Big Ideas Simply Explained - The Ecology Book

["\u0420\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0417 \u041f\u041e\u0414\u0413\u041e\u0422\u041e\u0412\u0418\u041b\u0410 \u0413\u0420\u0423\u041f\u041f\u0410 \\\"What's News\\\" VK.COM\/WSNWS INDEX 349 parrotfish 63\u201364 population dynamics cont. S Pasteur, Louis 70, 100, 102, 103, 103 urbanization 282\u2013283, 297 pasteurization 103 Verhulst equation 164\u2013165, 184 Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy 20 peacocks 28, 29 salamanders 63, 283, 283, 291 peak oil 263\u2013264 population viability analysis (PVA) 312\u2013315 salmon 184 Pearl, Raymond 164\u2013165 prairie dogs 62, 62, 63 salt-tolerant vegetation 169 pedosphere 215 Pratchett, Terry 120 saltmarshes 142, 210 Peltier, Autumn 339 predators and prey 42, 56 saolas 97 penguins 72\u201373, 73 sawflies 278 penicillin 102 apex predators 65, 76, 109, 133 scala naturae 82, 83 Peregrine Falcons 229 food chains 109 Schimper, Andreas 160, 168, 169 periphyton 113 nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) 76\u201377 Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 72, 73, 73 permafrost 225 predator\u2013prey equations 44\u201349, 225 Schumacher, Ernst 295, 328 pesticides 229, 242\u2013247 trophic cascades 62, 130, 140\u2013143 scientific revolution 296 phenology 276 prickly pears 263 Sclater, Philip 160, 162, 200 phenotypes 30, 33, 89 primary consumers 112, 133, 138, 139, 277, sclerophyll 169 photosynthesis 66, 72, 74, 133, 136, 189, 221, 279 sea anemones 59, 59 primate development 120 sea levels, rising 203, 225, 241, 318 222, 228, 240, 249, 259, 269, 303, 305 prokaryotes 90 sea otters 64\u201365, 143 photovoltaic cells 302 protists 91 sea snails 182 phytogeography 200 ptarmigans 315 sea urchins 64, 143 phytoplankton 74, 94, 105, 112\u2013113, 142, 222, Pulliam, Robert 66, 67 seals 109, 235 Sears, Paul 134 269, 269, 281 QR seasonal cycle 276\u2013279 phytotrons 156, 157 second-order predation hypothesis 143 Pianka, Eric 66 queen conches 182 secondary consumers 138, 139, 277 pioneer plants 160, 171 seeds Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph 86 rabbits 48, 109, 132, 142, 225, 270\u2013271 plant communities 160\u2013161, 167 raccoons 111 dispersal 58, 64 rainforests 54, 55, 97, 153, 209, 209, 228, 238, diversity 326\u2013327 climax communities 172\u2013173, 174 sessile species 77 open community theory 174\u2013175 256\u2013257, 258, 259, 264 sewage treatment 228, 233, 291 plant distribution 168\u2013169 rainwater catchment and storage 291 sexual selection 28 plant ecology 167 ranaviruses 280 Shachak, Moshe 189 plant physiology 169 rats 111 Shaffer, Mark 313, 314 plant succession 135, 160, 167 Raven, Peter 56, 59 sharks 133 plants, invasive 272\u2013273, 282 Ray, John 80, 82, 83, 86, 88 Shaw, Robert 337 plastic pollution 232, 235, 269, 284\u2013285 recycling 291, 330\u2013331 Shelford, Victor 138, 206, 207, 208 plate tectonics 212\u2013213 Red List of the International Union for Shiva, Vandana 326, 327, 327 Playfair, John 23 sickle cell disease 37, 37 poaching 95 Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 93, 95, 312 Siemens, Werner von 302 polar bears 72, 109, 109 Red Queen evolutionary theory 49 Sierra Club 298, 307, 308 politics, Green 308, 309 Redfield Ratio 74 silver maple 209 pollination 56, 57, 58, 59, 230\u2013235, 250, 279, Reed, Lowell 164 Simpson, George Gaylord 212, 213 329 reforestation 259 Slagsvold, Tore 114, 115 pollution 93\u201394, 105, 225, 228, 229, 280 Renaissance 296 Slobodkin, Lawrence 130, 140, 141, 143 acid rain 93, 222, 229, 234, 248\u2013249 renewable energy 300\u2013305 Smith, Frederick 141 air 93, 95, 232, 233\u2013234, 233, 248 resource partitioning 53 Smith, John Maynard 29, 48, 131, 154\u2013155 effects on health 232, 234 rhinos 201, 223 Smith, Robert Angus 248 intangible pollutants 235 ribosomes 90\u201391 smog 233 light 235, 252\u2013253 rice 36 snakes 93 noise 235 Richmond, William Blake 335 Snow, John 69\u201370, 69 oil spills 234\u2013235 Rio Earth Summit 295 snowshoe hares 110, 110 pesticides 229, 242\u2013247 RNA 36 soil acidification 93 plastic 232, 235, 269, 284\u2013285, 284, 285 solar power 294, 302\u2013303, 305 thermal 235 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 75 Sonora Desert 173, 312 water 93, 94, 228, 233, 234\u2013235, 269, 289, 330 Robins 114 sparrows 253 population dynamics 46\u201349, 108, 110 rockpools 193 speciation 30, 88\u201389 chaotic change 184 Romanticism 298, 299 species distribution 162\u2013163 ecological drift 192 Roosevelt, Theodore 264, 335 species-area effect 147 human population growth 27, 46, 47, 94, 164, Root, Richard 152, 161, 176\u2013177 237 Rowland, Frank 229, 260, 261 metapopulations 161, 186\u2013187 \u201crunaway greenhouse\u201d effect 224, 225 overpopulation 229, 250\u2013251 population control 250, 251 predator\u2013prey equations 44\u201349, 190, 225","\u0420\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0417 \u041f\u041e\u0414\u0413\u041e\u0422\u041e\u0412\u0418\u041b\u0410 \u0413\u0420\u0423\u041f\u041f\u0410 \\\"What's News\\\" VK.COM\/WSNWS 350 INDEX Spencer, Herbert 172 trophic-dynamic theory 138\u2013139 wasps 49, 58 spontaneous generation 102 trout 111, 211 waste disposal 330\u2013331 spring creep 274\u2013279 truffles 104 water squirrels 53, 53, 278 turtles 182, 229, 239, 253, 253, 285 starfish 62, 63, 130, 141, 141 Tyndall, John 202, 203 economic water scarcity 290\u2013291 starlings 66, 67, 111, 189 typological species concepts 89 hydroelectric power 294, 302, 304\u2013305 Steller\u2019s sea cows 143, 143 physical water scarcity 290 steppes 207 U pollution 93, 94, 228, 233, 234\u2013235, 269, 289, 330 Sterner, Robert 43, 74 recycling 291 sticklebacks 117 Udvardy, Miklos 200, 209 saline 265, 288 stinkhorn fungi 58 UNESCO 310, 311 tidal power 302, 305 stochasticity 192, 313, 314 uniformitarianism 18, 23 water crisis 286\u2013291 stromatolites 205 urbanization 282\u2013283, 297 water stress 290 Suess, Eduard 134, 197, 204 Urqhuart, Fred and Norah 180, 181, 181, 182 water supplies 265, 288, 289\u2013290 sugar maple 209 UV radiation 260, 261 Watson, Andrew 216 Sugihari, George 184 Watson, James 19, 32, 34\u201335, 35 survival of the fittest 28, 37, 53 V weasels 109 Suzuki, David 337 Wecker, Stanley C. 337 swallows 199 vaccines 84, 102\u2013103 Wegener, Alfred 163, 196, 212\u2013213 Swammerdam, Jan 85 Van Valen, Leigh 46, 49 Werner, Abraham 23 symbiotic relationships 56 vegetation Werner, Earl 43, 76\u201377 systems ecology 211 wetlands 239, 289, 291 biomes 208\u2013209 whales 87, 133, 235, 239, 285 T climax communities 172\u2013173 whelks 62, 63 feedback loops 224 White, Gilbert 294, 297, 298 tadpoles 76\u201377, 109 formations 173, 206\u2013207 White, Lynn 306 taiga 201 open community theory 174\u2013175 Whitehouse, Michael 189 Tang, Chao 184 plant distribution 168\u2013169 Whittaker, Robert 86, 90, 91, 161, 174, 175, 209 Tansley, Arthur 130, 134, 135, 135, 136, 138, 153, plant succession 135, 160, 167 Wickett, Michael E. 281 zones 168\u2013169 Wiesenfeld, Kurt 184 167, 172, 174, 176, 190, 208, 210, 214 see also deforestation; plant communities wildlife corridors 239 tapirs 163 Verhulst, Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois 164, 184 wildlife crossings 191, 191 tarns 136 Verhulst equation 164\u2013165, 184 Wilkins, John 85 taxonomy 37, 80\u201381, 86\u201387 Vernadsky, Vladimir 136, 138, 153, 160, 167, 197, Wilkins, Maurice 35 Teale, Edwin Way 246 204\u2013205, 205, 214 Williams, Carrington 185 telomeres 123 viral shunt 69 Williams, George C. 38 Ten Percent Law 113 viruses 68, 69, 70, 102, 103, 280 Wilmut, Ian 34 tench 113 volcanic activity 149, 149, 163, 222, 223 Wilson, E.O. 81, 92, 93, 94, 94, 131, 146, 147, 148, territorial behavior 155 Volterra, Vito 46, 46, 47, 48, 52, 225 149, 223, 312 Theophrastus 42 wind power 303\u2013304, 323 thermal pollution 235 W Wingfield, Eileen Wani 336 thermoregulation 126\u2013127 Woese, Carl 81, 90\u201391 Thoreau, Henry David 171, 244, 298 Waddington, Conrad 188 wolves 49, 64, 65, 110, 140 ticks 58, 112 Wagler, Ron 223 \u201cwood-wide web\u201d 105 tidal power 302, 305 Wahlenburg, G\u00f6ran 198 woodpeckers 111, 189 tigers 49, 133, 201 Wallace, Arthur Russel 18, 27\u20138, 29, 42, 59, 146, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 236 Tinbergen, Niko 39, 101, 116, 117, 123 Wright, Judith 336 toads 280 160, 162, 163, 166, 196\u2013197, 200\u2013201, 201 tool use, animal 120, 121, 122 Wallace Line 163, 201 XYZ topsoil erosion 264\u2013265 Walter, Heinrich 206 tortoises 27, 191, 200 warblers 52, 53, 199 X-ray crystallography 19 Traill, Catherine Parr 334 warfare 124\u2013125 transition engineering 265 \u201cwarm-blooded\u201d 126 yellow bush lupines 142, 143 transmutation 18, 21, 28 Warming, Johannes 160, 166, 167 Yorke, James A. 338 tree diversity 55 yuccas 57 Triassic Period 220, 223 trilobites 223 zoogeography 162, 163, 200, 200, 201 trophic cascades 62, 130, 140\u2013143 trophic levels 130, 139, 141 trophic pyramid 113","\u0420\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0417 \u041f\u041e\u0414\u0413\u041e\u0422\u041e\u0412\u0418\u041b\u0410 \u0413\u0420\u0423\u041f\u041f\u0410 \\\"What's News\\\" VK.COM\/WSNWS 351 QUOTE ATTRIBUTIONS THE STORY ECOSYSTEMS THE HUMAN FACTOR OF EVOLUTION 132 Richard Bradley 230 Barry Commoner 20 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 134 Tyler Miller and Scott Spoolman 236 John Muir 22 Georges Cuvier 152 Stephen Hubbell 240 Ralph Keeling 23 James Hutton 153 Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) 242 Rachel Carson 24 Charles Darwin 248 Gene Likens 32 Haruki Murakami Network 250 Garrett Hardin 34 Francis Crick 156 Michel Loreau 252 Tim Hunter 254 Chico Mendes ECOLOGICAL ORGANISMS 260 Carl Sagan PROCESSES IN A CHANGING 262 Gro Harlem Brundtland ENVIRONMENT 266 Magraret Atwood 270 Thomas Austin 44 Vito Volterra 162 Alexander Von Humboldt 274 Jonathan Banks 50 Joseph Grinnell 164 Pierre Fran\u00e7ois Verhulst 280 Stephen Price 52 Georgy Gause 166 Stephen Alfred Forbes 281 Elizabeth Kolbert 54 Joseph Connell 167 David Attenborough 286 Maude Barlow 56 Daniel Janzen 170 Henry David Thoreau 60 Kevin D. Lafferty and Thomas Suchanek 172 Frederic E. Clements ENVIRONMENTALISM 66 Eric Charnov, H.R. Pulliam, and Graham Pyke 174 Henry Allan Gleason AND CONSERVATION 76 Liana Zanette 176 R.B. Root 178 Brent Mitchell 296 Francis Bacon ORDERING THE 184 Lev R. Ginzburg 297 Gilbert White NATURAL WORLD 185 James Brown 298 Henry David Thoreau 186 Richard Levins 299 George Perkins Marsh 82 Aristotle 188 John Odling-Smee, Kevin Laland, and Marcus 300 Werner von Siemens 84 Robert Hooke 306 Aldo Leopold 86 Carl Linnaeus Feldman 310 UNESCO 88 Ernst Mayr 312 Mark L Shaffer 90 George Fox and Carl Woese THE LIVING EARTH 316 Barack Obama 92 E.O. Wilson 324 William Nordhaus 96 Norman Myers 198 Louis Agassiz 326 Vandana Shiva 202 James Hansen 328 Gretchen Daily THE VARIETY OF LIFE 204 Vladimir Vernadsky 330 Paul Connett 210 Eugene Odum 102 Louis Pasteur 212 Seth Shostak 104 A.B. Frank 214 James Lovelock 106 Charles Elton 218 Walter Alvarez and Frank Asaro 116 Konrad Lorenz 224 James Hansen 118 Louis Leakey","\u0420\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0417 \u041f\u041e\u0414\u0413\u041e\u0422\u041e\u0412\u0418\u041b\u0410 \u0413\u0420\u0423\u041f\u041f\u0410 \\\"What's News\\\" VK.COM\/WSNWS 352 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Professor Fred Terry Whittaker Wildlife (br). 127 Alamy Stock Photo: (bc). 239 Alamy Stock Photo: ImageBroker (crb); Huang D. Singer for his help in planning this book, Monam Oliver Christie (cla). Getty Images: Alastair Macewen Zongzhi \/ Xinhua \/ Alamy Live News (tl). 241 Alamy Nishat and Roshni Kapur for design assistance, and (br). 133 Getty Images: Wildestanimal (cra). 135 Alamy Stock Photo: Arctic Images (br). Science Photo Anita Yadav for DTP assistance. Stock Photo: The Picture Art Collection (bl). 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