Li thuyết khtn 8 KNTT

["kh\u00ed CO, kh\u00ed NO, nicotine,... H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 51","- C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i: CO chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a O, trong h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebfu O, NO g\u00e2y vi\u00eam, s\u01b0ng l\u1edbp ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c, c\u1ea7n tr\u1edf trao \u0111\u1ed5i khi. N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed CO v\u00e0 NO, trong kh\u1ed1ng khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong. Nicotine l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t l\u1edbp l\u00f4ng rung trong ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u1ecdc s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i. - Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng: Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00f3i thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 52","B\u00e0i 35: H\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi I. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft 1. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft - C\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u: hai qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadn, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1i. - B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1eadn: \u1ed1ng th\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn. - C\u1ea5u th\u1eadn: b\u00fai mao m\u1ea1ch b\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o mao m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf. - Nang c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn: t\u00fai bao ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn. 2. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u - H\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u g\u1ed3m: th\u1eadn, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u01a1 quan quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eadn. - C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eadn g\u1ed3m: ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ee7y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0 b\u1ec3 th\u1eadn. Th\u1eadn g\u1ed3m 2 qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc m\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u + M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng g\u1ed3m: c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn, nang c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng th\u1eadn. + C\u1ea7u th\u1eadn th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 1 t\u00fai mao m\u1ea1ch d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, kho\u1ea3ng 50 mao m\u1ea1ch x\u1ebfp song song th\u00e0nh 1 kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn n\u1eb1m trong nang c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn. II. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft 1. B\u1ec7nh s\u1ecfi th\u1eadn - Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng: \u0111au l\u01b0ng, hai b\u00ean h\u00f4ng, ti\u1ec3u s\u00f3n, ti\u1ec3u d\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u1eabn m\u00e1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. - \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh: u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0103n h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. 2. B\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam c\u1ea7u th\u1eadn + Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng: ph\u00f9 n\u1ec1, t\u0103ng huy\u1ebft \u00e1p, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, c\u00f3 l\u1eabn m\u00e1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. + \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh: tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u1ed5 vi\u00eam amidan, s\u00e2u r\u0103ng. 3. B\u1ec7nh suy th\u1eadn + Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng: bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7, ph\u00f9 n\u1ec1, huy\u1ebft \u00e1p cao. + \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh: ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00ed kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1eadn, duy tr\u00ec huy\u1ebft \u00e1p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1u. III. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gh\u00e9p th\u1eadn, ch\u1ea1y th\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o 1. Gh\u00e9p th\u1eadn - Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho th\u1eadn suy gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. - Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gh\u00e9p th\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m gh\u00e9p t\u0129nh m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 b\u1ee5ng, th\u1eadn H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 53","kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 54","2. Ch\u1ea1y th\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o - Ch\u1ea1y th\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ea1y th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc m\u00e1u gi\u00fap th\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 khi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eadn b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. - Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y th\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a m\u00e1u, dung d\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra ngo\u00e0i, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn t\u1eeb m\u00e1y v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 bom. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 55","B\u00e0i 36: \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi I. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 - M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e1u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft. - M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 quan nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau ho\u00e1, h\u1ec7 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, h\u1ec7 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p v\u00e0 da,... II. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. - Khi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng) s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. - N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 glucose, sodium chloride, urea, uric acid v\u00e0 pH trong m\u00e1u c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 56","B\u00e0i 37: H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi I. H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh 1. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh - H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. - H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng, g\u1ed3m hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 tu\u1ef7 s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh. Trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. 2. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh - B\u1ec7nh Parkinson: do tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o th\u1ea7n kinh, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cao tu\u1ed5i, nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n (vi\u00eam n\u00e3o) ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n kinh. B\u1ec7nh g\u00e2y suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng run tay, m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi di chuy\u1ec3n. B\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, n\u00ean b\u1ed5 sung vitamin D t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c t\u1eafm n\u1eafng, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 thao h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, tr\u00e1nh xa m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i. - B\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh: do r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do di truy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o. Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 co gi\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac m\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, n\u00ean gi\u1eef tinh th\u1ea7n vui v\u1ebb, ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ea5c, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 thao h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t. - B\u1ec7nh Alzheimer: do r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n kinh, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u1ea7m c\u1ea5m, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, n\u00ean luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed n\u00e3o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, b\u00e1o c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed gi\u1eef tinh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. II. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan 1. Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c a) C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng - Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed3m m\u1eaft, d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u1edf n\u00e3o. Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t, thu nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00fap n\u00e3o nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed th\u00f4ng tin. b) Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu nh\u1eadn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng: - Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1eadt l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb v\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 qua gi\u00e1c m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ef7 tinh t\u1edbi m\u00e0ng l\u01b0\u1edbi. - \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, g\u00e2y h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n theo d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c t\u1edbi n\u00e3o cho ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt. c) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c: - Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh \u0111au m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf, t\u1eadt c\u1eadn th\u1ecb, vi\u1ec5n th\u1ecb v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb. - B\u1ec7nh \u0111au m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf do virus Adeno, vi khu\u1ea9n Staphylococcus,... g\u00e2y n\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111au m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecf m\u1eaft, ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gh\u00e8n (d\u00f9) m\u1eaft, c\u1ed9m m\u1eaft. - C\u1eadn th\u1ecb, vi\u1ec5n th\u1ecb v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eaft. Khi b\u1ecb m\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u00e0ng l\u01b0\u1edbi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 57","- C\u1eadn th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ea7u m\u1eaft d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c do nh\u00ecn g\u1ea7n khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu, l\u00e2u d\u1eabn l\u00e0m th\u1ec3 thu\u1ef7 tinh ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e0m th\u1ec3 thu\u1ef7 tinh m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i. - Vi\u1ec5n th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do c\u1ea5u m\u1eaft qu\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 thu\u1ef7 tinh b\u1ecb l\u00e3o ho\u00e1 x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean. - Lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb do gi\u00e1c m\u1ea1c b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1eaft h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m. 2. Th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c a) C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng - Tai c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed3m ba ph\u1ea7n: tai ngo\u00e0i g\u1ed3m v\u00e0nh tai v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng tai; tai gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng nh\u0129 v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i x\u01b0\u01a1ng tai, c\u00f3 v\u00f2i tai th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi khoang mi\u1ec7ng; tai trong c\u00f3 \u1ed1c tai ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m \u00e2m thanh, t\u1eeb \u1ed1c tai c\u00f3 d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c \u0111i v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o. - Th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadn \u00e2m thanh t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, truy\u1ec1n l\u00ean n\u00e3o x\u1eed l\u00ed gi\u00fap ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m thanh. - Tai thu nh\u1eadn \u00e2m thanh theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n s\u00f3ng \u00e2m. \u00c2m thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loa tai h\u1ee9ng, truy\u1ec1n qua \u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m rung m\u00e0ng nh\u0129, g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i x\u01b0\u01a1ng tai l\u00e0m rung c\u00e1c m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch trong \u1ed1c tai. Nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y g\u00e2y h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n c\u01a1 quan th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m, l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n xung th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111i theo d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o cho ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u00e2m thanh. b) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c - B\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam tai gi\u1eefa: l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m tai gi\u1eefa do vi khu\u1ea9n. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eafn v\u00e0o tai, r\u00e1y tai b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u n\u00e3o, nhi\u1ec5m l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u00f9ng m\u0169i, h\u1ecdng. B\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111au tai, nh\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1ea3m th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 h\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb tai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo s\u1ed1t nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 \u0111au h\u1ecdng. - B\u1ec7nh \u00f9 tai: do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n l\u1edbn, nghe ti\u1ebfng bom, m\u00ecn n\u1ed5, r\u00e1y tai nhi\u1ec1u g\u00e2y t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn, c\u00f3 d\u1ecb v\u1eadt \u1edf tai, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u n\u00e3o... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nghe r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \\\"\u00f9 \u00f9\\\" trong tai. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 58","B\u00e0i 39: Da v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi I. Da \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi 1. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a da - C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a da g\u1ed3m l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u b\u00ec, l\u1edbp b\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u1ee1 d\u01b0\u1edbi da. - Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a da bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tham gia \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft qua tuy\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i. 2. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 da v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 da a) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 da bao g\u1ed3m h\u1eafc l\u00e0o, lang ben v\u00e0 m\u1ee5n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1: - B\u1ec7nh h\u1eafc l\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh lang ben do n\u1ea5m g\u00e2y ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p. - M\u1ee5n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do nang l\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y vi\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m. b) Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 da v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p da an to\u00e0n: - Da s\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn 85% vi khu\u1ea9n b\u00e1m tr\u00ean da, c\u1ea7n v\u1ec7 sinh da s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd. - Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m da b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 da ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng gay g\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m. 3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gh\u00e9p da trong y h\u1ecdc - Gh\u00e9p da \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong y h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 da b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng do h\u1ecfng nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gh\u00e9p da trong y h\u1ecdc: + Gh\u00e9p da nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi trong gh\u00e9p da, cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 da nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t da th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng. + Gh\u00e9p da tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng: K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gh\u00e9p da tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng da b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. + Gh\u00e9p da tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i: Gh\u00e9p da tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e1y n\u1eafng n\u1eb7ng. + Gh\u00e9p da chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng: K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gh\u00e9p da chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 59","c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng da t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng da b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 60","II. \u0110i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi 1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t - Th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 C. - Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1edf gan, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf da. - Th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 36,5 - 37,5 \u0111\u1ed9 C. - \u0110o th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. 2. Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi - Th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh quanh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. - C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh bao g\u1ed3m c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tuy\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. - Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a da v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t: Da c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t t\u0103ng cao, n\u00e3o g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn mao m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n m\u1ea1ch, t\u0103ng ti\u1ebft m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng to\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m to\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t. 3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 - \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f3ng, c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169, n\u00f3n khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh ch\u01a1i th\u1ec3 thao d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Khi m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i ra nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1eafm ngay hay ng\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh. Khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1nh, c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef \u1ea5m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1c, c\u1ed5, ch\u00e2n, tay v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. - Duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh quanh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay c\u1ea3 khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 61","B\u00e0i 40: Sinh s\u1ea3n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi I. H\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c - H\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh s\u1ea3n. H\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c \u1edf nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. - Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c nam l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef s\u1ea3n sinh ra tr\u1ee9ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thai nhi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi sinh ra. 1. C\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c nam - C\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c \u1edf nam g\u1ed3m hai tinh ho\u00e0n n\u1eb1m trong b\u00ecu, m\u00e0o tinh, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tinh, t\u00fai t\u1ec9nh, \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3i, d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt. - Tinh ho\u00e0n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra tinh tr\u00f9ng. M\u00e0o tinh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tinh tr\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o. - \u1ed0ng d\u1eabn tinh gi\u00fap tinh tr\u00f9ng di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00fai tinh, n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh tr\u00f9ng. - Khi ph\u00f3ng tinh, tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n li\u1ec7t ti\u1ebft d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh tinh d\u1ecbch ph\u00f3ng ra ngo\u00e0i qua \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3i trong d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt. - Tuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft d\u1ecbch b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n khi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. 2. C\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef - C\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c \u1edf n\u1eef bao g\u1ed3m hai bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng n\u1eb1m trong khoang b\u1ee5ng, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o. - Bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra tr\u1ee9ng. Tr\u1ee9ng sau khi r\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ec5u d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 tinh n\u1ebfu tr\u1ee9ng g\u1eb7p tinh tr\u00f9ng. - T\u1eed cung l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thai nhi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. - \u00c2m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ra c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khi sinh. - B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebfn sinh d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n li\u1ec7t ti\u1ebft d\u1ecbch nh\u1eddn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o. II. Th\u1ee5 tinh v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 thai * Th\u1ee5 tinh - Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: Th\u1ee5 tinh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p t\u1eed. - \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 tinh l\u00e0: + Tr\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh tr\u00f9ng. + Tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean trong tr\u1ee9ng. - Th\u1ee5 tinh th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng (\u1edf 1\/3 ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i). * Th\u1ee5 thai - Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: Th\u1ee5 thai l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh b\u00e1m v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1eed cung l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh thai. + Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 khi tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh c\u1ea7n di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eed cung l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 m\u1ea5t 7 ng\u00e0y. Khi xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eed cung h\u1ee3p t\u1eed v\u1eeba di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eeba ph\u00e2n chia. + Khi t\u1edbi t\u1eed cung, kh\u1ed1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia s\u1ebd b\u00e1m v\u00e0o l\u1edbp ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n (d\u00e0y, x\u1ed1p v\u00e0 xung huy\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh thai. - \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 thai l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1edbp ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 62","III. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1nh thai 1. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh nguy\u1ec7t H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 63","- Kinh nguy\u1ec7t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u t\u1eeb t\u1eed cung ra ngo\u00e0i qua \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 chu k\u00ec kinh nguy\u1ec7t. - Khi nang tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hormone estrogen ti\u1ebft ra l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n ph\u00f4i. - N\u1ebfu tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 t\u1ec9nh, th\u1ec3 v\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft hormone progesterone \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee5 tinh, th\u1ec3 v\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u1ec3u gi\u1ea3m, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 progesterone v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung bong ra, g\u00e2y ra kinh nguy\u1ec7t. - Kinh nguy\u1ec7t di\u1ec5n ra theo chu k\u00ec \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng mang thai. 2. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1nh thai - S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung trong chu k\u00ec kinh nguy\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy c\u01a1 cho vi\u1ec7c mang thai ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. - C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1nh thai nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho tr\u1ee9ng ch\u00edn v\u00e0 r\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 tinh, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao cao su, thu\u1ed1c tr\u00e1nh thai h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh thai. IV. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean 1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh d\u1ee5c - M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0: b\u1ec7nh giang mai, b\u1ec7nh l\u1eadu, h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng AIDS,\u2026 B\u1ec7nh giang mai B\u1ec7nh l\u1eadu AIDS - Do xo\u1eafn khu\u1ea9n - Do song c\u00e2u khu\u1ea9n - L\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m Treponema pallidum g\u00e2y Neisseria gonorrhoeae g\u00e2y mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i, do ra ra HIV g\u00e2y ra - L\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua quan h\u1ec7 - L\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua quan h\u1ec7 - L\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 sang con ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 sang con qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 - Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n - Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sang con v\u1ebft lo\u00e9t \u1edf c\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c, m\u1ee7 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c xanh \u1edf - Khi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, HIV t\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tim, gan, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o lympho T h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau b\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eed vong v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 lao, vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i. 2. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean - Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 - T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sinh s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba - T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sinh d\u1ee5c k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi - Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng chung v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 64","- \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh khi ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1u truy\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 65","B\u00e0i 41: M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i I. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng - M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 xung quanh sinh v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. - C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m: m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh v\u1eadt. II. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i - C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i. - C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o hai nh\u00f3m: nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00f4 sinh \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1eefu sinh \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (bao g\u1ed3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c). - \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt: a) \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 sinh v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt: - \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 sinh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn sinh v\u1eadt. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00edch nghi kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u01b0a s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u01b0a b\u00f3ng. - \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n trong kh\u00f4ng gian. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. b) \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 h\u1eefu sinh: - M\u1ed7i sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng xung quanh. III. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n sinh th\u00e1i - L\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i m\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 66","B\u00e0i 42: Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt I. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt - Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i, sinh s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. II. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 - K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3: S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3. - M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3: S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch hay th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3. - T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh: T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1i trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3. - Nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i: Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a sinh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u th\u00e1p tu\u1ed5i. III. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 - C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m: th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia, khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. - \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u00fa, trang b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 67","B\u00e0i 43: Qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 sinh v\u1eadt I. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 sinh v\u1eadt - Qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau. II. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 - \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3. Qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 c\u00e0ng cao. - Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n lo\u00e0i trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3: + Lo\u00e0i \u01b0u th\u1ebf: lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3. + Lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: lo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3. - S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3. III. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 - B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m do \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m. - C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 nh\u01b0: + Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. + X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. + Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia, khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. + T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt. + Nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m s\u0103n b\u1eaft, mua b\u00e1n tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 68","B\u00e0i 44: H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i I. H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i 1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i - H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc. - V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i: H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng,... 2. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i - H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 sinh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu sinh. - Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 sinh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 sinh, c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu sinh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i. 3. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i - H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt,... - H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, b\u1ec3 sinh th\u00e1i ao nu\u00f4i c\u00e1,... II. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i - Trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ee9c \u0103n III. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i - \u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. - C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i g\u1ed3m tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m s\u0103n b\u1eaft, mua b\u00e1n tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 69","B\u00e0i 45: Sinh quy\u1ec3n I. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sinh quy\u1ec3n - Sinh quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. - Sinh quy\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 sinh li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. II. C\u00e1c khu sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu - Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khu sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. - C\u00e1c khu sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh khu sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, khu sinh h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 khu sinh h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n. + Khu sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu sinh h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00eau h\u00e0n \u0111\u1edbi, r\u1eebng l\u00e1 kim ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc, r\u1eebng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. + Khu sinh h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt: Khu sinh h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ao, h\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ea7m, khu v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i. + Khu sinh h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n: \u1ede c\u00e1c khu sinh h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n, sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau theo chi\u1ec1u th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u) v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u ngang. Sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. T\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i, t\u1ea7ng gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 b\u01a1i, t\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e2y sinh s\u1ed1ng. Theo chi\u1ec1u ngang, khu sinh h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng ven b\u1edd v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u01a1i V\u00f9ng ven b\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sinh v\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng kh\u01a1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 70","B\u00e0i 46: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean I. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng. - Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3: Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. - Kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf sinh h\u1ecdc trong qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3: Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. II. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean - Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng, khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. - C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i, th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, khai th\u00e1c h\u1ee3p l\u00ed t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 71","B\u00e0i 47: B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng I. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 1. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 - Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu khai th\u00e1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn. - Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn th\u1ee9c \u0103n, xua \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u00fa d\u1eef, s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n th\u1ee7. 2. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00faa m\u00ec, ng\u00f4,... v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i tr\u00e2u, b\u1ecf, d\u00ea, c\u1eebu,... 3. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c; ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean, nhi\u00ean, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft, than \u0111\u00e1,... v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. - S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. - Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. - T\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. - C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 4.0) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Sinh h\u1ecdc, t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, thu\u1ef7 s\u1ea3n, y d\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. II. \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng 1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng - \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 2. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng - \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m do ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t - \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m do ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt - \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m do c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 III. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu 1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m - Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a,... gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. 2. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 72","- \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1eafn s\u00f3ng, ch\u1ed1ng x\u00f3i l\u1edf \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, b\u1edd s\u00f4ng, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u0169,.. IV. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng: Du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 cho du kh\u00e1ch, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c khai th\u00e1c phi ph\u00e1p. - T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 truy b\u1eaft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m. - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng: \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i,... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. - T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00f4n KHTN 8 KNTT Trang 73"]