Aircraft - The Definitive Visual History

["WhiteKnightTwo and SpaceShipTwo Built by the company established by innovative designer Burt launched, the rocket motor does not have to burn for long before Rutan, carrier aircraft WhiteKnightTwo is built to fly a payload escaping Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The problem of reentry has also to suborbital levels before releasing it. The twin-fuselage aircraft been elegantly addressed: the space plane\u2019s wings pivot upward can carry either the rocket ship SpaceShipTwo or LauncherOne\u2014 or \u201cfeather\u201d to a 65-degree angle to create extra drag. Teamed an expendable rocket designed to convey satellites into space. with the craft\u2019s light materials, this slows the return and WhiteKnightTwo is one of the largest carbon composite aviation eliminates the need for the heat shields or tiles that are usually vehicle ever built, its wingspan an impressive 141 ft (43 m). needed to cope with the friction. At 70,000 ft (21,336 m) the wings return to their original sweptback position and the rocket A GLIDER ROCKET ship turns glider for the flight back to the runway. Flown to 50,000 ft (15,240 m) under another craft\u2019s power, Making an unusual silhouette against the sky, carrier aircraft SpaceShipTwo is able to bypass traditional problems of having to WhiteKnightTwo conveys SpaceShipTwo on a test flight. generate enormous thrust at ground level to reach space. Once","300 . REFERENCE How Aircraft Fly One thing that has not changed since the first heavier-than-air Bl\u00e9riot for his monoplane crossing of the Channel in 1909\u2014 aircraft flew is the way wings work: a wing-based craft stays are found in today\u2019s aircraft, from ultralights to spaceplanes. aloft because of a difference in air pressure of a few pounds Huge advances have been made in reducing aerodynamic or kilograms above and below the wings. The difference in drag and coping with the effects of supersonic airflow, but the pressure that allowed Sir George Cayley\u2019s coachman to glide fundamentals of wing-borne flight remain the same. Lift and across Brompton Dale in 1853 is the same pressure difference balancing forces (weight, thrust, and drag) work together to that allows supersonic aircraft to stay in the sky today. Even generate flight. In level flight, lift balances the weight of the \u201cstick-and-rudder\u201d flight controls\u2014originally devised by Louis aircraft, and engine thrust balances drag. LIFT AND BALANCING FORCES EVOLUTION OF WING SHAPES at the time of the Spitfire, unbraced cantilever wings had to be made thicker for high-speed flight. Sweptback As a wing passes through air, the air moving across Because the pioneering aviators were primarily \u201claminar flow\u201d wings ultimately proved superior for the top moves faster than the air passing beneath. concerned with building the lightest wings possible, transonic flight, improved materials allowing them to This creates higher air pressure below the wing, they used very thin surfaces braced by wires. Thicker, be made thinner for even higher speed. which generates lift. Varying the angle of attack, at less drag-inducing airfoil sections were used for World which the wing meets the oncoming air, affects the War I biplanes, but, until structural design improved Wire-braced amount of lift and drag generated, and stalling, the monoplane loss of lift, occurs when the critical angle is exceeded. BL\u00c9RIOT XI The Bl\u00e9riot XI\u2019s thin, highly cambered (curved) FORCES Lift airfoil was typical of its time. The shallow wings could be warped (twisted) for roll control, while bracing wires supported the bending load, kept to a minimum by the short span. Thrust Drag ROYAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY S.E.5A Biplane By 1916, airplanes were routinely exceeding wing 100 mph (161 km\/h) and performing aerobatic Weight maneuvers. Flatter and low-drag airfoils could be kept relatively thin because of the inherent MEDIUM ANGLE OF ATTACK strength of the wire-braced biplane structure. Wing angled Lift and drag increase upward with angle of attack Air above wing SPITFIRE moves faster R. J. Mitchell\u2019s successful Schneider Trophy than air below seaplanes had thin wings supported by bracing wires. Combining very strong, shallow spars with a skin that carried the load resulted in Elliptical a cantilever wing that was thin and strong. wing HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK F-86 SABRE Swept, Stall occurs when North American\u2019s piston-engine P-51 was faster thin wing critical angle is than the Spitfire due to its \u201claminar flow\u201d wing, reached which was profiled to minimize drag-inducing turbulent flow. This swept laminar flow wing Flow separation proved ideal for transonic flight. causes pressure to rise above wing LOCKHEED F-117 NIGHTHAWK Sharp-edged The very thin, sharp edged, and \u201cover-swept\u201d wing Drop in air wing of the F-117 creates a minimal radar pressure signature. Computer fly-by-wire controls compensate for instability and other differential aerodynamic deficiencies. reduces lift","H O W A I R C R A F T F LY . 3 0 1 CONTROLLING THE AIRPLANE Right aileron Elevator Right Control pushrod elevator A car or a boat is steered left or right, but an stick airplane has to be controlled in three dimensions. Rudder The controls work in three axes: the pilot maintains Rudder pedals Rudder Left level flight, or climbs or dives by moving the control elevator tail-mounted elevators up and down through Rudder balance cable cables pushing the control stick forward and back. The Left aileron aircraft is kept level, or rolled in one direction or DIRECTION OF CONTROL OPERATION Aileron the other, by the ailerons, which are operated by Elevator control circuit control moving the stick sideways. Yaw, or \u201cskidding,\u201d is Aileron control circuit cables controlled by the vertically mounted rudder, which Rudder control circuit is operated by foot pedals on the cockpit floor. Bellcrank While large aircraft and fast jets may have powered controls, they are still maneuvered by the same Pushrod basic stick and rudder input. Nose comes up Elevators PITCHING UP raised, Pulling the control stick back raises the elevators. pushing The nose rises and the aircraft pitches upward. down the tail Since the wing is now operating at a greater angle of attack, giving more lift, the aircraft will start to Wing meets the air at climb. It will continue to pitch up, unless the stick a greater angle of is returned to neutral. attack, increasing lift Elevator flat LEVEL FLIGHT keeping the In level flight the tailplane acts as a stabilizing plane level surface, rather like the feathers of a dart\u2014holding Elevators the wing at a steady angle of attack. The elevators lowered, will be kept in the neutral position, only being increasing moved up and down by the pilot to compensate tail lift for the effects of turbulence. PITCHING DOWN Pushing the stick forward lowers the elevators. The nose drops and the aircraft pitches downward. Angle of attack and lift are reduced and the aircraft will start to descend. Because its weight is now acting in the same direction as propeller thrust, speed will build up very quickly. Wing meets the Right aileron lowered, air at a shallower increasing lift on the wing angle, reducing lift and drag ROLLING LEFT AND RIGHT Left aileron raised, Moving the stick to one side raises the aileron and reducing lift from reduces the lift on that side, and lowers the aileron the wing and increases the lift on the other, causing the aircraft to roll. As overall wing lift is now acting to the side, the aircraft will start to turn. The rudder is simply used to balance the different amount of drag generated by the up-and-down-going aileron.","302 . REFERENCE Piston Engines It was the appearance of the gasoline engine late in the 19th construction and dual magneto ignition. Because it kept century that made powered flight possible at last: pioneers engines simple and light, air-cooling became the choice for had experimented with steam engines, but even the lightest light aircraft and commercial transport\u2014but for half a century of these proved too weighty. Early car engines produced or more battle raged over whether or not liquid-cooled engines sufficient power but were too heavy. So while they could offered high-speed aircraft more power for less drag. While the operate on the same principles as car engines, piston aero appearance of the jet engine more or less ended that debate, engines had to be as light as possible. They also had to be the liquid-cooled aero engine has recently found favor in reliable, and these requirements favored special light alloy ultralights and Light Sport Aircraft. FOUR-STROKE CYCLE ROLLS-ROYCE MERLIN Spark plug position Piston engines produce their power through the pressure For all its apparent complexity, the Rolls- of burning gases on the piston crowns acting on a rotating Royce Merlin has pistons and valves just like crankshaft. In the classic four-stroke Otto cycle (named after those of a car engine\u2014only more of them. its inventor and illustrated below), the spark plug is fired The amount of power produced by an every other rotation of the crankshaft. Virtually all piston engine is proportional to how fast it runs aero engines are four-strokes, and work just like car engines, and how much air can be drawn into it. although they are generally of bigger cylinder capacity to The Merlin was made to run fast by gearing compensate for turning a propeller no more than 3,000 rpm. down the propeller: its supercharger pushed From the 1930s military and commercial aircraft engines in extra air, boosting power at altitude. were fitted with superchargers, cramming in more mixture to sustain power in the thin air at high altitude. Air and fuel Inlet valve closed Inlet manifold Exhaust sends charge to Exhaust valve closed valve closed Fuel-air all 12 cylinders Inlet valve mixture Supercharger open compressed Cylinder fills Piston forces more with fuel-air moves up mixture through mixture Piston moves 2 Compression The piston the engine, down moves back up the cylinder. maintaining power This increases the pressure 1 Induction The inlet valve inside the cylinder, heating the at altitude opens and the piston moves fuel-air mixture. down, drawing the fuel-air mixture into the cylinder through the engine\u2019s inlet and fueling system. Inlet valve closed Inlet valve closed Spark plug Exhaust gas pushed out Exhaust Exhaust valve closed valve open Fuel-air Piston mixture moves up ignited Piston forced down 3 Expansion When the piston 4 Exhaust As the piston Carburettor mixes Water pump circulates is near the top of its stroke, a reaches bottom dead center, intake air with fuel coolant around the engine spark plug fires. The burning gas the exhaust valve opens. As the expands, forcing the piston down piston rises again, it forces waste and radiator the cylinder again. gases out of the exhaust.","ENGINE COOLING BRISTOL JUPITER ENGINE BRISTOL BULLDOG FIGHTER PISTON ENGINES . 303 AIR-COOLED ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS Cooling an engine with the air stream requires controlled distribution of flow, While many different engine layouts which favors the radial layout, where have been tried, from Anzani\u2019s the cylinders are all equally \u201cexposed simple three-cylinder \u201cfan\u201d of 1908 to the breeze.\u201d Most light aircraft to the 24-cylinder, H-configuration today have air-cooled engines. Napier Sabre of the 1940s, three basic types have come to the fore. WATER-COOLED HISPANO-SUIZA V8 ENGINE ROYAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY S.E.5A Cooling the engine by getting liquid coolant to flow around the critical, hottest parts of an engine is easier than air-cooling, and allows high power output and efficiency. However, the radiator(s) cause aerodynamic drag and are vulnerable to damage. Valve springs Water passageway V TYPE Paired exhaust valves The inline engine has minimal improve gas flow, giving frontal area: however, as more and greater power more cylinders are added, it becomes overlong and tends to bend in the middle. Combining two \u201cinlines\u201d on one crankshaft makes the compact and strong V. Propeller drive RADIAL Arranging the \u201cpots\u201d around a single-throw crank produces a very compact unit that is ideal for air-cooling\u2014the radial or \u201cR.\u201d Extra banks can be added, giving more power for a given diameter, but making cooling a challenge. Reduction gears OPPOSED allow the engine to turn much faster than US manufacturer Continental made propeller, increasing the \u201cO\u201d type of engine popular for power output light aircraft use. Lycoming and other makers quickly followed suit. Connecting rod The opposed, or flat, engine is conveys pressure compact, lends itself to air-cooling, and allows a good view over the nose. acting on piston to crankshaft","304 . REFERENCE Jet Engines The jet engine had a long gestation and a difficult birth. We that would not simply melt in the high temperatures created. now take for granted the principle of compressing air, adding Among other things, Whittle\u2019s turbojet engine required fuel in a combustion chamber and burning it to create thrust a compressor that delivered twice the pressure ratio of that drives an engine forward. In truth, pioneers like the great contemporary superchargers. Few people at the time thought Frank Whittle faced huge problems in the 1920s and 30s in the idea would work and government support was denied until developing compressors that would deliver an acceptable it became apparent in the late 1930s that the piston engine pressure ratio, combustion chambers that would sustain a was reaching its limits and new high-temperature alloys might flame while air flowed through at huge speed, and turbines just make the turbine engine possible. TYPES OF JET ENGINE Flow splitter Integral oil tank Gearbox Plenum ring for The simplest form of gas turbine aero engine is the turbojet, in which all the bevel drive hot anti-icing air thrust is provided by the jet leaving the engine at high speed. However, the high-velocity, small-diameter jet of exhaust gases these engines produce is not Engine front Electrical wiring a particularly efficient means of propulsion, especially at low airspeed. For this mount harness reason, turbojets were first used in military aircraft and high-speed airliners. Most modern civil aircraft use turboprop and turbofan engines that use an increased diameter of jet flow. The turboprop uses turbine power to drive a propeller, while the turbofan uses what is, in effect, an oversized compressor stage to provide extra air flow that bypasses the rest of the engine. Turbojet The turbojet draws Rotating blades Fuel combusts Temperature and in air through a compressor compress air pressure sensor driven by a turbine running High-speed Low-pressure fan in its exhaust flow. Compressed hot exhaust air flows around and into a Inlet cone combustion chamber into Cold air in Drive Turbine (rotating spinner) which fuel is sprayed. (Once shaft blades the engine is started, using Compression spark igniters, the flame burns Low Bypass air front bearing continuously.) The hot exhaust pressure fan provides thrust Pressure line leaves the rear of the engine Fan case with through a nozzle designed to Turbine special structure give maximum velocity. Turbofan Used for most High-speed to contain commercial airliners, a hot exhaust broken fan turbojet drives a large ducted fan at the front of the engine. Cold Blades Electronic engine In airliners, the \u201cbypass\u201d flow air in compress control and produced by this fan can be air Fuel combusts up to ten times the flow airframe interface passing through the \u201ccore\u201d Propeller Exhaust gases connector engine. Emerging at low provides add some thrust velocity, the combined thrust FADEC (Full bypass air\/exhaust gives very Cold air in Authority Digital efficient propulsion and low noise at typical 600-plus Engine Control) mph (965 -plus km\/h) airliner cruising speed. Compressor Turboprop A turboprop Fuel combusts engine drives a propeller by taking power from an additional turbine running in exhaust gas. The exhaust gives some extra thrust but the main thrust is provided by the propeller. In other ways turboprops resemble turbojet engines. They are most efficient at speeds of up to 450 mph (724 km\/h). Power turbine drives propellor","JET ENGINES . 305 JET PROPULSION Intake Low pressure High pressure Combustion High and low compressor section compressor section section pressure turbine The Whittle engine used a deceptively simple-looking centrifugal housing flow compressor of the type found in contemporary piston engine superchargers. It took decades to develop axial-flow engines, where air is compressed in small increments through a series of bladed compressor wheels separated by flow-aligning \u201cstators,\u201d to the same level of efficiency and reliability. Today, large jet engines are all of the axial-flow turbofan type, civil passenger jets using high bypass for efficiency and low noise, military types using afterburners for maximum thrust. Reduction gearbox Exhaust outlet ROLLS ROYCE\/SNECMA OLYMPUS S93 Propeller PRATT & WHITNEY PT6 Air intake screen RELIABLE TURBOPROP POWER FOR CONCORDE drive Turboprops have displaced piston The Rolls-Royce\/Snecma Compressor engines for most propeller aircraft Olympus 593 was the only civil with three axial power units of more than 300 hp, jet engine with an afterburner. stages plus one not least for their reliability. The Developed from the twin-spool centrifugal stage Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 is an (two compressor wheel\/turbine outstanding example. Available in sets) Bristol turbojet of the same a number of guises, it produces name, it was only truly efficient 600 to 2,000 hp. at supersonic speed. Fuel Fuel Combustion nozzle manifold chamber High-pressure Low-pressure turbine Heat shield turbine Blade tip sealing shroud Exhaust cone Core jet pipe (exhaust fairing) Scavenge oil line Fan duct Fuel shut-off Inter-module valve cable bolted joint Fuel and oil Oil filter Compressor air bleed connection SECTIONED PRATT & WHITNEY CANADA PW305 heat exchanger Pratt & Whitney Canada\u2019s 300-series turbofans have been used in a number of different bizjets, as well as Scaled Composites\u2019 WhiteKnightTwo, designed to air-launch the suborbital SpaceShipTwo \u201cspaceplane.\u201d The 305 was certified in 1990 and used in the Learjet 60. Its fan is driven by a three-stage turbine, and it uses four axial compressor stages and one centrifugal compressor stage, all driven by a two-stage turbine.","306 . REFERENCE Landmark Engines AUSTRO-DAIMLER 6 Dates produced 1910\u20131916 Displacement 851 cu in (13.9 liters) Maxi power output 154 hp at 1,400 rpm By the outbreak of World War I, two basic was reckoned to offer less air resistance One of the first successful inline, water-cooled aero types of aero engine were in production. and greater speed, and for these engines developed in Europe, the Austro-Daimler 6 Water-cooled engines generally had reasons it was mostly used in racers was designed by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche. The most individual cylinders mounted in line on an and military aircraft. efficient and reliable aero engine at the outbreak aluminum alloy crankcase. There were a of WWI, its overhead-cam layout was widely copied. few air-cooled inline engines, but limited Large piston engines were superseded The engine was also built under licence by other knowledge of effective cylinder head in the late 1940s by turbojet engines, companies, including William Beardmore & Co Ltd design favored the seemingly mad idea of and eventually the turboprops and in Scotland. This British-built example was fitted to spinning the entire engine to keep it cool. modern turbofans that were used in the FE series pusher biplanes operated by the RFC. Thirsty and requiring frequent servicing, airliners. Gradually, turbine engines took these \u201crotary\u201d engines were, nevertheless, over all applications above the 300 hp light and powerful. After World War I, mark, leaving only the light aircraft simpler air-cooled \u201csixes,\u201d \u201cfours,\u201d and market to piston engines. \u201ctwins\u201d of various configurations were used in a new class of light aircraft that In recent years the high cost of fuel emerged in the 1920s. has made heavier but more economical diesel engines popular While its complexity and weight counted for training and touring aircraft. against it in the civil market, the slender Today, even \u201cgreener\u201d alternative shape of the liquid-cooled inline engine power units using electric motors and fuel cells are under development. CONTINENTAL A-40 ROLLS-ROYCE MERLIN III BRISTOL CENTAURUS Dates produced 1931\u20131938 Dates produced 1936\u20131950 (all Marks) Dates produced 1943 onward Displacement 115 cu in (1.9 liters) Displacement 1,647 cu in (27.0 liters) Displacement 3,270 cu in (53.6 liters) Max power output 40 hp at 2,550 rpm Max power output 1,440 hp at 3,000 rpm\/5,500 ft Max power output 2,550 hp at 4,000 ft (MkXVIII) The Continental A-40 was a deeply flawed engine that The Rolls-Royce Merlin has been called unkindly \u201ca Having used conventional \u201cpenny on a stick\u201d poppet nevertheless established the pattern for most light triumph of development over design.\u201d Certainly its valves in his early designs, chief engineer Roy Fedden aircraft engines since. The first A-40s overheated basic architecture was not as robust as the US Allison turned to sleeve valves for Bristol\u2019s later and more because the cylinder head was insulated from the V12, nor was its detail design as impressive as its powerful radial engines. The Centaurus was the ultimate cylinders by a gasket that blocked heat flow, and the German rival, the DB601. However, thanks to the development, although its gestation was slow: work on side exhaust valves were inadequately cooled. The perseverance of Rolls-Royce\u2019s engineers in general, what was envisaged as an engine for \u201cfuture aircraft crankshaft tended to break because the thrust bearing and the brilliance of the supercharger development projects\u201d began in 1937, the demanding 2,000 hp type was placed in error at the rear of the block. These flaws team in particular, the Merlin\u2019s power output was test was passed in 1939, and it did not go into production were eliminated in the A-50 and A-65 that followed. doubled while maintaining its outstanding reliability. until 1943. Postwar models produced over 3,000 hp.","LANDMARK ENGINES . 307 HISPANO-SUIZA MODEL 8BE 220KP V8 CLERGET 9B BRISTOL JUPITER Dates produced Dates produced Dates produced 1916 onward Displacement 1917\u20131918 Displacement 1920\u20131935 Max power output 992 cu in (16.3 liters) Max power output 1,752 cu in (28.7 liters) Displacement 718 cu in (11.8 liters) 130 hp at 1,250 rpm 580 hp at 2,200 rpm Max power output 220 hp at 1,600 rpm Swiss engineer Mark Birgikt\u2019s Hispano-Suiza V8 has The Clerget was a rotary\u2014an engine that spun with the The Jupiter first appeared as a Cosmos Engineering been judged the design that \u201cshowed the world how propeller to aid cooling in the days of low-quality fuel product that missed out on service during the final a water-cooled engine ought to be built.\u201d Its pistons and hot-running cylinders. The standard engine of the year of World War I thanks to the government backing ran in steel liners screwed into cast aluminum blocks, Sopwith Camel, it was distinguished by conventional an inferior rival. Under Bristol ownership, it was the valve gear being fully enclosed and protected pushrod and rocker valve gear and was the inspiration developed by Roy Fedden to become one of the finest from dust. Rigid, light, and durable\u2014at least when for W.O. Bentley\u2019s much more powerful BR1 and BR2, and most extensively foreign-licensed radial engines of built by Hispano-Suiza, for its construction challenged regarded by many as the ultimate rotary engines. After the 1920s and \u201830s. The use of four-valve heads\u2014which precision standards of the day\u2014the \u201cHisso\u201d influenced WWI, rotaries soon gave way to the more reliable and gave good \u201cbreathing\u201d\u2014and close attention to design all the big \u201cV\u201d engines that followed. economical radial engine. detail ensured high power with great reliability. ROLLS-ROYCE RB211 BOEING GE90-115B CENTURION 2.0 Dates produced Dates produced Dates produced 1972\u2013present Engine weight 1995\u2013present Displacement 2006\u2013present Max thrust 18,260 lb (8,283 kg) Max power output 122 cu in (2.0 liters) Engine weight 9,670 lb (4,386 kg) 115,300 lb (513 kN) 155 hp at 4,200 rpm Max thrust 60,600 lb (270 kN) Originally developed for the Lockheed L-1011 Tristar, Used in the Boeing 777, which on two engines performs The Centurion diesel range owes its existence to the RB211 was famously the engine that both launched the kind of long-range over water passenger operations German motor racing supplier Frank Thielert seeing Rolls-Royce as a leading manufacturer of commercial that used to be confined to four-engine jets, the GE90 the potential for adapting the advanced automotive high-bypass turbofans and brought the company to is one of the largest, most powerful, and reliable diesel engines manufactured by Mercedes Benz for use bankruptcy, before it was refloated by the British turbofans ever built. Developed from the 1970s NASA in light aircraft. The initial version was a 1.7-liter unit government. It was the first triple-spool turbofan, Energy Efficient Engine, it has set records for the that produced 135hp: it was noted for its fuel economy having three groups of turbines, each group driving biggest fan diameter (10 ft 7 in \/ 3.25 m); highest but lacked power in comparison with traditional avgas an individual compressor via a concentric shaft. This compressor pressure ratio (23:1, against the 4:1 of early engines. The unit now manufactured by Centurion has complex construction gave improved fuel efficiency. jet engines); and greatest thrust (127,900 lb\/569 kN). the same overall dimensions but produces more power.","308 . GLOSSARY Glossary through buildings, such as barns, the word carburettor itself was previously applied to popular A device in which fuel is drawn into the aerobatics anhedral touring actors. See also aerobatics. combustion chamber of an engine by Spectacular and unusual feats of flying An arrangement of an aircraft\u2019s wings in the suction of the incoming air. In modern performed for entertainment. The word which they are angled downward from biplane engines it has largely been replaced by fuel itself comes from \u201cacrobatics.\u201d the horizontal, so that the tips of the wings An airplane with two pairs of wings, one injection systems. See also fuel injection. are lower than the point at which they are above the other, usually connected by aerodynamics attached to the fuselage. See also dihedral. wires and struts to form a cross-braced center of gravity The science that analyzes the behavior structure that is light in weight and very Also called center of mass, the single point of air and other gases in motion, and the antiservo tab stiff. The bracing wires and\/or struts induce in any solid object, such as an aircraft, at interaction between air and objects moving A leverlike device attached to some control more drag than a cantilever monoplane which gravity can be thought to be acting. through it. It also refers to the aerodynamic surfaces that has the effect of increasing wing. See also monoplane. Pitch, roll, and yaw all occur about an properties of a particular object. the effort required to move that control aircraft\u2019s center of gravity. For an airplane surface. It has a safety function in making bizjet on the ground, the center of gravity has aeronautics the control seem heavier to the pilot in Short for \u201cbusiness jet,\u201d any of a variety of to lie between the main undercarriage Both the science and art of controlled situations where there might be a danger of usually small jet aircraft developed mainly wheels and either the nose wheel or the flight, and the science of designing and forcing the control surface too far. See also for the use of private companies. Usually tail wheel (depending on the aircraft building aircraft. control surface, servo tab. has a capacity of fewer than 20 people. design) so that the plane will not topple over. See also pitch, roll, yaw. afterburner artificial horizon (AH) blimp An arrangement in some military jet aircraft See attitude indicator. The name applied (in Britain at first) to center of lift in which extra fuel is burned in the back a small, nonrigid airship and later to a The point within an aircraft (or part of it, part of the engine, using air that has already aspect ratio tethered barrage balloon used for air such as a wing) where the lifting forces are passed through the turbines. It provides The ratio between the length of a wing defence during World War II. in balance. The center of lift of a wing extra acceleration but uses a lot of fuel, from fuselage to wing tip and its width needs to be calculated accurately during so it is normally used only on takeoff or in from front to back. For example, a long Borate bomber the design process, so that forces do not combat situations. thin glider wing has a high aspect ratio. A specialized aircraft used to drop fire- become unbalanced during flight. retardant chemicals to stop the spread of aileron attack aircraft wildfires. The term comes from a time center of pressure A movable control surface on the outer An aircraft specialized for precision low- when borate salts were widely used as fire An imaginary point within an aircraft part of the trailing edge of an aircraft wing. level attacks on ground targets, often in retardants, although these have now been where all the forces created by the air Ailerons usually work in pairs to alter the support of attacking land forces. This replaced by other substances as they have moving around it can be regarded as being relative lift generated by each wing, with distinguishes it from the less precise an adverse effect on soils. in balance. It is an important concept when one angled downward while its opposite operation of a conventional bomber. designing aircraft so that they will settle on the other wing is angled upward. In In practice, many military planes have bore back by themselves to a stable position in this way ailerons act to control roll, and become multipurpose, and combine The diameter of the cylinder of a piston flight after small adjustments to controls they also aid in turning movements. In ground attack roles with other capabilities. engine. A larger bore provides a larger have been made. some situations it aids control not to have Also known as a ground attack aircraft. combustion chamber, and therefore a opposite ailerons moving in an identical potentially more powerful engine. See also centrifugal force extent; a system that allows this is called a attitude indicator (AI) cylinder, piston engine. A force generated by rotation that tends differential aileron. See also control surface, An instrument in an aircraft\u2019s cockpit that to propel objects outward from the center flaps, lift, roll. displays the aircraft\u2019s orientation in relation bungee of rotation. to the ground in terms of both its pitch Also termed bungee cord or bungee rope, air cooling and roll. It is particularly important in poor any of various elasticated or springlike Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Using a flow of air to cool an engine. See also visibility conditions. Also known as an devices used as shock absorbers or to aid The public authority regulating civil aviation liquid cooling. artificial horizon. See also pitch, roll. movement, for example, in undercarriages. in the UK. Established in 1972, it has wide responsibilities for licensing flight crew and airframe autogyro bushplane airports, registering aircraft, and supervising All the structural elements that hold an An early type of rotorcraft invented in Any airplane used for accessing remote or airworthiness regulations. See also Federal aircraft together, not including engines or the 1920s. It was created to avoid the wilderness areas. A bushplane has to be Aviation Authority. other fittings. problem of stalling that was common in able to cope with takeoff and landing on conventional aircraft of the time. The short airstrips and rough ground. Features cockpit air-to-air missile (AAM) rotor provided lift when turning, but unlike such as having wings positioned high on The compartment in which an aircraft\u2019s A radar- or heat-guided missile fired at an the later helicopter it was not powered, the fuselage and a taildragger landing gear pilot sits. Cockpits of large aircraft are also enemy aircraft or missile from an aircraft. and the aircraft was pulled forward by a formation are desirable in such aircraft. called flight decks. conventional propeller. See also taildragger. Alclad collective control The trade name for a widely used system in automatic pilot camshaft A control in a helicopter that changes the which the metal skin of an aircraft is made An airborne electronic system that The rotating shaft in a piston engine angle of all of its rotor blades at the same of a surface layer of corrosion-resistant automatically stabilizes an aircraft about its that lifts the engine\u2019s valves in sequence time. This affects the overall lift generated pure aluminum, which is bonded to three axes, restores it to its original flight to regulate the introduction of air and and, therefore, whether the helicopter stronger aluminum alloys beneath. path after a disturbance, and can be preset removal of exhaust gases. See also overhead ascends or descends. See also cyclic control. to make the aircraft follow a particular camshaft, overhead valves, piston engine. altitude flight path. combustion chamber In aircraft contexts, this usually refers to canard Any of the chambers in an engine in which height above sea level, rather than height bank An arrangement in which a pair of small fuel is ignited and burned. above the ground below. To travel with one side of the aircraft wings or fins is set further forward on the higher than the other when turning. In fuselage than the main wings. The term compressor amphibian an aircraft, the pilot must combine roll comes from the French word for \u201cduck,\u201d In a jet engine, an arrangement of rotating, An aircraft that can operate from both and yaw to achieve this maneuver. and reflects the similarity in outline of a bladed wheels that acts to compress the water and land. See also roll, yaw. canard aircraft to that of a flying duck. incoming air before it enters the combustion Canards are sometimes additional to a tail chambers. It is powered by the engine\u2019s angle of attack barnstormer assembly but generally replace it. For stable turbines. A compressor either pushes the The angle at which an airplane\u2019s wing In aviation terms, a barnstormer was a pilot operation, the arrangement requires air backward in a straight line (axial (or the blade of a helicopter or propeller) that toured around the country, especially sophisticated control systems, but it does compressor) or radially outward meets the oncoming air. An airplane in the United States, giving daredevil offer stall-proof handling. (centrifugal compressor). usually flies with the front of its wings aerobatic displays. Barnstorming was an higher than the back so that oncoming air event of the post-World War I years, cantilever control surface pushes the wing upward, and the air is when there were many unemployed pilots. A structure designed to be self-supporting Any of the various movable surfaces on the deflected downward. Although on occasion pilots would fly when anchored at only one end. A wings or tail of an airplane that the pilot cantilever wing is one that is supported can adjust to control the craft. They include internally, with no external struts or ailerons, rudder, elevators, flaps, slats, and wires necessary. spoilers. See also aileron.","GLOSSARY . 309 cowl higher than the point at which they are fairing as many early fuselages were roughly The cover\u2014often removable or partly attached to the fuselage. See also anhedral. Any streamlined covering added to part of spindle-shaped. removable\u2014surrounding an aircraft\u2019s an aircraft. engine. See also cowl gills. dirigible g-force A more technical term for an airship, Federal Aviation Administration The force experienced by the crew of an cowl gills meaning \u201csteerable\u201d or \u201cdirectable,\u201d in (FAA) aircraft undergoing rapid acceleration or Perforations in the cowls of some aircraft contrast to a traditional balloon. The public authority in the USA that deceleration. One \u201cg\u201d is equal to the force engines. They can be covered or uncovered, regulates aviation, including air traffic usually exerted by Earth\u2019s gravity. and when open let through a flow of air dogfight control. See also Civil Aviation Authority that cools the engine. See also cowl. A battle at close quarters between groups gas turbine of opposing military aircraft. Mainly a ferry tank An engine that operates via turbine wheels crankcase feature of past wars, when aircraft were An additional fuel tank carried by an extracting energy from hot burned gases, The part of a piston engine that houses the slower, the word \u201cdogfight\u201d implies a series aircraft to extend its range. and converting this energy into rotary crankshaft. See also crankshaft. of individual fights rather than an attempt motion. All jet engines except ramjets to attack in formation. firewall incorporate gas turbines. crankshaft An internal wall or barrier used to resist The shaft in a piston engine that converts drag the spread of fire. general aviation (GA) the reciprocating (to-and-fro) motion of the The force (air resistance) that impedes the A term for all aviation except for military pistons into the rotational motion needed motion of an aircraft. There are different flaps aviation and scheduled commercial flights. to turn a propeller. kinds of drag, including drag created by air Control surfaces on the trailing edge of a For example, recreational aviation counts friction against an aircraft\u2019s skin, and drag wing that tilt downward and\/or extend as general aviation. There are many more critical altitude caused by turbulent air around an aircraft. backward to increase the wing\u2019s lift. Their airfields servicing general aviation than The maximum altitude at which an aircraft main use is in takeoff and landing. There there are airports for scheduled flights. engine aided by a supercharger can drag coefficient are various kinds of flaps, some of which maintain full power. Above this altitude, A measure of the tendency of an object to are no longer used today, including blown, glass cockpit the engine power drops as air density\u2014and create drag when air flows past it. The drag, Fowler, lift, plain, slotted, and split A type of cockpit in which the instrument thus available oxygen\u2014reduces. higher the drag coefficient, the greater the flaps. In slotted flaps, small openings (slots) displays involve digital electronic screens tendency. Objects with the same surface remain between the back edge of the main and head-up displays rather than crosswind area but different shapes can have quite wing and the flap, allowing high-pressure traditional mechanical dials. A wind blowing sideways across the different drag coefficients. See also drag. air from below the wing to flow through to runway in use, making takeoffs and the upper surface, creating additional lift. ground effect landings more difficult, and sometimes drift indicator See also aileron. The altered aerodynamics experienced by preventing them altogether. An instrument indicating an aircraft\u2019s angle an airplane when flying close to the of \u201cdrift\u201d\u2014the difference between an flight ground, involving both increased lift and cyclic control aircraft\u2019s projected flight path and its actual In the sense of \u201ca flight,\u201d the term refers to decreased drag. A control in a helicopter that changes the heading, as affected by winds. a military unit within an airforce, smaller angle of the rotating blades. Adjustments than a squadron. gull wing to this control enable the helicopter\u2019s drone An aircraft wing that has a sharp bend speed and direction to be altered. See also An informal name for an unmanned aerial flight engineer along its length, like the wing of a seagull. collective control. vehicle. See also unmanned aerial vehicle. As airplane engines and equipment became more complex during the 20th century, hang glider cylinder ejection seat this dedicated professional was necessary A glider in which the human flyer hangs in A combustion chamber in a piston engine. A special seat in a military aircraft that uses on many larger aircraft to supervise a harness below the wing, controlling and See also cylinder block, piston engine. a rocket motor to blast the pilot clear of the technical aspects of the equipment during steering largely through changes in body aircraft in an emergency, and parachute flight. With increasingly sophisticated position. Although some early-built gliders cylinder block him\/her to safety. computer controls, they are no longer such as those made by Otto Lilienthal in A block of (usually cast) metal into which needed on most aircraft. the 19th century could be classed as hang cylinders (combustion chambers) have been electronic flight instrument gliders, the term itself was not used until bored. This forms the main body of a piston system (EFIS) flight level the 20th century. engine. See also cylinder, piston engine. The arrangement that now predominates A standardized measure of a plane\u2019s in modern aircraft cockpits, in which altitude that takes into account variations head-up display (HUD) cylinder head instrument displays are fully electronic, in in air pressure, which can affect traditional A unit that projects information, such as The upper part of a piston engine that is the form of flat screens, rather than altimeter measurements. Its significance lies combat status and aircraft performance attached to the top of the cylinder block. featuring dials with mechanical pointers. in determining that the relative heights of data, onto a transparent screen in the It houses the combustion chambers and aircraft are known accurately, avoiding any pilot\u2019s line of sight, lessening the need to spark plugs, as well as valves that regulate elevator possibility of collision. look down into the cockpit. gas entry and exit. An aircraft control surface that affects the pitch of an aircraft (whether it is going up, flutter horsepower delta wings down, or is level). The elevators are usually The undesirable vibrating of a wing or A traditional unit of measurement of the A wing arrangement in which the leading on the tailplane of an airplane. See also other part of an aircraft. power of an engine, generally taken as edge of each wing is swept back diagonally control surface, pitch, tailplane. equivalent to 746 Watts. in a straight line, but the trailing edge is fly-by-wire joined perpendicularly to the fuselage. elevon An electronic flight control system used hydraulics The overall wing silhouette is like a An aircraft control surface that functions instead of mechanical controls. In aircraft, this term usually refers to systems triangle or a Greek letter Delta. both as an aileron and as an elevator. See of hydraulic power, in which fluids are also aileron, elevator. four-stroke engine forced through pipes under pressure to designation A type of piston engine in which the cycle move wing control surfaces and In aviation contexts, a method of classifying empennage of operation\u2014introducing the fuel to the undercarriages, for example. aircraft, especially in the United States A tail assembly\u2014the overall arrangement cylinder, burning it, and getting rid of Air Force, and also the classification of of an airplane\u2019s tail, including (in most exhaust gases\u2014requires four piston strokes. hypersonic individual aircraft within this system. aircraft) a tailplane, tail fin, rudder, and See also piston engine, two-stroke engine. A flight speed that excels Mach 5\u2014five elevators. The term comes from a French times the speed of sound. diffuser word meaning \u201cto feather an arrow.\u201d fuel injection Any air pipe or duct, such as a section A system in which fuel is dispersed into impeller of a jet engine, that gets wider in the exhaust manifold tiny droplets and actively pumped into the A bladed wheel in some jet engines that downstream direction. This widening has A structure attached to a piston engine that manifold combustion chamber of an compresses incoming air by flinging it out the effect of slowing down gases passing collects the exhaust gases coming from engine. It has largely replaced the in a centrifugal direction as it passes through it. several different cylinders and directs them carburettor. See also carburettor. through. See also compressor. into a single exhaust pipe. dihedral fuselage inertial navigation system (INS) An arrangement of an aircraft\u2019s wings in exhaust port The main body of an airplane, not A cockpit device that provides positional which they are angled upward from the A pipe that carries away exhaust gases including the wings and tail. The word and navigational information without the horizontal, so that the tips of the wings are from a cylinder of a piston engine. comes from the French term for spindle, need for data from external references.","310 . GLOSSARY instrument meteorological Medevac pitot tube rotary engine conditions (IMC) Short for medical evacuation. The term A small, open-ended tube, usually located A type of aircraft piston engine in which In aviation, an official category of poor came into use during the Vietnam War, on the leading edge of the wing, that is the engine cylinders are arranged radially weather conditions in which a pilot will and was used to mean both the evacuation used to measure the aircraft\u2019s speed and is and rotate along with the propeller, cooling necessarily have to fly mainly by reference of casualties from a battle zone and a linked to a pressure-measuring device in themselves in the process. to cockpit instrumentation, rather than by helicopter used for this purpose. the cockpit. direct visual means. rotor monocoque powerplant A rotating device. A term used to instrument rating A term referring to a method of constructing The permanent assembly\u2014including the describe the assembly of blades that lifts A qualification that permits a pilot to fly an aircraft\u2019s airframe (particularly its propellers and engine\u2014that is responsible a helicopter, and the rotating wheel(s) in situations where flight depends on fuselage) so that the main strength is for aircraft propulsion. of a turbine. See also stator. observing cockpit instruments, rather than provided by the aircraft\u2019s outer shell rather on visual cues. than by internal struts or beams. primary flight display (PFD) rotor craft The central display screen in the cockpit of Any aircraft that gains its lift via a system interrupter gear monoplane modern aircraft, showing the data from the of rotating airfoil blades. Most rotor craft A system developed in World War I that An airplane with only a single pair of most important aircraft instruments on a are helicopters, but the term also includes allowed a fixed machine gun carried in an wings. See also biplane. single screen. autogyros and some other aircraft. See aircraft to fire through a propeller, by also autogyro. halting the gun\u2019s fire whenever a blade was nacelle propeller in line with the barrel of the gun. A streamlined casing that supports and In aircraft, a rotating device consisting of rpm surrounds an engine or other structure. shaped blades that is designed to accelerate Stands for revolutions per minute, the jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) air backward and thus pull the aircraft measure of the rotation speed of a Using attached rockets to assist the takeoff nose wheel forward. Blades set at different angles propeller, shaft, or engine. of aircraft. The method was used for heavy A single landing wheel positioned beneath (pitches) work best at different air speeds, aircraft and military gliders during World the nose section of an airplane\u2019s fuselage. and so many propellers have variable pitch rudder War II and also in the early days of jet See also tricycle gear. control to allow this. Constant speed A control surface usually situated on an airplanes, but is less common today. propellers are able to produce different airplane\u2019s vertical tail fin. Its main functions oleo strut power outputs as required, while keeping are to control yaw and to help turn the jet efflux A vertical strut often connecting the nose their own rotational speed constant. The aircraft. The discharge of exhaust gases from a jet, wheel to the fuselage that contains rotation of propellers can cause problems especially in the context of possible hydraulic fluid and compressed air and of twisting forces being applied to the sailplane hazardous effects. acts as a shock absorber on landing. aircraft or its engines. These can be Another name for a glider, especially one countered by contra-rotating propellers with rigid wings that is used for recreation jet engine ornithopter (two propellers one behind the other on and is capable of soaring in updrafts of air, See turbojet. A flying machine created with wings that the same engine, rotating in opposite as distinct from the heavier gliders formerly flap, in imitation of bird flight. Although directions) or counter-rotating propellers used for military purposes. joystick many pre-20th-century ideas for heavier- (propellers on opposite wings rotating in A hand-operated lever in an airplane\u2019s than-air flying machines were for opposite directions). Schneider Trophy cockpit that controls the ailerons and ornithopters, they have never been A trophy awarded, together with a cash elevator. (The rudder is controlled separately proved to work in practice. pursuit aircraft prize, for the winner of what became an by foot pedals.) See also ailerons, elevator. An older name for a fighter aircraft in use annual series of seaplane races sponsored overhead camshaft (OHC) mainly in the United States before World by wealthy Frenchman Jacques Schneider. king post A camshaft positioned at the top of a piston War II. Races were held between 1913 and 1931 A vertical post fixed on top of the fuselage engine\u2019s cylinder block, close to the valves, and did much to encourage the development of some older aircraft, from which wires are which it can control directly without an pushrod of higher standards in aircraft design. stretched to help support the wings. It is additional system of pushrods. See also A rod used to transmit movement from a also used in some hang gliders. camshaft, pushrod. camshaft to the valves in some piston scout engines. See also overhead valves. Originally a term used to describe a landing gear overhead valves (OHV) reconnaissance plane, but later also The arrangement of wheels, skids, or floats Valves on the cylinder head of a piston radome applied to a lightly armed fighter plane. on which an aircraft touches down when engine that are operated by pushrods A protective radar dome that allows radio landing. The landing gear arrangements actuated by a camshaft situated below waves in and out. service ceiling of wheeled airplanes can be divided into the cylinder head. The maximum altitude at which an aircraft\u2019s those that are taildraggers and those that ramjet rate of climb falls below 100ft per minute. have a tricycle gear. See also taildraggers, parasol wing A jet engine that is essentially an open tricycle gear. An arrangement in which a single pipe. It does not require a gas turbine, servo tab continuous wing is positioned above the but relies on the rush of incoming air A controllable, leverlike structure attached leading edge top of an aircraft\u2019s fuselage and connected itself to create sufficient compression for to some aircraft control surfaces. It moves The front edge of a wing that cuts through to it by struts. One disadvantage is that the combustion. It cannot operate at all at slow in the opposite direction to the control the air first. struts cause increased drag. speeds and works best at speeds of Mach 3 surface itself, and has the effect of to Mach 6. For this reason its main use decreasing the amount of force needed to lift payload is as a supplementary engine in some move the control surface. See also anti-servo The force exerted on a moving airfoil that The load carried by an aircraft, including supersonic military and experimental craft. tab, control surface. causes a wing to rise. passengers and cargo, from which revenue is obtained. ramp doors sesquiplane liquid cooling The doors inside the intake ramps of a jet A biplane in which one pair of wings A method of cooling an engine via a system piston engine aircraft\u2019s engine. These regulate the flow of is much smaller than the other. See of circulating liquids. It is used when cooling An engine in which the fuel ignition takes air to the engine. also biplane. by using air alone would not be adequate. place in cylindrical combustion chambers (cylinders), each furnished with a close- reduction gear slats (leading-edge) Mach number fitting movable piston. After ignition, the Gears arranged so that high-speed rotary Movable control surfaces on the leading The ratio of an aircraft\u2019s speed to the speed hot expanding gases push up the piston, motion is converted into slower but more edge of an airplane\u2019s wings. They function of sound. Mach 2, for example, is twice the and its up-and-down motion is converted powerful motion. A reduction gear is by increasing lift at lower air speeds, speed of sound. by a piston rod and crankshaft into rotary essential in turboprop engines where the especially when the plane is landing, by motion, which is used to drive a propeller. propellers are required to turn at a slower allowing the aircraft to fly at a higher angle magneto An aircraft piston engine always has several speed than the engine\u2019s turbine wheels. of attack without stalling. See also angle of A device that provides high-voltage cylinders that fire in turn to create a See also turboprop. attack, stall. electricity for engine ignition using rotating continuous rotary force. permanent magnets, without the need for roll smart weapon a separate battery or electricity supply. pitch The rotating motion of an aircraft\u2019s fuselage A precision-guided munition that is Although superseded in automobiles, it is The vertical movement of an aircraft\u2019s nose in which one wing tends to rise as the directed to its target using laser guidance still commonly used in aircraft engines in relation to its tail. It is controlled by the other one dips. It is controlled by the or, more recently, satellite-linked GPS because of its reliability. aircraft\u2019s elevators. aircraft\u2019s ailerons. See also ailerons. (global positioning system) guidance.","GLOSSARY . 311 sonic boom resistance of the lower stratosphere have throttle turtle deck The thunderlike \u201cbang\u201d heard when an led to it becoming the preferred cruising In aircraft, the cockpit lever that controls The curved skin surrounding an open aircraft breaks through the speed of sound. location for airliners. See also troposphere. the amount of thrust generated by the cockpit or cockpits, generally made from This is caused by sudden changes in air engines. See also thrust. plywood or aluminum sheet. pressure as the craft pushes air molecules stressed skin out of its path. A method of construction used in some thrust two-stroke engine aircraft fuselages in which a stretched The force that pushes a powered aircraft A type of piston engine in which the cycle spark plug flexible covering resists tensile (pulling) through the air. of operation\u2014introducing the fuel to the A device projecting into a combustion forces. Combined with a rigid framework, cylinder, burning it, and getting rid of chamber that produces an electric spark this creates a strong overall structure. torque exhaust gases\u2014requires only two strokes of to cause fuel ignition. The twisting force created by a turning the piston. See also four-stroke engine. stroke component, such as a propeller powered by spoiler A single movement of a piston from the an engine. type rating An airplane control surface that, when top to the bottom of a cylinder, and vice A license or qualification required to fly an activated, projects upward from the upper versa. See also piston engine. trailing edge aircraft of a particular type, in addition to surface of a wing, increasing drag and The rear edge of a wing, facing toward the general flying qualifications. The need for decreasing lift. Spoilers are of different sizes, Stuka back of the aircraft. such additional qualifications varies widely the largest being deployed just after A German dive bomber of World War II. between different countries. touchdown to slow an aircraft and increase Short for \u201csturzkamfflugzeug,\u201d the German tricycle gear its grip on the runway. word for dive bomber. Although Stuka is An arrangement of wheeled landing gear undercarriage not the name of an individual make of that consists of a single nose wheel plus a The landing gear of an aircraft\u2014particularly squadron aircraft, it is commonly used to refer to the pair of main wheels or wheel assemblies, wheeled landing gear for land aircraft. A military unit of an air force. The term can Junkers Ju 87, which was prominent in placed behind the airplane\u2019s center of Wheeled undercarriages are often refer both to flying and non-flying units. See the early part of the war. gravity. See also taildragger. retractable into the fuselage or the wings to also flight. reduce drag in flight. See also landing gear. sump trim stabilizer An oil reservoir at the bottom of an engine. In general, the balance that a particular unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) A surface that stabilizes an aircraft\u2019s flight. aircraft adopts in steady flight. Trim can A powered, pilotless aircraft that can In most airplanes, the tail fin functions as supercharger be adjusted using tabs built into the be controlled either remotely or, less the vertical stabilizer and the tailplane, A type of air compressor in a piston aircraft\u2019s flight control surfaces. commonly, by systems in the aircraft as the horizontal stabilizer. engine that boosts power by increasing itself. The term usually excludes model the amount of air fed to the cylinders. troposphere airplanes used for recreation. A more stall See also compressor. The lowest and densest layer of the Earth\u2019s informal name for a UAV is a \u201cdrone,\u201d When an aircraft stalls, it has the airflow atmosphere, where air turbulence is at its and these are also called remotely piloted over its wings disrupted so that turbulence supersonic greatest and most weather phenomena are vehicles (RPVs). UAVs avoid risking is created and it loses lift. The aircraft\u2019s Faster than the speed of sound. generated. See also stratosphere. pilots\u2019 lives and are used for military speed and the angle of attack of its wings reconnaissance and targeted ground are factors that affect whether stalling will swept wing turbine attack, as well as an increasing variety occur. See also angle of attack. A wing that is angled backward toward the In general, a rotating device that extracts of civilian purposes. rear of an airplane, in order to reduce drag. energy from gases or liquids passing static port As it also reduces lift, it necessitates greater through it. See also gas turbine. VNE (velocity never exceeded) A small hole on the outside of an aircraft takeoff and landing speeds. The specific airspeed that, for safety at a point where there is little disturbance turbo reasons, a particular aircraft must to the airflow outside. It forms part of swing wing Abbreviation for turbocharger. not exceed. pressure-measuring systems used to The popular name for what is more determine an aircraft\u2019s airspeed. technically called a variable geometry or turbocharger VSI (vertical speed indicator) variable sweep wing arrangement. The A device similar to a supercharger but An instrument that tells a pilot whether an stator ability to adjust the horizontal angle of powered by a turbine that uses the energy aircraft is rising or falling in altitude. A nonmoving part of a turbine, usually in an aircraft\u2019s wings gives the combined of an aircraft\u2019s exhaust gases. See also the form of a disk with shaped openings advantages of lower drag at high speeds and supercharger. VSTOL through which gases pass. It serves to higher lift at low speeds, but the mechanism Short for vertical and\/or short takeoff and direct gases onto the blades of a compressor itself adds to an aircraft\u2019s weight. turbofan landing. Part of the significance of the turbine rotor efficiently. See also turbine. An engine developed from the turbojet phrase comes from the example of aircraft tail assembly that is used in most modern airliners. In a such as the Harrier \u201cjump jet,\u201d which, Stealth Bomber See empennage. turbofan, the turbine, as well as powering while able to take off vertically using the A bomber airplane that makes use of stealth the compressor, also powers a large fan rotatable engine nozzles, also has the technology. The name Stealth Bomber tail fin at the front, which directs some of the facility to take off more economically, applies most commonly to the Northrop B-2 The vertical part of an airplane\u2019s tail to incoming air to bypass the combustion and also carry a heavier load, if a short Spirit, a US aircraft in service since 1997. which the rudder is attached. chambers and turbine. The cool unburned runway is available. Stealth technology aims at making an air mixes with the exhaust gases at the aircraft invisible to radar and other modes of taildragger back of the engine, greatly reducing VTOL detection by such means as angular radar- An airplane with a landing gear that the noise produced. Short for vertical takeoff and landing. deflecting surfaces and radar-absorbing consists of main wheels that are placed in Although all helicopters have this ability, materials. The technology has also been front of the aircraft\u2019s center of gravity, turbojet the term is usually used for fixed-wing applied to some other military aircraft. together with a smaller wheel (or The original jet engine. Fuel burned in the aircraft such as the British Harrier sometimes a skid) under the tail. Such stream of air passing through the engine \u201cjump jet.\u201d STOL aircraft sit on the ground with the nose creates a mix of hot gases under pressure. Abbreviation for short takeoff and landing, a pointing upward and the tail close to the The gases expand and are accelerated out wing desirable feature for fixed-wing aircraft that ground\u2014hence the name. When operating of the back of the engine, creating the The main aerodynamic lifting structure of have to take off from locations such as in rough terrain they offer the advantage thrust that pushes the aircraft forward. an aircraft. There are many aircraft wing clearings in the jungle. See also VSTOL. that the propeller is further from the The engine requires a compressor to configurations, including low (projecting ground, hence reducing the risk of damage, compress the incoming air before from near the bottom of the fuselage) and strake during takeoff. At one time many large combustion, and so a turbojet is also a shoulder (projecting from near the top of An additional fixed aerodynamic surface passenger aircraft were taildraggers, but gas turbine, the turbine\u2019s power being the fuselage). Also, it is the name for an added to the fuselage of some aircraft to now all of them have adopted the used to turn the compressor blades. administrative subdivision of an air force. improve aerodynamic performance. alternative tricycle gear configuration. See also delta wings, parasol wing, swept See also tricycle gear. turboprop wing, swing wing. stratosphere An engine similar in arrangement to a The layer of the earth\u2019s atmosphere above tailplane turbojet, except that the turbine extracts yaw the troposphere, marked by a transition The horizontal part of an airplane\u2019s tail, in nearly all the energy from the hot gases The tendency for an airplane to swing from at which the air becomes warmer compared the shape of a small wing. It aids stability and uses it to drive a propeller. Therefore, side to side horizontally during flight. It is to that of the troposphere. The lack of by controlling pitch, and includes the a turboprop does not actually use \u201cjet controlled by adjusting the aircraft\u2019s rudder turbulence and lower air density and aircraft\u2019s elevators. See also pitch. power\u201d to propel itself forward. and other control surfaces.","312 . INDEX Index Alpha, Northrop 78, 272 BAe continued Boeing continued Alpha Jet, Dassault-Breguet\/Dornier 214 Harrier II GR7 270 727 177 All general page references are given Alpi Hawk T1 215 727-200 179 in italics. References to main entries Jetstream 31 246 737 177 are in bold. Pioneer 300 276 Jetstream 41 262 737 MAX 296 Pioneer 400 276 Jetstream TMk2 179 747 \u201cJumbo Jet\u201d 177, 206 A alternative power, post-2000 290\u20131 747-400 248 Amazon Prime Air 297 BAe Systems, Mantis 285 757 248 Ader \u00c9ole 14 American Legend Cub 276 balancing forces 300 777 263 amphibian aircraft, 1930\u2019s 92\u20133 balloons 12 787 Dreamliner 177, 281 \u201cAdjudant Vincenot,\u201d Cl\u00e9ment-Bayard Anatra Anasal DS 26 Balzac V, Dassault 190 AH-64 Apache 238 Airship 13 ANEC II 50 Bamel\/Mars I, Gloster 54 B-17 Flying Fortress 104, 106\u20139, 176, 177 angle of attack 300 Bandeirante EMB 110, Embraer 202 B-29 Stratofortress 177 AEG G.IV 43 Ansari X Prize 293 Banshee F2H-2, McDonnell 129 B-47 Stratojet 177 Aerial Derby 37 Anson 652A C19, Avro 121 barnstorming 48\u20139, 51, 52\u20133 B-52 Stratofortress 177, 184 Aeritalia, G.222 214 ANT-25, Tupolev 81 Barnwell, Frank 98 C-17 Globemaster III 285 Aermacchi, MB-339 215 Antares 20E, Lange 290 Bat, Pilcher 14 C-97 120 Antoinette VII 36 Bat Boat, Sopwith 40 C-97G Stratofreighter 154 Aero Antonov Beachey, Lincoln 38\u20139 CH-47D Chinook 238 L-29 Delfin 185 An-2 121 Beagle, B-121 Pup Series 2 175 E-3 Sentry 215 L-39 Albatros 214 An-12 161 \u201cBear\u201d Tu-95, Tupolev 149 F\/A-18E Super Hornet 284 An-26 179 Bearcat F8F, Grumman 126 F4B-4 64 Aero Spacelines, Super Guppy 202 An-225 249 Beaver DHC2, de Havilland Canada 155 Fuel Cell Demonstrator 290 Anzani three-cylinder fan engine 24\u20135 B\u00e9chereau, Louis 19, 31 GE90-115B engine 307 aerobatic aircraft Apache AH-64, Boeing 238 Bede, BD-5J Microjet 201, 292 KC-97 177 1970\u2019s 201 Apache Longbow AH-64D, Westland 267 Beech, S35 Bonanza 174 KC-135R Stratotanker 177, 230 1990\u2019s 256\u20137 Apache PA-23, Piper 84, 164 Beech, Walter 79 KC-767A 285 post-2000 277 Arado, Ar 234B-2 129 B-40 48, 176 see also barnstorming Arcus-E, Schempp-Hirth 291 Beechcraft Model 15 FB-5 Hawk 64 Argus, Fairchild 117 Model 367-80 Dash 177 Aeronca Argus Mk3 UC-61K, Fairchild 122 33 Debonaire 165 P-26 \u201cPeashooter\u201d 176 100 73 Armagnac SE2010, Sud-Est 121 1900D 247 X-48B 177 Armstrong Whitworth A36 Bonanza 242 see also B & W Seaplane; Bell-Boeing; Champion 122 AW15 Atalanta 86 King Air 90 182 AW52 137 King Air 350 247 Boeing-Stearman; Lockheed Martin A\u00e9rospatiale Sea Hawk 143 Model 17 Staggerwing 79 AS365 Dauphin 2 221 Siskin III 65 Model 18 87 Boeing; McDonnell Douglas\/Boeing AS350 Squirrel HT1 221 Arrow Active 2 78 Model 2000 Starship 247 AS332 Super Puma 221 ARV1, Super2 243 Premier I 280 Boeing, William E. 176 SN 601 Corvette 202 ASK 13, Schleicher 175 Super King Air 200 202 see also BAC\/A\u00e9rospatiale Astra Wright BB 36 Beechjet 400A, Mitsubishi 246 Boeing-Stearman Atlanta AW15, Armstrong Whitworth 86 A\u00e9rospatiale\/Eurocopter, AS555 Fennec 266 Atlantique ATL2, Dassault-Breguet 231 Bell Model 75 116, 177 AESL, CT\/4 Airtrainer 214 Atlas A400M, Airbus 213, 294 PT-17\/N25 Kaydet 122 Agile WA-116, Wallis 192 ATR 72-500 249 47 G 151 Bolkow, BO-208C Junior 175 Attacker F.1, Supermarine 143 47B 133 Agusta Auster, J\/1 Autocrat 122 206 JetRanger 222\u20135 Bombardier 206 JetRanger 222\u20135 Auster MkV, Taylorcraft 117 A109BA 220 Austro-Daimler engine 306 engine 218\u201319 Learjet 45XR 280 engine 218\u201319 autogyros 94\u20135, 132 206B JetRanger III 238 Learjet 60 252 Avanti P180, Piaggio 252 230 266 Agusta-Bell, AB206C-1 220 Avian, Avro 62 407 266 bombers Avro AH-1 Cobra 192 AgustaWestland 504 26 P-59A Airacomet 128 1940\u2019s 104\u20135 AW101 Merlin 282 652A Anson C19 121 Relentless 525 295 attack aircraft and trainers 148\u20139 AW109 238 698 Vulcan 149 UH-1B Iroquois \u201cHuey\u201d 192, 194\u20135 Bonanza A36, Beechcraft 242 AW109E 282 707 137 X-1 135 Bonanza S35, Beech 174 AW189 282 Avian 62 X-14 VTOL Test Bed 190 Boomerang, Rutan 292, 293 Lancaster 105 Boulton Paul, P.III 168 ailerons 301 Triplane IV 18 Bell-Boeing Brabazon Mk1, Bristol 121 Air Mail Act 1934 138, 176 Tutor 101 Braemar I Type 24, Bristol 42 Air Tractor AT-502 252 Type 689 Tudor II 121 MV-22B Osprey 283 Brantly, B2 151 Airacomet P-59A, Bell 128 V22 prototype 239 Brasilia EMB 120, Embraer 248 B bellcrank 301 Airborne Warning and Control System Bendix Trophy 81 Breguet (AWACS) 215 B & W Seaplane 43 Benoist XIV 42 B-2 Spirit \u201cStealth Bomber\u201d, Northrop Bensen, B-8M Gyroplane 193 761 \u201cDeux-Ponts\u201d 121 Airbus 212\u201313 Grumman 270, 273 Berkut 360 256 Gill 133 A300 207, 212 B-17 Flying Fortress, Boeing 104, 106\u20139, 176, Bernard, 191GR Oiseau Canari 62 A310 212 B\u00e9teille, Roger 212 XIX TF Super Bidon A319 263 177 Beverley C1, Blackburn 155 A320 212, 213, 249 B-29 Stratofortress, Boeing 177 biofuel 290 \u201cPoint d\u2019Interrogation\u201d 63 A320-214 263 B-47 Stratojet, Boeing 148, 177 Biot-Massia Planeur 14 Breguet-Dorand Gyroplane 95 A320neo 296 B-52 Stratofortress, Boeing 177, 184 biplanes 64\u20135 Bremen W.22, Junkers 62 A330 212 Baby Bird Dog, Cessna 166 Bretagne SO30P, Sud-Ouest 121 A330 MRTT 285 Bison M-4, Myasishchev 148 A340 212, 213, 262 Sopwith 40, 41, 42 Black Bullet XP-56, Northrop 136 Bristol A350-800 294 Wright 36 Black Hawk, Sikorsky 197, 221, 283 A380 213, 280 BAC Black Widow P-61, Northrop 126, 272 188 190 A400M Atlas 213, 294 1-11 475 178 Blackbird SR-71, Lockheed 229 Brabazon Mk1 121 221 191 Britannia 312 160 Airco DH9A \u201cNinak\u201d 27, 69 Jet Provost T4 214 Blackburn Bulldog 98 aircraft carriers 268\u20139 BAC\/A\u00e9rospatiale, Concorde 207, 208\u201311 Centaurus engine 306 BAe B2 73 F.2B Fighter 26 airflow 300 146\/Avro RJ 248 Beverley C1 155 Jupiter engine 303, 307 1000 262 Mercury 19 Sycamore HR14 151 airliners Harrier GR.9A 284 Monoplane 19 Type 24 Braemar I 42 1920s 66\u20137 Blackburn, Robert 19 Type 138A 81 1930s 86\u20137 Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, \u201cSteerable\u201d Balloon 12 Britannia 312, Bristol 160 1940s 120\u20131 1950s 152\u20133, 156\u20137 Bl\u00e9riot Britten-Norman 1960s 176\u20139 1970s 206\u20137 110 80 BN-2T-4S Defender 4000 271 1980s 206\u201313 Type XI 18, 20\u20133, 300 Trislander 202 1990s 262\u20133 Bl\u00e9riot, Louis 18 Brunner-Winkle Bird Model AT 51 post-2000 280\u20131 blimps 13 Buccaneer S2, Hawker Siddeley 270 Boeing 176\u20137 airports, design 204\u20135 80 67 B\u00fccker airships 13, 36, 63, 100\u20131 247 87, 176 Albacore, Fairey 104 307 Stratoliner 176 B\u00fc131\/CASA 1-131 100 Albatros DVa 31 314 Clipper 93, 176 B\u00fc133C Jungmeister 81 Albatross DH91, de Havilland 68, 87 314A Clipper 120 Bulldog, Bristol 98 Albatross HU-16A, Grumman 127 707 160, 177 business aircraft 246\u20137 Alligator Ka-52, Kamov 267 1960\u2019s 182\u20133 Allison, 250\/T63 Turboshaft engine 218\u201319 1970\u2019s 202\u20133 Alon, A2 Aircoupe 174 1990\u2019s 252\u20133 post-2000 280\u20131 Businessliner 195, Cessna 123","INDEX . 313 C Chinook, Boeing CH-47D 238 Cygnet, Hawker 50 Diamond continued Chipmunk DHC1, de Havilland Canada 127 Czech Aircraft Works, SportCruiser 277 DA42 Twin Star 276 C-97G Stratofreighter, Boeing 154 Cabri G2, Guimbal 283 Cierva D Dirks, Wilhelm 256 Camel F.1, Sopwith 30, 40, 41 Djinn SO 1221S, Sud-Ouest 151 Camm, Sidney 50, 65, 98 C8 MkIV Autogiro 94 Dakota (Skytrain C-47), Douglas 116, 118 Dolphin 5F.1, Sopwith 30 C19 94 Dalrymple, Andrew 79 Dolphin HH-65, Eurocopter 267 Canada 305 turbofan engine, Pratt C30A Autogiro 94 Dart Herald, Handley Page 161 Dornier Cirrus, SR22 276 D\u2019Ascanio D\u2019AT3 94 & Whitney 305 Cirrus Vision SF50 296 Dash, Boeing Model 367-80 177 Do-28D2 Skyservant 178 Canada PT6 engine, Pratt & Whitney 305 Citation, Cessna 183 Dash DHC7, de Havilland Canada 207 Do-228-101 248 Citation Excel 560, Cessna 252 Dassault Do-X 67 Canadair Citation II, Cessna 203 Douglas 118\u201319 Citation Mustang 510, Cessna 281 Balzac V 190 A-4 Skyhawk 119, 149, 185 Challenger CL600 203 Citation Mustang, Cessna 167 Falcon 10 202 A-20 Havoc 105 CL-215 183 Citation VII, Cessna 252 Falcon 10MER 214 C-47 Skytrain (Dakota) 116, 118 Regional Jet CRJ200 262 Citation X, Cessna 252 Falcon 200 246 C-54 Skymaster 116, 119 Canary N3N-3, Naval Aircraft Factory 100 CitationJet I 525, Cessna 252 Falcon 900B 253 C-124C Globemaster 154 Canberra, English Electric 148 CityAirbus 297 Falcon 900C 280 D-558-2 Skyrocket 135 Caproni Ca36 42 Mercure 206 DC-2 87, 88\u201391, 118 Caravan 208, Cessna 167 civilian aircraft Mirage 2000 231 DC-3 118, 120 Caravelle 1, Sud Aviation 160 Mirage 2000D 270 DC-6 121 Cardinal F177RG, Cessna 200 1920\u2019s 50\u20131 Mirage G 191 DC-8 161 carrier aircraft 64, 268\u20139 1930\u2019s 72\u20133 Mirage III 184 EA-1F Skyraider 185 1940s 120 Myst\u00e8re 20 182 M-2 48, 119 CASA 1950\u2019s 160\u20131 Myst\u00e8re IVA MD-452 170 World Cruiser 62, 118 post-2000 280\u20131 Dassault-Breguet, Atlantique ATL2 231 see also McDonnell Douglas 1-131 100 see also airliners; business aircraft; light Dassault-Breguet\/Dornier, Alpha Jet 214 Douglas, Donald Willis 118\u201319 C.212-300 248 Dauphin 2 AS365, A\u00e9rospatiale 221 Dove DH104, de Havilland 123 see also EADS CASA aircraft; sports aircraft Dauphin DR-221, CEA 175 drag 300 Castoldi MC 72, Macchi 80 DC-2, Douglas 87, 88\u201391, 118 Dragon Fly 333 266 Catalina PBY, Consolidated 93 Cl\u00e9ment-Bayard Airship \u201cAdjudant Vincenot\u201d DC-3, Douglas 118, 120 Dragon Rapide 6 DH89, de Havilland 69, 87 DC-6, Douglas 121 Dragonfly A-37, Cessna 167 Caudron 13 DC-8, Douglas 161 Dragonfly HR3, Westland 133 Clerget 9B engine 307 de Havilland 68\u20139 Dragonfly HR5, Westland 150 G.3 26 DH4B mailplane 48 Draken J35E, Saab 149 G.4 42 Clipper DH18 66 Dreamliner, Boeing 787 177, 281 Cayley Glider 14 DH34 67 drones 284\u20135 Cayley, Sir George 14 Boeing 314 93, 176 DH50J 67 Duck J2F-6, Grumman 92 CEA, DR-221 Dauphin 175 Boeing 314A 120 DH53 Humming Bird 50 Duo Discus glider 257, 258\u201361 Centaurus engine, Bristol 306 Cloud A.19, Saro 92 DH60 Gipsy Moth 56\u20139, 63 Dyn\u2019A\u00e9ro, MCR01 257 Cessna 166\u20137 Cmel\u00e1k Z-37, Let 182 DH60M Gipsy Moth 68 140 123, 166, 167 Cobham, Sir Alan 67 DH80A Puss Moth 80 E 150A 174 National Aviation Day 72 DH82 Tiger Moth 100 162 Skycatcher 167 Cobra AH-1, Bell 192 DH82A Tiger Moth 68, 72 EADS CASA, C-295M 271 170B 164 Cobra YF-17, Northrop 273 DH87B Hornet Moth 72 Eagle F-15, McDonnell Douglas 119, 217, 231 172 series 167 Coleman, Bessie 52\u20133 DH88 Comet Racer 80 Eaglet see \u201cTexaco Eaglet\u201d 172E Skyhawk 167, 174 Col\u00e9opt\u00e8re C.450, SNECMA 169 DH89 Dragon Rapide 6 69, 87 Earhart, Amelia 62, 81, 82\u20133, 87, 228 172Q Cutlass 242 Colibri EC120B, Eurocopter 267 DH91 Albatross 68, 87 Eclaireur E8 airship, Zodiak 101 172S 255 Comanche PA-24, Piper 84\u20135 DH94 Moth Minor 72 Eclipse 500 281 180 Skywagon 164 Comanche PA-30, Piper 85 DH95 Flamingo 87 Ecoflyer DR400, Robin 291 195 Businessliner 123 Comanche PA-39, Piper 85 DH98 Mosquito 68, 126 Edgley, Optica 203 208 Caravan 167 Combat Shadow MC-130P, Lockheed 270 DH100 Vampire FB 6 69, 128 EH, EH101 Merlin HM.1 prototype 239 208B Grand Caravan 246 Comet, Cessna 166 DH104 Dove 123 Eindecker E.II, Fokker 28, 30 310 165 Comet DH106, de Havilland 69, 160, 178 DH106 Comet 69, 160 Electra L-188, Lockheed 160 350 167 Comet Racer DH88, de Havilland 80 DH106 Comet 4C 178 Electra Model 10, Lockheed 87, 228, 229 400 167 Commander 114B 254 DH108 Swallow 69, 134 Electravia MC15E Cri-Cri 291 401 174 Comper CLA7 Swift 78 DH112 Venom Mk 4 142 electric engines 307 421B Golden Eagle 200 Comper, Flight Lieutenant Nicholas 78 DH114 Heron 154 electric powered aircraft 291 421C Golden Eagle 167, 246 Concorde 207, 208\u201311 DH115 Vampire T11 142 Elektra One, PC-Aero 295 A-37 Dragonfly (Super Tweet) 167 DH125 182 elevators 301 C-337 Skymaster 167 Condor Rocket 297 FAW2 Sea Vixen 185 elevons 293 CH-1 240 Gipsy I engine 60\u20131 Embraer Citation 183 Consolidated Trident 69 Citation Excel 560 252 de Havilland Canada EMB110 Bandeirante 202 Citation II 203 B-24 Liberator 105 DHC1 Chipmunk 127 EMB120 Brasilia 248 Citation Mustang 167 PBY Catalina 93 DHC2 Beaver 155 Phenom 100 281 Citation Mustang 510 281 DHC3 Otter 155 engines Citation VII 252 Constellation DHC6 Twin Otter 182 Allison 250\/T63 Turboshaft 218\u201319 Citation X 252 DHC7 Dash 7 207 Anzani three-cylinder fan 24\u20135 CitationJet I 525 252 Lockheed 120, 228 de Havilland, Geoffrey 68\u20139 Boeing GE90-115B 307 Comet 166 see also Super Constellation de Havilland\/Cierva C.24 Autogiro 94 Bristol Centaurus 306 DC-6 166 Continental A40 engine 306 Debonaire 33, Beechcraft 165 Bristol Jupiter 307 F177RG Cardinal 200 controls 301 Defender 4000 BN-2T-4S, Britten-Norman 271 Clerget 9B 307 O-1 Bird Dog 166 fly by wire 168 Defiant Model 40, Rutan 292, 293 Continental A40 306 O-2 Skymaster 185 Delta Dagger F-102 A, Convair 170 cooling 303 T-37 167 Convair Delta Dart F-106, Convair 170 de Havilland Gipsy I 60\u20131 T-50 166 delta wings 168\u20139 electric 307 Cessna, Clyde V. 166\u20137 B-36J Peacemaker 127 Demoiselle Type 20, Santos-Dumont 18 four-stroke 278\u20139, 302 Chalais-Meudon Type T Airship 13 B-58 Hustler 185 Deperdussin, Type A 19 General Electric J79 162\u20133 Challenger CL600, Canadair 203 engine 162\u20133 Deperdussin, Armand 19 Gnome 100 horsepower 44\u20135 F-102A Delta Dagger 170 Deperdussin Monocoque, SPAD 37 Hispano Suiza V-8 303, 307 Chance Vought F-106 Delta Dart 170 Detroiter SM-8A, Stinson 63 hybrid 307 Corsair F4U, Chance Vought 111 Deux-Ponts 761, Breguet 121 jet 304\u20135 F8U-1 Crusader 171 Corvette SN 601, A\u00e9rospatiale 202 Dewoitine, D.27 98 layout 303 F8U-2 Crusader 184 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe 36, 54 Dewoitine, \u00c9mile 98 opposed 303 F4U Corsair 111 Cri Cri, Electravia MC15E 291 Diamond piston 244\u20135, 278\u20139, 302\u20133 Channel Wing CCW-5, Custer 191 crop spraying aircraft 182 DA40 TDI Star 290 Pratt and Whitney Canada turbofan 305 Chanute Biplane 15 Crusader (F-8K) F8U-2, Chance Vought 184 DA40 HEMEP 297 Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6 305 Chanute, Octave 15 Crusader (F-8E) F8U-1, Vought 171 DA42 290 Pratt and Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp Charles, Jacques, hydrogen balloon \u201cLa Cub 124\u20135 radial 303 Charli\u00e8re\u201d 12 American Legend 276 Cheetah AA-5A, Grumman American 201 Piper J3 73, 74\u20137, 85 Cub E2, Taylor 72, 74, 84 Chengdu Cub J3, Piper 73, 74\u20137, 85 J-10 285 Curtiss J-20 295 Cherokee PA-28, Piper 85, 174 CR-1, CR-2\/R-6 55 Cherokee PA-28R-201, Piper 255 F9C Sparrowhawk 100 Chevalier DR400, Robin 200 JN-4 Jenny 48 Chilton DW1A 79 Model D 19, 38\u20139 P-40 Warhawk 99 R3C-1 55 R3C-2 55 Robin J-1 80 Curtiss, Glen 19 Custer, CCW-5 Channel Wing 191 Cutlass 172Q, Cessna 242","314 . INDEX engines continued Firefly MC30E, Luxembourg Special gliders continued Hart, Hawker 65 Rolls-Royce Merlin 302\u20133, 306 Aerotechnics 291 Horten HVI V2 136\u20137 Harvard\/Texan T-6, North American 101, Rolls-Royce Pegasus 180\u20131 Lange Antares 20E 290 Rolls-Royce RB211 307 Firefly T67A, Slingsby 242 Otto Lilienthal 16\u201317 138, 139 Rolls-Royce Trent 800 264\u20135 Flamingo DH95, de Havilland 87 Rolladen-Schneider LS8-18 257 Havoc A-20, Douglas 105 Rolls-Royce Type R 96\u20137 flight 300\u20131 Schleicher K4 Rh\u00f6nlerche 165 Hawk, Pilcher 14 Rolls-Royce\/Snecma Olympus 593 305 Flight Design CTSW 277 Schleicher K8 165 Hawk Model 15 FB-5, Boeing 64 rotary 44\u20135 Florine Tandem Rotor 94 Hawk T1, BAe 215 Rotax 447 UL-1V 244\u20135 fly by wire controls 168 Global Hawk RQ-4, Northrop Grumman 273, Hawker Rotax 912ULS 278\u20139 Flycatcher, Fairey 64 285 supercharged 96\u20137, 124\u20135 Flyer, Wright 15 Cygnet 50 turbofan 180\u20131, 264\u20135, 304, 305 \u201cFlying Bedstead\u201d Thrust Measuring Rig, Global Positioning System (GPS) 254 Hart 65 turbojet 162\u20133, 168\u20139, 304 GlobalFlyer, Scaled Composites 292 Hind 98, 101 turboprop 304 Rolls-Royce 168 Globemaster C-17, McDonnell Douglas 119 Hunter F Mk.1 143 turboshaft 218\u201319 flying boats, 1930\u2019s 92\u20133 Globemaster C-124C, Douglas 154 Hurricane Mk I 98 two-stroke 244\u20135 Flying Boxcar C-119G, Fairchild 154 Globemaster III C-17, McDonnell Douglas\/ Hurricane Mk IIB 110 V Type 96\u20137, 303, 307 Flying Flea (Pou de Ciel) HM14, Mignet P1052 135 Boeing 271, 285 Sea Fury 127 English Electric 73 Gloster Tomtit 65 Canberra 148 Flying Fortress, Boeing B-17 104, 106\u20139, Hawker, Harry 40 Lightning F6 184 Bamel\/Mars I 54 Hawker Siddeley Lightning F53 216 176, 177 Gladiator 99 Buccaneer S2 270 Wren 50 flying wing aircraft 136\u20137 Javelin FAW.5 143 Harrier \u201cJump Jet\u201d 216 Flying Wing N-9M, Northrop 136 Meteor F Mk8 142 P.1127 190 Enstrom, F280C Turbo Shark 221 FMA, IA 58 Pucar\u00e1 230 Meteor F4 134 Sea Harrier FRS.1 230 Eurocopter Focke Achgelis, Fa330 132 Meteor NF.14 142 Heinkel Focke, Heinrich 132 Meteor prototype DG202G 128 He111 104 AS555 Fennec 266 Focke-Wulf Whittle E.28\/39 128, 130 He162 128 EC120B Colibri 267 Gnome 100 horsepower rotary engine 44\u20135 helicopters 150\u20131, 192\u20133 EC135 267 Fa61 95 Godard, Eug\u00e8ne, Siege of Paris Balloon 12 1930\u2019s 94\u20135 EC225 Super Puma 282 Fw190 111 Golden Eagle 421B, Cessna 200 1940\u2019s 132\u20133 HH-65 Dolphin 267 Fw190 S-8 117 Golden Eagle 421C, Cessna 167, 246 1970\u2019s 220\u20131, 222\u20135 UH-72 Lakota 282 FwP149 164 Gontermann, Heinrich 29 1980\u2019s 238\u20139, 240\u20131 X3 294 Fokker 28\u20139 Goose JRF-5, Grumman 92 1990\u2019s 266\u20137 Eurofighter, Typhoon FGR4 284, 286\u201389 4 S.11 Instructor 148 Gordon Bennett Trophy 37 future 294\u20135 Europa, XS 254 DrI Triplane 28\u20139, 31 Gotha G.V 43 post-2000 282\u20133 EWR, VJ 101C 191 DVII 28, 31 Graf Zeppelin, D-LZ 127 63 helium airship 100 experimental aircraft E.II Eindecker 28, 30 Grand Caravan 208B, Cessna 246 Hellcat F6F, Grumman 111 1950\u2019s 168\u20139 F27 Mk 200 Friendship 29, 178 Granville brothers 78 Henson and Stringfellow Aerial Carriage see also innovative aircraft F27-100 161 Grasshopper L-4H, Piper 117 model 14 Extra 300 256 F28-4000 Fellowship 206 Great Lakes Sports Trainer 51 Hercules C-130, Lockheed 229 F50 29 Griffon 1500, Nord 169 Hercules C-130K Mk3, Lockheed 271 F F100 29, 262 Gripen JAS 39, Saab 270 Heron DH114, de Havilland 154 FII 66 Grizzly, Rutan 292 Herrick HV-2A Verta 94 F-16 Fighting Falcon, General Dynamics FVII\/3M Trimotor 28, 29, 66 Grob, G109B\/Vigilant T1 243 Hiller, UH-12B (Hiller 360) 133 217 FVIIA 66 Grumman Hiller, Stanley 133 FXVIII 86 AA-5A Cheetah 201 Hiller-copter XH 133 F-86 Sabre, North American 138\u20139, 142, Spin 19, 28 F-14 Tomcat 216 Hind, Hawker 101 144, 144\u20137, 300 see also Koolhoven Fokker; F6F Hellcat 111 Hind-A, Mi-24A, Mil 220 F7F-3 Tigercat 126 Hispano Suiza V-8 engine 303, 307 F-100 Super Sabre, North American VFW-Fokker F8F Bearcat 126 HMA No.1 Airship Mayfly 13 139, 171 Fokker, Anthony 19, 28\u20139 F9F-2 Panther 129 Hornet F-18, McDonnell Douglas 119, Folland, Gnat F1 143 F11F-1 Tiger 170 268\u20139, 273 Fairchild Folland, Henry P. 32, 54 Gulfstream GII 183 Hornet Moth DH87B, de Havilland 72 71 51 Ford 5-AT Trimotor 67 HU-16A Albatross 127 Horten, HVI V2 136\u20137 Argus 117 Fouga, CM-170R Magister 149 J2F-6 Duck 92 hot air balloons 12 C-82A Packet 117 four-stroke cycles 302 JRF-5 Goose 92 Howard, DGA-6 \u201cMister Mulligan\u201d 81 C-119G Flying Boxcar 154 four-stroke engines 278\u20139, 302 see also Northrop Grumman \u201cHuey\u201d UH-1B Iroquois, Bell 192, C-123K Provider 179 \u201cFoxbat\u201d MiG-25, Mikoyan-Gurevich 216 Guardsman P-35\/AT-12, Seversky 98 194\u20135 FC-2 49 Franklin, PS-2 \u201cTexaco Eaglet\u201d glider 80 Guimbal, G2 Cabri 283 Hughes SA227-AC Metro III 249 Freedom Fighter F-5A & B, Northrop 273 Gulfstream 269C 193 UC-61K Argus Mk3 122 Friendship F27 Mk 200, Fokker 29, 178 GIV 247 H-1 79 see also Saab Fairchild fuel cell powered aircraft 290 G150 280 MD 500E 238 future, aircraft manufacture 294\u20135 G550 280 OH-6A 193 Fairchild Republic, A-10 Thunderbolt II 217 G650 295 see also McDonnell Douglas, Hughes Fairey G GV 253 Hughes, Howard 79 GIII 203 Hughes\/McDonnell Douglas Albacore 104 Galaxy C-5A, Lockheed 229 Gulfstream GII, Grumman 183 MD 500E 238 FD2 169 Galaxy C-5B, Lockheed 231 Gunbus F.B.5, Vickers 27 MD 520N 238 Firefly 127 Gamma, Northrop 272 Gipsy I engine, de Havilland 60\u20131 Humming Bird DH53, de Havilland 50 Flycatcher 64 Gannet AEW.3, Fairey 184 Gipsy Moth DH60, de Havilland 56\u20139, 63, 68 Hunter F Mk.1, Hawker 143 Gannet AEW.3 184 Gardan, GY-201 Minicab 164 gyroplanes 95, 192\u20133, 283 Hunting, H126 191 IIIF 65 Gates, Learjet 55 203 see also autogyros Hurricane MkI, Hawker 98 Long-range Monoplane 62 Gazelle, SA 220 Hurricane MkIIB, Hawker 110 Ultra Light 150 Gee Bee H Hustler B-58, Convair 185 Falco CR.42, Fiat 110 engine 162\u20133 Falco Evo, Selex Galileo 284 Model Z Super Sportster 78 Hagenburg, Graf Otto von, 1936 Olympics 81 hybrid engines 307 Falco F8L, Sequoia 243 R-2 78 Halifax, Handley Page 105 hydrogen aircraft 12\u201313, 63, 101 Falcon 10, Dassault 202 Gehringer, Rudolph 31 Hamburger Flugzeugbau, HFB-320 Hansa 183 Falcon 10MER, Dassault 214 Gemini, Miles 123 Handley Page IJK Falcon 200, Dassault 246 General Aircraft, GAL56 137 Falcon 900B, Dassault 253 General Dynamics, F-16 Fighting Falcon Dart Herald 161 IAI, 1124 Westwind 203 Falcon 900C, Dassault 280 217 Halifax 105 \u201cIlya Murometz\u201d S-22, Sikorsky 42 Falcon Major M.3A, Miles 73 engine 162-3 HP42 86 Ilyushin Farman FF65 Sport 50 General Electric, J79 engine 162\u20133 HP75 Manx 136 Fellowship F28-4000, Fokker 206 Gill, Breguet 133 HP115 190 Il2 \u201cShturmovik\u201d 105 Fennec AS555, Eurocopter 266 Gladiator, Gloster 99 O\/400 43 Il12 120 Fiat, CR.42 Falco 110 Glasair, Super IIS RG 255 Type W8 66 Il14 155 Fieldmaster NDN-6 247 Glaser-Dirks, DG-400 256 V\/1500 42 Il18 161 fighters 110\u201311, 148\u20139, 170\u20131 Glasflugel, H201B Standard Libelle 175 Hansa HFB-320, Hamburger Flugzeugbau 183 Il76 202 supersonic 170\u20131, 184\u20135 gliders Harrier, Hawker Siddeley 216 Il96-300 262 see also military aircraft 1990\u2019s 258\u201361 see also Sea Harrier Fighting Falcon F-16, General Dynamics 217 Cayley 14 Harrier GR.9A, BAe 284 engine 162\u20133 Duo Discus 257, 258\u201361 Harrier II GR7, BAe 270 Fighting Falcon YF-16, Northrop 273 Franklin PS-2 \u201cTexaco Eaglet\u201d 1931 80 fire fighting aircraft, 1960\u2019s 183 Glaser-Dirks DG-400 256 Firefly, Fairey 127","INDEX . 315 innovative aircraft light aircraft Magister CM-170R, Fouga 149 Mirage 2000D, Dassault 270 1940\u2019s 136\u20137 1940\u2019s 122\u20133 Magister M14, Miles 116 Mirage G, Dassault 191 1990\u2019s 254\u20135 1950\u2019s 164\u20135 Magni, Gyroplane M16 283 Mirage III, Dassault 184 post-2000 290\u20131, 292\u20133 1960\u2019s 174\u20135 mail planes 48\u20139 \u201cMister Mulligan\u201d DGA-6, Howard 81 see also experimental aircraft 1970\u2019s 200\u20131 Malibu Meridian, Piper 85, 280 Mitchell B-25, North American 105, 1980\u2019s 242\u20133 Malibu Meridian PA-46, Piper 85, 280 Instructor 4 S.11, Fokker 148 1990\u2019s 254\u20135 Malibu PA-46, Piper 242 138, 139 Iroquois UH-1B (\u201cHuey\u201d), Bell 192, 194\u20135 2000\u2019s 276\u20137 Mantis, BAE Systems 285 Mitchell, RJ 54, 55, 99, 112 Jaguar GR Mk1, SEPECAT 217 Manx HP75, Handley Page 136 Mitsubishi Jamoneau, Walter 84 light sports aircraft 276\u20137 Mars I, Gloster 54 Javel \u201cSteerable\u201d Balloon 12 lighter-than-air vehicles 12\u201313 A6M5 Zero 110 Javelin FAW.5, Gloster 143 Lightning F6, English Electric 184 Martin Beechjet 400A 246 Jenny JN-4, Curtiss 48 Lightning F53, English Electric 216 MU-2 182 jet aircraft, early 128\u20139 Lightning P-38, Lockheed 110, 228, 229 4-0-4 Silver Falcon 155 Montgolfier Hot-air Balloon 12 jet engines 304\u20135 Lilienthal, \u201cNormal Apparatus\u201d 15 B-10 98 Mooney, M20R Ovation 255 Lilienthal, Otto 14, 15, 16\u201317 M-130 92 Morane-Saulnier Sir Frank Whittle 130\u20131 Lindbergh, Charles 62, 63 Martin-Baker, MB5 137 A1 Type XXX 36 jet fighters 142\u20133 Lippisch, Alexander 51 DH60M Gipsy Moth 50 jet propulsion 305 Lockheed 228\u20139 Maule H 36 JetRanger 206, Bell 222\u20135 MS138 65 18 Lodestar 228 M-7-235C Orion 254 MS230 65 engine 218\u201319 C-5A Galaxy 229 MXT-7-160 Star Rocket 254 MS315 100 JetRanger 206B III, Bell 238 C-5B Galaxy 231 Mayfly HMA No.1 airship 13 Rallye 180T Gal\u00e9rien 175 Jetstream 31, BAe 246 C-130 Hercules 229 Mayo Composite, Short 93 Type N 30 Jetstream 41, BAe 262 C-130K Mk3 Hercules 271 medical evacuation 194\u20135 Moravan N\u00e1rodn\u00ed Podnik Zl\u00edn, Z.226T 165 Jetstream 201 T Mk1, Scottish Aviation 215 Constellation 120, 228 Mercure, Dassault 206 Mosquito DH98, de Havilland 68, 126 Jetstream TMk2, BAe 179 F-22 Raptor 229 Mercury, Blackburn 19 Moth Minor DH94, de Havilland 72 Jodel, D117A 165 F-104G Starfighter 171 Merlin AW101, AgustaWestland 282 Murphy, Rebel 255 Johnson, Amy 63, 80 F-117 Nighthawk 229, 230, 236\u20137, 300 Merlin engine, Rolls-Royce 302\u20133, 306 Mustang P-51, North American 111, 138, 139 Johnson, Clarence 87 L-188 Electra 160 Merlin HM.1 prototype EH101 239 Myasishchev M-4 \u201cBison\u201d 148 \u201cJudy\u201d D4Y3 Model 33, Yokosuka 105 L-1011 Tristar 207, 229 Messenger M-1, Verville-Sperry 64 Myst\u00e8re 20, Dassault 182 Jumbo Jet 747 177, 206, 248 L-1049 G Super Constellation Myst\u00e8re MD-452 IVA, Dassault 170 Jump Jet see Harrier Messerschmitt \u201cMystery Ship\u201d Type R, Travel Air 55 Jungmeister B\u00fc 133C, B\u00fccker 81 155, 156\u20139, 228, 229 Junkers MC-130P Combat Shadow 270 Bf 109E 99 N Model 8 Sirius 63 Bf 109G 110 D.1 31 Model 10 Electra 87, 228, 229 Bf 110G 110 National Aviation Day 72 G38 67 Orion 228 Me 163 Komet 134 Naval Aircraft Factory, N3N-3 J4(J.I) 27 P-2 Neptune 228 Me 262 Schwalbe 128 Ju52 116 P-38 Lightning 110, 228, 229 \u201cCanary\u201d 100 Ju52\/3m 86 P-80A Shooting Star 129, 229 Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm NDN-6 Fieldmaster 247 Ju88 104 S-1 Sports Biplane 228 Neptune P-2, Lockheed 228 W.22 Bremen 62 S-3 Viking 217 MBB Bo105A 220 New Standard D-25 49 Junkers, Dr Hugo 27 SR-71 Blackbird 229 MBB Bo105LS A3 Super Lifter 267 NHI Sobeh, H.2 Kolibri 150 Jupiter engine, Bristol 303, 307 T33 Shooting Star 148 MBB Bo108 239 Nieuport Kamov U-2 229 Meteor F Mk8, Gloster 142 Ka-25PL 193 Vega 228 Meteor F4, Gloster 134 17 30 Ka-52 Alligator 267 Vega 5B 81 Meteor NF.14, Gloster 142 28 C1 48 Kaydet PT-17\/N25, Boeing-Stearman 122 Ventura 228 Meteor prototype DG202G, Gloster 128 II N 37 Kellett XFV-1 168 Meteor RT-14, Turner 79 Nighthawk 54 XO-60 autogyro 132 Lockheed Martin, F-35A Metro III SA227-AC, Fairchild 249 Nieuport-Kirsch 54 XR-10 132 Lightning 294 Mew Gull, Percival 79 Nighthawk, Nieuport 54 Keys, Clement Melville 138 Lockheed Martin Boeing, Nighthawk F-117 \u201cStealth Fighter\u201d, King Air 90, Beechcraft 182 F-22 Raptor 284 microlight aircraft Lockheed 229, 230, 236\u20137, 300 King Air 350, Beechcraft 247 Lodestar 18, Lockheed 228 \u201cNinak\u201d DH9A, Airco 27, 69 see also Super King Air long-distance flights 62\u20133, 80\u20131 Pegasus Quantum 257 Noratlas, Nord 154 King\u2019s Cup Race 78, 79 Long-range Monoplane, Fairey 62 Pegasus XL-Q 257 Nord Kingsford-Smith, Sir Charles, 66 Loughead, Allan 228 Pegasus XL-R 243 1500 Griffon 169 Kirsch, Georges 54 Loughead, Malcolm 228 MiG-17 143 Noratlas 154 Kolibri H 2, NHI Sobeh 150 Luscombe, 8A Silvaire Ragwing 122 MiG-19 170 North American 138\u20139 Komet Me163, Messerschmitt 134 Luxembourg Special Aerotechnics, MC30E MiG-21 154, 170, 185 B-25 Mitchell 105, 138, 139 Koolhoven Fokker FK48 86 Firefly 291 MiG-23 216 F-86 Sabre 138\u20139, 144\u20137, 300 LVG C.VI 27 MiG-25 \u201cFoxbat\u201d 216 F-86A Sabre 142, 144 L Lympne Light Aeroplane Trials 50, 68 MiG-29 231, 232\u20135 F-86H Sabre 142 Lynx, Westland 221 MiG-35 232 F-100 Super Sabre 139 \u201dLa Charli\u00e8re\u201d Hydrogen Balloon 12 Lysander, Westland 99 F-100D Super Sabre 171 Lake, LA-4 175 Mignet HM14 Pou de Ciel F-100F Super Sabre 171 Lakota UH-72, Eurocopter 282 M P-51 Mustang 111, 138, 139 Lambert Mission M108 277 (Flying Flea) 73 T-6 Harvard\/Texan 101, 138, 139 Lancair, 235 243 Macchi X-15 139, 190 Lancaster, Avro 105 Castoldi MC72 80 Mikoyan-Gurevich XB-70 139 Lancer B-1B, Rockwell 231 M39 55 XP-86 138 Lange, Antares 20E 290 MiG-17 143 Northrop 272\u20133 Langley Aerodrome 15 McDonnell MiG-19 170 A-17 272 Lavochkin, La-5 126 F-101 Voodoo 171 MiG-21 154, 170, 185 Alpha 78, 272 Learjet 25 183 F2H-2 Banshee 129 MiG-23 216 F-5A & B Freedom Fighters 273 Learjet 45XR 280 MiG-25 \u201cFoxbat\u201d 216 F-89 Scorpion 273 Learjet 55 203 McDonnell Douglas 119 MiG-29 231, 232\u20135 Gamma 272 Learjet 60 252 C-17 Globemaster 119 MiG-35 232 N-1M 272 DC-9 206 N-3PB 272 engine 305 DC-10 119, 206 Mil N-9M 272, 273 Lebaudy No.1 \u201cLe Jaune\u201d 13 F-4 Phantom 119 N-9M Flying Wing 136 Leduc F-4 Phantom II 184, 186\u20139 Mi-1M 133 N156 273 F-15 Eagle 119, 217 Mi-2 193 P-61 Black Widow 126, 272 0.10 135 F-15E Strike Eagle 231 Mi-4 150 T-38 Talon 273 022 169 F-18 Hornet 119, 268\u20139, 273 Mi-6A 150 XB-35 272 Leduc, Ren\u00e9 135, 169 Hughes 500E 369 238 Mi-8 193 XP-56 Black Bullet 136 LeO C.302, SNCASE Lior et Olivier 95 MD 900 Explorer 266 Mi-14 BT 220 YB-35 272 Let MD-11 262 Mi-24A Hind-A 220 YB-49 272 L-410 Turbolet 214 MD-88 249 Mil, Mikhail 133 YB49 136 Z-37 Cmel\u00e1k 182 see also Hughes\/McDonnell Douglas YF-16 Fighting Falcon 273 Levavasseur, L\u00e9on 36 Miles YF-17 Cobra 273 Libellula M.39B, Miles 136 McDonnell Douglas\/Boeing, C-17 YF-23 273 Liberator B-24, Consolidated 105 Globemaster III 271 Gemini 123 lift 300 MacRoberson Air Race 80 M3A Falcon Major 73 M14 Magister 116 M39B Libellula 136 military aircraft 1920\u2019s 64-5 1930\u2019s 98\u20139 1940\u2019s 104\u201319, 126\u20137, 132\u20133 1950\u2019s 148\u20139 1960\u2019s 184-5, 186-9, 192-3, 194-5, 196-7 1970\u2019s 214\u201317 1980\u2019s 230\u20137 1990\u2019s 270\u20133 pre-1920 26\u20137, 30\u20131, 32\u20135 Minicab GY-201, Gardan 164 Mirage 2000, Dassault 231","316 . INDEX Northrop Grumman piston engines 244\u20135, 278\u20139, 302\u20133 Rotax S.E.5a, Royal Aircraft Factory 31, 32\u20135, 300, 303 B-2 Spirit \u201cStealth Bomber\u201d 270, 273 Pitcairn Mailwing 48 447 UL-1V engine 244\u20135 Sea Fury, Hawker 127 RQ-4 Global Hawk 273, 285 pitch 301 912ULS engine 278\u20139 Sea Harrier FRS.1, Hawker Siddeley 230 see also Scaled Composites Pitts Sea Hawk, Armstrong Whitworth 143 rotorcraft 94\u20135, 132\u20133, 150\u20131, 192\u20133 Sea King, Sikorsky 196, 197 Northrop, John K. (Jack) 78, 136, 272\u20133 S-2A 201 see also autogyros; gyroplanes; helicopters Sea King HC4, Westland 221 Special S-1 257 Sea Lion II, Supermarine 54 OPQ \u201cPoint d\u2019Interrogation\u201d Super Bidon XIX TF, Royal Aircraft Factory Sea Vixen FAW2, de Havilland 185 Breguet 63 B.E.2c 26 Seafire F MkXVII, Supermarine 126 Oiseau Canari 191GR, Bernard 62 Polikarpov, Po-2 98 F.E.2 26 seaplanes 42\u20133, 54\u20135 Olympus 593 engine, Rolls-Royce\/SNECMA Polikarpov, Nikolai 98 R.E.8 27 Selex Galileo, Falco Evo 284 Pou de Ciel HM14, Mignet 73 S.E.5a 31, 32\u20135, 300, 303 Seneca PA-34-200T, Piper 200 305 Pratt & Whitney Sentry E-3, Boeing 215 Optica, Edgley 203 Canada 305 turbofan engine 305 rudder 301 SEPECAT, Jaguar GR Mk1 217 Orion, Lockheed 228 Canada PT6 engine 305 Rumpler Taube 18 Sequoia, Falco F8L 243 Orion M-7-235C, Maule 254 R-1830 Twin Wasp engine 124\u20135 Rutan 292 Severo Airship \u201cPax\u201d 13 Osprey MV-22B, Bell-Boeing 283 Premier I, Beechcraft 280 Seversky, P-35\/AT-12 Guardsman 98 Otter DHC3, de Havilland Canada 155 Princess SR45, Saunders-Roe 160 Boomerang 292, 293 Shooting Star P-80, Lockheed 129, 229 Otto cycle 302 propeller, Chauvi\u00e8re 25 Grizzly 292 Shooting Star T33, Lockheed 148 Ovation M20R, Mooney 255 Proteus, Scaled Composites 253, 292, 293 Model 40 Defiant 292, 293 P-V Engineering Forum, PV-2 132 Provider C-123K, Fairchild 179 Proteus 253, 292, 293 Shorts Packet C-82A, Fairchild 117 Pucar\u00e1 IA 58, FMA 230 Solitaire Motorglider 292 Panavia Pulitzer Prize 54\u20135 VariEze 201, 292, 293 184 42 Pup, Sopwith 30, 40 VariViggen 292 Mayo Composite 93 Tornado GR 230 Pup Series 2 B-121, Beagle 175 see also Scaled Composites S25 Sunderland 93 Tornado GR4 271 pushrod 301 Rutan, Elbert (Burt) 292\u20133 S27 19 Panther F9F-2, Grumman 129 Puss Moth DH80A, de Havilland 80 Ryan S29 Stirling 104 parasitic aircraft 100 PZL-104 Wilga 35 182 M-1 51 short takeoff and landing (STOL) 182, 191, Paris-Charles de Gaulle airport 204\u20135 Quickie, Q2 201 NYP Spirit of St Louis 62 214, 230, 254 Pave Hawk HH-60G, Sikorsky 239 PT-22 Recruit 116 Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine 180\u20131 Pawnee PA-25, Piper 85 R X-13 Vertijet 169 Pax, Severo Airship 13 Shorts Payen, Pa49 Katy 169 racers and record breakers S Payen, Roland 169 1920\u2019s 54\u20135 330 (SD3-30) 207 PC-Aero, Elektra One 295 1930\u2019s 78\u20139, 80\u20131 SA, Gazelle 220 360 249 Peacemaker B-36J, Convair 127 extremes in speed 190\u20131 Saab SB5 168 \u201cPeashooter\u201d P-26, Boeing 176 long-distance flights 62\u20133, 80\u20131 SC1 168 Pegasus pre-1920\u2019s 36\u20137 37 Viggen 216 Shturmovik Il-2, Ilyushin 105 Quantum Microlight 257 2000 Swordfish MPA 263 Siege of Paris, Godard Balloon 12 XL-Q Microlight 257 radial engines 303 J29 Tunnan 135 Sierra P2002-EA, Tecnam 277 XL-R Microlight 243 Raider S-97, Sikorsky 295 J35E Draken 149 Sikorsky 196\u20137 Pembroke, Percival 148 Rallye 180T Gal\u00e9rien, Morane-Saulnier 175 JAS 39 Gripen 270 CH-53 197 Percival Raptor F-22, Lockheed 229 Saab Fairchild, SF340 249 HH-60G Pave Hawk 239 Mew Gull 79 Rebel, Murphy 255 Sabersky-M\u00fcssigbrodt\u2013Willy 27 JRS-1\/S-43 93 P10 Vega Gull 79 Recruit PT-22, Ryan 116 Sabre F-86 R4 132, 196, 197 Pembroke 148 Regent DR400-180, Robin 254 North American 138\u20139, 142, 144, 144\u20137, S-22 \u201cIlya Murometz\u201d 42 Percival, Captain Edgar 79 Regional Jet CRJ200, Canadair 262 S-29A 196 Phantom F-4, McDonnell Douglas 119, 184, Relentless 525, Bell 295 300 S-38 67, 196, 197 186\u20139 Reliant V.77, Stinson 72 see also Super Sabre F-100 S-51\/H-5 132 engine 162\u20133 Republic Sabreliner Model 80A, Rockwell 202 S-61 Sea King 196, 197 Phenom 100, Embraer 281 Santos-Dumont S-64F Skycrane 197 Piaggio, P180 Avanti 252 F-84C Thunderjet 129 Demoiselle Type 20 18 S-65 197 Piasecki, HUP-2 Retriever 150 F-105D Thunderchief 171 No.1 13 S-69 197 Piggott, Derek 14 P-47 Thunderbolt 111 No.6 36 S-76 197 Pilatus see also Fairchild Republic Santos-Dumont, Alberto 13, 18 S-92 283 PC-6\/A Turbo-Porter 182 Retriever HUP-2, Piasecki 150 Saro S-97 Raider 295 PC-9M 271 Rh\u00f6nlerche K4, Schleicher 165 A.19 Cloud 92 S-701 Black Hawk 283 PC-12 253 Richthofen, Rittmeister Manfred von 28 Skeeter Mk 7A 151 SH-3 Sea King 196, 197 Pilcher Robert, Nicolas-Louis, hydrogen balloon 12 Saunders-Roe UH-60 Black Hawk 197, 221 Bat 14 Robin SR45 Princess 160 VS-300 95, 196 Hawk 14 DR400 Chevalier 200 SR53 169 X-2 197 Triplane 15 DR400 Ecoflyer 291 Savoia-Marchetti Sikorsky, Igor 196\u20137 Pilcher, Percy 14, 15 DR400-180 Regent 254 S.66 92 Silvaire Ragwing 8A, Luscombe 122 pioneers 14\u201319 HR200-120B 201 SM79 \u201cSparviero\u201d 99 Silver Falcon 4-0-4, Martin 155 Piper 84\u20135 Robin J-1, Curtiss 80 Sbach 342, XtremeAir 277 single seaters 30\u20131 J3 Cub 74\u20137 Robinson 240\u20131 Scaled Composites 292\u20133 Sino Swearingen SJ30-2 253 J3C-65 Cub 73, 85 R22 240 GlobalFlyer 292 Sirius Model 8, Lockheed 63 L-4H Grasshopper 117 R22 Beta 238, 241 Proteus 253, 293 Siskin III, Armstrong Whitworth 65 PA-12 Super Cruiser 85, 123 R44 241, 260, 266 SpaceShipOne 293, 294 Skeeter Mk 7A, Saro 151 PA-15 Vagabond 84 R66 241, 283 SpaceShipTwo 293, 298\u20139 Sky Arrow 650 TC 254 PA-17 Vagabond 123 Robinson, Frank 240\u20131 Voyager 242, 292, 293 Sky Baby SA-2A, Stits 164 PA-18 Super Cub 74, 84, 85, 164 rocket-powered aircraft 134\u20135 White Knight One 294 Skycatcher 162, Cessna 167 PA-22 Tri-pacer 84 Rockwell White Knight Two 298\u20139 Skycrane S-64F, Sikorsky 197 PA-23 Apache 84, 164 B-1B Lancer 231 X-47 UCAV 293 Skyhawk 172E, Cessna 167, 174 PA-24 Comanche 84\u20135 Sabreliner Model 80A 202 Schempp-Hirth Skyhawk A-4, Douglas 119, 149, 185 PA-25 Pawnee 85 Space Shuttle 139 Arcus-E 291 Skymaster C-54, Douglas 116, 119 PA-28 Cherokee 85, 174 Rockwell International, 114A 200 Duo Discus 257, 258\u201361 Skymaster C-337, Cessna 167 PA-28 RT Turbo Arrow IV 200 Roe, Sir Edwin Alliott Verdon 18 Schleicher Skymaster O-2, Cessna 185 PA-28R-201 Cherokee 255 Rolladen-Schneider, LS8-18 257 ASK 13 175 Skyraider EA-1F, Douglas 185 PA-30 Comanche 85 rolling 301 K4 Rh\u00f6nlerche 165 Skyrocket D-558-2, Douglas 135 PA-32R-301T Turbo Saratoga 242 Rolls-Royce K8 glider 165 Skyservant Do 28D2, Dornier 178 PA-34-200T Seneca 200 Schlesinger Race 79 Skytrain (Dakota) C-47, Douglas 116, 118 PA-39 Comanche 85 ACCEL 297 Schneider, Sopwith 37 Skywagon 180, Cessna 164 PA-46 Malibu 242 Merlin engine 302\u20133, 306 Schneider Trophy 37, 40, 54\u20135 Slingsby, T67A Firefly 242 PA-46 Malibu Meridian 85 Pegasus engine 180\u20131 Rolls-Royce Type R engine 96\u20137 SNCASE Lior et Olivier, LeO C.302 95 PA-46-500TP Malibu Meridian 280 RB211 engine 307 Schwalbe Me262, Messerschmitt 128 SNECMA, C.450 Col\u00e9opt\u00e8re 169 see also Taylor\/Piper Thrust Measuring Rig \u201cFlying Bedstead\u201d Schweizer Snipe, Sopwith 40, 41, 64 Piper, William T. 84\u20135 269C 239 Pipistrel 168 333 282 Socata Taurus Electro G2 291 Trent 800 engine 264\u20135 Scimitar F.1, Supermarine 143 Taurus Electro G4 291 Type R engine 96\u20137 Scintex, Supe r Emeraud CP1310-C3 174 TB-9 Tampico 201 Velis Electro 297 Rolls-Royce\/SNECMA, Olympus 593 engine Scorpion F-89, Northrop 273 TB-20 Trinidad 242 305 Scottish Aviation, Jetstream 201 T Mk1 215 TBM 700 247 rotary engines 44\u20135 Scout AH Mk 1, Westland 192 TBM 850 281 Scout (\u201cPup\u201d), Sopwith 30, 40 Solar Impulse 290 solar powered aircraft 290\u20131 Solitaire Motorglider, Rutan 292","INDEX . 317 Sopwith 40\u20131 Super Constellation L-1049 G, Lockheed 155, Trident SO9000-01, Sud-Ouest 168 Volocopter VC200 296 1\u00bd Strutter 26, 40 156\u20139, 229 Trimotor 5-AT, Ford 67 Voisin Biplane 18, 36 5F.1 Dolphin 30 Trimotor FVII\/3M, Fokker 28, 29, 66 Voisin, Gabriel 18, 20 Baby 40, 41, 42 Super Cruiser PA-12, Piper 85, 123 Trinidad TB-20, Socata 242 Voisin-Farman Biplane No.1 36 Bat Boat 40 Super Cub PA-18, Piper 74, 84, 85, 164 Triplane, Sopwith 30, 40, 41 Voodoo F-101, McDonnell 171 SF.1 Camel 30, 40, 41 Super Emeraud CP1310-C3, Scintex 174 Triplane Dr.I, Fokker 28\u20139, 31 Vought Schneider 37 Super Guppy, Aero Spacelines 202 Triplane IV, Avro 18 Scout (\u201cPup\u201d) 30, 40 Super Hornet F\/A-18E, Boeing 284 Trislander, Britten-Norman 202 (F-8E) F8U-1 Crusader 171 Snipe 40, 41, 64 Super King Air 200, Beechcraft 202 Tristar L-1011, Lockheed 207, 229 see also Chance Vought Tabloid 37, 40, 41 Super Lifter, MBB Bo105LS A3, Tudor II Type 689, Avro 121 Voyager, Scaled Composites 242, 292, 293 Triplane 30, 40, 41 Tunnan J29, Saab 135 VTOL Test Bed X-14, Bell 190 Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm 267 Tupolev Vulcan, Avro 698 149 Sopwith, Thomas Octave Murdoch 40\u20131 Super Puma AS332, A\u00e9rospatiale 221 see also Avro 707 Space Shuttle 139 Super Puma EC225, Eurocopter 221, 282 ANT-25 81 Waco ASO 49 SpaceShipOne, Scaled Composites 293, 294 Super Sabre F-100, North American 139, 171 Tu-22M3 217 Wallbro Monoplane 18 SpaceShipTwo, Scaled Composites 293, Super Sportster Model Z, GeeBee 78 Tu-95 \u201cBear\u201d 149 Wallis, WA-116 Agile 192 supercharged engines 96\u20137, 124\u20135 Tu-104 160 Wallis brothers 18 298\u20139 Supermarine Tu-134 UBL 230 Walrus, Supermarine 93 Tu-134A 179 Ward, Alex 79 SPAD 510 135 Tu-154 179 Warhawk P-40, Curtiss 99 Attacker F.1 143 Turbo Arrow IV PA-28 RT, Piper 200 warplanes see military aircraft Deperdussin Monocoque 37 S5 54 Turbo Saratoga PA-32R-301T, Piper 242 Welkin MkI, Westland 136 SVII 31 S6A 54 Turbo Shark F280C, Enstrom 221 Wellesley Type, Vickers 292 81 Sparrowhawk F9C, Curtiss 100 S6B 55 Turbo-Porter PC-6\/A, Pilatus 182 Wellington X, Vickers 104 Sparrowhawk SM.79, Savoia-Marchetti 99 Scimitar F.1 143 turbofan engines 180\u20131, 264\u20135, 304 Wessex HAS3, Westland 192 Spartan Executive 73 Sea Lion II 54 turbojet engines 162\u20133, 168\u20139, 304 Westland Sparviero SM.79, Savoia-Marchetti 99 Seafire F Mk XVII 126 Turbolet L-410, Let 214 AH-64D Apache Longbow 267 speed record breakers 54\u20135 turboprop engines 160\u20131, 178\u20139, 246\u20139, 304 Dragonfly HR3 133 speed Spiteful 134 turboshaft engines 218\u201319 Dragonfly HR5 150 Spitfire 112\u201315, 300 Turner, Roscoe 79 Lynx 221 extremes 190\u20131 Spitfire MkIa 99 Turner RT-14 Meteor 79 Lysander 99 records 36\u20137, 54\u20135, 78\u20139, 80\u20131 Spitfire MkII 111, 112-15 Tutor, Avro 101 Scout AH Mk 1 192 Spitfire PR MkX 134 Twin Otter DHC6, de Havilland Canada 182 Sea King HC4 221 Spirit B-2 \u201cStealth Bomber\u201d, Northrop Walrus 93 Twin Star DA42, Diamond 276 Welkin MkI 136 supersonic flight 134\u20135, 190\u20131, 229 Twin Wasp engine R-1830, Pratt and Whitney Wessex HAS3 192 Grumman 270, 273 Concorde 207, 208\u201311 124\u20135 Whirlwind HAR 10 150 Spirit of St Louis NYP, Ryan 62 fighters 1950\u2019s 170\u20131 two seaters 26\u20137 Widgeon MkII 51 support aircraft two-stroke engines 244\u20135 Wyvern 127 Charles Lindbergh 62 1940\u2019s 116\u201317 Typhoon FGR4, Eurofighter 284, 286\u201389 Westwind 1124, IAI 203 Spiteful, Supermarine 134 1960\u2019s 194\u20135 Whirlwind HAR 10, Westland 150 Spitfire 99, 111, 112\u201315, 300 1970\u2019s 214\u201315 UVW White Knight One, Scaled Composites 294 surveillance aircraft 229, 230, 236\u20137, 273 White Knight Two, Scaled Composites Supermarine 112\u201315, 134, 300 Swallow DH108, de Havilland 69, 134 Ultra Light, Fairey 150 298\u20139 Spitfire MkIa, Supermarine 99 Swift CLA7, Comper 78 undercarriage, first retractable 54 Whittle E.28\/39, Gloster 128, 130 Spitfire MkII, Supermarine 111, 112-15 Swordfish 2000 MPA, Saab 263 unmanned aircraft 284\u20135 Whittle, Sir Frank 130\u20131 Spitfire PR MkX, Supermarine 134 Sycamore HR14, Bristol 151 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, Scaled Widgeon MkII, Westland 51 SportCruiser, Czech Aircraft Works 277 wings sports aircraft 201, 256\u20137 T Composites X-47 293 airflow 300 USS Akron ZRS-4 airship 100 delta 168\u20139 light 276\u20137 Tabloid, Sopwith 37, 40, 41 V Type engines 96\u20137, 303, 307 flying wing aircraft 136\u20137 Squirrel AS350 HT1, A\u00e9rospatiale 221 Talon T-38, Northrop 273 Vagabond PA-15, Piper 84 shape 300 Staaken R.VI, Zeppelin 42 Tampico TB-9, Socata 201 Vagabond PA-17, Piper 123 World Cruiser, Douglas 62, 118 Staggerwing Model 17, Beechcraft 79 Tank, Kurt 111 Valiant, Vickers 148 World War I 13, 26\u20137, 28, 30\u20131, 32\u20135, 40 stall 300 Taurus Electro G2, Pipistrel 291 Vampire FB 6 DH100, de Havilland 69, 128 World War II 104\u201319, 126\u20137, 132\u20133, 228 Stampe SV4C(G) 72 Taurus Electro G4, Pipistrel 291 Vampire T11 DH115, de Havilland 142 Wren, English Electric 50 Standard Libelle H201B, Glasflugel 175 Taylor, E2 Cub 72, 74, 84 Van\u2019s Wright Star DA40 TDI, Diamond 290 Taylor Brothers Aircraft Company 84 Baby 36 Star Rocket MXT-7-160, Maule 254 Taylor, C. Gilbert 74, 84 RV-6 243 EX \u201cVin Fiz\u201d 36 Starduster SA-300, Stolp 256 Taylor\/Piper RV-9A 277 Flyer 15 Starfighter F-104G, Lockheed 171 VariEze, Rutan 201, 292, 293 see also Astra Wright E2 72, 74, 84 VariViggen, Rutan 292 Wyvern, Westland 127 engine 162\u20133 J2 73, 74 Vega, Lockheed 81, 228 Starship Model 2000, Beechcraft 247 Taylorcraft, Auster Mk V 117 Vega Gull P10, Percival 79 XYZ Tecnam Venom Mk 4 DH112, de Havilland 142 Stealth Bomber B-2 Spirit, Northrop P2002-EA Sierra 277 Ventura, Lockheed 228 XtremeAir, Sbach 342 277 P2006T 277 Verta HV-2A, Herrick 94 Yakovlev Grumman 270, 273 \u201cTexaco Eaglet\u201d glider, Franklin 80 vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) 168\u20139, Texan T-6, North American 101, 138, 139 190\u20131, 214, 216 Yak-3 111 Stealth Fighter F-117 Nighthawk, Lockheed Thomas-Morse MB-3 48 Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine 180\u20131 Yak-9 126 229, 230, 236\u20137, 300 Thomson Trophy 55, 78, 79, 81 Vertijet X-13, Ryan 169 Yak-38 216 thrust 300 Verville-Sperry Yak-52 215 Stearman, 4DM Junior 49 Thruster T600N 450 290 M-1 Messenger 64 yaw 301 Stearman, Lloyd 49 Thunderbolt II A-10, Fairchild Republic 217 R-3 54 Yokosuka D4Y3 Model 33 \u201cJudy\u201d 105 stick 301 Thunderbolt P-47, Republic 111 Very Light Jets (VLJ) 281 Zenair, CH-601 HDS Zodiac 255 Thunderchief F-105D, Republic 171 engine 278\u20139 Zeppelin Stinson Thunderjet F-84C, Republic 129 VFW-Fokker, 614 206 D-LZ 127 (Graf Zeppelin) 63 Tiger F11F-1, Grumman 170 Vickers LZ 96 Airship 13 SM-8A Detroiter 63 Tiger Moth DH82, de Havilland 68, 72, 100 F.B.5 Gunbus 27 Staaken R.VI 42 V.77 Reliant 72 Tigercat F7F-3, Grumman 126 Valiant 148 Zl\u00edn see Moravan N\u00e1rodn\u00ed Podnik Zl\u00edn Stirling S.29, Short 104 Tomcat F-14, Grumman 216 VC10 178 Zodiac CH-601 HDS, Zenair 255, 257 Stits, SA-2A Sky Baby 164 Tomtit, Hawker 65 Victoria Type 56 64 Zodiak Stolp, SA-300 Starduster 256 Tornado GR, Panavia 230, 271 Vimy 37 Eclaireur E8 Airship 101 Stratocruiser, Boeing 377 120 training aircraft 100\u20131, 148 Viscount 161 V-II airship 101 Trans World Airlines (TWA) 152\u20133 Wellesley Type 292 81 Zogling 51 Stratofortress Transall Wellington X 104 C-160D 178 Victoria Type 56, Vickers 64 Boeing B-29 177 C-160NG 215 Viggen 37, Saab 216 Boeing B-52 177, 184 Travel Air Vigilant T1 G109B, Grob 243 Stratofreighter, Boeing C-97G 154 4D 51 Viking S-3, Lockheed 217 Stratojet, Boeing B-47 148, 177 4000 49 Vimy, Vickers 37 Stratoliner, Boeing 307 176 Type R \u201cMystery Ship\u201d 55 \u201cVin Fiz\u201d EX, Wright 36 Stratotanker, Boeing KC-135R 177, 230 Tri-pacer PA-22, Piper 84 Viscount, Vickers 161 Strike Eagle F-15E, McDonnell Douglas 231 Trident, de Havilland 69 Strutter 1.5, Sopwith 26, 40 Submarine Scout Zero Airship 13 Sud Aviation, Caravelle 1 160 Sud-Est, SE2010 Armagnac 121 Sud-Ouest SO 1221S Djinn 151 SO-M2 137 SO30P Bretagne 121 SO9000-01 Trident 168 Sukhoi PAK FA 295 Su-7B 149 Su-27 231 Su-29 256 Su-30 MkI 284 Sunderland S.25, Short 93 Super Bidon \u201cPoint d\u2019Interrogation\u201d XIX TF, Breguet 63","318 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like for allowing us to photograph his\u00a0 Aero Club RAF Cranwell, to thank Philip Whiteman for his Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp Engine Shobdon Airfield, Sleaford, support throughout the making Leominster, Lincolnshire, NG34 8HB, UK of this book. Air Britain, Classic Fly-in Herefordshire, HR6 9NR, UK www.raf.mod.uk\/our-organisation\/ www.air-britain.com www.herefordshireaeroclub.com stations\/raf-college-cranwell General Consultant Philip Whiteman is an award-winning aviation journalist B17 Preservation Herefordshire RAF Museum Cosford and consulting engineer, specializing PO Box 92, Gliding Club Shifnal, in fuel and engine technology. He has Bury St Edmunds Shobdon Airfield, Shropshire, TF11 8UP, UK contributed to numerous aviation Suffolk, IP28 8RR, UK Leominster, www.rafmuseum.org.uk\/cosford publications and is the Editor of Pilot, www.sallyb.org.uk Herefordshire, HR6 9NR, UK the UK\u2019s longest established and www.shobdongliding.co.uk RAF Museum London bestselling general aviation magazine. He B-17 Flying Fortress G-BEDF\u00a0Sally B\u00a0 Grahame Park Way, has flown many of the aircraft featured is the last remaining airworthy B-17 IPMS Scale ModelWorld London, NW9 5LL, UK in Aircraft and operates a 1944 Piper in Europe.\u00a0Sally B\u00a0has been operated www.smwshow.com www.rafmuseum.org.uk\/london L-4H Cub from a farm strip in by Elly Sallingboe of B-17 Preservation with special thanks to John Tapsell Buckinghamshire. with the help of a dedicated team of Royal International Air Tattoo\u00a0 volunteers.\u00a0Sally B\u00a0is permanently Lasham Gliding Club www.airtattoo.com Philip Whiteman would like to based at the\u00a0Imperial War Museum The Avenue, with special thanks to Richard Arquati thank the many aviation writers, Duxford\u00a0where she is on static display Lasham Airfield, historians, and photographers\u2014 when not flying. However, the aircraft Alton, Sarl Salis Aviation both named and anonymous\u2014who is\u00a0not part of the Museum\u2019s own Hants, GU34 5SS, UK Aerodrome de La Ferte Alais, played a part in preparing Aircraft, as collection\u00a0and relies solely on\u00a0 www.lashamgliding.com 91590 Cerny, France well as Dorling Kindersley\u2019s fantastically charitable donations. [email protected] hardworking, patient, and above all Midland Air Museum good-humored editorial and design team. Brooklands Museum Coventry Airport, The Shuttleworth Collection Brooklands Road, Baginton, Shuttleworth (Old Warden) Aerodrome, The publisher would like Weybridge, Warwickshire, CV3 4FR, UK Nr Biggleswade, to thank the following people for Surrey, KT13 0QN, UK www.midlandairmuseum.co.uk Bedfordshire, SG18 9EP, UK their help with making the book: www.brooklandsmuseum.com www.shuttleworth.org Peter Cook for the use of his images; Mus\u00e9e Air + Space Mel Fisher, Steve Crozier at Butterfly City of Norwich Aeroport de Paris, Tiger Helicopters Ltd Creative Solutions, and Tom Morse Aviation Museum Le Bourget, BP 173, France Shobdon Aerodrome for color retouching; Carol Davis, Old Norwich Road, www.museeairespace.fr Leominster Gadi Farfour, Rebecca Guyatt, Francesca Horsham St Faith, Herefordshire, NR6 9NR, UK Harris, Richard Horsford, Amy Orsborne, Norwich, The Museum of Army Flying www.tigerhelicopters.co.uk and Johnny Pau for design help; Sonia Norfolk, NR10 3JF, UK Middle Wallop, Stockbridge, Charbonnier for technical support; www.cnam.co.uk Hampshire, SO20 8DY, UK Ukraine State Aviation Museum Sachin Singh at DK Delhi for DTP help; www.armyflying.com 1 Medova street, Senior Jacket Designer Suhita Dharamjit; Early Birds Foundation Kiev, 03048 DTP Designer Rakesh Kumar; Jackets Emoeweg 20, The\u00a0Nationaal Luchtvaart- Ukraine Editorial Coordinator Priyanka Sharma; Lelystad, The Netherlands Themapark Aviodrome Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Singh; www.earlybirdsmuseum.nl Aviodrome Lelystad Airport West London Aero Club Joanna Chisholm for proofreading; Pelikaanweg 50 White Waltham Airfield, Sue Butterworth for the index. Farnborough 8218 PG Luchthaven Lelystad Maidenhead, International Airshow The Netherlands Berkshire, SL6 3NJ, UK The publisher would also like www.farnborough.com www.aviodrome.nl www.wlac.co.uk to thank the following museums, companies and individuals for their Fleet Air Arms Museum Norfolk & Suffolk Yorkshire Air Museum generosity in allowing Dorling Kindersley RNAS Yeovilton, Aviation Museum Elvington, access to their aircraft and engines Ilchester The Street, York, YO41 4AU, UK for photography: Somerset, BA22 8HT, UK Flixton, www.yorkshireairmuseum.org www.fleetairarm.com Suffolk, NR35 1NZ, UK Bob Morcom\u00a0for helping arrange [email protected] photography for several aircraft Flugausstellung and locations Habersberg 1 The Real Aeroplane Hunsr\u00fcckh\u00f6henstr. (B327) Company Nigel Pickard for allowing us to 54411 Hermeskeil II The Aerodrome, photograph his Spartan Executive for Germany Breighton, Selby, the jacket image www.flugausstellung.de North Yorkshire, YO8 6DS, UK www.realaero.com Aero Antiques The Aircraft Restoration Company Durley Airstrip Building 425, Duxford Airfield The\u00a0Rolls-Royce\u00a0 Hill Farm, Durley Duxford Heritage Trust Nr Southampton, Cambridge Rolls-Royce plc, Hants SO32 2BP CB22 4QR PO Box 31, email: [email protected] www.aircraftrestorationcompany.com Derby, DE24 8BJ, UK With special thanks to Ron Souch, www.rolls-royce.com\/about\/heritage\/ Mike Souch, and Roy Palmer de Havilland Aircraft heritage_trust Heritage Centre Aero Expo Sailsbury Hall, RAF Battle of Britain www.expo.aero London Colney, Memorial Flight Hertfordshire, AL2 1BU, UK Coningsby, The Aeroplane www.dehavillandmuseum.co.uk Lincolnshire, LN4 4SY, UK Collection Ltd www.raf.mod.uk\/bbmf The Hangers,\u00a0 The Helicopter Museum South Road, Locking Moor Road RAF Coningsby Ellesmere Port, Weston-super-Mare Coningsby, Cheshire, CH65 1BQ, UK Somerset, BS24 8PP, UK Lincolnshire, LN4 4SY, UK www.theaeroplanecollection.org www.helicoptermuseum.co.uk www.raf.mod.uk\/rafconingsby With special thanks to Michael Davey Herefordshire RAF Cranwell","ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 319 PICTURE CREDITS AND Images: (bl). PRM Aviation (b). 82-83 Corbis: Bettmann (c). 84 124 TNLTA: (bl). Michael Davey: (br). AIRCRAFT OWNERS Collection: (cr). 41 Alamy Images: The Advertising Archives: (bl). 124-25 Michael Davey. 126 SNASM: Lordprice Collection (br). Getty Alamy Images: (cr). Corbis: Museum (cra, cl). RAFMC: (tr). FAAM: (tl). Key to museums\/contributors Images: SSPL (c). FAAM: (ftl). BM: of Flight (tl). Hans Verkaik: (cl). 127 FAAM: (tr, cl). DHAHC: (tl). Brooklands Museum (BM) (tr). TSC: (tl, ftr). 42 MAS: (cl). 85 Alamy Images: Susan & Allan 126-27 FAAM: (c). 128 aviationpictures. City of Norwich Aviation Museum Imperial War Museum: (bl). FAAM: Parker (ftr). Rafael Cordero - com: (tr). DHAHC: (cr). RAFML: (ca, (br). PRM Aviation Collection: (cla). AeroIm\u00e1genes de M\u00e9xico: (c). cla, br). Philip Whiteman: (clb). 129 (CNAM) TopFoto.co.uk: RIA Novosti \/ Igor Robert John Willies: (ftl). TRAC: (tl). PRM Aviation Collection: (tr). De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Mikhalev (c). U.S. Air Force: (tr). 43 Philip Whiteman: (tr\/PA-28 SNASM: (tl). PRM Aviation aviation-images.com: (tl). Cherokee). 86 aviationpictures.com: Collection: (bl, br). 130-131 Getty (DHAHC) aviationpictures.com: (tr). PRM (cla, tl). TNLTA: (cbr, b). 87 aviation- Images: SSPL (c). 132 aviation-images. Early Bird Foundation (EBF) Aviation Collection: (bc, cra). images.com: (tl). aviationpictures. com: (cra). aviationpictures.com: (cl). Fleet Air Arms Museum (FAAM) TopFoto.co.uk: Roger-Viollet (crb). com: (c, tr). Dorling Kindersley: Mike PRM Aviation Collection: (bc). Flugausstellung (F) SNASM (br) 44-45 RAFML: (all). SNASM: (cla, bl). 133 SNASM: (tr). Golden Apple Operations (GAO) 46-47 Gene DeMarco. 48 aviation- Dunning, Courtesy of the Science MAS: (c, ca). USAM: (b). 132-33 Midland Air Museum (MAM) images.com: (cla, bl, br). PRM Museum, London (clb). TNLTA: (cb). RAFMC: (cb). 134 aviation-images. Mus\u00e9e Air + Space (MAS) Aviation Collection: (cl, tc). EBF: 88 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures com: (ca). PRM Aviation Collection: Norfolk & Suffolk Aviation Museum (cra.) SNASM: (cbr). (tl). TNLTA: (all other images). 89-91 (bl, bc). 135 aviation-images.com: 49 aviationpictures.com: (cl, cr). TNLTA: (all). 92 aviationpictures. (crb). Cody Images: (clb). PRM (NSAM) PRM Aviation Collection: (tl, tr). com: (cla, cra). Cody Images: (tc). Aviation Collection: (tr, bc). Science RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 50 TSC: (c, cra). Richard Seeley: (cb). 93 Alamy Images: MS Bretherton (tl). Photo Library: Detlev van Ravenswaay PRM Aviation Collection: (cla). aviation-images.com: (crb). Cody (cra). MAS: (cr). 134-35 TSC: (t). 136 (RAFBBMF) SNASM: (t). RAFMC: (b). 51 Images: (cla). PRM Aviation SNASM: (tl). aviation-images.com: RAF Coningsby (RAFC) aviation-images.com: (cla). Collection: (c). 92-93 FAAM: (b). (cl, cra). Cody Images: (crb, bl). RAF Cranwell (RAFCW) aviationpictures.com: (bl, tl, tr). 94 SNASM: (bl). aviation-images. 137 aviation-images.com: (bc, tr). RAF Museum Cosford (RAFMC) PRM Aviation Collection: (br). com: (clb, br). DHAHC: (cb). Cody Images: (cra, cla). PRM Aviation RAF Museum London (RAFML) TNLTA: (cra). 52-53 Getty Images: Dorling Kindersley: Max Alexander (c) Collection: (clb). 136-37 SNASM. Sarl Salis Aviation (SSA) Michael Ochs Archives. Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the 138 akg-images: (br). Alamy Images: Smithsonian\u2019s National Air and Space 53 aviationpictures.com: (cb). 54 aviation-images.com: (tr, cra). Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia Falkenstein \/ Bildagentur-online Museum, Archives Division (SNASM) aviationpictures.com: (clb, cb). (cla). PRM Aviation Collection: (tr). Historical Collection (bl). Cody Images: The Aeroplane Collection Ltd (TACL) Getty Images: SSPL (bc). 55 aviation- 95 aviation-images.com: (tl, tr, cra). (tl). 138-139 Cody Images: (cb). The Helicopter Museum (THM) images.com: (cr). PRM Aviation Copyright Igor I Sikorsky Historical 139 Cody Images: (cra). SSA: (ftl). The Museum of Army Flying (TMAF) Collection: (clb, tl). SNASM: (tr). Archives: (crb). MAS: (b). 96-97 RAFMC: (tr). GAO: (ftr). The Nationaal Luchvaart-Themapark MAS: (b). 54-55 MAS: (c). 56 Cody RAFML: (cb). 97 aviation-images. 142 GAO: (tl). F: (cl). YAM: (crb). Images: (tl). Roy Palmer: (all other com: (tr). 98 TSC: (tr). RAFML: (tl). CNAM: (bl). MAM: (br). 143 FAAM: Aviodrome (TNLTA) images). 57-59 Roy Palmer: (all). Corbis: Bettmann (c). SSA: (cla). (tr, ca). F: (tl). MAM: (c, b). RAFMC: The Real Aeroplane Company (TRAC) 60 Roy Palmer: (bl). 61 The Rolls- YAM: (br). 99 Corbis: (tl). 100 TRAC: (clb). CNAM: (crb). 140-41 MAS. The Shuttleworth Collection (TSC) Royce Heritage Trust. 62 SNASM: (t, (tr). Corbis: (bc). SNASM: (cr). TSC: 144 Corbis: Dean Conger (tl). GAO: Ukraine State Aviation Museum (USAM) cb). aviation-images.com: (bl). Cody (tl). SSA: (clb). 101 TSC: (tl, tr). SSA: (all other images). 145-47 GAO: (all). Yorkshire Air Museum (YAM) Images: (cra). PRM Aviation (cla, cb). MAS: (bl, br). 102-03 SSA. 148 F: (cla, cl). TNLTA: (tr, c). YAM: Collection: (cla). TopFoto.co.uk: 104 B17 Preservation: (tr). (cra). aviation-images.com: (bl, cb\/ Key to position on page: a-above; Flight Collection (br). 63 TNLTA: (t). aviationpictures.com: (ca). PRM Vickers Valiant). 149 Alamy Images: b-below\/bottom; c-centre; f-far; SNASM: (cla). aviationpictures.com: Aviation Collection: (clb). Chris l-left; r-right; t-top (cb). Roy Palmer: (b). MAS: (cra). 64 Savill: (bl). FAAM: (crb). F: (cla). Allstar Picture Library (cla). TSC: (tr). aviationpictures.com: (clb). 105 Richard Vandervord: (tl). aviationpictures.com: (tl). Dutch 1 Roy Palmer. 2-3 USAM. 4 TSC: SNASM: (cla, bl, br). 65 SSA: (tr). aviationpictures.com: (clb). YAM: Historic Jet Association: (c) F: (cra). (b). 5 Roy Palmer: (bl). TNLTA: (br). TSC: (cra). The Flight Collection: (cra). 106 TopFoto.co.uk: (tl). B17 USAM: (b). 150 YAM: (t). CNAM: 6 BM: (br). 7 THM (bl). RAFC: (br). Quadrant Picture Library (cb). PRM Preservation: (all other images). (cra). MAS: (cla). TNLTA: (br). MAM: 8 TSC: (bl). RAFBBMF: (br). 9 B17 Aviation Collection: (tl, cla, bl). 64-65 107-09 BP: (all). 108 Dorling (bl). F: (clb). 151 RAFMC: (t). TMAF: Preservation: (bl). BM: (br). 10-11 FAAM: (c). 66 TNLTA: (cl, cla). Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, (cb). F: (bl). YAM: (br). THM: (ca). TSC. 12 MAS: (all images). 13 FAAM: aviation-images.com: (cb, tr). 150-51 USAM: (c). 152-153 The (cl\/HMA). MAS: (all other images). 14 aviationpictures.com: (bl). 67 London, Courtesy of the Imperial War Advertising Archives: (c). 154 Getty Images: SSPL (cra). TSC: (cb). aviation-images.com: (tl, cla). PRM DHAHC: (tr). F: (b). 155 MAM: (tr). Ted Huetter: The Museum of Flight, Aviation Collection: (tr, cb). F: (b). Museum (clb\/waist machine gun, br, aviationpictures.com: (cra). PRM Seattle (clb). YAM: (cla). MAS: (cl). 66-67 F: (c). 68 The Advertising bc). 109 Dorling Kindersley: Imperial Aviation Collection: (br). F: (cla, cb). 15 TSC: (t, cl). Getty Images: SSPL. Archives: (bl). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch 156 Corbis: Bettmann (tl). F: (all other Ted Huetter: (cr). 16-17 Corbis: Collection (tl). Getty Images: (cr). Rex War Museum, London, Courtesy of the images). 157-59 F: (all). 160 RAFMC: Bettmann. 18 F: (tl). TSC: (cr, cla). Features: Alinari (cl). 69 (t). aviation-images.com: (clb, bl). NSAM: (b). 19 TSC: (cra). TNLTA: (tr). AirTeamImages.com: (bc). DHAHC: Imperial War Museum (tr, cra, ca, cb, PRM Aviation Collection: (cra). YAM: (bl). 18-19 BM: (t). FAAM: (c). (tr). F: (ftr). 70-71 RAFML. 72 bl). EAA: (crb). 110 RAFML: (cb). USAM: (crb). 161 aviation-images. 20 Alamy Images: Dan Osborn (tl). DHAHC: (tl, cl). aviation-images. 111 RAFMC: (tr). Alamy Images: CS com: (bl, br, tr). TNLTA: (tl). CNAM: TSC: (all other images). 21-23 TSC: com: (cra). aviationpictures.com: (cr, Stock (clb). FAAM: (b). RAFBBMF: (cr). F: (cla). 162-63 RAFCW: (cb). (all). 24-25 BM: (c). 25 TSC: (tr). BM: tr). David Allan Edwards\/Anthony (cla) 112 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch 163 aviation-images.com: (tr). (br). 26 Alamy Stock Photo: Malcolm Maitland: (b). 73 Robert John Collection (tl). RAFBBMF: (all other RAFCW: (tl). 164 Anthony Wakefield: Haines (tr). Gene DeMarco: (tl). Willies: (tr). Nigel Pickard: (crb). images). 113-15 RAFBBMF: (all) (tl). Freddie Rogers: (tr). SNASM: (cr, RAFML: (c). USAM: (clb). SSA: (b). TSC (Peter Holloway): (c). TSC 116 PRM Aviation Collection: (cla). cra). PRM Aviation Collection: (cl). RAF F.E.2 (cra). 27 Chris Savill: (tc). (Paul Stone\/BAe Systems): (clb). TSC (Tracy Curtis-Taylor): (b). GAO: TNLTA: (br). 165 TNLTA: (cra). PRM RAFML (cr). 28 Alamy Images: TSC: (cra). SNASM: (tl). TRAC: (br). (c). TRAC: (cb). 117 YAM: (tr). TMAF: Aviation Collection: (tl, br). Gilbert Lordprice Collection (bl); Pictorial Press 74 www.keithwilson-photography. (cla). Philip Whiteman: (b). RAFML: Davies: (bl). TRAC: (cb). 166 Cody Ltd (cla). 28-29 Getty Images: (cb). 29 co.uk: (tl). Robert John Willies: (all (clb). 118-119 Corbis: Bettmann (cb). Images: (bc). Corbis: Underwood & Corbis: Raymond Reuter \/ Sygma (cr). other images). 75-77 Robert John 118 The Advertising Archives: (bl). Underwood (tl). earlyaeronautica.com: F: (ftl). TNLTA: (tl, tr, ftr). 30 Willies: (all). 78 TSC: (tr). SNASM: Corbis: Bettmann (cl); Hulton-Deutsch (cr). 167 Cody Images: (bc). Corbis: aviationpictures.com: (tl). Philip (cla). TRAC: (b). 79 TSC (Michael Collection (cra). Wikipedia: U.S. Whiteman: (tr). TSC: (clb). RAFML: Gibbs): (br). SNASM: (tl, bl). TRAC: Army (tl). 119 Alamy Images: Paul Bowen \/ Science Faction (cra). (bl). 31 aviationpictures.com: (cr). (cb). 80 aviation-images.com: (tr). ClassicStock (tr\/DC10). SNASM: (tl). 168 RAFMC: (tl). MAM: (tr). aviation- TSC: (cra, cl). F: (tl). MAS: (crb). SSA: aviationpictures.com: (cla). Cody TNLTA: (tl). 120 Cody Images: (bl). images.com: (bc). aviationpictures. (cl, bl). Philip Whiteman: (br). 30-31 Images: (cl). MAS: (cb). SNASM: (bl). PRM Aviation Collection: (cla, cl, cb). com: (cl, br). MAS: (clb). 169 aviation- BM: (b). 32 Alamy Stock Photo: 81 aviation-images.com: (cla, cra). 120-121 aviation-images.com: (tc). images.com: (bc). Cody Images: (tl, Malcolm Haines (tl). TSC: (all other Cody Images: (cl). PRM Aviation TSC: (c). 121 Cody Images: (crb). tc). PRM Aviation Collection: (clb). images). 33-35 TSC: (all). 36 MAS: (ca, Collection: (cr). SNASM: (tl). TRAC: PRM Aviation Collection: (tr, cla, MAS: (cra, bl). 168-69 RAFMC: (c). br). Mary Evans Picture Library: Epic cra, clb, br). 122 EBF: (ca, cl). TNLTA: 170 F: (tl, br). Corbis: George Hall (cb). \/ Tallandier (cla). SNASM: (crb). 37 (crb). 123 TSC (Sir John Allison): 171 F: (tr). NSAM: (tl aviationpictures. aviationpictures.com: (cr). PRM (cla). Anthony David Pearce: (br). com: (cr). MAM: (cl, b). 170-71 CNAM: Aviation Collection: (crb). MAS: (t, br). MAM: (crb). TRAC: (clb). 122-23 38-39 Getty Images: (c). 40 akg- Thomas Martin Jones\/Margaret images: (tl). Corbis: (cl). Getty Lynn Jones\/Paul Martin Jones: (t).","320 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (ca). 172-73 FAAM. 174 Philip USAM: (cr). F: (cla). 231 USAM: (tr). Images: AFP (tl). RAFC: (all other Whiteman: (br). CNAM: (cr). 175 D. aviation-images.com: (ca). images). 287-289 RAFC: (all). 290 Edwards\/G. Harris\/K. Martin\/J. PRM Aviation Collection: (cb, br). Alamy Images: Susan & Allan Parker France\/J. Bastin: (cra). Hertfordshire 232 Corbis: Leszek Szymanski (tl). (ca). aviation-images.com: (bl). PRM Gliding Club: (bl). Richard Whitwell: USAM: (all other images). Aviation Collection: (clb). Alamy (cb). 176 The Advertising Archives: 233-35 USAM: (all). 236-237 Global Images: aviation aircraft airplanes (crb). (bl). Getty Images: Gamma-Keystone (tl, Aviation Resource: Karl Dragel \/ 290-291 aviation-images.com: (cb). cl). 176-177 Cody Images: (bc). Kevin Jackson (c). 238 FAAM: (tl). 291 aviation-images.com: (tl). 177 Courtesy GE Aviation: (cra). Cody Images: (br). 239 Dorling aviationpictures.com: SJ Aircraft NASA: (br). GAO: (ftl). 178 CNAM: Kindersley: Andy Crawford, Courtesy (cl). Fly About Aviation: Courtesy (cla). BM: (cr, bl). F: (br). 179 aviation- of Oxford Airport (br). Cody Images: Pipistrel d.o.o. Ajdov\u0161cina (br, crb). images.com: (ca). F: (tr, cl, br). USAM: (c, tl). 240 Alamy Images: David Wall Bernd Weber: (cra). WSM: Colman (bl). 178-79 F: (t). 180-81 FAAM: (all). (br). Getty Images: (cl). Robinson (bl). 292 Daniel Fall: (bl). Getty 182 aviation-images.com: (tr, c). F: Helicopter Company: (tl). Images: AFP (cl). Scaled Composites (cla). PRM Aviation Collection: (cl, bc, sloanehelicopters.com. 241 Alamy LLC: (tl, cr). 293 aviation-images. crb). 183 MAS: (ca). aviation-images. Images: Kevin Maskell (tl). Robinson com: (tl\/Voyager). aviationpictures. com: (cl, cr, br). MAS: (cb). DHAHC: (t). Helicopter Company: (cla, crb). com: (tr\/Proteus). Corbis: Gene Blevins 184 YAM: (c, cra). MAM: (bl). 185 242 aviation-images.com: (bl). PRM (ftr); Jim Sugar (crb). PRM Aviation TRAC: (cla). Alamy Images: Matthew Aviation Collection: (cla). TRAC: (c). Collection: (ftl). 294 aviation-images. Harrison (bl). Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 243 Dorling Kindersley: James com: (clb, bc). Corbis: Gene Blevins Global Aviation Resource: (tl). FAAM: (tr). 295 aviation-images.com: (crb). (crb). 186 Corbis: George Hall (tl). MAM: Stevenson Courtesy of Aviation aviationpictures.com: Helicopter Life (all other images). 187-89 MAM: (all). \/ GHJ (bl); PC-Aero (cr). PRM 190 aviationpictures.com: (ca). PRM Scotland Ltd (cl). TRAC: (cr, bl). Aviation Collection: (tc, cla). Aviation Collection: (t, bl, br). 244-45 Skydrive Ltd: (all). Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation: (br). 191 PRM Aviation Collection: (cra). 246 aviation-images.com: (cla). 296 Alamy Stock Photo: Christian aviation-images.com: (tl, bl). 190-91 PRM Aviation Collection: (cl). Lademann \/ LademannMedia-ALP RAFMC: (c). 192 Andrew Dent: (tr). 247 aviationpictures.com: (cb). (bc); WireStock (cb). Connor Ochs: TMAF: (cl). NSAM: (bl). 193 FAAM: PRM Aviation Collection: (bc, cra, cla). (cla). 296-97 Dreamstime.com: (br). USAM: (t, cla, crb). 192-93 FAAM: 248 aviation-images.com: (tl, clb). Boarding1now (t). 297 Alamy Stock (b). 194-195 akg-images: IAM (c). Cody Images: (ca). 249 aviation- Photo: Sylvia Buchholz \/ REUTERS 196 Corbis: Bettmann (cr). Getty images.com: (bl, crb, tl). Cody (cra); dpa \/ dpa picture alliance (br); Images: (bl); Popperfoto (tl); Time & Life Images: (ca, c, cr). PRM Aviation AMAZON \/ UPI (bl). Getty Images: Pictures (cl). 197 PRM Aviation Collection: (tr). 250-51 FAAM. Marina Lystseva (crb). \u00a9 Rolls- Collection: (ftl). Alfredo Ragno: (bc). 252 aviation-images.com: (bl, br). Royce plc 2020: (tr). 298-299 Scaled 198-99 TNLTA. 200 TRAC: (tl). Philip PRM Aviation Collection: (cb, c). Composites LLC: (c). 300 (top to Powell: (b). 201 PRM Aviation 253 aviation-images.com: (br, clb). bottom \u2013 TSC, TSC, RAFBBMF, Collection: (cra, cl, br). Paul Stanley: aviationpictures.com: (bl). GAO, Dorling Kindersley). 302-03 (tr). 202 PRM Aviation Collection: (tr, Hamlinjet: (tr). 255 PRM Aviation The Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust: (bc). cra, ca, cr, clb, bl, br). 203 Cody Images: Collection: (cra). TRAC: (b). 303 RAFML: (tc, tr, ca, fcar). TSC: (crb). PRM Aviation Collection: (tr, tl, 256 aviationpictures.com: (clb). PRM (cr). FAAM: (fcr). Skydrive Ltd: (br). ca, bc). 204-205 Corbis: Yann Arthus- Aviation Collection: (crb). P.L. Poole: 305 Pratt & Whitney Canada: (cla). Bertrand. 206-207 Michel Gilliand: (tc). (cla). 256-57 Phil & Diana King: (c). Wayne Suitor: (tr). 306 Museums 206 Alamy Images: ClassicStock (bl). 257 TRAC: (t). Lasham Gliding Club: Victoria: Museums Victoria Collections aviation-images.com: (tc). (ct). Graham Schimmin: (br). (cra). TACL: (bl). RAFML: (bc). aviationpictures.com: (cb, ca). Gerard 258 aviation-images.com: (tl). FAAM: (br). 307 RAFML: (tl, tr). Helmer: (c). PRM Aviation Collection: Lasham Gliding Club: (all other FAAM: (tc). The Rolls-Royce Heritage (bc). 207 BM: (cra). Alamy Images: images). 260-61: Lasham Gliding Trust: (bl). aviation-images.com: (bc). Steven May (ca). image courtesy of Club: (all). 262 aviation-images.com: West London Aero Club: (br). Bombardier Aerospace, Belfast: (c). (bl). Cody Images: (cla, tc, cra, crb). Andre Giam: (br). PRM Aviation PRM Aviation Collection: (clb). All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley Collection: (cb). 208 Corbis: Jeff 263 Alamy Images: Antony Nettle For further information see: Christensen \/ Reuters (tl). BM: (all (cla). 262-63 TNLTA: (c). www.dkimages.com other images). 209-11 BM: (all). 212 264 aviation-images.com: (bl). Airbus UK: (cl). Corbis: Liu Haifeng \/ 265 The Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust: Images on title, contents, Xinhua Press (cr). Wikipedia: borsi112 (all). 266 PRM Aviation Collection: and introduction (tl). 213 Airbus UK: (bc). aviation- (bl). MAS: (clb). 267 aviation-images. page 1 DH60 Gipsy Moth images.com: (ftl). Cody Images: (tl\/ com: (tl, tr). Keith Warrington: (cr). pages 2\u20133 Mikoyan Mig-29 A340). Getty Images: (cr). 214 YAM: TNLTA: (cl). 268-269 Getty Images: page 4 Bleriot XI (tl). PRM Aviation Collection: (cl, clb). Purestock (c). 270 YAM: (tl). 270-71 page 5 Gipsy Moth (bl), Douglas DC-2 (br) F: (bl). 215 BM: (tl). Alamy Images: RAFMC: (ca). YAM: (cb). 272 akg- page 6 Boeing B-17 (bl), Concorde (br) Kevin Maskell (tr). PRM Aviation images: (cr). Alamy Images: Paris page 7 Bell 206 JetRanger (bl), Collection: (br, c). 214-15 USAM: (c). Pierce (bl). Getty Images: (tl); Time Eurofighter Typhoon (br) 216 aviation-images.com: (tr). CNAM: & Life Pictures (cl). 273 Cody Images: page 8 Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5.a (cl). F: (tl, cr). TNLTA: (br). USAM: (cb). SNASM: (ftl). 276 Nigel Tonks & (bl), Supermarine Spifire (br) (cb). 217 CNAM: (cr). USAM: (b). Adrian Lloyd: (c). Frank Cavaciuti: page 9 Boeing B-17 (bl), Concorde (br) 218-19 THM: (all). 220 F: (tr). THM: (cb). Freddie Rogers: (b). (bl). USAM: (cl, cra). 221 FAAM: (cra). 277 Lambert Aircraft Engineering: Images on chapter opener pages Alamy Images: Antony Nettle (bl). PRM (crb). 276-77 TRAC: (c). 278-79 pages 10-11 Before 1920 Bristol M.1C Aviation Collection: (clb). 222 Alamy Skydrive Ltd: (all). 280 Alamy pages 46-47 1920\u2019s Sopwith 7F1 Snipe Images: Charles Polidano \/ Touch The Images: Susan & Allan Parker (tr). pages 70-71 1930\u2019s Bristol Bulldog Fighter Skies (tl). THM: (all other images). 223- aviation-images.com: (cla). pages 102-103 1940\u2019s Boeing B-17 25 THM: (all). 226-27 THM. 228 The Hamlinjet: (cr). 281 aviation-images. pages 140-141 1950\u2019s Brequet 1150 Advertising Archives: (bl). Cody com: (tl). Capital Holdings 164 LLC: Atlantique Images: (tl). San Diego Air & Space (ca). Philip Whiteman: (br). 282 pages 172-173 1960\u2019s Westland Wessex 5 Museum: (cl). 228-229 Wikipedia: U.S. aviation-images.com: (tr, crb). 283 \u201cJungly\u201d Air Force (cb). 229 aviation-images. Alamy Images: Stephen Shephard pages 198-199 1970\u2019s Boeing 747 com: (ftr). Dorling Kindersley: Mike (crb). aviation-images.com: (clb). pages 226-227 1980\u2019s Mil Mi-24D \u201cHind\u201d Philip Whiteman: (tl). 284 aviation- pages 250-251 1990\u2019s BAe Harrier II GR9A Dunning, Courtesy of the Science images.com: (cb). Cody Images: (tr). pages 274-275 2000\u2019s Boeing C-17 PRM Aviation Collection: (cl). Globemaster III Museum, London (ftl). NASA: (br, cra). 285 aviation-images.com: (cr). F: (tr). 230 FAAM: (tr). NSAM: (cra). 284-85 RAFMC: (ca). 286 Getty"]