One Million Things - A Visual Encyclopedia

one million things A VISUAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

DK INDIA DK UK Editor Priyanjali Narain Project editor Sarah MacLeod Senior art editor Mahua Sharma Assistant art editor Garima Agarwal Art editor Chrissy Barnard Picture researcher Surya Sankash Sarangi US editor Jennette ElNaggar Jacket designer Suhita Dharamjit US executive editor Lori Cates Hand Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal Jacket editor Emma Dawson DTP designers Nand Kishor Acharya, Jacket designer Akiko Kato Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT Jaypal Chauhan Producer, Preproduction Jacqueline Street-Elkayam Preproduction manager Balwant Singh Senior producer Mary Slater Picture researcher Martin Copeland Production manager Pankaj Sharma Managing editor Francesca Baines Managing editor Rohan Sinha Managing art editor Philip Letsu Publisher Andrew Macintyre Managing art editor Sudakshina Basu Art director Karen Self Design director Phil Ormerod Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf FIRST EDITION Senior editor Julie Ferris Senior designer Stefan Podhorodecki Project editors Francesca Baines, Hazel Beynon Designers Katie Knutton, Hoa Luc, Smiljka Surla, Nihal Yesil US editor Margaret Parrish Editors Steven Carton, Jenny Finch, Niki Foreman, Fran Jones, Andrea Mills Additional design Jim Green, Spencer Holbrook, Phil Letsu, Johnny Pau, Marilou Prokopiou, Jacqui Swan Managing editor Linda Esposito Managing art editor Diane Thistlethwaite Commissioned photography Dave King Creative retouching Steve Willis Picture research Nic Dean Publishing manager Andrew Macintyre Category publisher Laura Buller DK pIcture researchers Lucy Claxton, Rose Horridge Production editor Andy Hilliard Production controller Pip Tinsley Jacket design Jacqui Swan, Akiko Kato Jacket editor Mariza O’Keeffe Design development manager Sophia M Tampakopoulos Turner Development team Natasha Rees, Yumiko Tahata This American Edition, 2019 First American Edition, 2008 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 Copyright © 2008, 2019 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 19 20 21 22 23 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–312860–Jul/2019 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-8051-4 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 [email protected] Printed and bound in Dubai A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com

one million things A VISUAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Contributors and consultants: Chris Barker, Hazel Beynon, Kim Bryan, Laura Buller, Jack Challoner, Peter Chrisp, Mike Goodman, Derek Harvey, Andrea Mills, Simon Mumford, Kristina Routh, Giles Sparrow, Carole Stott, Richard Walker, Claire Watts, Jon Woodcock, John Woodward

1 2 8 Human body 60 Nature 10 Cells 62 12 Skeleton 64 Plants Muscles 66 Trees 14 Body systems 68 Flowers 16 Respiration 70 Fruits 18 Blood 72 Fungi 20 Skin, hair, and nails 74 Animal kingdom 22 Brain 76 Plankton 24 Senses 78 Insects 80 Insect anatomy 26 Reproduction 82 Fish 28 Genetics 84 Feeding 30 Nutrition 86 Crustaceans 32 Health Amphibians Life cycles 34 Attack and defense Reptiles 36 Mollusks Shells 38 Birds Eggs 40 Movement Living together 42 Mammals Sleep 44 Skulls 46 48 50 52 54 56 58

3 4 88 Space 126 Science and Universe 128 technology 130 90 Galaxies 132 Elements 92 Stars 134 Molecules 94 Constellations 136 Acids and bases 96 Sun 138 Chemical reactions 98 Planets 140 States of matter 100 142 Water 102 Moons 144 Materials 104 Comets 146 Gravity 106 Meteorites 148 Dynamics 108 Telescopes 150 Magnetism 110 Space exploration Electricity 112 Space travelers Electromagnetic 114 spectrum 116 Color 118 Machines 120 Technology 122 Robots 124 Transportation Scientists Contents

5 6 152 Ppelaocpelse and 190 Earth 154 192 Planet Earth 156 Africa 194 Plate tectonics 158 Asia 196 Volcanoes 160 North America 198 Earthquakes 162 South America 200 Mountains 164 Europe 202 Oceans 166 Australasia Rocks and and Oceania 204 206 minerals 168 Antarctica 208 Gems 170 Flags 210 Metals 172 Maps 212 Fossils 174 Alliances 214 Dinosaurs Economy 216 Weather 176 The state 218 Erosion 178 US presidents 220 Rivers 180 Religion 222 Caves 182 Festivals 224 Climate zones 184 Cities Farm crops 186 Extreme living Environment 188

78 History 226 Art and culture 252 228 254 Prehistory 230 Art 256 First civilizations 232 Architecture 258 Classical world 234 Symbols 260 Medieval life 236 Language 262 American civilizations 238 Literature 264 Seafarers 240 Media 266 War 242 Photography 268 Revolutions 244 Theater 270 Industrial Revolution 246 Movies 272 Disease 248 Dance 274 Money 250 Music 276 20th century Orchestra 278 Sports Reference 280 Nature 282 Human body 284 Science and technology 286 Space 288 Earth 290 People and places 292 History 294 Art and culture 296 Index 298

ALBATROSS COLONY Every year, black-browed albatrosses return to the Falkland Islands in the Atlantic Ocean to breed. This albatross colony is one of the largest in the world, with more than 500,000 birds. Each pair produces a single egg. 8

Nature 9

1 GERMINATION PLANTS delSistcubraopytnepwgolaerrttaiebftrhstpieksrseteuphsetisnur,irgeid More leaves are A bean plant begins life as a seed All green plants use the energy of sunlight to make sugary produced as the plant with two halves, called cotyledons. carbohydrate food from water and carbon dioxide in the air. continues to grow In spring when the weather is mild, This is why they grow well only in sunlit, moist places. The the seed starts to absorb water food fuels growth and is used to make cellulose—the tough, through a minute hole in its outer fibrous tissue that helps support all the various parts of the coating (the testa). The seed swells, plant, from its stems and leaves to its flowers. and about three days later a root grows to hold the plant in place, and a shoot appears above the ground. This process is called germination. 2 ROOTS The plant’s roots absorb water from 4 LEAVES the soil. The water is used by the leaves to make food. The water The leaves are the plant’s food also contains dissolved mineral salts, factories. They act like solar panels, such as nitrates and phosphates, as the green chlorophyll enables the which are essential for growth. plant to absorb the energy of sunlight and use it for photosynthesis—the 3 STEM process in which the plant takes carbon dioxide from the air and The strong stem of the plant combines it with water drawn up supports its leaves in the sunlight. by the roots to make sugar. Oxygen It also contains bundles of tubes or is also produced in the process and veins. These allow water containing released into the air. dissolved nutrients to flow up from the roots to the leaves and also 5 TRANSPIRATION carry sugary food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. As sunlight warms a plant, water in the leaves is lost as water vapor, through pores called stomata. The leaves then Cofitryoslntecldeeoaanvbseosbvoeecfotthmheeegptrlhaoenutn,d take in water from the stem, which in turn draws more water up into the plant from the roots. The water carries frotmesftuahn, agwSriehdaeindcchodiaspbtcraococavttleeelecrretidasdtithbey nutrients from the soil with it. a Shoot sprouts from the testa to form a root, with two seed leaves, called cotyledons, at its tip 2 1 10

fromthbeNutdeiwspsthloeafatvsfheosorosmptsraotut Green chlorophyll in leaves absorbs solar energy and uses it for photosynthesis 5 4 Growing point of bean Leaves make sugar, plant is at top of main which mixes with water Stem is kept upright stem, between leaf stalks to make sap that flows at first by water pressure to other parts of plant but is gradually stiffened with tough cellulose Cofotygolredaodfwttohetnarhsttbrcfuouuenet ltlfsaeaeialnlavoerlfsyfform Sowiliistphwrtohaaventiedcmrheaoasinrntahdgseonepuualrtancrneidetonfts Root network anchors 3 plant in the soil as well as absorbing water and nutrients 11

TREES Holly Trees are the tallest, heaviest, and oldest of all living rs things. The California giant sequoia known as Hawthorn fowe General Sherman weighs approximately 6,000 Blue Atlas pin tons—30 times as much as the biggest animal, the English oak e needles blue whale. The oldest living bristlecone A monkey puzzle pine tree, which also grows in California, tree has leathery, is nearly 5,000 years old. Yet even these sharp-pointed ancient giants can still produce tiny scales seeds that grow into new trees. Arolla pine needles LEAVES Oak leaves Like all green plants, trees Acorns are absorb sunlight through their oak seeds leaves and use its energy to turn air and water into sugar. A tree’s leaves are its food factories. Japanese maple NEEDLES AND SCALES Thin leaves make food efficiently, but they are easily damaged by hot sun or frost. So many trees that grow in very hot or cold places have thicker, tougher needles or scales. Robina has a pinnate compound leaf Horse chestnut has a palmate compound leaf COMPOUND LEAVES Most trees have simple leaves of various shapes, but some have compound leaves, made up of many leafets. These either sprout from a long stalk (pinnate) or fan out from a single point (palmate). 12

FRUIT The fowers of some trees turn into juicy fruits that contain seeds. If birds eat the fruit, the seeds pass through them unharmed and are scattered far away. Apple blossom FLOWERS Yew berries All trees produce fowers, Apples are big, but some may not be obvious feshy fruits because they do not have TREE RINGS colorful petals. Other trees, however, such as apples, Every year, a tree adds a layer of have showy fowers that new wood to its trunk. If the attract insects. tree is cut down, each year’s growth shows as Magnolia trees bear some a visible ring, so the of the biggest fowers number of rings gives its age. Closed pine cone Pine cone seeds Nutmeg spice CONES is a seed Coniferous trees such as pines have woody cones that SEEDS AND NUTS contain small papery seeds. Open pine cone When the cones open up Some trees have tiny seeds, but in the sun, the seeds fall out and blow away. others produce the bigger seeds we call nuts. Animals eat them, but also bury and forget them, so they grow into new trees. DECIDUOUS LEAVES Horse ch Many trees lose their Maple estnut leaves in winter and seeds grow new ones in spring. Before they fall, the old leaves lose their green color and turn yellow, brown, or even red. Red maple 13

FLOWERS 1 3 Many plants produce beautiful flowers, often vividly colored and fragrant. These intricate Stamanetnhiesrmaanddeaufpilaomf eannt structures form the reproductive parts of plants and have evolved so that they attract insects and birds to sip the sugary nectar at the flower’s center. While feeding, the insect or bird is dusted with pollen, which is produced by the stamens and contain the male sex cells. The pollen is deposited on the sticky stigma of another flower. This is pollination. A pollen tube then grows down the style to the ovary and fertilizes an ovule. This is fertilization. Some plants, such as grasses and many types of trees, rely on the wind to carry their pollen, and their flowers do not need showy petals or fragrant nectar to attract animals. Since this is a less efficient system, they must produce far more pollen, which can fill the air and cause hay fever. 1 FLOWER STRUCTURE Petals unfurl when the flower opens but A typical flower develops inside a bud at the fall away once it end of a stalk. When the bud opens, it reveals is fertilized a ring of petals, each of which secretes nectar from its base. At the center of the flower lie Bright reds and pinks the male structures that produce pollen. These are more attractive to surround the female structures that hold the ovules, or egg cells. An outer ring of green birds than insects, sepals may protect the flower when it is in bud. because not all insects can see the color red 2 CARPEL 3 STAMEN An ovary, a style, and a stigma form the main The tiny, dustlike pollen grains that parts of a carpel. At the heart of the flower lie contain the male cells are produced the ovules, enclosed in a case called an ovary. by stamens. These usually form a ring The top of each ovary extends into a style that around the central carpel or carpels. carries a sticky pad called a stigma. The flowers Each stamen has a long filament, of some plants have many carpels, each with its which supports a clublike anther 14 own stigma, but this lily has just one. that produces the pollen.

bypionSlsltieeccnktsycasartinrigdemdbiatr todrsfalposwer Anmtcihnoeunrttieasiplnooianlldgeenmdgawrleaiticnheslls Bright line at base Style of petal guides the 4 TRANSFERRING insect or bird toward POLLEN 42 the nectar Insects such as butterflies often drink nectar from one type of flower. Hummingbirds do the same, because their bills are the right shape to reach the nectar. The bird and the insect get dusted with pollen in the process and carry it directly to another flower of the same type. Filament 5 beccooOnmvtaaeirnysseaeotdvbsualifesesfetorhftaicltiazwrepdielll 5 FERTILIZATION 15 If a hummingbird sips nectar from this lily, it will pick up pollen on its breast feathers. If the bird visits another lily, the sticky central stigma may pick up the pollen. Each pollen grain then sprouts a long tube that grows down through the carpel to reach an ovule. The male cell moves down the tube to fertilize the ovule so it can develop into a seed.

FRUITS Papayas All plants produce fruits that contain their seeds. Some 2 Bananas fruits are dry husks, but others are juicy and tasty. These attract animals, which eat them and carry the seeds in their stomachs. The tough-skinned seeds are not digested but are scattered far away from the parent plant in the animals’ droppings and grow into new plants. The fruits Tough skin fruit shown here are cultivated types that have been specially encloses soft flesh 4 bred for their size and flavor. Pomelo Dragon Watermelons Dates Oranges 1 Le mons Kiwis ssion fruit s Blueberries Pa CantaloupeLime adilla Sweet gran Rasp Strawber ries berries Bl elon ackberries Honeydew m Figs Red currants Starfruit arillos 3 1 ORANGES Tam Nuts An orange has very soft, juicy flesh 2 BANANAS 3 NUTS 4 DURIAN contained in many segments, which are enclosed by a hard rind. Each The bananas that are cultivated in All nuts are large seeds, which the To attract fruit-eating mammals, segment usually contains a seed. An the tropics have been bred to be plant has equipped with a store many fruits are fragrant. The orange is technically a type of berry, seedless, but the wild bananas of of concentrated plant food. This Southeast Asian durian fruit which develops over the winter from Southeast Asia have small fruits ensures that the seedlings get is famous for its strong aroma, the single ovary of an orange flower. containing many big, hard seeds. a good start in life. The nut is which some people like and They grow in bunches on large surrounded by a hard shell, which others hate. Animals such as Green at first, it turns orange plants with huge leaves that is technically a fruit, but tough and forest pigs and orangutans seem sprout straight from the ground. fibrous rather than soft and juicy. to love both its smell and taste. 16 as it swells to full size.

Pomegranates Grapes M Coconut Pineapple 5 ango avas QuincesPersimm6Cucumber Duria TomPrickly peaGu 8 Peaches sh atoes msPlu rs ons pkins n Pum Physalis Butternut squa Rambutans Peppers ri squash Red ku Eggp lant Fruit forms pod, Fava beans ants protecting Baby eggpl big seeds 7 Chili peppers les App 5 GRAPES 6 PEACHES 7 FAVA BEANS 8 TOMATOES Some fruits such as grapes grow as The juicy flesh of a peach, plum, The edible part of a fava bean plant Not all fruits are edible. Some clusters of soft, edible, thin-skinned or cherry encloses a hard pit that is its seeds, and its fruit is the entire berries. Each berry has several seeds contains a single seed. This type pod. The wild ancestors of such of the wild relatives of tomatoes embedded in its flesh, although of fruit is called a drupe. The beans do not attract animals. many cultivated varieties of grapes fleshy part is meant to be eaten, Instead, their pods dry up and are extremely poisonous. They are seedless. Berries are often vividly so animals spread the seeds, but split open with explosive force, colored to attract birds, which have some animals such as parrots can so the seeds shoot out and are include deadly nightshade,which excellent color vision. crack the pits and eat the seeds, too. scattered on the ground. is lethal to humans, although some animals can eat the berries without coming to harm. Tomatoes are also related to chili peppers. 17

FUNGI The mushrooms and other fungi that can appear overnight 1 OAK BOLETE Felt saddle in damp places are not plants. They belong to a completely hylla separate group of living things that feed on dead or living A typical mushroom has radiating gills plants and animals. Each fungus forms a hidden network beneath its cap that produce millions of spores. of slender stems called a mycelium, and the visible part is Other fungi, like the oak bolete, have spongy just the “fruiting body” that sprouts like an apple on a undersides that release spores from tiny holes tree to spread the spores that or are covered with spore-producing tufts. grow into new fungi. ocybe geop brittlegill In Beechwood sicken erBirch Oak bolete inarius ric kenianus Lepiota cristata 1 Orange birch bolete Cort Sulfur tuft 3 Inocybe sindonia Death cap Sheathed woodtuft Pearly webcap False chanterelle Mealy funnel Yellow ramaria 2 Turkey White saddle Omphaliaster asterosporus tail 2 TURKEY TAIL 3 DEATH CAP 4 SAFFRON MILK CAP Fungi are vital to life because Some fungi are extremely Many fungi grow around the they break down and recycle poisonous if they are eaten. roots of certain plants and dead organisms. The turkey tail The well-named death cap has provide them with plant foods grows on dead wood, rotting it probably been responsible for in exchange for sugars. The 18 down so the nutrients it contains 90 percent of all known deaths saffron milk cap, for example, can be used by growing plants. from mushroom poisoning. always grows with pine trees.

5 5 PARASOL MUSHROOM dred webc 6 FLY AGARIC The ring is part Bloo ap Persistent waxcap of the veil that Some fungi, like the penny bun The fly agaric is one of the covered the cap of and parasol mushroom, are good best-known “toadstools”—a word often the young mushroom to eat. But if you are not an expert used for inedible or poisonous fungi. The at identifying them, you could be white scales on its red cap are the remains of The tough stem and poisoned by a killer like the death cap. a thin veil that covered the growing fungus. cap contain chitin, which also forms Rosso coral Fly agaric Parasol mushroomthe wings of insects 6 ved bon Bearded milkcap Green brittlegill maculata net Hare’s ea erellePenny bun Groor Russula 7 Chant 7 PENNY BUN 4 Pholiota The rootlike fibers attached adiposa to the stem are just a tiny part of the penny bun’s mycelium. This can cover huge areas. The mycelium of a single honey fungus can extend 1.6 million sq ft (150,000 sq m). 8 Saffron milk cap 8 STUMP PUFFBALL Collared earthstar Puffballs are named for the way St the ripe fungi puff clouds of dustlike ffball ump pu spores when they are kicked or hit by rain. Just one giant puffball can contain an amazing 7 trillion 19 (7,000,000,000,000) spores.

20 ANIMAL KINGDOM 4 BIRDS All living things fall into one of five categories, or “kingdoms”: These highly specialized, warm- 4 bacteria, protists (single-celled organisms), fungi, plants, and blooded vertebrates are superbly animals. The animal kingdom is made up of many groups equipped for flight, and some may of invertebrates (animals without backbones, such as insects) and a few groups of vertebrates, such as stay airborne for most of their mammals. They all share the ability to move and sense lives. They are the only animals their surroundings and the need to find food. with feathers, which prevent them from losing body heat, enable them to fly, and are often brightly colored. 1 INSECTS 1 Small animals with hard external skeletons, 5 all insects have six legs when adult and, in most cases, two pairs of wings. They include 5 MAMMALS creatures such as butterflies, wasps, flies, and beetles. Many are attractive, but some can Like birds, mammals are warm- sting, bite, and carry deadly diseases. blooded vertebrates, meaning they can control their body This silver-washed temperature. The females fritillary butterfly feed their young on milk. Most has bright wing eat plants, but some, such as markings lions, are meat eaters. Humans belong to the mammal group. 2 WORMS 6 ARACHNIDS There are many types of worms. They include tapeworms, which live inside other animals, The spiders, scorpions, ticks, and flatworms, and roundworms. Most familiar their relatives are eight-legged are segmented worms like the earthworms invertebrates with hard external that burrow in soil, marine worms that live skeletons but no wings. Spiders on tidal shores, and leeches. kill their prey with venomous fangs, and scorpions have stings 3 AMPHIBIANS A leech lives in their tails, some of which are by sucking powerful enough to kill a human. Soft-skinned amphibians, such as frogs and toads, lose body moisture easily. To the blood of The red-kneed tarantula has keep from drying out, nearly all frogs live its victims eight legs for walking and in damp places, often near a pond. Most two chelicerae (mouthparts) lay their eggs in water or other damp 2 6 to hold its prey places, and these hatch into fishlike young, such as tadpoles. 3 Sticky pads on the frog’s toes give good grip

7 MOLLUSKS Lion’s paw has soft pads for Most mollusks are running and sharp, soft-bodied animals retractable claws that live in water and have protective shells. 10 They include mussels, 7 clams, and whelks. The only mollusks able to live on land are the snails and slugs. Octopuses and squids are also mollusks, but they are highly evolved, with well-developed brains and eyes. 11 12 Suckers on each arm help the octopus 10 FISH 12 REPTILES 8 move around and grab prey Although cold-blooded like Fish were the first vertebrates and the amphibians, reptiles such as snakes 8 CRUSTACEANS ancestors of all amphibians, reptiles, and lizards have waterproof, scaly skins that allow them to live in dry Like insects, crustaceans have hard external mammals, and birds. They are perfectly places such as deserts. Most are skeletons with several segments and strong active hunters, and some snakes jointed legs. All are aquatic, aside from wood adapted for life in water, which have powerful venom, which they lice. They include tough-shelled animals like use to kill their prey and for crabs and lobsters as well as more delicate The powerful claws supports their bodies and provides them defense, if threatened. shrimps and water fleas. of this lobster can with vital oxygen. There are two main seize and crush prey fish groups: those with bony skeletons and the sharks and rays, which have skeletons of flexible cartilage. 9 MYRIAPODS 11 ECHINODERMS Like other reptiles, snakes Named for their many legs, myriapods 9 Sea urchins, starfish, feather stars, have scaly skin have long bodies divided into segments. and sea cucumbers are echinoderms, meaning “spiny skinned.” Their bodies Centipedes have a single pair of legs on each A millipede’s legs tend to be wheel-shaped, with a central are moved by a mouth. Feather stars trap food that segment, while millipedes have two pairs. Some wavelike action floats through their feathery arms, but of the body most search for food on the seabed. millipedes have more than 90 segments and more than 180 pairs of legs. Millipedes eat mainly dead material, but centipedes are speedy hunters. 21

PLANKTON This cyanobacterium is a coiled chain of cells The sunlit surface waters of many oceans teem with life, that make food from most of it microscopic, that drifts with the currents. The whole water and dissolved gas drifting community is called the plankton. It is made up of plantlike phytoplankton, which use the energy of sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water, and zooplankton— animals that feed on both the phytoplankton and each other. This image shows the plankton in a splash of seawater, magnified more than 25 times. CYANOBACTERIA Once known as “blue-green algae,” these simple organisms were among the first forms of life to appear on Earth, more than 3,500 million years ago. They still flourish in the oceans where, like diatoms, they turn carbon dioxide and water into sugary carbohydrates. DIATOMS The glassy shell of this diatom reveals the green The phytoplankton consist of structures that use solar microscopic organisms such as diatoms energy to make food and cyanobacteria. Diatoms have shells of glassy silica that fit together like tiny boxes with lids, and they exist in a dazzling variety of forms. They thrive in cool seas, where they turn the water gray-green and often multiply into vast cloudy “blooms” that are visible from space. The size of a rice grain, CRAB LARVA this crab larva is light Among the members of the zooplankton enough to drift near the are the eggs and young of animals that surface in the plankton have very different shapes and lives when adult. They include the eggs of reef 22 corals and infant fish, mollusks, and crustaceans like this crab larva. Drifting in the plankton provides them with food and helps them disperse through the oceans to find new places to live.

COPEPODS This delicate organism is a larvacean—a drifting Many animals spend their entire lives as animal that lives in a members of the zooplankton. They include bubble of soft mucus the tiny shrimplike copepods, which form Arrow worms are armed dense swarms in many seas, providing with strong grasping food for shoals of fish and giant spines, which they use filter-feeding whales. to seize copepods The plankton is full of Planktonic copepods have drifting fish eggs that long antennae that act like parachutes to prevent will hatch into tiny them from sinking planktonic larvae ARROW WORMS These long, almost transparent animals prey on the other creatures of the zooplankton, including copepods. They are named for the way that they shoot forward through the water to catch their victims. This bristly creature is the larva of a marine worm. As an adult, it will live on the bottom of the sea 23

INSECTS Great eggfly butterfly pupa Insects are the most successful creatures on Earth. Beetles Swbuatlltoewrftlyail alone account for almost a third of all known animal species. Many insects are tiny, but others are big enough for us to see the amazing intricacy of their structure. Some may bite or sting, and a few are real pests, but most are harmless, fascinating, and beautiful. al butterfly Red admir Cabbage white BUTTERFLIES Butterfly eggs caterpillars Butterflies start life as leaf- Housefly munching caterpillars, then form protective cases and become pupae, before turning into colorful winged beauties that sip nectar from flowers. Pink barred sallow moth Oleander moth scent moth Dragonfl Blowfly larvae moth pupa y Green brindled cre Tortoiseshell Hoverfly 24 caterpillar MOTHS Polyphemus moth Crane fly Oak silk Moths are basically the same as FLIES butterflies, but most moths fly by night on whirring wings. Many True flies have just two wings for are dull brown for camouflage, flying, rather than four like other but a few are brightly patterned. adult insects. Some are biting bloodsuckers, and a few can Yellow spread diseases, but others like brimstone hoverflies are harmless. moth

Wood ants Norwegian wasps Bumblebee ANTS WASPS AND BEES American cockr oach Giraffe Frog All ants form huge colonies ruled Although notorious for their weevil over by a single “queen ant” that stings, most wasps and bees are lays all the eggs. The “worker no trouble. Wasps hunt insects Hissing cockroac ants” build the nest, defend it, to feed their young, while bees and gather food. visit flowers to gather nectar. Giant Indian stick inse Jewel wasp stag beetle Asian ct eggs Chafer h beetle Giant walking stick insectses Rhinoceros beetle Dung be Male stag beetles Ladybug showing wings under ca beetle larva Leaf beetle BEETLES Mealworms etleFlour Most beetles can be recognized by the hard, shiny wing cases Leaf insect that hide their delicate wings. Some have long horns or jaws, especially the males, which use them for fighting. Blowfly Red Goliath beetle beetle spotted longhorn 25 beetle

INSECT ANATOMY Many insects start life as soft-skinned grubs, or larvae, but 3 EYES eventually they all turn into adults with hard, segmented bodies and six jointed legs. Their skin is toughened with a Like many other insects, an adult wasp substance called chitin, which is a bit like hard plastic, so it has two large compound eyes. Each acts as an external skeleton. It is often shiny and brightly has hundreds of tiny lenses that see colored, but it can look furry or scaly. Most adult insects the world as a mosaic of colored dots. like this wasp also have wings made from sheets of chitin, A wasp also has three small simple powered by muscles inside their bodies. eyes, which are called ocelli, on the top of its head. 1 ANTENNAE but cleansnismntophtlaeftoecryEameanscashhneanoismsfejtuahlsgietgehothtnreee Compound eyes give An insect’s long antennae help it feel its the wasp quite good way, but they are mainly used to detect vision and are also very scent. They are covered with sensitive sensitive to movement nerve endings that pick up chemical signals. The antennae of some moths 4 can detect scents from more than half a mile (1 km) away. Long, jointed antennae Fine, touch-sensitive are vital sense organs bristles on the insect’s body detect vibrations and air movements 2 3 1 The antenna of a female wasp has 12 segments, while the male antenna has 13 The sensory antennae of this wasp enable it to recognize food and other members of its colony 2 HEAD HEAD THORAX An insect’s head contains its brain and Mandibles, or mouth 4 THORAX carries most of its sense organs. It is parts, are used to slice also equipped with mouthparts that The legs and wings of an insect are are specialized to deal with its diet. vegetation or prey attached to the front section of its A mosquito has a sharp needle for body, the thorax. This is packed sucking blood, while this wasp has with wing muscles, which power stout jaws for chewing other insects. the wings rather like someone in a rowing boat using a pair of oars. 26 It also contains the insect’s crop, used to store food.

Dealritecoaostltfierftotwhnteihgnewgewsansoepuigghht Thmetethmhbeiybnwrs,atifninlfegfexssriibatbhrlseea, tcsaufloplerpmdorvteeidns 6 WINGS The wings of an insect like this wasp are thin, transparent plates of chitin. Butterfly and moth wings are similar but covered with colored scales. Most insects have two pairs of wings for flight, but flies have just one pair. Slender waist linking thorax and abdomen allows wasp to curl body 6 7 STING Most insects are harmless, but some may bite or sting. This wasp has a sting in its tail that can inject a painful venom. It uses it to defend itself and its nest and to kill insect prey. Dramatic black and yellow markings 5 warn predators that the wasp is venomous The wasp’s sting is a modified egg-laying 7 organ, or ovipositor 8 ABDOMEN Each foot has sharp 5 ABDOMEN 8 LEGS claws, and some insects, The flexible abdomen contains All adult insects have six legs. When such as flies, also have most of an insect’s internal organs, sticky foot pads including its digestive system. they walk, they lift three legs while Tiny holes lead to a system of tubes that supply air to its organs keeping the other three on the and muscles. The vivid stripes of this wasp warn other animals ground—like a tripod—so they that it can sting. have no problem with balance. Each leg is a series of stiff tubes, hinged together and powered by muscles inside the tubes. 27

FISH 3 FORCEPS FISH Fish were the first animals with backbones to appear A type of butterflyfish that lives on Earth, more than 500 million years ago. They have on the coral reefs of the Indian since evolved into a wonderful variety of forms. From and Pacific Oceans, the forceps powerful sharks to delicate seahorses, fish now make fish has a highly elongated snout up more than half of all vertebrate species. Most fish with a very small mouth at live in the salty oceans, like those shown below, but the tip. The fish uses this many—including the fish on the opposite page—live to pick tiny animals from in freshwater lakes and rivers. A few, such as salmon, coral crevices and from are able to live in both. the spines of sea urchins. 1 RAY 2 BOXFISH 4 SEAHORSE 5 PUFFERFISH Closely related to sharks, with The curious boxfish are named These strange fish owe their name Pufferfish defend skeletons made of cartilage, rays for their boxlike defensive armor, to their horselike heads. They live themselves by inflating are flattened fish that swim by formed from thick, fused scales. in shallow seas, where they cling their bodies with water using their pectoral (side) fins like This prevents all body movement, to aquatic plants with their tails. so they are hard for predators wings. They live on the seabed, so the fish swim by using their The male “incubates” the female’s to swallow. Some species have hunting smaller fish and shellfish. small fins like oars. eggs in a pouch on his belly. sharp spines that add to the effect, and many of their internal organs contain lethal poisons. A ray’s nostrils and mouth are on its underside. Eyes sit on top of the head 2 diBstlraaccktths“eeeynfieessmhp’soieths”efaorodnmfin 1 28 tinByoxafnisimh aelast 3 spmoteaxkoIctensetltflhlheaiensttrssaehcayaambpheeaodruadfnltdaoge 5 Prickly pufferfish are also called porcupinefish Clinging to weed with its tail helps a seahorse resist strong currents 4

6 SALMON 8 VELVET CICHLID 10 PIKE 6 Big, powerful salmon spend most of Better known by its common name, Oscar, This powerful hunter lives in lakes their lives at sea but swim upstream this species lives in slow-flowing South and slow-flowing rivers throughout to the shallow rivers with gravelly American rivers and digs in the riverbeds Europe, northern Asia, and North bottoms where they breed. They for small animals such as worms and America. Pike hunt fish and waterbirds have adaptations that allow them to freshwater shrimp. There are currently by lying in wait among aquatic plants move between fresh and salt water. 1,721 species of cichlids known. and darting out to seize victims. 7 CARP 9 STICKLEBACK 11 PIRANHA Able to live in water that has very This fish gets its name from the sharp Notorious for its sharp teeth, this little oxygen, carp are well equipped spines on its back. It lives in ponds, South American predator mainly for life in warm, still lakes and ponds. rivers, and lakes and some shallow preys on other fishes but may strip They feed by using their extendible seas. In spring, the male makes a nest the meat from larger carcasses of jaws to root around on the bottom of plant fiber and does a dance to dead animals. for small animals and aquatic plants. attract females to lay their eggs. 79 Three sharp spines help defend the stickleback from bigger predatory fish Tough, shiny scales help 8 protect the carp’s skin from injury and attack by parasites The colors of this cichlid Long, pointed jaws have are variable, changing big, sharp teeth to give as the fish grows older the pike a good grip Piranhas stick together in shoals for safety on slippery prey 10 11 29

FEEDING All animals get the nutrients they need by 1 2 eating plants, animals, or other organisms 5 such as bacteria or fungi. Some of these foods are easy to find but hard to digest, like leaves and grass. Others, such as animal prey, can be difficult to find or catch but are easy to digest and rich in food value. Animals have developed a variety of adaptations for gathering and digesting their food. Some of these are much more specialized than others and govern the animal’s whole way of life. 1 BASKING SHARK Gills in long slots at the back of the The enormous basking shark has tiny teeth. It feeds by swimming shark’s mouth through swarms of tiny drifting trap floating food organisms with its mouth gaping open and trapping them in its sievelike gills. Many whales filter feed in a similar way, as do some birds, such as flamingos. 4 3 Sucker surrounds Parrots often use their feet the mouth and to grip nuts while they crack sharp teeth into them with their bills 2 GIRAFFE 3 LEECH 4 PARROT 5 LION A giraffe’s extra long neck allows A parasitic leech clings to a living Birds need concentrated food that Catching large live animals can it to eat leaves that other animals animal, slices into its skin, and sucks does not weigh them down, so be difficult and dangerous. A lion cannot reach. Like many leaf eaters its blood. Some leeches may take most birds feed on insects, meat, relies on its strength and long, and grass eaters, giraffes have up to five times their own weight fruit, or seeds. Many parrots eat sharp canine teeth to kill its prey. bacteria in their digestive system, in blood but need to feed only nuts, cracking the strong shells with It slices the meat into mouthfuls which break down the tough once or twice a year. their powerful hooked bills, but with scissorlike cheek teeth but some have brush-tipped tongues swallows it without chewing plant fiber to release to lap up sugary flower nectar. because meat is easy to digest. 30 vital nutrients.

6 GIANT ANTEATER Many animals eat insects, but few are so specialized for the job as the giant anteater. It has a long, sticky, wormlike tongue, which it flicks in and out of its long snout up to 150 7 6 times a minute to scoop its tiny prey from their nest. 7 TAPEWORM This parasite lives in the intestines of another animal—including some people. Since it is surrounded by predigested food, it does not need a digestive system of its own, or even a mouth, and it just soaks up nutrients through its thin skin. 9 10 8 A housefly can contaminate food by walking on it 8 EGYPTIAN VULTURE 9 HOUSEFLY 10 BROWN BEAR 31 Many creatures are scavengers Many insects, including all flies, Although basically a meat eater, that feed on carrion (dead can eat only liquid food. Some the brown bear devours many foods, flesh) and other scraps. They suck blood or gather nectar or ranging from meat and fish to fruit include the Egyptian vulture, plant juices. The housefly can and honey. This means that it is not which clears up remains that also liquefy some solid foods such specialized for any particular way would otherwise simply rot. as sugar by drenching them with of feeding and can change its food Without scavengers, the world saliva and soaking up the result with the seasons. Humans have the would be a lot less healthy. with its moplike mouthparts. same “omnivorous” (eat-all) diet.

CRUSTACEANS Heavy pincers can crack open This varied group of invertebrates includes around 67,000 known 1 mollusk shells species. Crustaceans take their name from the hard, jointed shells, or exoskeletons, that support and protect their bodies. Most Haprldba,taearsnrmapcroloert’es cbtody crustaceans live in the sea, or in freshwater lakes and rivers, but wood lice and some species of crab live permanently on 2 land. Crustaceans have at least four pairs of jointed legs, gills for breathing under water, and sensory antennae that they hiatBsraedrlfnsuharceflaeadcceefimrset ntotsa use to feel and smell the things around them. 1 CRAB 3 LANGOUSTINE Armed with a pair of powerful claws, Found in the Atlantic Ocean and North and protected by a thick shell, a crab is Sea, langoustines are also known as built for both attack and defense. Crabs Norway lobsters. They come out at night can creep forward very slowly, but they from their seabed burrows to feed on prefer to scuttle sideways because they worms and smaller crustaceans. Their can move much quicker that way. muscular tails are eaten as “scampi.” 2 BARNACLE maMniopuuctlhhaeptwearaftnosdod enEdyeosfasrheoortnstthaelks Young barnacles drift in the water like shrimp, but when they become adults, Tohueoagcrodhcvaaserhnarisdpeclatdrhca,eob,r’sax they cement themselves to rocks, piers, and even other crustaceans. They feed by extending feathery legs from their shells to catch tiny floating creatures. waalrkebianJucsgokielndtefegsodr Strong tail used for swimming Abdomen is tucked 3 away beneath the crab’s body Langoustine can grow up to 6 in (15 cm) in length 32

4 LOBSTER 5 WOOD LOUSE 6 PRAWN Weighed down by their heavy shells, Wood lice are among the only Many prawns and shrimp swim or lobsters usually walk on the seabed, crustaceans that are completely at drift in the water, but others spend but they can swim backward to home on land, but they must live in most of their lives searching for escape danger by flipping their tails. damp places. They have seven pairs of food on the seabed. Some specialize Like all crustaceans, they have to legs, and some species can roll themselves in picking bloodsucking parasites molt (shed) their hard exoskeletons into a ball if they feel threatened. Despite off the fish that live on coral reefs, several times as they grow. their name, they do not damage wood. which line up to be cleaned. Loctblhasewteysrbacrnaednaklreeoggfsrfoifw Toothed crusher claw pulverizes shells 4 Claws used for gripping and shredding food Claw curved at end to aid grip Female wood louse keeps Tough curved plates fertilized eggs in a pouch protect soft parts of on the underside of her the wood louse’s body body until they hatch 5 Long antennae used for sensing surroundings Shorter antennae detect odors Prawns use their two in the water to help the lobster large eyes to detect find food or a mate movements in water 6 usFeadnf-oshraspweidmtmaiinl g Hardcocavareanrpds ahtcheeaodrax Transparent exoskeleton Four pairs of walking legs 33

AMPHIBIANS 1 COMMON FROG Although amphibians look a little like scaly reptiles, 1 All amphibians eat live animals, they do not have waterproof skin so cannot live in which they hunt by sight. The frog hot, dry places where they might dry out. Most on the left is leaping through the hide away by day and emerge only at night. air to catch a ladybug, which it will They must also lay their eggs in ponds snap up and swallow alive. and other wet places, and many spend their early lives as Common frogs are able aquatic tadpoles. to lighten or darken their skin to blend in European common frogs with their surroundings 7 Mandarin salamander Colorful lumps and bumps ooze toxic fluids for protection from predators 4 MIDWIFE TOAD Most frogs and toads lay their eggs in water, but the male midwife toad wraps the strings of eggs around his legs and looks after them until they are ready to hatch. Midwife 4 Tinker vine frog toad Caecilian 10 Frog’s thin, moist to frogs skin can absorb oxygen directly 9 from the air Australian tree frog Big eyes helpPoison dart f 6 poison dart frogs Madagascar toma see well in the dark forest rog 8 6 POISON DART FROG 7 MANDARIN SALAMANDER Tiny tree frogs of American tropical Salamanders and newts are a bit 8 AUSTRALIAN TREE FROG 9 TOMATO FROG forests are protected by powerful like frogs with long tails. Some, poisons on their skin. Some are so Many frogs and toads, like these deadly that local people use them like the Asian mandarin salamander, Tree frogs have suckers on the tips tomato frogs, defend themselves to make poison darts. by inflating their bodies with air so have vividly colored skin that of their toes so that they can cling that they are harder to eat. 34 warns enemies that they are to wet foliage. Most tree frogs only poisonous to eat. visit pools of water to breed.

2 TADPOLES Frtohgseosytchthaheanairvntepothrtheeucyyhgwecewahmn,ooblsewuuttahllsow 3 African bullfrog 3 AFRICAN BULLFROG Nearly all frogs start life in the A mouse makes a tasty snack for a bullfrog, which will eat water as tadpoles with long tails almost anything that moves. and no legs. Gradually they grow Red-eyed legs, hop out of the water, and tree frog their tails shrivel away. Froglet with tail Froglet 2 losing tail European common frog Foam- 5 FOAM-NESTING FROG nesting Some tree frogs keep their eggs frog moist by laying them in a nest Covered by tough 5 of wet foam high in skin, a caecilian’s eyes the trees. cannot form clear Fire salamander images, but they Asian painted can detect light 12 frog 11 Chilean four-eyed frog Bright yellow spots warn off enemies, even at night 10 CAECILIAN 11 FOUR-EYED FROG 12 FIRE SALAMANDER 35 Wormlike caecilians burrow in A four-eyed frog has a pair of big Bright patterns warn predators tropical forests by pushing their eyespots on its back. If attacked, it that this salamander can spray a bony heads through the soil. They turns its back and inflates its body blinding poison up to 13 ft (4 m) have no legs and are almost blind. so that it looks like a fierce animal. through the air.

LIFE CYCLES 3thdAecigofptepeusertpiawpvbeyitoschuyastontnteswmleyoemc,wabinleukets. tkiitslsl, 3 vitmasloostklhi4idellrTsfohatnhoedrdoolbpudergeoghrvinpipdsuleaptdyop.byleycaairtnns eat All animals pass through different stages of life 2 4 as they grow into fully developed adults. The first stage is the start of a new life, and for most animals the final phase is when they breed to start the cycle over again. For some animals, such as most mammals, these stages are very similar. For others, such as many insects, every stage is quite different and involves a complete transformation, or metamorphosis, from the previous stage. 2 For the first two 5 Though not weeks, the puppy able to breed just yet, this cannot see the young dog can world around it. find its own 5 food. DOG ▶ 1 6lopTouhkp6esptfiouelsfliyonfgdritaoswmonwatdneo. tgonporwoduce A dog’s life cycle is typical of livpeusp1opBnyliicntasdnmannoodttheheaert’lspsmloelisildsk,.faonoedw, sbooirtn many mammals, because it starts life as a smaller version of its parents. As it grows bigger, its internal organs develop so it can eat an adult diet and eventually produce its own young. 3jetlWaltydorpiincgoltgiloneligntuhgtseoeoswauanat stoateqfirc,utkhtayheteficlupidlant. 3 likleeigttshd,a4eatvnAoedslfotiathpsesfbrbtooaagddc.ykpsoltelaegrstg,srtothowelnsooofrlkdoenrt, ◀ FROG Young tadpole has three Most amphibians, such as frogs, have pairs of feathery gills, complex life cycles. A typical frog lays which absorb vital eggs in water, and these hatch out as oxygen from the water fishlike tadpoles. The tadpoles develop lungs and legs and hop out of the water as tiny froglets, eventually becoming fully grown adult frogs. 4 2 An embryo develops 2 inside the egg and Tail shrinks to a starts to move, using stump as the froglet energy supplied by the learns to use its legs to swim and hop yolk of the egg. 5 Lungs develop, the tail shrinks, and the new froglet hops out of the water to live on land, where it hunts small animals. 5 1 36 swpercoolltsn1etucaAptiennidnianbdtghyuheljteuwlfnlryado,trgewerdl.hasiycoshffreogggsspawn 6 6adwLuiaavlnttinedfgrreoimingthaswepinrrillillynargoyenttouorlrafnfnientdrdot,iltatihhzmeee aetgegs.

ti Imtessbhaaesbid2yts icgBtasyettteseroabptuiiilgglnhaggrserrk.gairvnoesnwesovfuesralsaylt,. the 2 wsoi3lfltfTubheoeldfiytusfllum-gllerotoafwmsntoocrrpaethdeorespnisiellirangrtyoh,aawsnhaaicfdhautl,t. Caterpillar sheds 3 its colorful skin to emerge as a legless, pale-looking pupa 4 The caterpillar stops feeding and becomes a pupa—the 1 stage of its life cycle when it is transformed into a winged adult. 1 An adult female 4 lays her eggs on a carefully chosen Pupa splits open, plant, and a tiny and crumpled larva, or caterpillar, fTohrcaesetapevnuredppriarallelasbwrtuaeiniyelstskimads sewoatihsiboitluneatlktetehesnserflayp. art butterfly crawls out hatches from each egg. ◀ BUTTERFLY 6 5 5 Butterflies, like many insects, have two quite different phases in their life cycle. joefnbe6eeirsdAgstyfootienmtrnsaeuetmegedaearrsnygtdionnlegaflc,yytt,aehbrgeutgobts.uigttsettemrtafhlieyn They hatch as soft-bodied larvae that spend all their time eating and growing. Then they turn into winged adults, which Baby turtle has well- do not grow and may not eat at all. 3 ofAhtefhtaeedrsesgftorgur,gttghhleeinobgcaeboayuntt.urtle developed flippers buthte4tasTkahemesesymwouaanlylegarstfuiotrsotldpeaiftreeeemndtsss. in when it hatches 2 3 4 TURTLE ▶ 5 Growing steadily as it feeds, the turtle does Most reptiles, such as turtles, lizards, not go through any type and snakes, lay eggs. When these of metamorphosis like hatch, the babies that crawl out are an amphibian or insect. like miniature replicas of the adults. They live in exactly the same way and often eat the same foods. 2 An embryo develops 5 Sea turtle’s long inside the buried egg, flippers enable it to which is abandoned by 6 6 toTahbssheraeonmerdeday,ttutaorrnobedpuaifrcdeyaumltlhtbaeeliesiarsacecbhgoleegms.seon swim long distances to reach suitable the mother but kept breeding beaches warm by the sun. 37 1 itlefar1othmTehrdeyreysgkinignghtoahusatta. psorefvt,ents

ATTACK AND DEFENSEMkfhteihaalalarntidutnyemrgearfasnfaokaismertn-tdtmahhltesoeamvaacritnneidcigmhsifputfaoirnlcesmutyetlhratis,ksaottehhrtathaehrtevdepye,jrnsoheobyudonaeovnatn,esgsrioeeotrtrihom.mTueaerhsn,aihstynouhihncmaaatsvetacmrelhsse.a.hCvdaoaevtlecvshueeidrvnvodgilvevaafeneldndses cTuthrthreheoiannabutnttososiaiTxsmanhcDujnodeaendllnsRlllystouodIiafmncfFiecksgvTtthpyionwIltayeuNeyirnrntdesGshotrtaaaiiufincnrtTgtglmssyehRitwsneceAtrdgooinetfPthwaccatetohtic▶ultmhllehersee.es. ◀IppnotirhnisfetNefacytcthtoIthuGee-teesadniHalnavstdgbioTicnalutpegriHnmksudbnlaU,s.aeecbTtsNrsssahe.otTteaafttEsroihognRihueggtunhandt-hstsoefbuilroyniundngicmeinasgeects ▲TotohonAuecatvopMipimrtcasltBaeyismnipUwnti,gnaSitwnyhmHdafinarietoniranntatitgnss lglifiutmoerar.kblTaissvhnmteeoo.notchtiaietotrscnhhilneoissotesstcst ◀AMvtttehnhhNhaeVnaoeunneDotErinmydrmmtNthapsoCaoaenerOflneulLlyiviymydstAMecsubaasatWt.shlninasetAedeisuhlSsssitsafttcooeovsionrertdcrgospdleatiefiokwonefnineglnslnstdthsoee. ◀LwioaitTtntnhheEdsetahdAialrmeaorMmiegnwrggaepoWeiqrrcnrekullayOiw.ikpwTseeRphosae,teKptedbyhoeueetnthrneicsircle is no escape. CONSTRICTOR ▼ A python coils around its prey, squeezing a little tighter every time the victim breathes out, until eventually it cannot breathe at all. A snake’s lower jaws are loosely linked to its skull, so it can swallow its 38 prey whole.

PIdifoitOieatsautoislftltinbhzIseskstSoipoankaeneOlridcdlmngenydkysea.NaepttimswTokdtooasheyinGielbtesiseshtloiyafaLsimsnttavabAosteaiayrahnfNksiruadnetonDnesfmdltaSetr,i▶nagtoad CTnabwhAonaethicMmiibkctegaeeOdlsrsitonaUhudtwaneFarfdiLdlnel.A.nttTeCoshGreaismtsEieosmeotm▼uooafagualtaanvcgitohnaeisdittnmhbtehaheakseinnreierogs wtu.rns PMht“mLhapaivAansleayyYoykkpihInieNolulgeesnGpsddtueeumtrDahpsdetEwta”mhAkieilsfeleDpetlahvradee▼rtvetsoe.aannSnteolstyeanmgpefeeorder.aoyAnsfitinxmthhhaoaitosplsutobhlrsyisesk!uyem it alone. SSabcotPararommniInsNaitoemmltreEta.aaanSOwlcksiktimet▼thhhataeahnlrlstoeds,hmntelragiyvkva,.eeelsnmhtdhadoeirassfptnepingsmopseriiprvcnooueeuspsss.iinbTtoehle,is NSvsuTfktpiolOnhauerrrdean-gXsyeuykmerpIscftOraetiatonhnlorlUmgeienai7rStnigsmhftcotefaSetlai(nuoMfl2csatircdimcigoufEetlur)asaLh,astnoaLottfedtaffolt▼sctyrekhnteehdye. their enemies. SSteBbaoAnyirlgeigsFtmtefaEaitrsiysyeTh,isnaYsrbognaytiImcmhNllioeaavrsnliNesntyhgmUttoariaMnngyketledotBoehetEncseaosrRos,enyfStfshluhiit▶ssotelasehtlshoo,enafillerolsoc.kosk, solrikheeordnse. 39

40 Ball python IGUANAS ▼ ▼ VENOMOUS LIZARDS Iguanas are typical lizards— Gila monster The Gila monster is one of just reptiles that usually have two species of lizards with ▲ PYTHONS four legs, a long tail, a venomous bite. Both and scaly skin. Most live in deserts in Mexico Most of the biggest snakes lizards eat small animals, and the United are pythons—powerful, but the green iguana States. nonvenomous reptiles that kill is mainly vegetarian. snpaysktMpheeoutcnhciesha,ststimhesaiaastlswbleruerorsdtrthoeAawnfntirnsimcgaanny their prey by coiling around it and squeezing until it cannot breathe. CHAMELEONS ▶ This is the snake’s tail, Famous for their ability to change which it uses as a fake their skin color, chameleons are head to deceive its slow-moving lizards that hunt by enemies if threatened shooting out their very long, sticky tongues to catch insects. Calabar ground COLUBRIDS ▼ Jackson’s chameleon python Three-fifths of all snake species Green iguana belong to the colubrid family. Most are harmless, but some, GECKOS ▼ including the mangrove snake, have venomous fangs at the Special hairs beneath the broad backs of their mouths. toes of many geckos act like suckers, enabling these active, Mangrove agile lizards to climb up any snake surface, including glass, and even run across ceilings. emersgkianiSnngndaawtbkilerteihsgashsghttleoeodrsnscctyoehslecoaiarrylseoesaurt,er Madagascar day gecko Grass snake Corn snake European glass lizard

mseoavrceIhtthoreTirfpxhofpceurelogeglglshersainwtststsoabsstwenoeaadrimtkyinemtoiesra. n thdaetgairStdae”wsnsiissnlilnnbtaghekedeigahinsnoog“ppreeerl,adtyhinisg The red-tailed racer’s LEGLESS LIZARDS ▶ ▼ TUATARA slender body is sittregaliTmdheliisnthesmrdoasuhlglethlulwrttoaletheheralps a Some lizards have no legs, Found only in New Zealand, the adapted for climbing so they look and behave two species of tuatara are the only Slider like snakes. The European survivors of a group of reptiles that terrapin glass lizard has tiny mostly died out 100 million years vestiges of legs, showing ago, during the age of dinosaurs. Hermann’s that its ancestors were tortoise like normal lizards. Tuatara ▲ TURTLES Red-tailed racer Rattlesnake Instantly recognizable ▼ COBRAS American alligator by their shells, turtles and tortoises have Among the deadliest of venomous REPTILES ▲ CROCODILES existed since the days snakes, cobras are armed with a of the first dinosaurs. Scaly, creeping, cold-blooded reptiles can The most powerful of all Tortoises are famously nerve poison that paralyzes seem sinister—especially venomous snakes reptiles, alligators and slow, but turtles can their victims so they cannot and snapping crocodiles. Yet many reptiles crododiles are ferocious swim quite fast over breathe and they die predators that ambush, long distances. from suffocation. are glossy, vividly colored creatures with kill, and eat animals as fascinating habits. Most are hunters, but since big as zebras. VIPERS ▶ they do not use any energy keeping warm, they do not need to eat much. Crocodiles often go for Equipped with long months without eating, and some big snakes poison fangs that hinge can survive for a year on just one big meal. forward when they open their mouths, vipers such as rattlesnakes are extremely dangerous. Luckily, rattlesnakes rattle their tails as a warning. 41 Albino monocled cobra

Eye at tip of 2 5 snail’s tentacle Squid’s head end Squid can swim 1 has eight arms and faster than any two tentacles other invertebrate 4 MOLLUSKS Snails, clams, mussels, and even octopuses are 3 all mollusks—soft-bodied animals that often have strong chalky shells. Some live on land, but most mollusks live under water or on tidal seashores. A snail or octopus can move about and use its sense organs to find food, but many aquatic mollusks, such as mussels, spend their adult lives in one place. They do not have obvious sense organs or even heads, and their bodies are encased within two shells that can be closed for protection. Whelks grow their shells from chalky deposits extracted from seawater 8 9 1 Snail Able to creep around on its muscular 3 Giant clam The biggest of all mollusks, the 5 Slug Basically snails without shells, slugs foot, a snail can squeeze its soft, boneless body giant clam can grow to more than 40 in (1 m) can live in places with few of the chalky into its coiled shell when it feels threatened. across. It finds a spot in a coral reef and, once minerals that other mollusks need to build there, stays in place for life. up their shells as they grow larger. 2 Giant snail A native of tropical Africa, the giant snail can be 12 in (30 cm) long. A gland 4 Squid Fast-swimming squid can catch fish 6 Limpet Able to clamp its strong shell to at the front of the foot produces the slime with their tentacles, change color, and shoot rocks, the limpet is well equipped to survive that enables a snail to slide along. through water backward using jet propulsion. the rough and tumble of rocky seashores. 42

Limpets use their 6 conical shells to protect themselves Octopus’s tentacles from waves dart out to reach prey Algae living in the giant clam’s fleshy lips use sunlight to produce energy-rich food for the clam 7 Cuttlefish can change 12 color according to Mussels feed their mood by drawing water into the shells and filtering edible particles 10 11 7 Octopus Like the cuttlefish and squid, an 9 Scallop Like clams, scallops are two-shelled 11 Sea slug Many sea slugs have flamboyant octopus is an intelligent animal with excellent bivalves. By snapping their shells shut, they can frills. Bright colors act as a warning to eyesight. It uses the strong suckers on its eight shoot through the water when they need predators to leave them alone. long arms to catch crabs. to escape danger. 12 Cuttlefish Unlike most mollusks, a cuttlefish 8 Whelk A type of sea snail, the whelk uses 10 Mussel All mussels attach themselves to has an internal shell. This can be filled with air its acute sense of smell to track down dead rocks with strong threads and live by pumping to make it buoyant, so the cuttlefish can drift animals in the water for food. food-rich water through their bodies. through the water after its prey. 43

44 SHELLS The bodies of some creatures are protected by tletrapPrecious wen strong shells. They include all kinds of animals ranging from crabs to armadillos, but the most This delicately ribbed well known are marine mollusks such as sea shell was once winkles, cockles, and clams. These animals absorb chalky minerals from their food or highly valued, which seawater and turn them into beautiful, explains its name sculptured, often vividly colored “sea shells.” These are sometimes lined with iridescent, Distorsio shells are gleaming mother-of-pearl. found mainly in tropical waters 1 NAUTILUS A nautilus can adjust its Co buoyancy by pumping A relative of the octopuses, with big fluid in and out of eyes and up to 90 tentacles, the nautilus can retreat into its pearl-lined shell for gas-filled shell chambers safety. The inner chambers of the shell act as flotation tanks. Cross-section of a nautilus shell mmon distorsio 2 VENUS COMB MUREX 1 Named for its comblike appearance, this sea snail of the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans has up to 100 sharp spines that protect it from predators such as shellfish-eating rays. 3 PAPAL MITER Venus c Papal miter This is one of about 800 known species Spines are as sharp as of miter shells, which all have a pointed needles and break off form similar to the ceremonial hats worn easily if they pierce by bishops and popes. The papal miter another animal may be up to 6 in (15 cm) long. 2 4 CUBAN LAND SNAIL omb murex Some land snails are brightly colored, 3 too, but their colors are usually similar to those of the places where they live. Snails that have noticeably different colors are soon eaten by birds. Cowrie shells are glossy where partly covered by the animal’s body

The spiny oyster shell is 4 5 OYSTER SHELL 7 SPINY SAND COCKLE found off California and Cuban land snails Most oysters have shells that are Cockles and clams are mollusks is often used in Native rough outside but pearly inside. with two shells, called bivalves. American jewelry Grains of sand that find their way A cockle burrows into sand, Cowries Spiny oyster shell into oyster shells are smothered often on coasts that dry out with layers of shell material, at low tide, but it can close Tropical sea urchin turning them into pearls. its shells tightly to keep itself moist until the tide turns. 6 SEA URCHIN TEST 8 MANUS ISLAND SNAIL Sea urchins belong to a group of animals called echinoderms. Their All snails have a shell that is “shells” are covered with skin, so coiled in a spiral, so the coil they are not true shells like those gets smaller toward the tip. of mollusks. Known as tests, they As the snail grows, it adds are peppered with holes and shell material at the shell mouth, which gets broader small knobs where the spines all the time. were once attached. 6 Tropi cal sea urchin 5 7 8 Black-lipped oyster Spiny sand cockle Manus Isl and snail Position of sea urchin’s mouth 45

Rock pigeon BIRDS The only animals with feathers, birds are found in all parts of the world. Many have superb flying skills, with strong chest muscles to power their flapping wings. There is a dazzling diversity of species, from soaring albatrosses and flamboyant peacocks to flightless rheas and tiny hummingbirds. ▲ TAWNY EAGLE ZEBRA FINCH ▲ Eagles are powerful hunters. They target Like many birds, the zebra finch their prey while soaring high overhead then of Australia lives in large flocks swoop down to seize it in their talons. The that fly and feed together for safety. Its stout bill is adapted tawny eagle is also notorious for stealing for splitting the tough skins of the victims of other birds of prey. grass seeds to get at their Immensely strong, nourishing kernels. sharp-clawed talons are the eagle’s Penguins’ main weapons wings are adapted for swimming, not flying Birds spend ▲ RHEA King hours preening penguins their feathers to As tall as 5 ft (1.5 m), these large flightless birds roam the ock keep them in grassland of South America. They eat Peac good condition plants, nuts, seeds, and fruits as well as insects and small animals, such as lizards. 46 Farmyard ducks The male peacock raises its hugely elongated tail feathers to display them

Parrots can Green parakeet crack nuts with their strong bills ▲ ALBATROSS SNOWY OWL ▶ Soft feathers allow owls to fly The long, narrow wings of an albatross enable Most owls hunt by night, in complete silence it to soar for hours on oceanic winds without but the snowy owl is active moving a muscle. It feeds on marine animals, Some swifts can during the almost continuous which it snatches from the ocean with its bill. keep flying for daylight of the Arctic summer. many months It uses its acute hearing to Swift without landing locate small animals such as lemmings feeding beneath the snow. Hummingbird Hummingbirds ◀ WOODPECKER hover on whirring wings to sip Woodpeckers use their flower nectar powerful bills to carve out nesting holes in trees, and many also hack into soft wood to find insects. This green woodpecker catches ants with its extra-long tongue. Budgerigars TOUCAN ▶ The enormous bill of the toco toucan is much lighter than it looks, because it is a hollow shell of lightweight horny material supported by crisscrossing internal struts. The toucan uses it for display as well as feeding. The flamingo’s Blue tit pink coloring comes from pigments in the bird’s food Peacock FLAMINGO ▲ display Vast wading flocks of flamingos gather tiny animals and algae from warm lakes. Holding their extraordinary bills upside down in the shallows, they use their tongues to pump water through their sievelike bill fringes to trap food. PEAFOWL ▶ Webbed feet Dalmatian Pelicans use stop wading pelican the pouch The female birds from beneath their peafowl, or sinking in mud bills like peahen, looks drab fishing nets and colorless compared to catch to the dazzling male their food peacock, with his amazing courtship display of fanned 47 tail feathers.

EGGS 3 King penguin Ostrich chick breaking out of shell 4 All female birds lay eggs. The young grow inside the eggs, which are kept warm by their parents. To hatch, they must chip their way through the eggshell. Some chicks, such as ducklings, can run and walk around soon after hatching, but other baby birds hatch at a much earlier stage in their development when they are naked, blind, Peregrine falcon and almost helpless. 12 Golden eagle Waxwing Great auk Cormorant ark Skyl 5 Common murre Quail crow Carrion k 6 ant crested tina mou Eleg Sparrowhaw lew Cur 7 Cuckoo shank Coal tit Blackcap Red 1 GREAT AUK 3 KING PENGUIN 5 QUAIL 6 SPARROWHAWK This beautiful egg is one of the last King penguins breed in huge The quail lays a huge clutch of In the 1960s, sparrowhawks suffered relics of a big flightless seabird that colonies on windswept rocky islands up to 18 eggs in a nest on the from poisoning by pesticides used in once lived in the north Atlantic around Antarctica. Each female lays ground. Like many eggs, they have farming. The poisons thinned their and hunted fish like a penguin. one egg, and both parents take turns camouflage markings that make eggshells, so they broke when the Each pair laid just one egg, and the keeping it warm by supporting it on them harder to see. The female birds tried to keep them warm. Most last-known pair was killed in 1844. their feet beneath their warm bellies. starts keeping them warm only of these pesticides are now banned. after she lays the last one. This 2 GOLDEN EAGLE 4 OSTRICH means they start developing at the same time, so they all hatch at A female golden eagle lays two eggs The ostrich is the world’s largest once. The chicks are active as soon a few days apart. She keeps the first bird, and it lays the biggest eggs. as they hatch, just like ostriches. egg warm so it hatches earlier. This Each one can weigh anything up chick may be the only one to survive to 4 lbs (1.9 kg)—the same weight as 27 chicken eggs. if food is hard to find. 48