christopher Pillitz page 8 B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher Keith Fender: (clb). 194 The Blue Ombler / Courtesy of RSR / Science (br). Tony Streeter: (tr). 270 Dorling Perkins (bl), LNER No. 4468 Mallard (br) Train: (cra, c). Corbis: Prisma Museum Group (tr, cla); Gary Ombler / Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of page 9 N&W GP9 Class No. 521 (bl), Bildagentur AG (bl). 195 Alamy Images: Courtesy of ETS (bl). 237 colour-rail. The Merchant Navy Locomotive Hitachi Javelin No. 395 017 (br) Art Directors & TRIP (tr); Nioreon (crb); com: (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Preservation Society Ltd (c, crb); Sharon Gabbro (fcra); Pete Titmuss (cra); Stock Ombler / Courtesy of ETS(tr, b). TfL Spencer / Courtesy of Venice Simplon Images on chapter opener pages Connection Blue (fcrb). Corbis: Eric from the London Transport Museum Orient Express Ltd (bc). Peter Starks: pages 10-11 1804–1838 Rocket Nathan / Loop Images (cr); Brian A. collection : (ca). 238 Courtesy of the (tl, cra). 271-273 Dorling Kindersley: pages 32-33 1839–1869 B&O Class B Vikander (br). 196 Dorling Kindersley: James Northfield Heritage Art Trust Gary Ombler / Courtesy of The Merchant No. 147 Thatcher Perkins Gary Ombler / Courtesy of the Musee de ©. Amanda Slater: (cl). 239 Alamy Navy Locomotive Preservation Society pages 58-59 1870–1894 DHR B Class Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse. Keith Images: age fotostock (crb); Eric Nathan Ltd (all). 274-277 Dorling Kindersley: No. 19 Fender: (cla). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (br); Robert Harding Picture Library Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Venice pages 92-93 1895–1913 NER Class X1 (tr). 197 colour-rail.com: (tr, cr). Brian (cra). National Railway Museum Simplon Orient Express Ltd (all). 278 No. 66 Aerolite Stephenson/RAS: (br). 198 Brian Australia: (ftr). Great Southern Rail: Keith Fender: (c, tr). Imaginechina: pages 126-127 1914–1939 King Class Stephenson/RAS: (tr, crb, bl). Dorling (cr, cl). National Archives of Gao yuwen (crb). Milepost: (bl). 279 No. 6023 King Edward II Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Australia: (tr). 240 Keith Fender: (tr, Alamy Images: Susan Isakson (tc); Iain pages 166-167 1940–1959 DR No.52.8184-5 RSR / Science Museum Group (cl). 199 br). Charles P Friel: (ca). Mirko Masterton (cr). Japan National pages 218-219 1960–1979 JR West colour-rail.com: (tc, cla). Milepost: Schmidt: (bl). 240-241 Dorling Tourism Organization : Awajiya (br). Shinkansen Series 0 22-141 (bc). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (cra). 200 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy Ilya Semenoff: (bl). 280 Alamy pages 242-243 1980–1999 DB Schenker Virginia Museum of Transportation: of RMP (c). 241 Keith Fender: (tl, tr). Images: Richard Bradley (bc). Corbis: Class 92 92042 (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Don Oltmann: (bc). 242-243 Dorling Franck Guiziou / Hemis (clb); Topic pages 262-263 After 2000 Hitachi Javelin Courtesy of VMT (c, cr, clb, b). 201-203 Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of Photo Agency (bl). 280-281 Alamy No. 395 017 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / DB Schenker. 244 Michael Rhodes: (c). Images: Axel Schmies / Novarc Images pages 294-295 How Railways Work Courtesy of VMT (all). 204 Dorling 245 Eurostar: (bc). Keith Fender: (cr). (tc); Neil Setchfield (bc). 281 Alamy Radstock North Signal Box at Didcot Kindersley: Gary Ombler / Courtesy of 246 Alamy Images: Robert Harding Images: Angelo Cavalli (br); Paul Railway Centre VMT (tr, crb); Deepak Aggarwal / Picture Library (br). Dorling Springett 06 (tr); Michele and Tom