Big Book of Knowledge

["Don\u2019t throw it away Plastic products Plastic litter can create harmful pollution. It is Nose best to reuse or recycle cone plastic because throwing it away is a waste of energy. Some planes\u2019 nose Most plastic \u201cgarbage\u201d cones are made from can be turned into new composite plastic. things, such as filling for sleeping bags or coats. Each half of this bowl mold Many electronic gadgets, weighs as much as 20 such as game consoles, eight-year-old children! are made of a tough plastic called ABS. This half of the mold moves Food slides off the slippery back to let the warm, newly plastic, known as Teflon, shaped bowl drop onto a used to coat the surface conveyor belt. of nonstick pans. Four bowls can be made in a minute. Under the rim, you may see Plastic packaging keeps a line.This is where the two food fresh for longer. For halves of the mold met. example, polythene bags Jets of air blow the bowl off stop bread from the mold when it is finished. drying out. Every bowl that comes out of this machine is exactly the same shape. 449","BUILDING The invention of new materials and new ways of building has enabled cities to shoot up into the sky. Skyscrapers are not held up by wood, brick, or stone walls, but by strong steel skeletons on which Taipei 101 There are around 26,000 hand-cut glass walls and windows are panels covering the simply hung like curtains. One of the tower, which are all tallest office buildings in the world is the cleaned by hand, too! Taipei 101 in Taiwan, which was built Growing up in 2004. It has 101 floors and stands The tallest building in 1,670 feet (509 meters) tall. the world is the Burj Khalifa, in Dubai. Concrete creation It is 2,700 feet (830 Many modern buildings, such meters) to its spire, and as the Sydney Opera House, are has more than 160 made of concrete. This artificial floors. Construction on rock is made by roasting clay and it began in 2004 and it limestone to make cement, and was finished in 2010. then adding sand and water. Stretched steel cables inside the Three different entrances on three concrete stop it from cracking. sides take you to three different floors of the spiral- shaped building. Clay Water Limestone Sand 450","It took about Building bridges 22 million man-hours Simple beam bridges to complete the tower. can span narrow streams, but bridge designs get There are 26 stages where more complicated. the tower gets Beam bridge narrower as it Arch gets taller. bridge There are Cantilever 34,600 tons of bridge reinforced steel bars in the Suspension tower\u2014enough bridge to reach more than a quarter of the way around the world. A team of more Steel than 380 people frame worked to put on the glass and Concrete metal cladding\u2014 base as many as 175 Rock steady panels a day. Buildings need a strong base, or foundation, to stop them from sinking, Soft slipping sideways, or being rock blown over by the wind. Tall Piles are buildings are held down by pushed into long steel or cement piles. solid rock. 451","TRANSPORTATION Transportation is so much a part of our daily lives that most of us take it for granted. Without it, we would all grind to a halt. Millions of people would not get to work, many children would not get to school, and no goods would be delivered to stores. Even the letters we send would never reach their destinations. Early people relied on animal transportation, and this remained the only way of getting around until about 200 years ago, when the bicycle was invented. Cars didn\u2019t come into common use until the first part of the 20th century. Today, though, a jet plane can fly you across the world in hours, and huge spacecraft take astronauts on exploratory journeys into space. Soon, you may be able to book a ticket to outer space! Motor Electric scooter car 452","Some pilots like to perform displays of flying called aerobatics, in which they twist and turn their planes. Boeing 787 taking off 19th-century sailing ship The TGV train Container ship is the fastest wheeled train in the world. 453","BIKES Fix it yourself Bicycles were invented in Bicycles are simple machines the late 1700s. But they and one of the cheapest forms have changed their shape of transportation. Most repairs on so much over the years bicycles are quite simple, too, and that some early bikes such can be done cheaply and easily as the \u201cordinary\u201d bicycle, also called the by their owners. penny-farthing, look very strange to us today. Power for a bicycle comes from the Protective helmet rider, but sometimes the rider simply runs out of energy! In 1885 a German, Gottlieb Daimler, added an engine to the bicycle, and the motorcycle was invented. The very first motorcycles had tiny steam engines, but today they have gasoline engines, and can more than match cars for speed. Reflective strips help motorists to see cyclists at night. The pedals are linked to the back wheel by a chain. Pollution-free traffic The brakes In the Netherlands, there are are operated by more bicycles than people. Nearly levers on the handlebars. 40 percent of all trips taken in 454 the capital, Amsterdam, are on bikes. Imagine the terrible fumes, and the effect on the environment if all these riders drove cars instead of pollution-free bicycles.","Riding a motorcycle Working bikes can be dangerous, and Scooters, which are a rider should wear motorcycles with small leather clothes and engines, are used for a special helmet for protection. many jobs around the world. The Spanish Post Office uses yellow scooters for delivering most of its mail. Bicycles can also be adapted for carrying all sorts of things\u2014even pigs! There are storage This part can be Hot wheels compartments removed to make a Motorcycles come in under the seat. seat for a passenger. all shapes and sizes for different jobs and sports. World War II US Army motorcycle 1966 police motorcycle 1983 Racing motorcycle The panels of this motorcycle are The motorcycle The exhaust Motocross motorcycle shaped so the bike will cut smoothly engine runs carries waste through the air. Its top speed is on gasoline. fumes from 148 miles (238 kilometers) an hour. the engine. 455","CARS TODAY It is hard to imagine a world without cars. They are all around us and are always being improved to make them more comfortable, more reliable, faster, and safer. And cars must continue to change. There are now so many cars in the world that they are one of the greatest Safety first threats to our environment. Experts are constantly Engineers test all new car thinking of new ways to make affordable cars that designs for safety by crashing use less energy and produce less pollution. the car and filming what happens to the dummies inside. Most cars have airbags in the steering wheel that inflate in a Lever for Speedometer fraction of a second in a crash. indicator lights Steering wheel The winshield is made of special glass that stays in one piece if it is broken. The clutch is used for changing gears. Gear shift Brake pedal Emergency brake Accelerator The hood lifts to show the engine. Headlight Bumper Models for driving Rearview Cars are designed to suit the mirror needs of many different people. Mini car Sedan car Sports car Family car 456","Record-breaker Cars like this are the fastest around. In 1997, ThrustSSC set a new Supersonic World Land Speed Record, traveling at 763 miles (1228.5 kilometers) per hour. The body is Sticking to the road strengthened to Race cars have low bodies, an airfoil or \u201cwing\u201d act like a at the back that pushes the car down, and wide, protective \u201ccage.\u201d gripping tires. These are all designed to keep the car firmly on the road at speeds of up to 230 miles (370 kilometers) an hour. This door opens wide so that luggage can be stored in the back. Cars of the future Filling up Most gasoline engines are with gas quite noisy and give off Tires grip the road harmful fumes. Electric in all weathers. cars are quieter and cleaner, although their Pickup truck batteries need charging. Some futuristic cars, such as the Fun-Vii concept car (above), can even display pictures on their outsides. These lights are used to tell the driver behind if the car is going to turn, brake, or reverse.They also show where the car is in the dark. Stretch limousine Camper van 457","TRUCKS Semitrailer Trucks come in all shapes and sizes, and do very different jobs. Some trucks are very specialized Tractor and are used for essential services, such as Tight corners collecting garbage and fighting fires. Most Long trucks are often trucks, however, are used for transporting goods. made up of two parts that Trucks are ideal for this job are hinged so they can turn because they can deliver things tight corners. The front part right to your door. Even goods is called the tractor, and it carried by trains, planes, pulls a semitrailer. and boats usually need trucks to take them on the last stage of their journey. Floodlight for Warning night emergencies light Hose storage This area is for rack storing equipment such as extinguishers, axes, buckets, and sand. Flashlight Pump for the fire This gauge shows how engine\u2019s internal much water is left in water supply the fire engine. Trains without tracks Some of the world\u2019s biggest trucks are used to transport goods across the desert in Australia. They are called roadtrains because one truck pulls many trailers. 458","Big trucks Amphibious truck Cement truck Earthmover Car transporter Blue flashing The equipment for The ladder can be raised lights cutting people out automatically to a height of crashed cars of 44 feet (13.5 meters). is stored in here. Air deflector Container A working arrangement The same tractor can hook on semitrailers of many different types, so no journey is wasted. Air deflectors make some loads more streamlined to save fuel. Tanker Five crew members can sit in the front and rear of the cab. This reflective strip makes the fire engine easy to see. Over the top Cab comforts Trucks are not just used for work. At night, long-distance truck People often race them and perform drivers usually sleep in their crazy stunts with them, too. This cabs, in an area behind the Big Foot truck is demonstrating how seats. Some have only bunks, to flatten a row of parked cars! but others have televisions, fridges, and even ovens. 459","DEIELSEECLTTRIRCAAINNDS In 1964 the Japanese opened the first high-speed electric railroad. Around the bend These \u201cbullet\u201d passenger trains Trains have to slow down reached speeds of 130 miles to go around bends (210 kilometers) an hour, a world safely. Some trains can tilt inward on curves, just record at that time. But railroad like a motorcycle leaning companies earn most of their money by moving goods, into a bend. This means called freight. Freight trains are often pulled by diesel they don\u2019t have to slow locomotives, and they keep a lot of traffic off the roads. down so much. The world\u2019s longest freight train had 682 cars and was The Inter-City Express, more than four miles (seven kilometers) long! or ICE, is an electric train from Germany. Pantographs pick up On electric trains, the section that pulls electricity from overhead the coach cars is called a power car. wires to power the train. Diesel power The French High-speed train routes are expensive to Many passengers and goods electric high-speed train set up because they need a special track still travel by cheaper, is called the TGV. On its that has gentle curves. diesel-powered trains, regular route it has a top such as this long Canadian speed of 190 mph (300 kmh). railroad convoy. 460","At the controls On the tracks The control center for Eurostar A variety of engines and freight cars use is in contact with the driver of the railroad tracks of every train. Controllers can warn the world today. the driver about any problems ahead, such as delays, signal failures, and Breakdown electrification faults. In this way, the train control center keeps the rail network running as smoothly as possible. Snowplow Grand Central Station The largest railroad station in the world is Grand Central Station in New York. It has two levels with 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 tracks on the lower one. A typical ICE has eight coach cars with 16 power motors and can carry up to 500 passengers. Coast to coast Passenger One of the great railroad journeys train of the world crosses Australia, from Sydney to Perth. The route covers 2,466 miles (3,968 kilometers) in three days and includes a world record 297 miles (478 kilometers) of completely straight track! The streamlined Freight train shape of electric trains helps them speed along. In tests the ICE has reached 215 mph (345 kmh). 461","UNODVEERRGGRROOUUNNDDAND As a city grows busier, the traffic on the roads becomes heavier and slower. This problem often can be solved by building a railway across the city, either over it, on tracks raised above the roads, or under it! There are underground trains all over the world, from London, where the world\u2019s first underground railway was built, to Moscow, where stations are like palaces. But they all do the same job\u2014keep people moving. No smoking The first underground railroad opened in London in 1863. It used steam trains, but the smoke often made it impossible to see in the tunnels. The answer was electric trains, which were introduced in 1890. The London Underground Emergency is also called the \u201ctube\u201d stairs because the deep A tight squeeze tunnels are built So many people travel on the using steel tubing. underground trains in Tokyo, Japan, Tunnels near during the rush hour, that special the surface are \u201cpushers\u201d are employed to squeeze dug like ditches passengers into the cars. and then covered over. Underground trains are powered by electricity picked up from extra rails. 462","Signs tell people where there is an underground station. Riding a single rail It is not always possible to build an underground railway system, so some railways run overground. Some trains run on top of a single rail, called a monorail. Ticket machines Ticket office Hanging on Not all trains Automatic gates open when a ticket run on top of is put in the slot, or a travel card is the rail. The tapped on a sensor. first monorail was built in Staff in the The escalator is taking passengers Going up! Wuppertal, control room toward the platform. A Special types Germany, and check the progress different route will take of transportation the electric of the trains, and watch people from the trains are needed for trains hang the platform on special out of the station. getting people up from the line. television screens. steep slopes. Rack railway Route map Cable car Funicular railway 463","SSAIHLIIPNSG Nearly three-quarters of Earth\u2019s surface is covered by water, most of it in the seas and oceans. For A quick tea thousands of years people have been finding A ship\u2019s speed is measured ways to cross this water. At first they built in knots\u2014one knot is about rafts, and boats with oars, but around 3200 bce 1.85 kmh (1.15 mph). The the Egyptians began to use sails. From then on, fastest sailing ships were sailing ships ruled the seas until a century ago. clippers, such as the Cutty China tea Sark, which had a top speed bundles of 17 knots. It transported Today, big ships have engines, but small sailing tea from China to England in about 100 days. ships are used for sports, fishing, and local trade. Sailors once used an instrument called a sextant to find their way in the middle of the ocean. A sextant helped navigate using the position of the sun or stars. Sea charts Tall ships The sea often Many of the great ships of the hides dangers, past have been restored and such as shallow waters or are used today for special shipwrecks, so sailors must \u201cTall Ships\u201d races. find their way using sea maps, called charts. 16th-century 17th-century Spanish galleon merchant ship Across the ocean 15th-century For hundreds of years, sailing Portuguese ships have traveled the caravel oceans of the world for exploration, trade, and war. 464","This ship is known as a The masts hold the junk. It has square sails, sails in a good called lugsails, and comes position for catching from China. the wind. Bamboo rods keep the sails flat and stiff, and make a good ladder, too! Sailing to work Many countries, such as Sri Lanka, still rely on small sailing ships for coastal fishing. When the sails are full of wind, the ship will move forward. Big ships The rudder is used Old junks carry a small for steering the ship. The junk, which can still be seen in harbors boat for getting to such as Hong Kong, in the Far East, was one land because they anchor 18th-century of the earliest types of boats. It is also one of in deep water a little man-of-war the most sturdy sailing ships. way from the shore. 19th-century iron-hulled trading ship 465","SHIPS WITH Propeller power ENGINES The ship\u2019s engine turns a propeller at the back of the ship. Wind is not a very reliable form This pushes the ship forward. of power\u2014sometimes it blows from On a big ship, these propellers the wrong direction, and sometimes can be enormous. it does not blow at all! But from around 1800, steam engines were used to turn The ship is steered paddle wheels or propellers. Steam from the wheelhouse. power moved ships faster and was Living a more reliable way of transporting quarters people and goods. Today, ships use mainly diesel engines, and their most important job is carrying cargo. This part of the ship is called the bridge. The cruising speed of a ship like this is around 15 knots or 17 mph (28 kmh). In the dock Pull and tug In modern ports, like Big ships are difficult Singapore, most cargo arrives to control, and from full on trucks and trains, and is speed can take several already packed in containers. miles just to stop. So in These are stored on the docks ports and harbors, small, and can then be neatly loaded powerful boats called onto the ships by cranes. tugs help push and pull big ships safely into position. 466","A vacation at sea A loading line Cruise ships offer passengers On the side of a ship is a row a luxury vacation as they travel. of lines called a Plimsoll The biggest cruiser today holds mark. A certain one of these nearly 9,000 people. It is the length lines must always be above of 4 football fields, and has 23 water or the ship may sink. swimming pools and 24 elevators. There are several lines, as ships float at different levels in salt or fresh water, in summer or winter, and in the tropics or the North Atlantic. Plimsoll mark Containers are stacked The front of the ship is in racks on the deck. marked with a sighting mast. Otherwise it would be hidden from the crew in the bridge by the cargo on the deck. Ship shapes Save our souls The seaways of the world are busy In an emergency at with ships of all shapes and sizes. sea, passengers and crew put on life Naval frigate jackets and send an SOS signal. Rescue is carried out by a lifeboat crew. Roll-on\/roll-off ferry Oil tanker 467","SKTIMHME IWNGATOEVRER Most boats travel very slowly because the water itself creates a drag on a boat\u2019s hull, Hovercrafts, like or body, that slows it down. But hovercraft this Landing Craft and hydrofoils just skim across the water, so they can Air Cushion, are travel at great speed. A hovercraft is not really a boat because still widely used in it hovers above the surface of the water. It is also amphibious, the military. which means that it can travel on both land and water. Fan boating Control People get around cabin the reed beds and watery forests of the Everglades in Florida using flat-bottomed fanboats. These have raised fan motors that do not get caught in the weeds. What a drag! Water-skiers can speed over the water, but will slow right down if they fall in. This is because water is more than 800 times denser than air. Life rings 468","Up and away The engines start, and the Hovering just above the Hovercraft are skirt fills with air to become surface of the water, the also known as a thick cushion. vehicle speeds on its way. air-cushion vehicles because they float on a cushion of air. When the hovercraft is sitting still on the tarmac, the skirt is flat and empty. Military vehicles or cars drive in through the doors in the back. Propellers Thin fins push the Fins under a hydrofoil lift it out vehicle of the water so that it can skim forward. over the surface at great speed. Inflatable Riding high skirt Catamarans have two thin hulls so there is very little of the boat Super speedy in the water to slow it down. Superboats have very powerful engines. They race at speeds of around 155 miles (250 kilometers) an hour\u2014 so fast that their hulls rise right out of the water. 469","PLPARNOEPSEWLLITEHRS For hundreds of years people tried in all sorts of crazy ways to fly like birds and insects. But it was not until 1903, when the Wright brothers attached a propeller to a small gasoline engine, that people first managed to control a plane\u2019s takeoff and landing. Today, huge jet planes can fly hundreds of people around the world, but smaller, cheaper planes with propellers are still the best form of transportation for many jobs. These propellers have three blades. As they spin around, they move the plane forward. Skis have been attached to the wheels so the plane can land and take off from the snow. Fresh air! Open To the rescue In 1927 Charles cockpit Light aircraft are relatively cheap to run and are Lindbergh made the ideal for transportation in large remote areas. In first nonstop solo parts of Africa, for example, the only way doctors flight across the Atlantic in can get to their patients quickly is by plane. the Spirit of St Louis. Like all pilots at that time, Lindbergh had to wear warm leather flying gear such as a helmet, gloves, a coat, and boots to protect himself from the cold. 470","This plane can seat Short take-off War and peace up to 19 passengers. Small planes only need Over the years, there have short runways. This been many types of means they can go to propeller-driven aircraft. places where larger planes could not land, such as World War I triplane this grassy airstrip on a mountainside in Nepal. The rudder moves the plane to the left or the right. This tailplane World War II Spitfire keeps the plane Cessna light plane stable. Hinged flaps Floatplane on the back of it move up and down to make the plane climb or dive. This twin-engined \u201cOtter\u201d can take off and land in a small space. Fighting flames Flying slowly and This Canadair plane is specifically quite low, the pilot designed for fighting forest fires. opens a hatch to The pilot prepares release the water. to lower two pipes to As the plane skims the surface, up scoop up water into to 1,400 gallons (6,400 liters) of the body of the plane. water are forced into the tanks in 10 seconds. 471","PAPSSLEANNGEESR The biggest airliner today is the Airbus A380, which can carry 853 passengers Join the line and enough fuel to fly 9,200 miles (14,800 km)\u2014 The busiest airport in the world as far as England to Australia. Big planes have is Hartsfield\u2013Jackson Atlanta made flying much cheaper, and millions of International Airport in Georgia. people pass through the world\u2019s airports each More than 92 million passengers year. The passengers simply step onto a waiting pass through it every year, as plane, but many jobs must be done to ensure well as 950,000 planes. every flight takes off and lands safely. Special trucks Airplane movement pump fuel from on the ground is underground tanks directed from this into the plane. control tower. All sorts of vehicles This plane can are needed to take carry up to luggage, supplies, and 116 passengers. freight from the plane Park it to the terminal. Once a plane has landed, a marshaller helps to park it by signaling instructions to the pilot with brightly colored wands. 472","Top speed The fastest passenger plane in the skies today is the Boeing 747, also known as the jumbo jet. The average 747-400 plane takes off at 180 mph (290 kmh) and cruises at 565 mph (910 kmh). A room with a view Curious cargo At peak hours in major international airports, Goods may be loaded there is a plane taking off or landing every 45 onto a plane with a seconds. Workers called air traffic controllers scissor-action crane or carefully organize planes for takeoff and landing. a conveyor belt. Some cargo simply walks in and out of the hold! A good checkup Before each journey the ground crew give the plane a good cleaning, inside and sometimes outside! Engineers check that the plane is in perfect working order. A loading From this control Service vehicle Passengers check in tunnel tower, staff direct for their flights in the links the takeoffs and airport terminal. plane to landings. the terminal. 473","INDEX astrolabe 267 bones 242, 243, 244-5 356-7 astronomy 52-3 books 267, 270 Central Europe 378-9 A athletics 260-1 botany 396 cephalopods 95 atoms 398, 436-7 bovids 214-15 Ceratosaurus 135, 149 abacus 293 Australia 11, 79, 288, 390-1 Brachiosaurus 140-1, 142 cereals 254, 256, 322-7 Aboriginals 301, 390, 391 Brahmaputra River, India 31 Cessna light plane 471 ABS plastic 449 animals 174, 188-9 braille 226 Chambers, Tommy 418 Achilles tendon 241 food production 336, 346 brain 224-5, 226, 240 Chaplin, Charlie 316 Africa 325, 348, 360-3 Austria 376-7 brass 442 cheetah 192-3 automata 426 Brazil 201, 346, 358, 359 chemical industries 432, 446-9 animals 192, 193, 194, Avecinnia 70 breathing 96, 232-3, 396, chemistry 394 199, 210 avocado 77, 273 chillies 273, 343 birds 173, 174, 182 402-3 chimpanzee 198-9 Afrikaners 363 B bridges 451 China 36, 310, 382-3, 422, 465 afterlife 258 British Isles 286-7, 368-9 agave 62 baby development 246-7 Bronzino, Il 310 Marco Polo 268-9 air 402-3, 412 bacteria 57, 396 bubble shells 88 plays 299 pollution 456 badger 174, 397 Buddhism 274, 383, 389 sugar production 346 Airbus A380 472 bagpipes 301 budgerigar 152, 175 chinchilla 206 aircraft carrier 422-3 baleen whales 102-3 buffalo, African 215 chipmunk 206 air-cushion vehicles 468-9 Bali, dancers 389 buildings 450-1 chiton 89 airports 472-3 ballet 295, 306-7 Bunyols festival, Spain 372 chlorine 447 albatross, Royal 158 bamboo 69 Burj Khalifa, Dubai 450-1 chlorophyll 64-5 Albertosaurus 149 Bangkok, Thailand 389 bushmaster snake 346 chocolate 272, 344, 357, 361, 370 Aldrin, Edward \u201cBuzz\u201d 40 Bangladesh 31, 386, 387 Bushmen, Kalahari 362 Christ statue, Rio de Janeiro, algae 57 banjo 301 bustard, Kori 175 Brazil 358 Algeria 360, 361 banyan 68 butane 434 Christians 266, 365 All Blacks rugby team 391 baobab 69 butterflies 74, 109, 114-17 chromium 443 Allosaurus 149 barley 322-3 butterfly fish 283 chrysalis 116 alloys 442 Barosaurus 133, 140, 142-3 butterwort 67 circulatory system 219, 230-1 alpaca 213 bats 75, 154, 187, 202-3, 413 citrus fruits 336-7 alpine plants 71 batteries 405, 417 C clam 89 aluminum 443 Bavarisaurus 146 clementine 337 American Civil War 290-1 bazaar, Istanbul 364 cable car 463 cliffs 23, 26-7, 171 amphibians 57, 151, 397 beans 273, 343 cactus 58, 61, 69 clippers 464 Amsterdam, Holland 370 bears 196-7 calcite 22, 23 clock, astronomical 283 Amundsen, Roald 351 Beauchamps (ballet teacher) California 354, 435 clothes 253, 332, 361, 364, 365 Andes mountains, South camels 212-13, 268-9, 330 protective 406, 455 America 273, 359 306 Camarasaurus 132, 142 coal 286, 287, 404, 405, 428, angler fish 85 beaver 206, 207 cameras 314-15 430-1 animals 57, 87, 259, 396 bedouin 364-5 Canada 288, 346, 352-3 coastlines 26-7 breathing 232-3, 402, 403 bee eaters 157, 175 cobra lily 59 See also individual species beef 330-1 animals 194, 197, 215 cocido 373 Antarctica 25, 178-9, 350-1 bees 74, 108, 124-5 Canadair plane 471 cockatoos 141 antelopes 187, 214 beetles 109, 112-13 capsicum 342 cocoa 272, 344-5, 361 anther 72, 74 beetroot 340 capybara 206 coconut 78-9, 328 anthracite coal 431 Belgium 370 car transporter 459 cocoon 115 ants 108, 120-1 Berbers 360 caravans 269 cocoyam 341 apartheid 363 Bering Strait 350 carbohydrates 238, 239 Coelophysis 149 Apatosaurus 142 Bhutan 386 Caribbean 356-7 coffee 78, 344-5 apes 198-9 Bible, Gutenberg 270 carnivores 194-5, 196 coke 287, 430, 431 Apollo space program 36-9, bicycles 418-19, 454-5 carnivorous plants 66-7 Collins, Michael 40 40-1 Billund, Denmark 367 carrot 340 Colorado River 31 apple 60 biology 394, 396-7 cars 355, 375, 444-5, 456-7 color 410-11 arachnids 108 birch 63, 82 cartilage 97, 100, 245 Columbus, Christopher 272 Arctic 25, 58, 160-1, 350-1, bird of paradise flower 75 cassava 341 comedies 298 366-7 birds 57, 86, 132, 141, 151, cassowary 183 comets 50-1 Arizona 51, 151 castles 266, 376, 379 compass 417 Armstrong, Neil 40 152-85, 221, 225, 397 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Compsognathus 135, 146 \u201cArnolfini Marriage, The\u201d birds of paradise 173 computers 424-5, 434 (J. van Eyck) 310-11 birds of prey 160, 180-1 (play) 298 conduction 406-7 artists 271, 310-11, 383, 390 birth 247 \u00c7atal H\u00fcy\u00fck, Turkey 255 Congreve rockets 36 Cook\u2019s voyages 282-3 bison 214-15, 253 catalytic cracker 447 conifers 83, 143, 162 Ashanti kingdom 278-9 bitumen 447 catamarans 469 conkers 76 Asia 325, 326, 380-1 bivalves 88-9 caterpillars 109, 114-15, 116 continents 14-15 animals 192, 193, 194 black holes 55 Catherine II, Empress of control tower 473 See also individual blackberry 58 convection 406, 407 countries blackbuck 215 Russia 280-1 Cook, James 282-3 Asimo (robot) 426-7 blood 224, 230-1 catkins 74 Copenhagen, ass 208-9 blue tits 152, 159, 164 cats 192-3, 225, 259, 263, Denmark 366 Astaire, Fred 305 blue whale 84, 103 copepods 86-7 asteroids 35, 50, 150-1 Boeing 747 aircraft 473 413 copper 442, 443 boiling points 401 cattle 212, 214, 254, 330-1, Bolivia 358, 359 Bollywood 316, 387 358 bombs, nuclear 422-3 caves 22-3, 26 paintings 252-3, 310 cavy, rock 206 Central America 272-3, 325, 474","Corythosaurus 141 distillation tower 446-7 Fiat car works 375 Ghana 278, 360-1 coral 27, 84, 89 dogfish, prickly 99 fig 63, 75 ghost moth 118 corn 272, 277, 322, 324-5 dogs 194-5, 333, 413 fig wasp 75 gibbon 198 cosmetics 267 dolphins 84, 104-5 films 316-19, 387 ginger 80 Cossacks 281, 380 dormouse 204, 205 finches 156-7, 165, 175 giraffe 186, 187 cotton 287, 291, 329, 385 dragonflies 108, 126-7 fingerprints 228 glaciers 20-1, 25, 28-9, 30 cowrie 89 dried fruits 339 fire fighting 458-9, 471 Globe Theatre 296-7 cows 259, 377 dromaeosaurids 146 fireflies 113 goats 215, 254, 330 dromedary 212, 213 fish 84, 86, 96-101, 225, Gobi desert, Asia 213 See also cattle drums 300, 360-1 gods 259, 260 crabs 84, 85, 86, 90-1, 243 Dublin, Ireland 264 397, 403 Gogh,Vincent van 310 crane fly 111 ducks 154, 159, 161, 169 fishing bats 203 gold 278-9, 442 crassula 81 dung beetle 113 fission 436 Cretaceous period 134, 135, dunnock 165 flamenco dancing 304, 373 discoveries 272, 288 dynamite 422 flamingo, greater 167 Gondwanaland 15 136 dynamo 440 flies 109, 110-11 goose, red-breasted 161 cricket (the game) 368, 387 flight 110-11, 154-5, 162-3, 168 gorge 23, 31 crickets 122 E flint tools 252-3, 254 gorilla 198-9 crop rotation 322 flounder 85 goshawk 181 crossbills 163 eagles 172, 180, 181 flowering plants 60-1, 72-6, gourd 69 cruisers 467 ears 220-1 granaries 327 crusades 266-7 Earth 9, 10-33, 34, 35, 145 Grand Canyon, crustaceans 91 flying doctors 390, 470 Crystal Palace, 40-1, 49, 57, 84, 108, foods 238-9, 263, 277, 404 Colorado 31 152 Grand Central Station, London 287 earth mover 459 staple 322-47 CT scan 424 earthquakes 14, 18-19, force 414-15 NewYork 461 Cuba 346 384 forests 352-3, 388 granite 21 cuckoo 165 earthworm 70 grapefruit 336-7 cucumber 343 Eastern Europe 378-9 birds 162-3, 172-3 grapes 338-9 cue clapperboard 316 eating 238-9 fossils graphite 399 cuesta 32 echinoderms 92-3 grasses 322-7, 346 cuneiform writing 256 echoes 221 dinosaur 136-7, 150 grasshoppers 109, 122-3 Cunning LittleVixen,The Edinburgh Festival, fuels 404, 405, 430-5 grasslands 174-5 Scotland 369 fox 194, 195 gravity 415 (opera) 309 Edmontosaurus 145 France 284-5, 335, 348, Great Exhibition, 1851 currants 339 eggplant 343 370-1 cuttlefish 95 eggs 158-9, 246 cave paintings 252-3 287 Egypt 251, 258-9, 360, 464 freight trains 460, 461 \u201cGreat Trek,\u201d South Africa D Eiffel Tower, France 287 friction 414-15 Einabtrieb 377 frigate 467 289 da Vinci, Leonardo 271 electricity 286, 416-17 frogmouth 185 grebe 168, 169 daddy-longlegs 111 production 430, 436-41 frost 336 Greece 374 daffodil 81, 369 trains 460-3 fruit-eating bat 202 Daimler, Gottlieb 454 electronic instruments 300 fruits 76-7, 336-9 Ancient 260-1, 296, 297 Daimyo 275 electroplating 287 fuel rods 436-7 Greek Orthodox church 374 dairy products 330, 331, 370 elephants 187, 216-17, 221 fungi 396 greenfinch 156-7 Dalai Lama 383 ellipses 48 funicular railway 463 green marble 11 damselfly 127 emu 182 funnel web spider 128, 129 grizzly bear 196-7 dance 304-7, 373, 380, 389 energy 404-5, 438-41 groundnut 78, 273, 329 Darby, Abraham 287 geothermal 367 G guanaco 212, 213 Darby III, Abraham 287 nuclear 436-7 Guatemala 349, 356 day length 350, 366-7 engines 420-1 galaxies 54, 55 guillemot 153, 171 decibels 220, 412 England 292-3, 349, 368-9 galvanizing 443 guillotine 284, 285 deciduous trees 82, 165 estuaries 27 gamelan 302 guineafowl, vulturine 175 deer 212, 253 Euoplocephalus 135 games, outdoor 292, 368 guitar 267, 300 deforestation 352, 388 Euphrates River 256, 257 Ganges River, India 31 guitarfish 101 Deinonychus 133, 146-7 Europe 15, 252, 266, 346 gannet 170, 171 guns 422-3 deltas 31 Renaissance 270-1 Ganymede (moon of Gutenberg, Johannes 270 Denmark 264, 366-7 European Union 370 Guy Fawkes night 368-9, 422 deodar 83 evergreen trees 82, 83 Jupiter) 47 deserts 32-3, 176-7, 342, Eyck, Jan van 311 garlic 341 H eyes 110, 222-3, 408 gas 402-3, 446-7 364 birds 160 Hadrosaur 141 Devil\u2019s Marbles, Australia 33 coal 286 hair 229 dhole 195 F natural 404-5, 428, hair seals 107 diamond 399 432-3, 434-5 Hajj 365 diaphragm 233 falcons 160, 180-1 gasoline 447, 457 Halley\u2019s comet 50, 51 didgeridoo 301 fats 238 gastropods 88-9 hand grenade 422 diesel transport 447, 460, 466 faults 13, 18-19 gazpacho 373 harbor seal 85 digestion 218, 238-9 feathers 154-5 gears 419 Hartsfield-Jackson International Dilophosaurus 134 ferns 60, 61, 63, 143 gelada 186 Dinosaur National Monument, fertilization 76, 246 Gemini Titan rocket 36 Airport 472 generators 440-1 harvesters 339, 341 USA 137 Genghis Khan 381 dinosaurs 57, 132-51 geometrid moth 119 combine 322-3, 327 Diplodocus 135, 138 geothermal energy 367 hawks 180, 181 gerbil, Indian 205 hearing 220-1, 412-13 Germany 376-7 heart 224, 230-1, 232 475","heat 404-5, 406-7 iron 286, 287, 429, 442-3 Legoland, Denmark 367 Maoris 391 hedgehog 187, 190-1 Ironbridge, England 287 lemmings 204 maple 63, 82, 83, 347 Hercules beetle 113 iron-hulled trading ship 465 lemon 78, 336, 373 marble 21 Hermitage, The, Israel 266, 365 lemur, ring-tailed 200 Marceau, Marcel 298 Italy 349, 370, 374-5, 460 lens 408-9 \u201cMarilyn Monroe\u201d St. Petersburg, Russia 281, leopard 187, 193 380 Renaissance 270 leopard seal 107, 179 (A.Warhol) 311 herons 156, 167, 184 Ivory Coast 361 lettuce 343 Mariner 10 space probe 42 Herrerasaurus 134 levers 418 Mars 34, 35, 44-5 herring gull 170, 171 J lichens 61 marshes 27, 166-7 Heterodontosaurus 134, 145 lifeboat 467 marsupials 186, 188-9 hibernation 190 jacana 169 light 49, 87, 350, 366-7, matte painting 318-19 hieroglyphs 258 jackal 195 Maxim, Sir Hiram 423 Himalaya Mountains, Nepal 10 jaguar 192 408-9, 410 Maya 356, 357 Hinduism 305, 386 Jan\u00e1\u010dek, Leo\u0161 309 energy 404-5, 438-9 mayfly 127 hippopotamus 210-11 Japan 346, 384-5 photosynthesis 64-5, Mecca, Saudi Arabia 365 Hiroshima 423 86, 397 medicinal plants 267, 272, holly 63 theater 274-5, 296 lily 66, 72 Hollywood, California 316 jeans 355 lime 336 273, 383 honey possum 74, 189 jerboa 204, 205 limequat 337 Mediterranean 265, 336, 372, honeybees 124-5 Jerusalem, Israel 266, 365 limestone 20, 22-3 honeyguide 174 jet engines 420, 472 Lindbergh, Charles 470 374 honeypot ants 121 jewelry 253, 279, 361 lion 192 melamine 448 Hong Kong, 383, 465 Jews 266, 365 liquids 400-1, 412, 446 melting points 401 horse chestnut 63, 76 joints 245 Lisbon, Portugal 373 Mercalli scale 19 horses 208-9, 252 Jordan 266, 342 liverworts 61 Mercury 34, 35, 42, 49 hospitals, field 290-1 jungle fowl 173 living things 396-7 Mesopotamia 256-7 hothouses 342-3 junks 465 llama 213, 330 metals 442-3 houses 277, 289 Jupiter 34, 35, 46-7 lobster 91 metamorphic rocks 20-1 Ancient Rome 262-3 Jurassic period 134 locusts 122-3, 324 meteors and meteorites 51 Houses of Parliament, London, logging 352-3, 388 methane 434, 435 England 368-9, 422 K London, England, underground metronome 300 hover flies 110-11 railway 462-3 Mexican hat plant 81 Hovercraft 468-9 Ka\u2019ba, Great Mosque 365 longships 264-5 Mexico 176, 273, 357 Hubble space telescope 52-3 kagu 182 lory, blue-crowned 283 human body 218-247 kakapo 183 Louis XIV, King of France 306 sugar production, 346 humans 57 kangaroos 188 Louis XVI, King of France 284 Mexico City 357 hummingbird 75, 158, 173 kelp farm 435 Low Countries 370-1 Middle East 364-5 Hungary 379 Kenya 362 \u201cLucrezia Panciatichi\u201d milk 330-1 hunters 252-3 kestrel 153, 181 (Il Bronzino) 310 Milky Way 9, 34, 54, 55 hunting birds 160, 180-1 kibbutzim 365 Ludwig II, King of Bavaria 376 millet 322, 325 HW-1 rocket 36 Kiev, Ukraine 264 lunar modules 37, 38-9. 41 mime 298, 305 hydrofoil 468-9 Kim\u2019s game 225 lungs 232-3 minerals 238, 336 hydroponics 71, 343 \u201cKing Ramses II\u201d 310 Luxembourg 370-1 mining 430-1 Hypsilophodon 141, 145 kingfisher 168 miracle plays 296 hyrax 216 kiwi 182, 183 M mites 397 Hyundai shipyard, koala 187, 189 molding machine 448-9 South Korea 385 Korea 384, 385 machine gun 423 molecules 398-403 Krak des Chevaliers, Syria 266 machines 418-19, 440-1 moles 190, 191 I Krakow, Poland 379 Machu Picchu, Peru 359 Moli\u00e8re 298 krill 87, 102, 178 mackerel 97 mollusks 88, 94-5 ibis, scarlet 166-7 Kublai Khan, Emperor 269 Magellan space probe 42-3 Mongolia 380, 381 ice 28-29, 398 Kumasi, Ghana 278-9 magma 17, 20, 21 monkey 199, 200-1 icebergs 25 kumquat 337 magnets 416-17 monkey puzzle tree 82, 145 Iceland 15, 265, 367 magnolia 73 monorail 463 igloos 350 L magpie 153 monstera 63 igneous rocks 20-1 Magritte, Ren\u00e9 311 moon 24 Iguanodon 144, 145 La Paz, Bolivia 359 Maiasaura 132, 133, 139 illusions, optical 222 Lacroix, Christian 370 Malaysia 388-9 missions 38-41 India 316, 346, 349, 386-7 ladybug 112, 340 Mali 361 Morocco 360, 361 Lagos, Nigeria 361 mallard 169 Moscow, Russia 380-1, 462 dance 304-5 Lagosuchus 134 Mallee fowl 177 mosses 61, 396 Indonesia 302, 348, 388-9 lamprey 97 Mamenchisaurus 142 moths 114-15, 118-19 industrial revolution 286-7 languages mammals 57, 102, 106, 151, motorcycles 355, 454-5 insects 57, 108-127 motors 420 insectivores 190-1 See individual countries 186-217, 397 Mount Furano-Dake, Inter-City Express (ICE) larch 59, 163 mammoth 252 laser light 409, 437 Mandela, Nelson 363 Hokkaido, Japan 385 460-1 Laurasia 15 mandrill 200 mountain ash 82 internal combustion engine lava 16-17, 20, 21, 23 Manitoba, Canada 323 mountains 12-13, 20-1, 28-31, lead 442 man-of-war 465 420-1 leafcutter ants 120 manta ray 100 33 Inuits 348, 350, 353, 381 leaf insect 123 manure 438 mouse 186, 204-5, 413 Ireland, Republic of 368, 369, leaves 62-3, 64-65, 82 movement 397, 404, 414-17 leeks 341 Mozart,Wolfgang Amadeus 370 iridium 151 303 mullein 73 476","Mumbai, India 386 Oman 364 pigs 320, 210-11, 334-5 quartz, shocked 151 mummification 258-9 onions 340, 341 pine 62, 77, 145, 162, 163 Quebec City, Quebec, muscles 218, 219, 240-1, 243 opera 308-9, 375 pineapple 273 music 294, 300-3, 360-1, 369 opossum 189 Pioneer spacecraft 47, 52 Canada 352, 353 musical instruments 267, 300-3 optical fibers 409 pirates 389 quetzel 77 musket 423 orange 336-7, 373 pitcher plant 66 quinine 273 Muslims 266-7, 365, 381 orangutan 198-9 plaice 97 mustang 209 orb web spider 129 planes 271, 470-3 R orbits 48-9 planets 42-9 N orchestras 302-3 rabbit 186, 221 orchids 61, 73, 74 See also Earth race cars 457 narwhal 103 Orion (constellation) 53 plankton 86-7 rack railway 463 nautilus 95 Ornitholestes 134 plants 57, 58-83, 87, 396-7, radar 52, 137 nebulae 53, 54 oryx, Arabian 214 radiation 436, 437 nectar 74, 75, 76 ostrich 158, 182-3 403, 408 radio telescope 52-3 Nepal 386, 387 otter 187 medicinal 267, 272, 273, radish 340 Neptune 34, 46, 48-9 owls 153, 160, 164, 184-5 383 rafts 468 nerves 219, 226-7 plastics 432, 447, 448-9 railroads 286-7, 386, 460-3 nests 156-7 elf 176, 177, 185 Plateosaurus 134 rainforest 58-59 net-casting spider 129 oxen, musk 214 plates, earth 14-15, 18-19 raisins 339 Netherlands 370-1, 454 oxpecker 174 platypus 186 rapeseed 328, 329 Neuschwanstein castle, oxygen 58, 96, 232 plays 298-9 raptors 180, 181 Plimsoll mark 467 rats 204, 205 Bavaria 376 P plover, ringed 156, 171 ravines, Tunisia 33 New Delhi, India 386 Pluto 48-9 rays 101-2 New Moscow Circus 381 Pacific islands 390-1 poinsettia 72 razor shell 88 New World 272-3, 276-7 Pacific Ocean 282 polar bear 196 recycling cars 445 NewYork 354 paella 373 pollen 72, 74-5, 76 red monarch butterfly 116 New Zealand 182, 390, 391 Painted Desert, Arizona pollination 74-5, 76 redwood, giant 83 Newfoundland, Canada 265 Pollock, Jackson reed warbler 166 Niagara Falls 438 20 311 refineries 446 Nigeria 349, 61 painting 310-11, 410-11 pollution 351, 379 refraction 408-9 nightingale 164 air 357, 456 reindeer 253, 330 nightjar 184 caves 252-3, 310 Polo, Marco 268-9 relay races 261 Nile River, Africa 31 Renaissance 270-1 polystyrene 448, 449 Renaissance 270-1 Nobel, Alfred 422 Pakistan 386, 387 polythene 448, 449 reproduction 246-7, 396 nocturnal birds 184-5 Palestine 266 poppy 73, 76, 397 nodding donkey 433 palms 64 porcelain 268, 269 plants 72, 74-81 nonflowering plants 61, 397 pampas grass 61 porcupine 206 reptiles 134, 151, 397 Norilsk, Russia 350 panda 186, 196, 197 porpoise, harbor 105 Return of the Jedi (film) 318-19 North Africa 360-1 Pangaea 15 portraits 310-11 revolutions 284-7 North America 176, 272, 276 panpipes 301 Portugal 370, 372-3 rhea 183 panther 193 Portuguese caravel 464 ribs 233 food production 325, 331, Papua New Guinea 391 Potala palace, Tibet 383 rice 326-7, 382, 388 347 papyrus 81 potato 80-1, 272, 273, 340-1 Riesenrad, The,Vienna, North Pole 160, 416, 417 Paris 370 pottery 254, 255 northern Eurasia 380-1 opera house 308 power stations 438-9, 440-1 Austria 377 Northern Ireland 368, 369 parrots 152, 153, 172, 173 prairie chickens 175 rivers 20, 30-1 Norway 264, 366 Parthenon, Athens, Greece 374 prairie dogs 206, 207 roadrunner 176 nuclear energy 405, 436-7 passion flower 60-1 prawns 91 roadtrains, Australia 458 nuclear weapons 422-3 pasta 375 praying mantis 123 robin 153 numbat 189 Pavarotti, Luciano 309, 375 primates 200 robots 404-5, 426-7, 445 numerals 267 peacock 156 printing press 270 rockets 36-9, 41, 414 Nunavut, Canada 353 peacock moth 119 propellers 466, 468, 470-1 rocks 20-3, 29, 151, 442 nymphalid butterfly 118 peanut 78, 273, 329 prosthetic makeup 319 peccary 210, 211 proteins 238, 240 volcanic 17, 21, 23 O Peking opera, China 299 Przewalski\u2019s horse 208 rodents 204-7 Penan people 388 ptarmigan 160-1 Rodin, Auguste 295 oak 59, 78, 82, 83 penguins 178-9, 182, 183, 351 puffin 170, 171 roll-on\/roll-off ferry 467 oats 322-3 pentathlon 261 Pugachev, Emilian 281 Roman Catholic church 373, observatories 53 percussion 302-3 pulleys 419 obsidian 21 peregrine falcon 180-1 pulsar 55 375 oceans 13, 24-5 perfume, 267 pulse 231 Romania 378-9 octopus 84, 86, 94-5 peristalsis 239 pumice 11 Romany people 378-9 Odeillo, France 438-9 Peru 250, 349, 359 pumpkin 277 Rome, Ancient 262-3, 297 oil 404, 405, 428, 432-3, 446-7 petrochemicals 447 purse web spider 129 Romeo and Juliet 298-9 pewter 442 Puya raimondii 72 roots 64, 70-1, 340-1 Alaska 433 phalarope, red 161 pyramids 258, 360 rose 76-7 Middle East 364 Phillipines 346 pyraustine moths 119 rosella 155 vegetable 328-9, 446 photography 286, 314-15 Rosetta mission 51 okra 343 photosynthesis 64-5, 86, 397 Q rowan 165 olives 328-9, 373 physics 394 Royal Flying Doctor Service, Olivier, Laurence 298 Picasso, Pablo 310 quadrant 283 Olympic games 260-1 pigeons 155, 165 quail, Gambel\u2019s 177 Australia 390 piggyback plant 80 royal jelly 125 runestones 265 Russia 265, 280-1, 380-1 Russian Orthodox church 380 477","rye 322-3 shrew 190, 191 stars 52-5 Tenontosaurus 147 sight 160, 223-3, 408 Statue of Liberty 354 tenrec 191 S signing 220 steam engines 420 TGV train 453, 460-1 silk 115, 268, 269, 310 steamships 286, 466 Thailand 346, 389 Saami people 367 Silk Road 268-9 steel 401, 429, 430, 442-3 theaters 296-9 safety lamps 431 silkworm 115 Stegosaurus 135 thistle 69 St. Basil\u2019s cathedral, silver 272, 442 Steller\u2019s jay 162 thrush 164 Singapore 388 stems 68-9 Tibet 383 Russia 380-1 siskin 162-3 stick insect 123 tides 24 St. David\u2019s Day 369 skeletons 27, 97, 219, 236, stigma 72, 74, 76 tiger 192 Saladin 266 stilt, black-winged 167 Tigris River 256, 257 Saltasaurus 135 242-3 stingray 100-1 timber 352-3, 388 sampler 293 dinosaur 138-9, 140, 141, stomata 62, 65 tin 442 Samurai 251, 274-5 149 stork 167 tires 415, 444, 457 San Andreas Fault, CA 18 Ski-doos 350-1 story telling 265, 305 Tokyo, Japan 462 sand dunes 27, 32-3 skiing 366, 377 Strauss, Levi 355 tomato 272, 273, 342 sand gaper 88 skin 228-9 strawberry 77, 81 tombs, Royal 258, 360 sandgrouse 176 skull 236 string instruments 267, 300, Tonga 391 sandstone 11, 20 slate 21, 293 tongue 235, 241 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil 358 slaves 263, 290, 291, 357 301, 302-3 tools 252-3, 254 Sarawak 22, 388 See also serfs studios 315, 317 Torosaurus 135 satsuma 336, 337 slopes 418-19 Sudan 361 totem poles 352 Saturn V rocket 36-9, 41 smell 195, 234-5 sugar 291, 346-7, 399 toucan 172 Saudi Arabia 32 smew 169 Sugar Loaf Mountain, Brazil touch 226-7 saunas 366 snake\u2019s head fritillary 73 trade 256-7, 265, 276 sauropods 140, 141, 142-3 snow bunting 160 21 sawfish 101 snowplow 461 sugarbeet 346-7 Silk Road 268-9 saxophone 300 soccer 375 sulphuric acid 447 tragedies 298 scallops 88 solar power 438-9 sultanas 339 trains 287, 386, 460-3 Scandinavia 366-7 solar system 48-9, 55 Sumerians 256-7 transformers 441 Scolosaurus 141 solenodon 191 sun 9, 24, 34, 35, 350, 366-7 transpiration 63 scooters 372, 455 solids 398-9, 412 sundew 67 transportation 452-473 Scotland 301, 368, 369 \u201cSon of Man\u201d (R. Magritte) sunflower 68, 272, 329 Transvaal daisy 73 Scott, Captain Robert 351 311 sunlight See light trapdoor spiders 130 screws 419 songbirds 164-5 superboats 469 tree creeper 163 sea anemone 84, 91 sorghum 322, 325 supernovas 55 trees 60, 65, 68-9, 82-3 sea charts 464 sound 220-1, 308, 412-13 surface tension 401 sea cucumber 93 South Africa 288, 289, 363 swamps 31, 166-7 See also forests sea gooseberry 87 South America 201, 272-3, sweet pea 68 Triceratops 133, 135 sea horse 97 301, 358-9 sweet pepper 342 Triassic period 134 sea lily 93 birds 166, 172, 183 sweet potato 341 triplane 471 sea lion 107 food production 325, 331 sweetcorn 272, 277, 322, tropical sundial shells 84 sea slug 84 South Pole 416 trucks 458-9 sea urchin 93 Southeast Asia 388-9 324-5 truffle hunting 335 seabirds 170-1, 178 soybeans 328, 329 Switzerland 376, 377 tsunamis 18-19 seals 86, 106-7 Soyuz rocket 37 Sydney, Australia 390-391 tubers 340-1 sedimentary rocks 20-1 space shuttle 37 tugs 466 seeds 72, 74, 76-7 Spain 253, 372-3 opera house 308, 450 tundra 160 Spanish moss 71 to Perth railway 461 turnip 340 germination 78-9, 343 sparrowhawk 165 turtles 84 seismology 19 Sparta, athletics 261 T tusk shell 88, 89 Seismosaurus 137 sperm 246 Tyrannosaurus rex 134, 135, semitrailers 458, 459 spices 268-9 Taipei 101, Taiwan 450 sempervivum 81 spiders 108, 128-31, 346 Taiwan 383 136, 138-9, 148-9 senses 220, 222, 226-7, 234-5 spinning 333 takahe 183 Spirit of St. Louis (aircraft) Talbot,William Fox 286 U flies 110 470 Tales of Beatrix Potter,The serfs 280, 281 spitfire 471 uakaris, bald 200 sesame 328, 329 spitting spider 131 (ballet) 306 ugli fruit 336 Seti I, King of Egypt 258-9 spoonbill 167 \u201cTall Ships\u201d race 464 Ukraine 380, 381 Seven-Five-Three festival, springs, hot 16 tamarin 200, 201 Uluru 11 spruce 83, 163 tanager, scarlet 154 United Kingdom 368-9 Japan 384 squash 277 tangerine 336 United States of America 354-5 sexual intercourse 246 squid 95 tank 271, 422-3 sextant 464 squirrels 206, 207 tap dancing 305 animals 194, 196, 215 shag 171 Sri Lanka 386, 465 Tarbosaurus 149 food production 326, 327, Shakespeare,William 297, stageset 309 Tasmanian devil 189 328, 346 stag\u2019s horn fern 60 taste 234-5 uranium 405, 436 298-9 stag\u2019s horn sumach 58 tea 344, 387, 464 Uranus 46, 47, 48-9 shallot 341 stalactites 10, 22 tears 222 urn plant 80 sharks 84, 97, 98-9 stalagmites 23 teeth 236-7 Uzbekistan 381 sheep 214, 215, 254, 320, 330, starfish 85, 86, 92-3 teflon 449 starlings 153 telephones 353, 409 V 332-3 telescopes 52-3, 271, 283 shellfish 86, 88-9 tellin 88 V-2 rocket 36 ships 264-5, 385, 464-7 temperatures 401, 407 valleys 13, 29, 30-1 shoebills 167 tendons 241 Shogun 275 478","vampire bat 203 Winkler, Johannes 36 & Architecture Collection: 256tl, 162-3, 151tl, K.Taylor 117bl, 123br, Vatican city, Rome, Italy 375 wobbegong 99 260, 261c, 268bl; Aquila 127tl, 258bl, N.Tomalin 192cr, vegetables 340-1, 342-3 wolf spiders 131 Photographics: C.Greaves 167tl; M.Viard 335crb, J.Visser 205cr, wolves 147, 194-5 Archiv Fur Kunst und Geschichte, R.William 119tl, 141c, K.Wothe 69bc, New World 272-3, 277 wood carving 352, 361 Berlin: Musee 201tl; Bruce Coleman Inc.: 113c; oils 328-9, 446 woodchuck 206 du Louvre, Paris 310bcr; Ardea: Colorsport: 375crb, Sipa Sport Velociraptor 146 woodland birds 164-5 G.K.Brown 177l, D.Parer & E.Parer- 469cr; Comstock Inc.: George Lepp Venera space program, 43 woodpeckers 158, 164, 177 Cook 13t, K.W.Fink 209cra, F.Gohier 159cl; Corbis: Astier\/BSIP 424cb, Venice, Italy 268, 375 woodwind 302-3 102b, 103t, 105tc, 213cb, C.Haagner Dave Bartruff 367ftl, Blue Jean Venus 34, 35, 42-3, 52, 283 wool 332-3 13b, J.M.Labat 188c, Mike Osmond\/ Images 424-5,Tami Chappell\/Reuters Venus flytrap 66-7 wren cactus, 177 Auscape Int.102-3, J.Swedberg 170c, 472tr, Leo Mason 472tl, Tom Sibley verdin 177 Wright brothers 470 R.&V.Taylor 98b, A.Warren 203cr, 425br. Derngate Theatre, vetch 76-7 writing 256, 258, 382 199b, A.Wearing 239tr; Art Northampton 380tr; DLP: D.Heald vibration 412-13 Wuppertal, Germany 463 Directors: 352c; ASAP:Y.Mazur 342-3c, D.Phillips 301tc; Dorling vicu\u00f1a 212, 213 365tl; Australia House: 461bc; Kindersley: Neil Fletcher 128, Kate Viking spacecraft 44-5 X Australian Picture Library: 371r; Howey and Elgan Loane of Kentree Vikings 250, 264-5 Aviation Picture Library: Austin Ltd, Ireland 426br, David Leffman\/ vinegar 338 X-rays 243 J.Brown 472tr, 473tc. Hans Rough Guides 367cr, Gary Ombler\/ vines 338-9 Banziger: 119cl; Michael Benton: Oxford Museum of Natural History Vinland 265 Y 137clb; BFI Stills, Posters & 145cl, John Rigg\/The Robot Hut virtual reality 424-5 Designs: courtesy Productions La 426bl; Dreamstime.com: vision 160, 222-3, 408 yak 215 Fete Inc., Montreal, Canada 378tr; Dreamstime.com\/Christian Delbert\/ vitamins 238, 336-7, 399 yam 341 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris: Babar760 375tc, Orcea David 425tr, voices 309 Yanomami tribe, Brazil 359 267c; Biofotos: Heather Angel 29cr, Dimbar76 380bl, Fred Goldstein volcanoes 14, 16-17, 20-1, 25 Yap island 391 62br, 68br, 71tl, 78c, 78clb, 81tc, 369tr, Ifeelstock 425c, Konstantinos vole, sagebrush 205 yarrow 73 106tr, 344cb, Bryn Campbell 25, Moraitis 456fbl, 456-457cb, 457bl, volume 400 Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico 150-1 Brian Rogers 29cra; Birmingham Pavel Losevsky 380cl, Manaemedia Voyager space probe 46-7, 49 Yukon Delta, Alaska, USA 31 Museum: 349crb; Black Hills 425cra. Ebenezer Pictures: vulture 180 Institute of Geological Research: J.Browne 383crb; Ecoscene: 449tc; Z Ed Gerken 138bl, 139tc; BNFL: ESA: ATG medialab 51cl; W 437crb; Bridgeman Art Library: E.T.Archive: 288bc, 464tr, National zarzuela de pescado 373 Bibliotheque National, Paris 310cl, Maritime Museum 282tl, bl,V.&A. wading birds 166-7 zebra 208-9 Christies, London \u00a91993. Pollock- Museum 251cr; Mary Evans Wales 368, 369 Zen Buddhism 274 Krasner Foundation 311cr, Forbes Picture Library: 284l, 285tr&b, wallaby 189 zinc 442, 443 Magazine Collection 287tc, Galleria 287b, 314tr, 357cl, 376clb, 422clb. walrus 106, 107 zoology 396 del\u2019Academia, Florence 313l, Galleria Gary Farr: Photo appears courtesy waltz 304-5 zucchini 343 degli Uffizi, Florence 310bcl, of New Line Cinema Corp. 317crb; warbler 158 Zulus 363 Giraudon 306tl, 310bl, Giraudon\/ Chris Fairclough: 313tr, 330bl, Warhol, Andy 311 Louvre 303br, National Palace, 447tc; Ffotograff: Patricia Athie water birds 168-9 PICTURE CREDITS Mexico City 272br, Guildhall Library 369crb; Fine Art Photographic: water power 33, 438 462c, Musee Rodin, Paris 295br, 286bl; Focus, Argentina: 358-9c; waterfalls 30-1, 438 The publisher would like to National Gallery, London 311tl, Michael & Patricia Fogden: 77br; water-skiing 468 thank the following for their Phillips 311bc, Private Collection Foods from Spain: 337bl; Ford watts 441 kind permission to reproduce \u00a9ADAGP, Paris & DACS, London Motor Co.Ltd.: 456tr; Werner waves 25, 26-7 their photographs: 1993 311bl, Private Collection Forman Archive: Asantehene of wax 399 123RF.com: Aberration 396br, \u00a9DACS 1993 310br,Tretyakov Kumase 279crb, Plains Indian waxwing 162-3 bloodua 369cr, deusexlupus 457br, Gallery 280bl; British Aerospace: Museum, Buffalo Bill Historical Wayang Topeng, Bali Dinodia 349br, Grafner 295tr, Robert 424bl; British Coal: 430tl, cr, 431tc, Centre,Wyoming 276; Fotolia: Klein 449cra, Iryna Linnik 369fbr, cl, bl; British Gas: 434br, 435c; Stocksnapper 355ca; French 389 nerthuz 452br, Niphon Subsri 395br, Courtesy Trustees of the British Railways Ltd.: 461tr; Fullwood: weapons 252, 274-5, 425crb, rawpixel 456bc, 456br, Museum: 250bl, 251bl, br, 258tl, 331c. Christina Gaiscoigne: 265tr; saiko3p 386br, Szilard Szanto 314br, 258-9c&b, 259r, 260t, 260-1t, John Paul Getty Museum: 262cr; 276, 422-3 Vladimir Kramin 456bl A.F.P. 278-9t, 357cra; British Steel: 430cl, David Gillette, PhD: 137tl; Getty weathering of rocks Photo, Paris: Mufti Munir 387cra; 442br, 443bl; John Brown: 447bra. Images: Ebrahim Adawi\/AFP 319tc, Air France: 473tl; Alamy Images: \u00a9 Canon: 314tl, 314fbl; J.Allan Oleg Albinsky 355, Andia 453cla, 20-1, 28-31, 33 Chad Ehlers 366clb; Alamy Stock Cash: 433c; Christie\u2019s Colour Chabruken 248-9, Gianluca Colla\/ weaver ants 120 Photo: Andrew Bell 460tr, Library: 293bc; Bruce Coleman Bloomberg 426cb, Charles Crowell\/ weaver birds 157 BonkersAboutTravel 363c, Ltd.: 170-1, D.Austen 212c, Bloomberg 451bl, John Crux 357cr, weaving 279 ClassicStock 266-267c, Design Pics Jan & Des Bartlett 176cl, 182b, DreamPictures 386-7c, E+\/Mie Ahmt Inc 386cl, Dinodia Photos 316bc, Erwin & Peggy Bauer 141tc, 175cr, 366tr, E+\/Yuri_Arcurs 364-5bc, ESA\/ Guatemala 356 Friedrich Stark 387crb, Futuras Fotos M.N.Boulton 81tr, Mr.J.Brackenbury Rosetta\/MPS 51br, Flightlevel80 Ghana 361 278tl, Juergen Freund 70bl, Mohamad 122t, J.Burton 67bl, 78cla, 113bl, 453ca, Romeo Gacad\/AFP 389cr, \u201cWeeping Woman\u201d Haghani 147b, Planetpix 37r, Rodolfo 194-5t, 204cr, J.Cancalosi 325cl, Gallo Images\/Motivate Publishing (P. Picasso) 310 Arpia 314cl,Taigi 50clb,Tom Uhlman G.Cappelli 339cr, D.Chouston 180tr, 451cla, Chris Gorgio 224-225c, welding 445 407; Doug Allan: 179cr, c; Allsport: A.Compost 198-9t, E.Crichton 114b, hadynyah 387bc,The Image Bank\/ whales 84, 86, 102-5, 412 Russell Cheyne 391cr,Yann 145bl, 402cl, G.Cubitt 66tr, 69cr, Martin Child 450c, iStock Editorial\/ wheat 254, 322-3 Guichaoua\/Agence Vandystadt 404tl, P.Davey 216cl, A.Davies 200c, F.Erize csakisti 364bc, Jesusdefuensanta 310tl, wheel 257, 418 D.Klutho 459bl, S.Powell 261br, 107tl, 178tr, 206tr, Dr.I.Everson 102t, Johner Images 366c, Jason Kempin\/ whirlpool galaxy 52 Pascal Rondeau 415br; Ancient Art MPL Fogden 75tl, 118tr, Jeff Foott WireImage 426-7, Kimimasa white ermine moth 118 61cl, 104-5b, 176r, 209ca, C.B. & Mayama\/Bloomberg 457cra, mrbfaust wildebeest 208, 214 D.W. Frith 64cl, F.Furlong 170tl, 314fbr, Bill Nation\/Sygma 457tl, Williams, Tennessee 298 J.Grayson 109tr, D.Green 158tr, Nordroden 350tr, nycshooter 457bc, willow, weeping 82 F.Greenaway 171tc, U.Hirsch 72br, olrat 453bl, Joaquin Ossorio-Castillo wind 32-3, 82, 154 M.P.Kahl 65tr, S.C.Kaufman 67br, 385cr, Photographer\u2019s Choice RF\/ wind machines 318, 336 201br, 347bc, S.J.Krasemann 115cb, Franz Aberham 367tc, Pictorial windmills 439 202-3b, 331bc, F.Labhardt 126cb, Parade\/Archive Photos 425tc, Monty wine production 338-9,371 H.Lange 61tr, G.Langsbury 171cl, Rakusen 441tr, Rastan 53tl, F.Lanting 116br, L.Lee Rue 66br, RichLindie 351cr, Robert Harding 329tr, 363bl, M.Timothy O\u2019Keefe World Imagery\/Eurasia 450ftl, Joel 336bc,W.S.Paton 193tr, M.R.Phicton Saget\/AFP 450ftr, sankai 332bl, 137cra, 210cr, D.& M.Plage 10b, Sankei 427tr, Science Photo Library 217cr, Dr.E.Pott 74cr, 329br, Dr. 245tr, sdbower 61crb, Stone\/Arnulf Sandro Prato 66-7c, 115cr, M.P.Price Husmo 366-7, suwich 130cr,Time 58-9c, A.J.Purcell 74bl, 109tc, M.Read Stopper 442bcYoshikazu Tsuno\/AFP 130t, H.Reinhard 60bl, 71tr, 106bl, 427c, Universal Images Group\/ 210tr, 215tc, F.Sauer 123b, J.Shaw Environment Images\/UIG 424clb; 479","Giraudon: 285tc; Ronald Genoa, Servizio Beni Culturali Dr.Chris Pellant: 26; Photostage: 313br; Staatlische Museen zu Grant Archive: 317br; EMI 268tl; Michelin: 415cr; Donald Cooper 298bla, bl, 299br, Berlin, PK Antikensammlung\/ Film Productions Ltd.: 306c, Massey-Ferguson Ltd.: 321br; 309tl, c, bl; Pictor: 31t; BPK: 260b; Standard Fireworks: \u00a9 Saul Zaentz Co., all rights Michel Muller: \u00a9Henry Moore Picturepoint Ltd.: 361ca; Pitt 409tl; Steel Can Recycling reserved, Francois Duhamel: Foundation (1993) reproduction Rivers Museum, University of Information Bureau: 419; Still 318bl; S.&R.Greenhill: 220cl, by kind permission of the Henry Oxford: 251tl; Planet Earth Pictures: B.&C. Alexander 367c, 236cl; Geoscience Features: Moore Foundation 312br; Pictures: K.Ammann 3br, 210-1b, N.Dickinson 388c, J.Schytte 438tr; 16c, 17, 23tr, 151cl. Rafn Museum of Automata:York \u00a9 G.Bell 188-9cb, J.Braagirde 207cr, Tony Stone Images: 264-5b, Hafnfjord: 15; Robert 426cl; Museum of London: J.Brandenburg 194cl, 196tr, M.Clay 348-9c, 352cr, 355cr, 356 cr, 368cl, Harding Picture Library: 23tl, 250br, 262b, 263; Museum of 192cl, L.Collier 93bc, R.Coomber 377cra, 405bc, 428-9c, 433tc, Glen 27b, 252tr, 256br, 266bl, 271cl, the Rockies: Bruce Selyem 136b, 166tl, 217tc, P.David 85cr, H.C.Heap Allison 5cr, 439tl, Chris Baker 282-3b, 316tr, 333tc, 342tl, br, 137br. NASA: 37l, 39br, 40, 42br, 32, A.Kerstich 94cl, K.Lucas 95tc, br, 186-7c, P.Berger 389cla, K.Biggs 347tr, 353cl, 362cla, 366tr, 43t, 47tl, 49c, 150cr, 415tr, 427bc; 108-9, 198tl, J.Lythgoe 20r, 405tr, Bryn Campbell 349bl, Paul 372cla, 374tr, 434cl, 439cr, ESA and A. Simon (NASA R.Matthews 201c, D.Perrine 88-9b, Chesley 348cl, 345cra, 389cl, 462bl, 444cl, bl, 445tc, 451br, 455tc, Goddard) 47cr, ESA, and the Christian Petron 89br, M.Potts 31b, B.Chittock 390tr, P.Correz 468c, 463cr, 496tl, tc, tr, Bildagentur Hubble Heritage Team 55cr, R.S.Rogoff 195tr, A.&M.Shah 192bc, R.Frerck 372cla, Roy Giles 465cr, Schuster\/Meier 379bl, M.J. Goddard\/GSFC 4tl, 11cb, 11bl, P.Scoones 84-5c, J.Scott 216cb, M.Gowan 382c, D.Hanson 354bc, Bramwell 470-1c, P.Craven 11br, 53tc, 53cra, 55br, JPL 46br, 216-7c, P.Stephenson 214bl, D.Hiser 348bl, 357bc, 391tc, 380-1, G.Heller 385bc, 52cl, JPL - Caltech 55crb, H.Voigtmann 100b, J.D.Watt 104bl, A.Husmo 367b, 404cl, J.Green 471tl, D.Maxwell 232cl, JPL\/University of Arizona 45tr, Norbert Wu 94tr; Popperfoto: 425tc, A.Le Garsmeur 382cb, J.Murphy C.Rennie 328bl, 381c, 455tr, JPL-Caltech\/R. Hurt 55bc, 470cl; Premaphotos: 466bc, S.Proehl 385tl, Olaf Soot W.Rawlings 370cb,V.Southwell JPL-Caltech\/SSI 46tr, 46cr, K.G.Preston-Mafham 119b, 120bl, 357bl, N.Turner 365cr; Swift 257tr, G.M.Wilkins 469cra, A.Wolf JPL-Caltech\/SwRI\/MSSS\/Jason 122br, 131t, R.A.Preston-Mafham Picture Library: 252-3c; Sygma: 460bc, A.Woolfitt 370-1bc, 386cla; Major 47br, JPL-Caltech\/Univ. of 128tl; Quadrant: 473cr, A.Dalton J.Andanson 371tl, T.H.Barbier-Proken \u00a9 Hasselblad: 314bl; Holt Toledo\/NOAO 53crb; \u00a9National 446-7c. \u00a9John Reader 1994: 359cra, 470br, A.Grace 379cla, A.Gyori Studios International: Geographic Society: Wilbur E. 360clb, 362cr, b, 373tl, 389tr, 391c; 378cl, J.Jones 363cl.Telegraph R.Anthony 325bl, D.Donne Bryant Garrett 350cl; National Maritime Renault: 457cr; Retna Pictures: Colour Library: 304cl, 402br, 327tr, cr, Nigel Cattlin 68cl, 78cr, Museum: 453br; National Palace J.Welsby 375c; Rex by Colorific!\/Claus Meyer, Camara Tres bc, 323cb, 326-7t, 333cla, 334bl, Collection: Museum of Taipei, Shutterstock: Disney\/Kobal 318cr, 358bl, \/Roger Ressmeyer,Wheeler 340br, 343cla, 344c, 345br, Jurgen Taiwan, Republic of China 269br; 319cl; Rex Features Ltd.: M.Friedel 355tl, Masterfile\/H.Blohm 351bl, Dielenschneider 329bc, Primrose NATS Swanwick control centre: 374cl, Stevens\/Zihnioglu\/ Sipa Press 353cla, \/John Foster 353tl, \/J.A.Kraulis Peacock 341c, Inga Spence 320-1c, 473cl; Natural History Museum, 375cla, Stills\/Pat\/Arnal 370cr; 352cla, \/V.C.L. 374br; TomTom: 338-9tc, 339clb; House of London: 137crb, cb, 138cl, bc, br, Ludwig Richter: Guttenberg 425cr; Topham Picture Source: Marbles: 292tl,tr; Dianne R. 283r; Nature Photographers Museum 270c, bl, br; Royal Botanic 271bc; Truck Magazine: 459 bc. Hughes: Biological Sciences, Ltd.: Frank Blackburn 180bl, Gardens, Kew: David Cutler 70br; University of Bristol: Dr.Mervyn Macquarie University, NSW K.Carlson 166bl, Hugh Clark 163b, Royal Collection, St.James\u2019 Miles 399t; Courtesy of U.S. Navy: Australia 99tc; Hulton-Deutsch A.Cleare 171c, E.Janes 167b, Palace \u00a9Her Majesty The Queen: US Marine Corps photo by Lance Collection Ltd.: 304c, 470bl; P.Sterry 335br; Peter Newark\u2019s 280tl; Royal Geographical Society: Cpl. Thomas P. Miller 5br, 468-9. Robert Hunt Library: 423br; American Pictures: 285crb, 351tc; Royal Museums of Jack Vartoogian: 307tr; Vauxhall: Hunterian Museum, Glasgow: 291tr; Network Photographers: Scotland: 250bcr. Scala: 253tr, 445bl; Vu Agence: Christina Garcia Malcolm McCleod 278b; J.Leighton 376cla, Barry Lewis Iraq Museum, Baghdad 257tl, Museo Rodero 372cr; Max Whitaker: 328cl; Hutchison Picture Library: 378b, 379cr, Paul Lowe 364cla, della Scienza, Firenze 271tr, Museo Windsor Castle Royal Library, 296clb, 361tl, Sarah Errington Dod Miller 369tl, Laurie Sparham Vinciano,Vinci 271cb; Science \u00a91992 Her Majesty The Queen: 363tl,V.Lamont 325c, L.McIntyre 379cr; NHPA: Agence Nature Museum: 36c, 39bl, 42cr, 44-45; 27tl. ZEFA: 65bra, c, 182cr, 198bl, 325tl, M.MacIntyre 302bl, Stephen 214c, H.Ausloos 210clb, 403cr, Science Photo Library: A.Bartel 229tr, 289b, 295tc, 312bl, 323cl, Pern 381cl, John Ryle 358cl. A.Bannister 75tr, 114tl, 130bl, 422bl, 438cl, 440-1tc, Dr.Jeremy 329cra, 335cra, 355bl, 359ca, 364cl, The Image Bank: 444tr, S.Allen G.Bernard 71br, Bishop 60cl, Burgess 399cr, CNRI 243tr, 394-5c, 402tr, 406bl, tr, 438bc, 441c, 459br, 457crb, D.Berwin 366c, I.Block N.A.Callow 68tl, L.Campbell T.Craddock 430tr, 438-9bc, Fred 462tl, 465tr, Damm 30, 374cla, 390cl, A.Caulfield 450tl, 371cl, 69crb, S.Dalton 75b, 110tl, tr, Espanak 34-5c, European Space Davies 368tr, G.Deichmann\/ G.M.Corian 137cla, A.Choisnet 116tr, 123bl, 190clb, tr, 204cla, c, Agency 8b, 10tl, Dr.G.Feldman\/ Transglobe 33b, T.Dimock 399bc, 308cr, M.Coyne 450cl, G.V.Faint M.Danegger 152-3, J.B.Free 69tc, NASA\/GSFC 87tr, S.Fraser 1c, W.Eastep 466bl, J.Feingersch 409br, 280-1t, 460bla, D.Fisher 412tr, S.Krasemann 113tr, M.Leech 205l, 447tr, 150bc, Adam Hart-Davies Freitag 160tr, Goebel 351tl, R.Halin Fotoworld 377cl, Di Giacomo D.Middleton 83r, M.Morecombe 410cr, Gary Hincks 14-5b, Kapteyn 401tr, Heintgel 168cl, bc, c, Knight & 332-3, T.King 468bl, R.Lockyer 74tl, L.H.Newman 175cl, Laboratorium 52b, M.Marten 437tl, Hunt 33t,W.McIntyre\/Allstock 21l, 308tl, N.Mascardi 392-3, R.Phillips A.Papaziar 101b, S.Robinson 198c, J.Mason 437tr, A.McClenaghan NASA 408tr, R.Nicholas 473tr, 301tr, Andrea Pistolesi 356b, John Shaw 74c, 82cl, 161c, 196cr, 411br, P.Menzel 424bc, 460tlb, Rossenbach 27t, Schlenker 358cla, Barrie Rokeach 354br, Marc R.Tidman 159cr, M.Tweedie Prof.Motta\/Dept. of Anatomy, Schroeter 409tc, B.Simmons 312tl, Romanelli 301c, Guido Alberto 113crb, D.Watts 178cr, Martin University \u2018La Sapienza\u2019, Rome M.Tortoli 123c, A.Von Humboldt Rossi 212tr, 288tl, Schloter 445br, Wendler 122c, 183cl; Nissan: 235br, 238tl, 410tr, Prof.E. Mueller 464cr, T.J.Zhejiang 344bl; Zinc H.Schoenbeck 460-1bc, M.Skaryd 445tr. Oxford Scientific Films: 151c, NASA 10-1c, 49t, 50b, 151b, Galvanising Association: 443tl. 472cl, J.Smith 443tr, Harald Sund D.Allan 107c, 179tr, Animals, 412tl, 414, 442bl, NOAO 54b, Claude All other images \u00a9 Dorling 288-9, 383cb, Dag Sundberg 367c, Animals 113cl, Breck P.Kent Nuridsany & Marie Perennou 28tl, Kindersley Jack Ward 209br, Frank Wing 338c; 214-5b, K.Atkinson 88c, S.Bebb cla, bl, D.Parker 18, Max Planck For further information see www. Images: 2tr, 229cl, 234cla, 244cr, 20l, Hans & Judy Beste 202bl, Institute 52t, E.Pritchard 452-3c, dkimages.com 287cr, 370cl, 390cla, 396tc, 404bl, G.Bernard 172tr, Neil Bromhall\/ R.Ressmeyer, Starlight 436bc, 437bc, tl - top left 466tr, 467tr, cr, 472tl; Impact: Genesis Film 247t, S.Camazine R.Royer 54-5, J.Sanford 51t, c, clb - centre left below M.McQueen 422cla, G.Mendel 128tr, J.C.Cannon 179tl, Densey Dr.R.Schild\/Smithsonian tr - top right 363br, M.Mirecki 373tc, B.Rybolt Clyne 121c, M.Colbeck 33c, Astrophysical Observatory 54t, crb - centre right below 298tr. Jacana: A.Le Garsmeur D.Dale Photo Researchers Inc. Dr.R.Spicer 150cl, S.Terry 21r, 42bc, cla - centre left above 382tr, Jean-Michel Labat 157tc, 110b, B.Fredrick 126c, MPL A.Tsiaras 413tr, U.S.Dept.of Energy bl - bottom left Jean-Philippe Varin 159t. Kobal Fogden 121t, 346tr, D.Lee 412bl, 427br, 436tl, 437cr, D.Vaughan 351c, cra - centre right above Collection: 305tr, 316cl, 317cra, tr, S.Littlewood 114cl, R.Lynn\/Photo E.Viktor 150bl; Schwangau\/ br - bottom right Warner Bros. 318br. Ian Lambot: Researchers 148tl, J.&C. McDonald Ostallgau, Germany: Tanner cr - centre right 451tl,cl,bl; Frank Lane Picture 188-9c, T.McHugh 18bl, 147tr, Nesselwang 376bl; Sea Containers: tc - top centre Agency: E.&D.Hosking 191tl, G.A.McLean 124tr, Mantis Wildlife 469crb; Survival Anglia: Jeff Foott c - centre S.McCutcheon 28clb, M.Newman Films 114tr, 120tl, T.Middleton 211tr, 435bl, J.&I.Palmer 324c, cb - centre below 160-1, R.Van Nostrand 124tcr, 23b, C.Milkins 128cl, S.Osolinski J.M.Pearson 194bl, Alan Root 189cr, cl - centre left Fritz Polking 174bl, Len Robinson 192-3t, P.Parks 86clb, c, 86-7b, t, J.Root 211c; Shell: 434-5tc; Harry bc - bottom centre 185t; Legoland: 367cl; Lockheed H.Reinhard 333c, J.H.Robinson Smith Collection: 337cr, 341cl; f - far Martin: 449tr. Magnum: Abbas 156bl, F.Schneidermeyer 104cl, Smithsonian Institute, 360tr, Eve Arnold 382-3c, Bruno David Thompson 73tr, 125bl, Washington D.C.: 132br; Society Barbey 294-5c, 373c, Fred Mayer R.Toms 177r. Panos: 363tr; for Co-operation in Russian & 373bl, Chris Steele Perkins 359c; Peabody Museum, Yale Soviet Studies: 281bl, br; Frank MARS: U.S.Navy 422tr; Marshall University: 133bl, J.H.Ostrom Spooner Pictures\/Gamma: Cavendish Picture Library: 146br; The Performing Arts Graham 370cla, T.Mackie 314cr, 267tr, 292tc, bc, Palazzo Tursi di Library: Clive Barda 309br; Rotolo 461cl,V.Shone 381bc,W.Volz 480"]