Book Three

Lesson six- sixth lesson The Wild Wild West Native American tribes have lived and thrived upon the North American landscape for thousands of years—long before there was a United States. Historically, about 500 distinct Native languages were spoken in North America. The names Native Americans and American Indians are used interchangeably to describe America's first inhabitants. In many cases \"Indians\" is a proper name or title such as in \"American Indian Movement\" or \"Bureau of Indian Affairs\". The name Indian was used traditionally in American culture and history. The term \"Native American\" became popular much later but both are commonly used today and neither should be considered preferable over the other, although people do have personal preferences. Although the freedom of their ancient way of life has been lost, the religion, culture, legends, and spirit of the American Indian will always endure. Learn more about the Apache, Blackfoot, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Lakota, and Pueblo Indian tribes. Read about Native American legends, heroes, leaders (like Geronimo), and great battles (like Custer's

Last Stand). And understand the religions of the Blackfoot Indians and the Cheyenne, who Kachinas are, and the background of The People (Navajo history). Enjoy and peace that American Indian culture has with nature. First People: When the Europeans first came to North America in the 16th- and 17th-century, there were approximately ten million Indians populating this country. It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last ice-age, approximately 20,000 - 30,000 years ago and that they came through a land-bridge across the Bering Sound, from northeastern Siberia into Alaska . The oldest documented Indian tribes or cultures in North America are Sandia (15000 BC), Clovis (12000 BC) and Folsom (8000 BC) The name \"Indian\" was first applied by Christopher Columbus who believed mistakenly that the mainland and islands of America were part of the Indies, in Asia.

Legends The Wild West brings to you but a small part of Native American Indian history with the facts surrounding Native American people, the places which they inhabited and inklings of their different cultures, legends, arts and crafts, supreme wisdom and love of nature. Exercises The word “thrived” in on the first paragraph is closest in meaning to a. A group of canopies forming a town. b. Tribe c. Prospered d. Play What do you infer from the following statement? ”about 500 distinct Native languages were spoken in North America.” a. Ancient natives were bilinguals b. Indians could speak many languages. c. North America had a variety of native languages. d. There were various Indians in the United States. The word “Interchangeably” is closest in meaning to a. Standardized b. Irreplaceable c. First living Indians d. Summarized

What does the author mean when using the word ”inhabitants”? a. That Indians were in his house. b. That Indians were dwelling in the United States c. That Indians are inhibiting in USA. d. That Indians were conquer in USA What does “Affairs” mean? a. Matters b. Distinguish c. Tremors d. Shudders What do you infer from “Although the freedom of their ancient way of life has been lost” ? a. While the freedom of their ancient way of life has been lost. b. Also the freedom of their ancient way of life has been lost. c. Neither the freedom nor their ancient life has been lost. d. Seldom the freedom of their ancient way of life has been lost. The word ” endure” is closest in meaning to a. Disappear b. Get lost c. Die hard d. Brake What does the author mean when he wrote “Enjoy and peace that American Indian culture has with nature”? a. A way to live naturally with the Indian community. b. Indians live with the American culture naturally. c. Relish and repose found in the American Indian culture with nature. d. Harmonious relations between the Indians and the community. What do you understand for “mistakenly”? a. In purpose

b. In fact c. Erroneously d. Due to What do you understand for “mainland”? a. A city in America distinguished for its natural resources. b. A mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsula. c. A piece of land in the near the beach. d. A place from Maine City.

Grammar aspects Phrasal verbs (separable) a) we put off our trip In (a) put off is a Phrasal verb. A phrasal verb= a verb and a particle that together have a special meaning. For example, put off means “postpone”. A particle = A preposition (e,g., off, on or an adverb (e,g,. away, back) that’s used in a phrasal verb. b) We put off our trip Many phrasal verbs are separable, in other c) We put our trip off words, a noun can either follow or come d) I turned on the light between (separate) the verb and the particle. e) I turned the light on (b) and (c) have the same meaning. (d) and (e) have the same meaning. a) We put it off. If a phrasal verb is separable, the pronoun b) I turned it on. always comes between the verb and the particle; the pronoun never follows the particle. Incorrect. We put off it. Incorrect. I turned on it. some common phrasal verbs (separable) figure out ……….find the solution to a problem. Hand in …………give homework, test papers, etc., to a teacher. Hand out………...give something to this person, then that person to another. Look up …………look for information in a dictionary, a telephone number, or something else in a list. Make up…………invent a story. Pick up…………..lift. Put down………..stop holding or carrying. Put off…………..postpone. Put on …………..put clothes on one’s body. Take off ………...remove clothes from one’s body. Throw away Throw out …....put in the trash. , discard. Turn off…………stop a machine

Turn on …………start a machine Wake up…………stop sleeping. Write down……...write a note on a piece of paper. Nonseparable phrasal verbs If a phrasal verb is nonseparable , a noun or pronoun follows (never precedes) the particle. e.g., I ran into Bob at the bank yesterday. I saw Bob yesterday. I ran into him at the bank. Incorrect: I ran Bob into at the bank. Incorrect: I ran him into at the bank. Some common phrasal verbs (nonseparable) Call on …..ask to speak in class Get over ...recover from an illness. Run into…meet by chance. Get on…...enter on a bus , airplane,etc. Get off…..leave a bus , an airplane,etc. Get in …...enter Get out of…..leave. Exercises: Complete the sentences with particles. Discuss the meaning of the phrasal verbs in the sentences. a) When I raised my hand in class, the teacher called _________me. b) While I was walking down the street, I ran _________an old friend. c) Fred feels okay today. He got ____________his cold. d) Last week I flew from Chicago to Miami. I got ____________the plane in Chicago. I got _________the plane in Miami. e) Sally took a taxi to the airport. She got out _____________the taxi in front of her apartment building. She got __________the taxi at the airport. f) I take the bus to school every day . I get the bus at the corner of first street and Sunset Boulevard. I get __________the bus just a block away from the classroom building.

Complete the sentences with the following particles: away, down, in , off, on , out, up. 1) Before I left home this morning, I put ________my coat. 2) When I got to class this morning, I took my coat_________. 3) The students handed their homework____________. 4) Johnny made a story ___________. He didn’t tell the truth. 5) The weather was bad, so we put ___________the picnic until next week. 6) Alice looked a word___________in her dictionary. 7) Alice wrote the definition ___________. 8) My roommate is messy. He never picks ____________his clothes. 9) The teacher handed the test papers _____________at the beginning of the class period. 10) A strange noise woke _____________the children in the middle of the night. Write five sentences using no separable phrasal verbs. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. Write five sentences using separable phrasal verbs. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________. __________________________________________________________________.

LESSON SEVEN- SEVENTH LESSON Geisha Geisha The most literal translation of geisha into English would be \"artist\" or \"performing artist\". Another name for geisha used in Japan is geiko, which is usually used to refer to geisha from Western Japan, including Kyoto. Apprentice geisha are called maiko lit. \"Dance child\") or hangyoku \"half-jewel\" (meaning that they are paid half the wage as opposed to a full geisha), or by the more generic term o- shaku ,literally \"one who pours (alcohol)\". Maiko's white make-up and elaborate kimono and hairstyle is the popular image held of geisha. A woman entering the geisha community does not have to start out as a maiko, having the opportunity to begin her career as a full geisha. Either way, however, usually a year's training is involved before debuting either as a maiko or as a geisha. A woman above 21 is considered too old to be a maiko and becomes a full geisha upon her initiation into the geisha community. However, those who do go through the maiko stage can enjoy more prestige later in their professional lives.

Questions: What is the most literally meaning in English of the word geisha? _____________________________________________________ Is there any other name for Geisha used in Japan? _____________________________________________________ Where is it used to refer? _____________________________________________________ How is the apprentice Geisha called? _____________________________________________________ What does it mean? _____________________________________________________ What do you understand for “half jewel”? _____________________________________________________ Do the geishas serve alcoholic beverages? _____________________________________________________ How could you recognize a geisha? _____________________________________________________ Does a woman entering the geisha community have to start as a Maiko? _____________________________________________________ How are 21 years old women considered for this profession? _____________________________________________________ What are the advantages for those who start from the maiko’s stage? _____________________________________________________

Tokyo geisha are more likely to start at 18 years old for hangyoku, so on average, Tokyo hangyoku are slightly older than their Kyoto counterparts. Some geisha nowadays even hold formal degrees from university.  What do you understand for “likely” on the above paragraph? a. The same b. Similarity c. in prospect d. like someone  What do you understand for “slightly” on the second line on the above paragraph? a. Slimly b. Slightly c. Seemly d. Roughly  The word “nowadays” is closest in meaning to: a. A period of time in the past b. A period of time in the future c. A period of time expired d. A period of time at present Stages of training Traditionally, Geisha began their training at a very young age. Although some girls were bonded to geisha houses (okiya) as children, this was not a common practice in reputable districts. Daughters of geisha were often brought up as geisha themselves, usually as the successor (atotori, meaning \"heiress\") or daughter-role (musume-bun) to the okiya. A maiko will start her formal training on the job as a minarai. Before she can do this she must find an onee-san (\"older sister\": an older geisha acting as her mentor). It is the onee-

san's responsibility to bring her to the ozashiki, to sit and observe as the onee-san is at work. This is a way in which she will gain insights of the job, and seek out potential clients. From her, they would learn techniques such as conversation and gaming, which would not be taught to them in school. This stage lasts only about a month or so. After a short period of time the final of training begins, and the students are called maiko. Maiko (literally \"dance girl\") are apprentice geisha, and this stage can last for years. Maiko learns from their senior geisha mentor and follows them around to all their engagements. When a girl is around 20-22, the maiko is promoted to a full-fledged geisha in a ceremony called erikae (turning of the collar) . This could happen after two to five years of her life as a maiko or hangyoku, depending on at what age she debuted. She now charges full price for her time. Geisha remain as such until they retire. Exercises Ask the questions based on the following answers: _____________________________________________________? Geisha began their training at a very young age. _____________________________________________________? some girls were bonded to geisha houses _____________________________________________________? Yes, a MAIKO will start her formal training on the job as a minarai. ____________________________________________________? Yes, this is a way in which she will gain insights of the job. ____________________________________________________? When a girl is around 20-22. ____________________________________________________? She now charges full price for her time. ___________________________________________________?

No, I shouldn’t be able to be a geisha. Modern geisha Modern geisha still live in traditional geisha houses called okiya in areas called hanamachi \"flower towns\"), particularly during their apprenticeship. Many experienced geisha are successful enough to choose to live independently. The elegant, high-culture world that geisha are a part of is called karyūkai \"the flower and willow world\"). Young women who wish to become geisha now most often begin their training after completing middle school, junior high school, or even high school, or college. Many women begin their careers in adulthood. Geisha still study traditional instruments: the shamisen, shakuhachi, and drums, as well as traditional songs, Japanese traditional dances, tea ceremony, literature, and poetry. Quick questions: Answer the following questions quickly based on the above paragraph measuring your reading comprehension. Do geishas live in their traditional houses? _______________________________________________ How are they called? _______________________________________________ Where are they locate it? _______________________________________________ Is there any other name for these particular places? _______________________________________________ When do they call them \"flower towns\" particularly? _______________________________________________

What did you understand for \"the flower and willow world?\" _______________________________________________ Were geisha illiterate people? _______________________________________________ What are the traditional instruments studied by geishas? _______________________________________________ Geisha and prostitution There remains some confusion, even within Japan, about the nature of the geisha profession. Geisha are regarded as prostitutes by many Westerners. However, legitimate geisha do not engage in paid sex with clients. Their purpose is to entertain their customer, be it by dancing, reciting verse, playing musical instruments, or engaging in light conversation. Geisha engagements may include flirting with men and playful innuendos; however, clients know that nothing more can be expected. In a social style that is common in Japan, men are amused by the illusion of that which is never to be. Exercise Write sentences using the above italicized words: 1. ___________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________________ 8. ___________________________________________________ 9. ___________________________________________________ 10. ___________________________________________________ exercises Circle the underlined words that you consider are wrong in the following paragraph and write on top of each the correction: Makeup

Today, the traditional makeup of the apprentize geisha is one of their mosted recognizable ab characteristics, though established geisha generally only wear full white face makeup cd characteristic of maiko during special performances. E Dress Geisha always wear kimono. Apprentice geisha wear highly colorfuly ab c kimono with extravagant obi. Always, of obi is brightest than the d ef kimono they is wearing to give a certain exoticos balance. Maiko wear gh the obi tied in a style called \"darari\" (dangling obi). Ij Older geisha wearings more subdued patterns and stiles (most notably the obi tied in a simpler knot K lm utilized by married women known as the \"taiko musubi\" or \"drum knot\"). Hair The hairstyles of geisha have varied through history. In the past, it has been common for women to wear their hair down in some periods, but up in others. During the 17th century, women began putting all their hair up again, and it is during this time that the traditional shimada hairstyle, a type of traditional chignon worn by most established geisha, developed. Do the translation of the above paragraph. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Grammar aspects Used to It is used to define that an activity was frequently in the past, but in the present it is not done any more. Examples:  David used to come on Saturday, but now he doesn’t.  Sheila used to dance folk music. She was an expert. LET’S OBSERVED AND ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING CONVERSATION.  Mr. Brown invited Mr. Stevens to a coffee at his boat.  Mr. Stevens was a captain at the USA Navy Force. Mr. Brown- do you usually go sailing now? Mr. Stevens- I used to go sailing everyday After I retired, but I don’t go So often now because I a rheumatic leg. I’m very sad because I love sailing. Mr. Brown- how many boats do you have? Mr. Stevens- I used to have two sailboats But I sold them and now I only have a yacht. Come and see it. We can have a second cup of coffee on board. Do you want to come? Mr. Brown- of course, Captain! It is a fantastic idea! Exercises Answer the following questions according to the above dialogue. 1. Does Mr. Stevens have good memories? 2. What did Mr. Stevens use to do before? 3. How many boats did he have? Complete the following sentences using “simple present” or “used to”.

1. Do you________(play) any instrument? But I _____________(sing) in a choir. 2. Clarence ________________(be) a salesclerk but now he‘s become the manager of the company. 3. What kind of toys ____________________she ____________(like) when she was a kid? 4. We often _______________(eat) vegetables now but some years ago we ________________(eat) only pizza. 5. Has Jane got a husband? Not at this moment but she _____________(have) one. Write a dialogue using “used to” _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

LESSON EIGHT- EIGHTH LESSON Architecture of the United States The Architecture of the United States includes a wide variety of architectural styles over its history. Architecture in the US is regionally diverse and has been shaped by many external forces, and can therefore be said to be eclectic, something unsurprising in such a multicultural society. The United States of America is a relatively young country, and the overriding theme of American Architecture is modernity, with the 20th century skyscraper as its ultimate symbol. Questions : Does Architecture of the United States include a wide variety? _________________________________________________ How has the architecture of the United States been shape? _________________________________________________ How can it said to be? _________________________________________________ Is The United States of America a relatively young country? _________________________________________________ What is the overriding theme of American Architecture? _________________________________________________

What was the 20th century skyscraper ultimate symbol? _________________________________________________ Exercises Circle the underlined words that you consider are wrong in the following paragraph and write on top of each the correction: Skyscraper A skyscraper are a tall, continuously habitable building. There is no oficial definition or height A bc above which a building may clear be classified as a skyscraper. Most cities define the term de empirically; even a building of 80 meters (262 feet) may be consider a skyscraper if it protrudes fg above its builting environment and changes the overall skyline. h Part Two The word \"skyscraper\" originally was an nautical term referring to a tall mast or his main sail ab c on a sailing ship. The term were first applied to buildings in the late 19th century as a resultado de of public amazement at the tall buildings being built in Chicago and New York City. f The traditional definition of a skyscraper begun with the \"first skyscraper\", a steel-framed ten- gh storey buil. Chicago's now demolished ten-storey steel-framed Home Insurance Building (1885) ij is considered the \"first skyscraper\". Part three Write sentences using the italicize words on the following paragraph:

At the beginning of the 20th century, New York City was a center for the Beaux-Arts architectural movement, attracting the talents of such great architects as Stanford White and Carrere and Hastings. As better construction and engineering technology became available as the century progressed, New York and Chicago became the focal point of the competition for the tallest building in the world. 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________  The Flatiron Building, standing 285 ft (87 m) high, was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its completion in 1902, made possible by its steel skeleton.  The Woolworth Building, a neo-Gothic \"Cathedral of Commerce\" overlooking City Hall, was designed by Cass Gilbert. At 792 feet (241 m), it became the world's tallest building upon its completion in 1913, an honor it retained until 1930, when it was overtaken by 40 Wall Street.  That same year, the Chrysler Building took the lead as the tallest building in the world, scraping the sky at 1,046 feet (319 m). Designed by William Van Alen, an art deco masterpiece with an exterior crafted of brick, the Chrysler Building continues to be a favorite of New Yorkers to this day.  The Empire State Building, the first building to have more than 100 floors (it has 102), was completed the following year. It was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon in the contemporary Art Deco style. The tower takes its name from the nickname of New York State. Upon its completion in 1931, it took the top spot as tallest building, and at 1,472 feet (448 m) to the very top of the antenna, towered above all other buildings until 1973.  The World Trade Center was completed in 1973 and consisted of two tall towers and several smaller buildings. For a short time, the first of the two towers was the world's tallest building. Upon completion, the towers stood for twenty-eight years, until the September 11, 2001 attacks destroyed the structures. Various governmental entities, financial firms, and law firms called the towers home.  The Willis Tower was completed in 1974, one year after the World Trade Center, and surpassed it as the world's tallest building. It was the first building to employ the \"bundled tube\" structural system, designed by Fazlur Khan. The building was not surpassed in height until the Petronas Towers were constructed in 1998, but remained the tallest in some categories until the Burj Dubai, currently under construction, surpassed it in all categories. It is currently the tallest building in the United States. Exercise: write a short summary of the above paragraph highlighting the most important characteristics of each building.

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LESSON NINE- NINTH LESSON Globalization Reading newspapers from different countries or having business with China , Japan or any other country from the west was quiet difficult ; but now it is something that forms part of our daily routine, every day people travel everywhere around the world either for vacation or business. People communicate in a variety of languages and they buy and sale their products, also a large group of people travel to acquire new knowledge in different carriers. Globalization is the fusion of many societies from the whole world becoming one large and powerful society in which we can find solutions for our daily inquires as human beings in all aspects as economically, socially, politically and culturally making it internationalized. Nowadays we can be informed about anything happening in the other side of the world instantly just by clicking on a computer hooked up to an internet system. Globalization helps in the economy of a country as well as in the development of new strategies to better on many other aspects as health care, fashion, agriculture, technology, trading, communication, and entertainment among others. Globalization contributes to have better relations with other countries and it makes these countries to become more prosperous. Many people do not agree with the concept of globalization because it has its disadvantages for some countries where globalization is not really considered good, especially for those countries where it is impossible to find a platform for internet and the economic development is different to the one in the large international organizations.

Answer the following questions based on the above paragraph: Was it difficult to communicate with other people in the west, east, north and south before? _____________________________________________________________ How does it act nowadays? _____________________________________________________________ Do people have more opportunities to communicate each other? _____________________________________________________________ What are the purposes for traveling to different cities and countries? _____________________________________________________________ Do people communicate with a variety of languages? _____________________________________________________________ Do they buy and sale their products? _____________________________________________________________ Do you travel often? _____________________________________________________________ What are the purposes of your trips? _____________________________________________________________ What do you understand for globalization? _____________________________________________________________ What can we find through globalization? _____________________________________________________________ In what aspects do we find solutions? _____________________________________________________________

How do these solutions become? _____________________________________________________________ Grammar aspects In order to – accustomed to IN ORDER TO It is used to indicate purpose of something . Examples: In order to find a definition, you need a dictionary. _______To find a definition, you need a dictionary. I've been told that in order to enter the Vatican museums you need a ticket. I've been told that________to enter the Vatican museums you need a ticket. I've never though of it, but perhaps \"in order\" is most likely unncessary - we might call it \"fluff\". Often it flows nicely, and might be used in more complex sentences, but might be able to be cut in most cases. Do you have a specific example that has bothered you? Accustomed to it is an adjective that indicates that a person or something else is habituated to do something or live something or in a certain way. Examples.  It is about the way that we have become accustomed to think about this issue for decades.  She'd become so accustomed to the British Roadster, and now had to change over to a VW Golf convertible.  Many of these Wildlife Reserves are long established; consequently, some of the wildlife have become quite accustomed to visitors.  Was she not accustomed to demanding barley in the middle of the night?  I for one am grown somewhat accustomed to them.  After a while, your pet will become very accustomed to the new baby in the house.  The trouble was, as far as I can tell, that I've become too accustomed to a more cerebral gaming experience.  I have become accustomed to watching the 5am news, not the 5pm news.

 We've grown accustomed to a Britain without miners.  You can also use a rat pouch, which is an ideal refuges for baby rats getting accustomed to being close to you.  What is wrong with wanting to ensure that we keep God in his accustomed place?  At the accustomed hour, too, the bell had sounded thrice to call the family to worship.  He buys a ticket and takes up his accustomed position under the train carriage.  Executives frequently ` ` go stale ' ' on their jobs and lose their accustomed energy and initiative.  If they could retain their accustomed wage with less effort, they would do so.  Their esthetics departed noticeably from the accustomed free form heard in Iskra and Lokomotiv Konkret. Write exercises using In order to and accustomed to _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________

LESSON TEN – TENTH LESSON Wine Three glasses of the three wine colors (from left to right), white, rosé and red. Wine is an alcoholic beverage typically made of fermented grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients. Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes the sugars found in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the type of wine being produced. Questions : What does wine mean? ___________________________________________________________________ Can you explain the natural chemical balance? ___________________________________________________________________ How is wine produced? ___________________________________________________________________ What does the yeast do to the sugars? ___________________________________________________________________ Have different varieties of wine been used to make wine? ___________________________________________________________________

Does it have to do anything with the type of wine produced? ___________________________________________________________________ 1Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also be fermented, the resultant wines are 2normally named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine or elderberry 3wine) and are generically known as fruit wine or country wine (not to be confused with the French 4term vin de pays). Others, such as barley wine and rice wine (sake), are made from starch-based 5materials and resemble beer and spirit more than wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In 6these cases, the use of the term \"wine\" is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than 7production process. The commercial use of the English word \"wine\" (and its equivalent in other 8languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions. 9Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now 10within the borders of Georgia and Iran. Wine probably appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in what is 11now Bulgaria and Greece, and was very common in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Wine has also 12played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greek god Dionysos and the Roman 13equivalent Bacchus represented wine, and the drink is also used in Christian and Jewish ceremonies 14such as the Eucharist (also called the Holy Communion) and Kiddush. The word \"wine\" derives from the Proto-Germanic \"*winam,\" an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, \"wine\" or \"(grape) vine,\" Exercise: choice the correct answer according to the above paragraph. The word “fermented” on line 1 is closest in meaning to: a. Soured b. Sweated c. Raw d. Sweetened The word “generically” in line 3 is closest in meaning to: a. Generic process b. Almost done all the time. c. Done with generics d. Cooked The word “starch-based” on line 4 means: a. Something crunchy b. A complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds. c. A substance that eliminates sourness. d. Customized fiber.

What do you understand for “resembled” on line 5? a. Dislike b. Different c. Non similar d. Gibed The word “jurisdictions” on line 8 means: a. Dismantle territory b. Impropriety of land c. Apartment in land d. Legal law What does the author mean with “Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC“ on line 9? a. Wine was used only by rich people. b. Wine consumption was for about 6000 years. c. Wine’s been used for a certain period of time. d. Wine’s history has been dating for about 6000 years before Christ. What does the author mean with “and was very common in ancient Greece” on line 11? a. It was in a singular ancestry region of Greece. b. The community had the opportunity to be ancestors of Greece. c. It was common in Greece. d. It was very common for the ancestors of Greece. What do understand for “role” on line 12? a. Development b. alignment c. character d. detaching What does the author mean with “the drink is also used in Christian and Jewish Ceremonies” on line 13? a. Christian and Jewish’s ceremonies are kind of parties. b. Chirstian and jewish’s ceremonies are common in drinks. c. Christian and jewish’s ceremonies used to have drinks. d. Christian and jewish ceremonies used wine.

Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took place in sites in Georgia and Iran, from as early as 6000 BC. These locations are all within the natural area of the European grapevine Vitis vinifera. What does the archaeological evidence suggest? ___________________________________________________ Where it did take place? __________________________________________________________________ Where are these locations? __________________________________________________________________ 1A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that 2grapes were used together with rice to produce mixed 3fermented beverages in China as early as 7000 BC. Pottery jars 4from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan were found to contain 5traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly 6found in wine. 7The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is 8dated to 4500 BC and comes from archaeological sites in 9Greece. The same sites also contain the world’s earliest 10evidence of crushed grapes. In medieval Europe, the Roman 11Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine since it was 12necessary for the celebration of Mass. Monks in France made 13wine for years, storing it underground in caves to age. Wine 14was forbidden during the Islamic Golden Age, until Geber and other Muslim chemists 15pioneered its distillation for cosmetic and medical uses. Tasting Judging color is the first step in tasting a wine Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up of chemical compounds which are similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after

fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Inexperienced wine drinkers often tend to mistake the taste of ripe fruit for sweetness when, in fact, the wine in question is very dry. Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as esters and terpenes that grape juice and wine can contain. Tasters often can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape (e.g., Chianti and sour cherry) and flavors that result from other factors in wine making, either intentional or not. Exercises: Choice the correct answer according to the above paragraph: What do you understand for “beverages” on line 3? a. Squids b. Wineries c. Drinks What do you understand for “pottery” on line 3? a. Plastic b. Acrylic c. Ceramic What do you understand for “Neolithic” on line 4? a. New lithium era b. New light era c. New stone era The word “traces” on line 5 is closest in meaning to: a. Just a detectable amount of something. b. Just a precisely liquid of something. c. Just a disappearance of something. The word “compounds” on line 5 is closest in meaning to: a. A derived of bourbon and scotch b. The compelling of two substances by a strong whirl. c. A whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts

What do you understand on the following sentence: “The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is dated to 4500 BC”? a. It means that wine was produced in Europe. b. It means that wine has been made since 4500 BC. c. It means that wine has been produced by Europeans since 4500 BC. What do you understand for “crushed grapes” on line 10? a. Crunchy grapes. b. Juicy grapes. c. Smashed grapes. What do you understand for “Roman 11Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine” on line 10 and 11? a. Firm and dependable especially in loyalty. b. Catholics were unhappy with wineries in Roma. c. Roman Catholics were astonished by wine. What does “Monks” mean on line 12? a. It means monkeys religious. b. It means a male religious living in a cloister. c. It means to be a French man. What do you understand for “Muslim chemists 15pioneered” on lines 14 -15? a. That Muslim chemist were the first doing distillation. b. That Muslin chemist were the last doing distillation. c. That muslin chemist were the only doing distillation. Read the article named “TASTING” and write your own conclusions based on this article. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________.

LESSON ELEVEN – ELEVENTH LESSON Clockwise from top left: Commonwealth troops in the desert; Chinese civilians being buried alive by Japanese soldiers; Soviet forces during a winter offensive; Carrier-borne Japanese planes readying for takeoff; Soviet troops fighting in Berlin; A German submarine under attack. World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated WWII or WW2), was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized 3into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of \"total war\", 5the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service 6of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy million people, the

majority of whom were civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human 8history. The start of the war is generally held to be September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by most of the countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth, and by France. Many countries were already at war before this date, and many who were not initially involved joined the war later. As a result of events such as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (fought between Nationalist China and Japan), the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa), and the attacks on Pearl Harbor and British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia. In 1945, the war ended in a victory for the Allies. The Soviet Union and the United States subsequently emerged as the world's superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 45 years. The United Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The acceptance of the principle of self-determination accelerated decolonization movements in Asia and Africa, while Western Europe itself began moving toward integration Questions Answer the following questions based on the above essay.  The word “conflict” on line 2 is closest in meaning to: a. Light b. Candy c. Clash  The word “alliances” on line 3 is closest in meaning to: a. Confederated b. Delegated c. Confiscated  The word “axis” on line 3 is closest in meaning to: a. Playing cards b. Coasted c. bloc  The word “widespread” on line 4 is closest in meaning to: a. Far-flung b. Reduced c. Contracted  The word “effort” on line 6 is closest in meaning to: a. denier b. Forte c. Exertion  The word “distinction” on line 6 is closest in meaning to: a. eminence b. handsome c. puck  The word “resources” on line 6 is closest in meaning to:

a. Rivers of clear water b. Rough games c. Aid acquisition What do you understand for “killed” on line 7? a. Obliterated b. Cought c. Battled What do you understand for “deadliest” on line 7? a- Extremely luxurious b- Extremely painful c- Extremely baneful  Find the corresponding meaning to the following words: a-Held ( )- A politically organized body of people under a single government. ( )- Any distinct time period in a sequence of b-Subsequent events. c-Commonwealth ( )- Keep in a certain state, position, or activity d-attacks ( )- Come out into view, as from concealment e-emerged ( )- In the direction of f-stage ( )- Following in time or order g-Toward ( )- an offensive against an enemy Give your opinion there on the above topic using the above lexicon. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________.



LESSON TWELVE –TWELFTH LESSON MEMORY EXERCISES AND TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY RETENTION Whether you are young or older, it is a fact that many people have trouble remembering certain information. The causes of such difficulties vary. Some people can never seem to remember the names of people they meet, which can prove embarrassing in social or work situations. Others cannot remember a phone number to save their life. Older people may develop memory problems associated with aging. No matter what the cause of your memory problem may be, there are simple memory exercises, which will improve your situation. Here we offer five such memory exercises. Use one or all, depending on your specific or generalized need. Before we begin, it is good for you to know that people who read often suffer less from memory problems of a general nature. Studies on Alzheimer's disease have consistently demonstrated that lifelong readers are less likely to develop this memory condition. That said; let's take a look at five methods that lead to improved memory. Exercises Circle the underlined words that you consider are wrong in the following paragraph and write on top of each the correction: Older people may developing memory problems associated with aging. ab cd No matter what the cause of your memory problem may be, there is simple memory exercises a bc d which will improve your situation. Here we offer five such memory exercise. Use one or all, depending on your specific or ab c generalized need. d Before we begin, it's good for you for to know that people who read often suffer less from ab c

memory problems of a general nature. d Studies on Alzheimer's disease have consistently demonstrated that lifelong readers are less ab c likely to develop these memory condition. That said, let's take a look at five methods that lead d to improved memory. 1. Memorize names. Flip through the phone book and find five, preferably unusual names, at random. Write them down and memorize them one by one. You can take this list with you anywhere you'll have a few minutes. Waiting at the doctor's office or taking a break at work are good opportunities. When you've got these down, repeat the exercise with new names. 2. Memorize numbers are everywhere. You can use the phone book, bills, bank statements and so forth. Again, begin with a list of five. You can also generate your own list. If numbers are particularly troublesome memory task, start with three digits for each. When you’ve succeeded her, make a new list. 3. practice associative memorization. Here, you can take a list of names of individuals or businesses, or even words you find yourself looking up frequently. This memory exercise works by making an association between the word or words and meanings. For example, you have just gained a new client whose business name is unusual. Let’s say the name is forward enterprises, in the business of selling carpet cleaning services. Make your own associative sentence, one that makes sense to you. “A clean carpet makes your housekeeping into a forward enterprise” if your new coworker‘s name is Janet Dough. Think “Janet make bread dough”. 4. Use spelling lists. This memory exercise is good when spelling is your nemesis. Words with double consonants are commonly troublesome. Practice, practice and more practice brings success. Repeat with a new list. 5. Memorize math formulas. Algebra and geometry are good candidates for this memory exercise. This is a sheer memorization for most people and works well for students and general memory difficulties. These are the best memorized one at a time. Using any or all of these memory exercises on a regular basis will have you feeling more confident with better memory retention. Do not forget to read for long-term success with memory. Question: There are some reasons why people can´t remember information, also there are solutions. Would you describe some of them and point out their solutions? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________. Do you have any of the above problems to remember? Describe it and add what you are doing to better this condition. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________.

LESSON THIRTEEN-THIRTEENTH LESSON Should smoking in public places be banned? Smoking is nothing short of a social evil. Its ill effects are not just confined to the smoker. Even if you don’t smoke, you become a passive smoker when other people in the same premise smoke. In addition, passive smokers experience as much health consequences as real smokers do. Smoking has been banned from many public places like offices, theatres, hospitals, educational institutions, banks, restaurants and conference rooms. In my opinion it has to be banned from all public places. A ban on public smoking will be beneficial to everybody because of the following reasons. People will live longer. A cigarette smoked will reduce a person’s life span by 5 ½ minutes. In addition, smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day will cut down a smoker’s life by one-third. It will also considerably increase his/her changes of getting lung-cancer. In general, people’s health will improve significantly if smoking is banned from public places. Smoking is more or less a macho symbol for the teens and the youth who regularly see their elders or roles models like film stars smoking in public. In their quest to imitate their stars, they too will start smoking. Therefore, a ban on public smoking will lead to a gradual reduction in the incidences of smoking among the younger generation. In my opinion, just imposing a ban on public smoking isn’t sufficient. Heavy fines should be imposed on those who violate this norm.

Time and again public smoking has proved hazardous. A lighted cigarette stub or match stick thrown around carelessly can lead to serious fire and loss of life and property. If thrown accidentally into or near an electric installation, it may cause short circuiting and this is more than enough to lead to a major fire in a high rise building. If smoking in public places is banned, such incidences will be minimized, if not fully prevented. QUESTIONS Answer the following questions based on the above text. Why is it said that ¨ Smoking is nothing short of a social evil¨? ______________________________________________________________________________ What do you understand for ¨Its ill effects aren’t just confined to the smoker.¨ ? ______________________________________________________________________________ Would you become a passive smoker when other people in the same premise smoke? ___________________________________________________________________ Do passive smokers experience as much health consequences as real smokers do? _____________________________________________________________________________ Why do you think or do not think so? Give your personal opinion about it. __________________________________________________________________ Has Smoking been banned from many public places? _____________________________________________________________________________ Have you done any campaign about this subject? __________________________________________________________________



ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH LESSON FOURTEEN – FOURTEENTH LESSON Emerald Reading comprehension Emeralds are a variety of the mineral beryl colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Beryl has a hardness of 7.5 - 8 on the 10 point Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Most emeralds are highly included, so their brittleness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. The word \"emerald\" comes from Latin smaragdus, via Greek smaragdos, its original source being a Semitic word izmargad or the Sanskrit word, marakata, meaning \"emerald\" or \"green\". Properties determining value  Emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using four basic parameters, the four Cs of Connoisseurship; Color, Cut Clarity and Crystal. The last C, crystal is simply used as a synonym that begins with C for transparency or what gemologists call diaphaneity. Prior to the 20th Century jewelers used the term water as in \"a gem of the finest water “to express the combination of two qualities, color and crystal. Normally, in the grading of colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emerald, crystal is considered a close second. Both are necessary conditions. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gem.

ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH Color Scientifically speaking, color is divided into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Yellow and blue, the hues found adjacent to green on the spectral color wheel, are the normal secondary hues found in emerald. Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellowish green to bluish green. The primary hue must, of course, be green. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emerald. Light toned gems are known by the species name, green beryl. In addition, the hue must be bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emerald. A grayish green hue is a dull green hue. Clarity From the collection at the National Museum of Natural History Emerald tends to have numerous inclusions and surface breaking fissures. Unlike diamond, where the loupe standard, i.e. 10X magnification is used to grade clarity, emerald is graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible inclusions to the eye (assuming 20-20 vision) it is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated, \"oiled\", to enhance the apparent clarity. Eye-clean stones of a vivid primary green hue (as described above) with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone command the highest prices. This relative crystal non-uniformity makes emeralds more likely than other gemstones to be cut into cabochons, rather than faceted shapes. Treatments Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post lapidary process, in order to improve their clarity. Cedar oil, having a similar refractive index, is often used in this generally accepted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emerald such as Opticon are also used. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires the disclosure of this treatment when a treated emerald is sold. The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade. The laboratory community has recently standardized the language for grading the clarity of emeralds. Gems are graded on a four step scale; none, minor, moderate and highly enhanced. Note that these categories reflect levels of enhancement not clarity. A gem graded none on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories tend to apply these criteria differently. Some gem labs consider the mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not materially improve the look of the gemstone.

ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH Given that, the vast majority of all emeralds are treated as described above, and the fact that two stones that appear to be similar in quality may actually be quite far apart in treatment level, a consumer considering a purchase of an expensive emerald is well advised to insist upon a treatment report from a reputable gemological laboratory. All other factors being equal, a high quality emerald with an enhancement level graded moderate should cost 40- 50% less than an identical stone graded none. Emerald localities Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the Egyptians and in Austria, as well as Swat in northern Pakistan. A rare type of emerald known as a trapiche emerald is occasionally found in the mines of Colombia. A trapiche emerald exhibits a \"star\" pattern; it has raylike spokes of dark carbon impurities that give the emerald a six-pointed radial pattern. It is named for the trapiche, a grinding wheel used to process sugarcane in the region. Colombian emeralds are generally the most prized due to their transparency and fire. Some of the most rare emeralds come from three main emerald mining areas in Colombia: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor. Fine emeralds are also found in other countries, such as Zambia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Russia. In the US, emeralds can be found in Hiddenite, North Carolina. In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the Yukon. Synthetic emerald Emerald showing its hexagonal structure Emerald is a rare and valuable gemstone and, as such, it has provided the incentive for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal and flux- growth synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless beryl. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of Carroll Chatham. Because Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium, a lithium vanadate flux process is probably involved. The other large producer of flux emeralds is Pierre Gilson Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds which become coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run producing emerald crystals of 7 mm of thickness (Nassau, K. Gems Made By Man, 1980). Wispy veil-like inclusions are common in flux-grown synthetic emeralds.

ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH The Gachala Emerald is one of the largest gem emeralds in the world, at 858 carats (172 g). This stone was found in 1967 at La Vega de San Juan mine in Gachalá, Colombia. It is housed at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Emerald is regarded as the traditional birthstone for May, as well as the traditional gemstone for the astrological signs of Taurus, Cancer and sometimes Gemini. One of the more quaint anecdotes on emeralds was by the 16th-century historian Brantome, who referred to the many impressive emeralds the Spanish under Cortez had brought back to Europe from Latin America. On one of Cortez's most famous emeralds he had the text engraved Inter Natos Mulierum non sur-rexit mayor (Among them borne of woman there hath not arisen a greater Man. XI, 11) which referred to John the Baptist. Brantome considered engraving such a beautiful and simple product of nature sacrilegious and considered this act the cause for Cortez's loss of an extremely precious pearl (to which he dedicated a work A beautiful and incomparable pearl) and even for the death of King Charles IX who died soon after. In some cultures, the emerald is the traditional gift for the 55th wedding anniversary. It is also used as a 20th and 35th wedding anniversary stone. The Authorized King James Version of the Bible, in Exodus 28:18 and 39:11, lists \"emerald\" as one of the precious stones in the breastplate of the high priest of the Jews; but modern consensus is that this is probably a mistranslation. (See Hoshen.) Ireland is often referred to, especially in America, as the \"Emerald Isle\". Famous emerald  Gachala Emerald (origin: Colombia)

ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH Workshop 1 Write about the following topics on the above reading text following each of the tittles or sections of the text. Please be specific on the topic and clear. Tittle Intro Properties and values (color,clarity, shape, etc) Treatments Localities Synthetic emeralds Properties and values (color, clarity, shape, etc) Famous emerald and location. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH LESSON FIFTEEN- FIFTEENTH LESSON Espionage or spying involves individual obtaining information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage is inherently clandestine, as the legitimate holder of the information may change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized hands. See clandestine HUMINT for the basic concepts of such information collection, and subordinate articles such as clandestine HUMINT operational techniques and clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting for discussions of the \"tradecraft\" used to collect this information. HISTORY Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. The ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakya's student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, which are described in Chanakya's Arthasastra. The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). Many modern espionage methods were well established even then. The Cold War involved intense espionage activity between the United States of America and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorists. Different intelligence services value certain intelligence collection techniques over others. The former Soviet Union, for example, preferred human sources over research in open sources, while the United States has tended to emphasize technological methods such as SIGINT and IMINT. Both Soviet political (KGB) and military intelligence (GRU) officers were judged by the number of agents they recruited.

ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH Various Forms Unlike other forms of intelligence collection disciplines, espionage usually involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored, or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge. There are exceptions to physical meetings, such as the Oslo Report, or the insistence of Robert Hanssen in never meeting the people to whom he was selling information. The US defines espionage towards itself as \"The act of obtaining, delivering, transmitting, communicating, or receiving information about the national defense with an intent, or reason to believe, that the information may be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation. Espionage is a violation of United States law, 18 U.S.C. § 792–798 and Article 106 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.\" The United States, like most nations, conducts espionage against other nations, under the control of the National Clandestine Service. Britain's espionage activities are controlled by the Secret Intelligence Service. Espionage is usually part of an institutional effort (i.e., governmental or corporate espionage), and the term is most readily associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies, primarily for military purposes, but this has been extended to spying involving corporations, known specifically as industrial espionage. Many nations routinely spy on both their enemies and allies, although they maintain a policy of not making comment on this. In addition to utilizing agencies within a government many also employ private companies to collect information on their behalf such as SCG International Risk and others. Black's Law Dictionary (1990) defines espionage as: \"...gathering, transmitting, or losing...information related to the national defense.\" While news media may speak of \"spy satellites\" and the like, espionage is not a synonym for all types of intelligence functions. It is a specific form of human source intelligence (HUMINT). Codebreaking (cryptanalysis or COMINT), aircraft or satellite photography (IMINT) and research in open publications (OSINT) are all intelligence gathering disciplines, but none of them are espionage. Not all HUMINT activities, such as interviewing prisoners, reports from military reconnaissance patrols and from diplomats, etc., are espionage. SPY A spy is a person employed to obtain such secrets. Within the US intelligence community, asset is a more common usage. A case officer, who may have diplomatic status (i.e., official cover or non-official cover) supports and directs the human collector. Cutouts are couriers who do not know the agent or case officer, but transfer messages. A safe house is a refuge for spies. In larger networks, the organization can be complex, with many methods to avoid detection, including clandestine cell systems. Often the players have never met and are sometimes unaware that they are participating. This is often referred to as \"the Tyson Effect,\" where important players are unaware of their own participation.[clarification needed][citation needed] See Clandestine HUMINT for details of the actual operations and people of espionage systems.

ALL RIGHT PRIVATE ENGLISH Case officers are stationed in foreign countries to recruit and supervise intelligence agents, who in turn spy on targets in their countries where they are assigned. A spy may or may not be an actual citizen of a target country. While the more common practice is to recruit a person already trusted with access to sensitive information, there are cases where a person may attempt to infiltrate a target organization, with a well-prepared synthetic identity for them, called a legend in tradecraft. These agents can be moles (who are recruited before they get access to secrets), defectors (who are recruited after they get access to secrets and leave their country) or defectors in place (who get access but do not leave). Risks The risks of espionage vary. A spy breaking the host country's laws may be deported, imprisoned, or even executed. A spy breaking his/her own country's laws can be imprisoned for espionage or/and treason, or even executed, as the Rosenbergs were. For example, when Aldrich Ames handed a stack of dossiers of CIA agents in the Eastern Bloc to his KGB- officer \"handler,\" the KGB \"rolled up\" several networks, and at least ten people were secretly shot. When Ames was arrested by the FBI, he faced life in prison; his contact, who had diplomatic immunity, was declared persona non grata and taken to the airport. Ames's wife was threatened with life imprisonment if her husband did not cooperate; he did, and she was given a five-year sentence. Hugh Francis Redmond, a CIA officer in China, spent nineteen years in a Chinese prison for espionage—and died there—as he was operating without diplomatic cover and immunity. Many organizations, both national and non-national, conduct espionage operations. It should not be assumed that espionage is always directed at the most secret operations of a target country; national and terrorist organizations and other groups needed to get agents into target countries to learn security routines around their targets. They also needed to arrange secure ways of transferring money. Communications both are necessary to espionage and clandestine operations, and also a great vulnerability when the adversary has sophisticated SIGINT detection and interception capability. See espionage organizations for national and non-national groups that conduct clandestine human operations, for any of a number of reasons: assessment of national capabilities at the strategic level, warning of the movements of security and military organizations; financial systems; protective measures around targets. Be aware that certain organizations who have an association with espionage, such as the US FBI, UK Security Service, and Canadian Security Intelligence Service do not perform espionage, but, with these three examples, all monitor and defend against it, the CSIS principally at an analytical levels. In the US and UK, respectively, the National Clandestine Service, part of the Central Intelligence Agency, performs espionage, while the Secret Intelligence Service does so for Great Britain. Canada does not appear to run espionage, although it collects SIGINT. The Russian SVR performs espionage while the FSB defends against it.