Super Science Encyclopedia - How Science Shapes Our World

["GLOSSARY 201 ECOSYSTEM EVOLUTION GENERATOR INSULATOR A collection of living organisms The process by which species A device that produces electrical A material through which heat that share a habitat and are gradually change and adapt to energy from kinetic energy. Wind or electricity cannot pass easily. reliant on each other a changing environment over turbines and many power plants for survival. very long periods of time. used generators. ISOTOPES ELECTRICITY FAT GLOBAL WARMING Different versions of an element, each with the same number of Anything related to electric An energy-rich substance A rise in the average temperature protons but different numbers charge. Electric current is the found in living things. In the of Earth\u2019s atmosphere, caused by of neutrons in their nuclei. movement of particles with body, fats are used to store rising levels of carbon dioxide electric charge. Electricity is used energy, surround nerves, and other greenhouse gases. LASER to power homes, cars, and many and as a layer of insulation. Global warming has many effects other modern machines. on Earth\u2019s climate, including the (Light amplification by stimulated FORCE melting of ice at the poles, a rise emission of radiation.) A device ELECTROLYSIS in sea levels, and the occurence that creates a beam of light with A push or a pull that causes of more extreme weather events. waves that are in step and of A process that divides an object to change its speed, a precise wavelength. substances into simpler direction, or shape. GRAVITY parts using electric current. LENS FOSSIL FUEL A force that pulls all things with ELECTROMAGNETIC mass toward each other. On A glass or plastic object with SPECTRUM A fuel derived from the fossilized Earth, gravity pulls objects to the curved surfaces that cause remains of living things. Fossil ground and gives them weight. light to bend as it passes through. The whole range of different fuels include coal, oil, and gas. The planets of the Solar System A lens that curves inward is types of electromagnetic They release carbon dioxide and are kept in orbit by gravity. called concave, and a lens radiation, from gamma rays other harmful gases when they that curves outward is called to radio waves. Visible light, are burned, contributing to GREENHOUSE GAS convex. Lenses are used which we can see, is part of global warming. to form images in cameras, the electromagnetic spectrum. A gas in the atmosphere that telescopes, and microscopes. FULCRUM traps the Sun\u2019s warmth around ELECTRON the planet. Greenhouse gases LIQUID The pivot or fixed point around include carbon dioxide A negatively charged particle which a lever turns. and methane. A state of matter where the atoms found in the outer part of an or molecules are closely packed atom. Moving electrons carry FUNGUS HABITAT together. The bonds between electricity and cause magnetism. them are stronger than in gases A group of microorganisms that The natural home of an animal but weaker than in solids, ELEMENT feed on plants and animals. They or plant. It can be as small as allowing the particles to move break down dead animals and an underside of a leaf and freely. Liquids flow and take A substance made of only one plants, feeding on the nutrients. as vast as an entire forest. the shape of a container kind of atom. There are 118 and cannot be compressed. known elements, about 90 of GAS IMMUNE SYSTEM which occur naturally. MAGNET A state of matter where the particles The defense mechanism of the ENERGY are spaced out and move around human body that protects us An object that has a magnetic at high speed. Gases flow to fill a from diseases. Every time you field and attracts or repels What enables work to be done. container and can be compressed. sneeze, cough, or get a cold or other magnetic objects. Energy exists in many different fever, it is your immune system Things are attracted or forms, such as electrical and GENE fighting off a threat. repelled by magnets chemical. It cannot be created due to an invisible force or destroyed\u2014only transferred. A length of DNA that carries a INFRASTRUCTURE called magnetism. code to perform a specific job. EVAPORATION Genes instruct cells to make The basic facilities, such as MAGNETIC FIELD proteins that affect one or more buildings, roads, and bridges, The process by which atoms of the organism\u2019s characteristics. required by a country or The invisible pattern of force that or molecules of a liquid turn Genes are passed down from society to work. stretches out around a magnet. into a gas. one generation to the next.","202 GLOSSARY MASS MOMENTUM NUTRIENT PLASMA A measure of the amount The measure of an object\u2019s A substance that animals and A high-energy gas made of of matter in an object. motion. Momentum is calculated plants take in that is essential charged particles. Also the by multiplying the object\u2019s mass for life and growth. Nutrients liquid part of blood. MATERIAL by its speed. are useful as a source of energy or as raw material. POLYMER A substance out of which things MOTOR can be made. Every object is ORGAN A long, chainlike molecule made of a material\u2014natural A device that uses electricity made up of smaller molecules or human-made. and magnetism to produce A major structure in an organism connected together. Polymers movement. that has a specific function. can be found in nature, such MATTER Examples include the stomach, as DNA, or be produced MUSCLE the brain, and even the skin. artificially, such as plastic. The material which everything around us is made from. Anything Organs in the body made up ORGANISM PRESSURE that has mass and occupies space of tiny fibers. Muscles pull on is matter. Matter includes solids, bones to make the body move. Any living thing, such a plant, The force exerted by something liquids, and gases, and both animal, or fungus. pressing or squeezing an area. living and nonliving things. NERVE The same force can produce OXYGEN high pressure or low pressure, METAL A bundle of nerve fibers and depending on the area it acts on. blood vessels that transmits A colorless, odorless gas. It is A type of element with specific electrical signals to and from required for a substance to burn. PROTEIN properties. Metals are usually the brain or the spinal cord. strong and shiny and are good PARTICLE A type of complex chemical conductors of electricity and NEURON found in all living things. Proteins heat. Over three-quarters A tiny bit of matter. This can refer are the building blocks of cells. of all elements are classified A nerve cell. Each neuron to atoms and molecules or to These are made up of simple as metals. is connected to many other subatomic particles such as units called amino acids. There neurons, creating a network for electrons, protons, and neutrons. are about 20 natural amino MICROBE sending and receiving signals. acids, and a protein has hundreds PATHOGEN of these units connected in a A tiny organism that can only be NEUTRON specific order. Organisms need seen with the aid of a microscope. A microbe, such as a virus, that proteins for growth and repair. Also known as a microorganism. A particle in the nucleus of causes disease. an atom that has no electric PROTON MICROORGANISM charge. It is located in the nuclei PH of all atoms except hydrogen. A particle with a positive See microbe A measure of the concentration electric charge in the nucleus NUCLEAR FISSION of charged atoms of hydrogen of an atom. MINERAL that determines how acidic A process in which large nuclei or alkaline a substance is. RADIATION Any naturally occurring substance of atoms break into smaller ones, The lower the pH, the more made up of more than one releasing large amounts of energy. acidic the substance. Waves of energy that travel element that can be found in through space. Radiation the ground. Rocks are made of NUCLEAR FUSION PHOTOSYNTHESIS includes visible light, heat, minerals. All minerals are crystals. X-rays, and radio waves. A process in which small atomic The process by which plants use MOLD nuclei, such as those of hydrogen the Sun\u2019s energy to make food RADIOACTIVE atoms, join together to make from water and carbon dioxide. A type of fungus. It appears on larger ones, releasing large This process produces oxygen. A material that is unstable rotten food as a fluffy growth. amounts of energy. because the nuclei of its atoms Most molds feed on decaying PHYSICS easily break down. plants and animals. NUCLEUS The study of forces, energy, RADIOACTIVITY MOLECULE The central core of something. and matter. An atomic nucleus contains The breakdown of atomic nuclei, A group of two or more atoms protons and neutrons, while PIGMENT causing radiation to be released. joined by strong bonds. a cell\u2019s nucleus contains DNA. A chemical that colors an object.","GLOSSARY 203 RADIO WAVE SOLAR SYSTEM SUGAR VOLUME A type of electromagnetic The Sun and all the bodies held A usually sweet-tasting substance The amount of space an object radiation that has the longest in orbit around it by the Sun\u2019s needed by cells to live and grow. takes up. waves. It travels far and very gravity. These bodies include quickly and can be used to planets, dwarf planets, moons, SURFACE TENSION WATER PRESSURE carry information, such as music. asteroids, and comets. An effect caused by the strong The amount of pressure exerted REACTION SOLID attraction of water molecules to by water. The pressure increases each other that makes the surface with depth because of the weight A force in response A state of matter where an of water behave like a stretched of water above it. So the deeper to an opposing force. element\u2019s atoms are joined elastic membrane. you dive in the sea, the higher See also chemical reaction together in a rigid structure. Solids the pressure gets. are firm to the touch and have a SYNTHETIC REFLECTION definite shape rather than taking WATER VAPOR on the shape of their containers. A word describing something The way light, sound, or other that is human-made or that The gas that is produced types of energy bounce back SOLUTE does not exist naturally. when molecules of liquid from a surface. water evaporate. A substance that dissolves in TISSUE RENEWABLE ENERGY a solvent to form a solution. WEIGHT A group of similar cells that carry A type of energy that comes from SOLUTION out the same function, such as The force exerted on matter by a source will not run out, unlike muscle tissue, which can contract. gravity. The more mass an object energy from fossil fuels. Types A mixture in which the molecules has, the greater its weight. of renewable energy include of a solute are evenly spread TURBINE wind power, wave power, out among the molecules YEAST and solar power. of a solvent. Solutions can A device with rotating fan blades be separated in several ways. that are driven by the pressure A tiny single-celled fungus SALT of gases, liquids, or steam. It that feeds on sugars, producing SOLVENT converts energy into a different carbon dioxide gas and alcohol. A chemical formed when an form. Turbines powered by the acid reacts another substance, A substance (usually a liquid) wind or by moving water are such as a metal or an alkali. The in which a solute dissolves often used to generate electricity. word is also used to specifically to form a solution. describe sodium chloride. UPTHRUST Abbreviations used in this book STEAM SATELLITE The upward force exerted by \/ per\u2014for example, Very small but visible water a liquid or a gas on an object km\/h means An object in space that travels droplets suspended in the air, immersed in it. cm kilometer per hour around another in an orbit. Many caused by the condensation \u00b0C centimeter satellites are human-made. of water vapor. VACCINATION \u00b0F degrees Celsius ft degrees Fahrenheit SENSOR STIMULUS Giving a vaccine to cause future g foot immunity or protection against in gram A device or component Something that encourages infectious diseases. kg inch of a machine that picks up activity or response in people km kilogram information from its surrounding or things. VACCINE lb kilometer environment, such as changes m pound in heat or light levels, and STREAMLINED A substance given to people mph meter responds accordingly. to produce immunity against MYA miles per hour Smoothly shaped, usually a specific infectious disease. oz million years ago SOFTWARE curved, to move easily ounce through air or water. VOLCANO The programs or set of instructions or data that run on SUBLIMATION An opening in Earth\u2019s crust a computer and control how it through which magma works, including the operating The process by which a solid (liquid rock) erupts, and system and applications. turns directly into a gas without the resulting structure first turning into a liquid. created by the eruption.","204 INDEX INDEX A astronauts boats, solar 40 catapults, aircraft 110\u2013111 and electric cars 88 bones, human 134, 137, cheese making 18\u201319 acids 16\u201317 and oxygen tanks 145 chocolate 18 aerodynamics 98 and plants 21, 22\u201323 182, 192 circulatory system 134 agriculture see farming Bosco Verticale towers Italy air resistance 97, 98 atmosphere 57, 101, 103, see also blood airbags 140, 141 105, 156, 168\u2013169, 52\u201353 climate change 7, 24, 52, aircraft 170\u2013171 brain, human 116, 133, 150\u2013151, 156, 170 catapults 110\u2013111 atmospheric gases 168 134\u2013135, 136\u2013137, cochlear implants 136\u2013137 weather planes 164\u2013165 atoms 8, 36, 39, 64, 101, 192, 194 color printing and mixing wings 98 bread making 18 airships 94 151, 177, 178 buckminsterfullerene 64 84\u201385 algae 30, 47\u201348, 150 compostable bottles 77 alkalis 16\u201317 B C compression 59 aluminum 35, 52, 78\u201379 condensation 27 ammonia 12 bacteria 8, 18\u201319, 32, 76 cables 59, 119 conductors 55, 63 animals and antibiotics electrical 45 conservation 199 and camera traps 122\u2013123, 125 fiber-optic cables convection 55 112\u2013113 cooling towers 36 198\u2013199 bats 167 corals 150\u2013151 echolocation 167 batteries 41, 42\u201343, 88\u201389 calcium carbonate 151 COVID-19 126\u2013127 insulation 73 bicycles, aerodynamics cameras 96, 104, 137 cranes (machines) 60\u201361 migration 196\u2013197 crash tests 140\u2013141 and oil spills 147 98\u201399 camera traps 198\u2013199 CT (computed tomography) and robots 186\u2013187 biodegradable plastics robot camera 187 Antarctica, ice core 169 thermal 184, 185 scans 180\u2013181 antibiotics 122\u2013123, 125 76\u201377 carbon 64, 155 cyclones 164 antibodies 126\u2013127, 128 biofuels 48\u201349 carbon cycle 178 aquaponics 12 biomes 148\u2013149 carbon dioxide 18, 47\u201348, D Arctic terns 197 biometrics 116\u2013117 artificial intelligence (AI) biorocks 150\u2013151 128, 145, 168 databases 116\u2013117 birds 147, 196\u2013197 capturing 156\u2013157 defibrillators 135 14\u201315 bladder 134 dry ice 82\u201383 density 147 artificial skin 194\u2013195 block and tackle 60 photosynthesis 52 diabetes 135 blood 128\u2013129, 190, 194 cars diamonds 64\u201365 crash tests 140\u2013141 digestive system 134 circulatory system 128, electric 88\u201389 130, 134 self-driving 66, 90\u201391 and lungs 145","INDEX 205 dinosaur fossils 178 electrolysis 151 fast-food preparation 14 genetically modified (GM) diving 72\u201373, 144\u2013145 electromagnetic radiation fermentation 18, 19 foods 20\u201321 DNA 8, 21, 122 fiber-optic cables 112\u2013113 115, 142, 172, 184 fingerprint scans 117 genetics 8 analysis 182, 183, electromagnetic spectrum fire retardants 154\u2013155 geology 8 190\u2013191 firefighting 97, 154\u2013155, glaciers 24\u201325, 168 115, 142 glass making 74\u201375 dolphins 167 electromagnetism 9, 92\u201393 185 global heating 156 drag 97, 98 electron microscopes 177 flares 106\u2013107 Golden Gate Bridge drones 96\u201397, 105 electrons 34, 40, 45, fluorescence 143 dropsondes 164 fog catchers 26\u201327 58\u201359 dry ice 82\u201383 101, 177 fog machines 82 GPS (Global Positioning dust mites 176\u2013177 elements 64 forces 138\u2013139 endothermic process 63 System) 197 E energy of flight 97, 98 graphite 64 and simple machines gravity 22, 97 ears, hearing aids 136\u2013137 elastic potential 139 greenhouse effect 156 Earth\u2019s atmosphere light waves 67 60\u201361 greenhouse gases 168 storage 42\u201343 spacecraft 102\u2013103 gunpowder 106 see atmosphere evaporation 27, 28, 30 upthrust 94 echolocation 167 evolution 182 forensic science 8, 190\u2013191 H eco buildings 52\u201353, 80\u201381 exoskeletons 132\u2013133 fossils 178\u2013179, 182\u2013183 Eden Project, Cornwall, UK exothermic process 63 fruit-picking robots 14\u201315 habitats 148\u2013149, 152\u2013153 Exxon Valdez oil spill fuel 155 hearing aids 136\u2013137 148\u2013149 fungi 18, 125 heart 130, 134 elasticity 139 146\u2013147 electric cars 88\u201389 eyes 66, 116, 137 G defibrillator 135 electric current 34, 40, 45, heat 73, 155, 156, 184 F gaming 118\u2013119 heat shields 100\u2013101 89, 92, 115 gamma waves 142 heat transfer 55 electricity face masks 143 gases 25, 101 helium 168, 170 facial recognition 117 high-visibility clothing conductors 63 farming atmospheric 168, 170 nuclear power 36\u201339 properties of 83 70\u201371 supplying 34\u201335 and artificial intelligence water vapor 27 hot air balloons 94\u201395 wind turbines 44\u201345 (AI) 14\u201315 genes 21 house insulation 54\u201355 electrochemistry 9 genetic testing 190 human body systems 134 electroencephalogram (EEG) drones 97 human species 182 hydroponics 12\u201313 134\u2013135 soil pH 16\u201317","206 INDEX hurricanes 164 light 75, 142 microbes opaque objects 75 hydroelectric power 42 and reflection 70, 112, in food 18\u201319 optical prism 71 hydroponics 12\u201313 116 and plastics 76 oxygen 52, 128, 134, 155 and telescopes 172\u2013173 oxygen tanks 144\u2013145 I microorganisms 18\u201319, ozone 168, 170 light microscopes 177 176\u2013177 ice cores 168\u2013169 light waves 67, 112, P ice stupas 24\u201325 microscopes 176\u2013177 identity checks 116\u2013117 142\u2013143 migrating wildlife, mapping pacemakers 130\u2013131 immune system 126\u2013127 lime and limestone 16\u201317 pancreas 135 infrared cameras 54 liquids 25, 27, 147 196\u2013197 Paralympics 138\u2013139 infrared radiation 184 lotus leaves 68\u201369 molecules 25, 83, 147 pathogens 126 insulation lungs 126, 134, 135, 145 momentum 141 penicillin 125 Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel Perseverance rover 104\u2013105 house 54\u201355 M pH 16\u201317 materials 72\u201373 and Jacques-\u00c9tienne 94 photosynthesis 52 insulin 135 machine learning 14 moon buggy 88 plants International Space Station magma 163 muscles 133, 134 magnetic levitation (maglev) indoor farming 12\u201313 (ISS) 22, 41, 102, 170 N kelp forests 152\u2013153 internet 119 trains 92\u201393 life cycle 13, 22 intestines 134 magnetic resonance NASA 98 photosynthesis 52 ions 101, 151 National Oceanic and in space 22\u201323 iris scans 116\u2013117 imaging (MRI) plasma 101 irrigation 24 192\u2013193 Atmospheric plasma (blood) 128 isotopes 178 magnets 92, 93, 192 Administration (NOAA) plastics 30, 76\u201377 and electricity 164\u2013165 platelets 128 K generation 45 neoprene 72, 73 pollution 52, 76, and metals 93 nervous system 133, kelp forests 152\u2013153 Maiman, Theodore 67 134, 192 146\u2013147, 170 mangrove forests 156 neurons 192\u2013193 polymers 30 L Mars (planet) 104\u2013105 neutrons 36, 177, 178 potassium 28, 106 mechanics 9 nuclear chemistry 8 power grids 34, 35 lamps, UV 142\u2013143 metals nuclear fission 36\u201337 power stations 35, 157 lasers 66\u201367 aluminum 78\u201379 nuclear fusion 38\u201339 pressure 110\u2013111, 161 lava 163 magnetic 93 nuclear power 36\u201337 lenses 172, 177 metal salts 106 air pressure 94, 98 levers 60\u201361 welding 62\u201363 O water pressure 161 lidar technology 66 meteorology 9 printing 84\u201385, 182 meteors 101, 170 oil 146\u2013147 oil spills 146\u2013147 online gaming 118\u2013119","INDEX 207 prisms 70\u201371 sedimentation 32, 33 T water proteins 21 self-driving cars 66, as conductor 63 protons 177 telescopes density 147 pulleys 60\u201361 90\u201391 laser-guided 66 states of 25, 27 sewage, treatment radio 173 surface tension 68 R reflecting 172\u2013173 waste water treatment 32\u201333 refracting 172 32\u201333 radiation 55, 180, 184 shade balls 30\u201331 radio communication skin 194 tension 59 water pressure 161 sodium chloride 28 thermal imaging 184\u2013185 water-repellent materials 114\u2013115 soil 16\u201317 thermodynamics 9 radio waves 115, 142, solar energy 40\u201341 tigers 198\u2013199 68\u201369 solar panels 40\u201341 trains, magnetic levitation waves 172, 173 Solar System 105 recycling solids 25, 27 (maglev) 92\u201393 electromagnetic solutions 28 translucent materials 75 spectrum 142 aluminum 78\u201379 transparent materials 75 plastics 76\u201377 electrolysis 151 tropical storms 164\u2013165 laser light 67 reefs, restoring 150\u2013151 solvents 28 typhoons see cyclones measuring 184 reflection 70, 112 sonar 166\u2013167 and vibrations 9 renewable energy 40\u201349 sonograms 166 U weather balloons respiratory system 134, sound waves 136\u2013137, ultraviolet (UV) radiation 170\u2013171 135, 145 166\u2013167 142\u2013143 weather planes 164\u2013165 retroreflection 70 spacecraft 100\u2013101 welding, underwater robots uranium 36\u201337 forces 102\u2013103 urinary system 134 62\u201363 animal robots 186\u2013187 speech recognition 117 wetsuits 72\u201373 autonomous 14\u201315 spinal cord 133 V wind 164, 171 therapeutic 186 states of matter 25 wind farms 46\u201347 rockets 102\u2013103 steam pressure 110\u2013111 vaccines 126\u2013127 wind tunnels 98\u201399 running blades 138\u2013139 sublimation 83 viruses 126\u2013127 wind turbines 44\u201345 submarines 160, 161 volcanoes 162\u2013163 wrenches 60 S submersibles 160\u2013161 voltage 35 sugars 18, 19, 128, 135 X salmon 196 Sun 40, 101 W salts 28\u201329, 106 surface tension 68 X-rays 180\u2013181 satellites 119, 197 surgery, eye 66 waste recycling 78\u201379 scanning electron suspension bridges waste water treatment Y microscopes 177 58\u201359 32\u201333 Yamamoto Atsushi 139 seabirds 147 synthetic materials 73, 187 yeast 18, 19 seatbelts 140, 141","208 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The publisher would like to thank the following 58-59 Getty Images:\u00a0Ventdusud.\u00a059 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Aurora Photos. 110-111 Alamy Stock Photo: AB Forces com:\u00a0Kimimasa Mayama \/ Epa-Efe \/ Shutterstock.\u00a0190-191 19 Alamy Stock Photo: Farlap (c). 20-21 Getty Images: News Collection. 111 Alamy Stock Photo: Jack Sullivan (tr). Getty Images:\u00a0Monty Rakusen. 190 Alamy Stock Photo: Handout. 21 SuperStock: Biosphoto (c). 22-23 NASA. 112 Bryan Christie Design: (cl). 112-113 Getty Images: Martin Shields (c).\u00a0191 Alamy Stock Photo: Roibu (cr); Science 22 NASA: (c). 24-25 Ciril Jazbec. 24 Alamy Stock Photo: The Asahi Shimbun. 113 Getty Images: VCG (tr). Photo Photo Library (tr, br). 192-193 Science Photo Library:\u00a0Du OA (cra). 26-27 Peter Trautwein Aqualonis. 26 Peter by courtesy of Seatools:\u00a0(cr, br).\u00a0114-115 Alamy Stock Cane Medical Imaging Ltd. 192 Massachusetts Institute of Trautwein Aqualonis:\u00a0(crb).\u00a028-29 Shutterstock.com: Photo:\u00a0Prisma by Dukas Presseagentur GmbH. 115 Technology (MIT): Rebecca Saxe, Ben Deen, Atsushi Takahashi Ksenia Ragozina. 28 Alamy Stock Photo: Phil Rees (c). Dreamstime.com:\u00a0Photoeuphoria (c). 116-117 Science \/ Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, M (c). 194-195 30-31 Nat Geo Image Collection: Greg Ludwig. 30 Alamy Photo Library:\u00a0James King-Holmes. 117 Alamy Stock Photo: Science Photo Library: Klaus Guldbrandsen. 194 Science Stock Photo: Cavan Images (c). 32-33 Getty Images \/ iStock: Andriy Popov (br). Getty Images:\u00a0Bloomberg (cr). Science Photo Library: Chris Priest (c). 196-197 Alamy Stock Chunyip Wong.\u00a032 Shutterstock.com:\u00a0Anongnaj Phewngern Photo Library: Mauro Fermariello (tr). 118-119 Getty Images: Photo:\u00a0Mike Lane. 196 naturepl.com: Ingo Arndt (crb).\u00a0 (cl). 34-35 Shutterstock.com: urbans. 36-37 Shutterstock. Bartosz Siedlik. 119 Alamy Stock Photo: Aleksey Boldin (c). 198-199 Nat Geo Image Collection: Steve Winter.\u00a0199 Getty com:\u00a0polu_tsvet.\u00a037 Alamy Stock Photo:\u00a0H. Mark Weidman 122-123 Science Photo Library:\u00a0Wim Van Egmond. 122 Images: The Washington Post (c). 200 Science Photo Library: Photography (tc). 38-39 Massachusetts Institute of Getty Images: BSIP (clb). 124-125 Science Photo Library: Medical Media Images (tr). Shutterstock.com: polu_tsvet (tc). Technology (MIT): Bob Mumgaard. 40-41 NASA: NASA \/ Biophoto Associates. 126 Alamy Stock Photo: Trevor Smith 201 Alamy Stock Photo: Dino Fracchia (tr). Getty Images \/ Roscosmos. 40 Alamy Stock Photo: dpa picture alliance (cl). 126-127 Alamy Stock Photo:\u00a0Science Photo Library. iStock: Georgeclerk (tc); greenleaf123 (ftl). NASA: (tl). 202 archive (bc). 41 Alamy Stock Photo: All Canada Photos (bc). 128-129 Getty Images: SDI Productions. 128 Alamy Stock Alamy Stock Photo:\u00a0Ivan Smuk (tl).\u00a0Getty Images: VCG Science Photo Library: Trevor Clifford Photography (bl). Photo: Science Photo Library (c). 129 Alamy Stock Photo: (tr).\u00a0Science Photo Library: James King-Holmes (tc). 42-43 Neoen:\u00a0(c).\u00a042 Alamy Stock Photo: Askar Karimullin Jiri Hubatka (tc). 130-131 Science Photo Library: Medical Shutterstock.com:\u00a0Konstantin Tronin (ftl). 203 Alamy Stock (c). 44-45 Getty Images:\u00a0Loic Venance. 44 Getty Images: Media Images. 130 Getty Images: Peter Dazeley (c). Photo:\u00a0dpa picture alliance archive (tl). ESO: ESO \/ F. Kamphues Fred Tanneau (tl).\u00a045 Science Photo Library:\u00a0Martin Bond 132-133 CYBERDYNE: Prof. Sankai University of Tsukuba\/ (tr).\u00a0Getty Images: Bloomberg (ftl); MarBom (tc). 204 Alamy (c).\u00a046-47 Vattenfall Group. 48-49 Getty Images \/ iStock: CYBERDYNE Inc.. 132 Shutterstock.com: (bl). 134-135 Stock Photo: Maximilian Buzun (tr); David Tadevosian (tc). greenleaf123.\u00a048 Alamy Stock Photo:\u00a0Aflo Co. Ltd. (clb).\u00a0 Science Photo Library:\u00a0Burger \/ Phanie.\u00a0135 Alamy 205 Getty Images:\u00a0BSIP (tl). Getty Images \/ iStock: 49 Dreamstime.com:\u00a0Bencharat Chanphong (c).\u00a052-53 Stock Photo: BSIP SA (br); Wavebreak Media Ltd. (tr).\u00a0Science Vladimir Vladimirov (tr). Science Photo Library: Burger \/ Boeri Studio:\u00a0Vertical Forest Ph. Dimitar Harizanov, Milan, Photo Library: GARO \/ PHANIE (cr).\u00a0137 Getty Images:\u00a0Jim Phanie (ftl); Philippe Plailly (tc). Italy.\u00a052 Studio Roosegaarde: (cl). 54-55 Alamy Stock Watson (c). 138-139 Getty Images:\u00a0Kyodo News. 138 Getty All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley Photo:\u00a0Ivan Smuk.\u00a055 Alamy Stock Photo:\u00a0Dennis Frates Images: The Washington Post (crb). 140-141 Getty Images: For further information see: (cr).\u00a056-57 BAS: British Antarctic Survey \/ Antony Dubber. Bertrand Guay.\u00a0140 Getty Images: (cra). 142-143 Getty www.dkimages.com Images: Boston Globe. 143 Alamy Stock Photo:\u00a0Nature Picture Library (tr). Getty Images \/ iStock:\u00a0Vladimir"]