Scratch game

["GAME PROGRESS 8 0 % 199 Commanding define play sequence The \u201cCount\u201d variable the drums set Count \u25be to 0 keeps track as the repeat length of DrumOrder \u25be program works down 19 Now create another new the list. block called \u201cplay sequence\u201d change Count \u25be by 1 and build the script shown This block puts the here. It will play the notes in drum\u2019s number in the the list in order by travelling \u201cDrumtoPlay\u201d variable. once though the blocks in the loop for each item in set DrumToPlay \u25be to item Count of DrumOrder \u25be the \u201cDrumOrder\u201d list, setting \u201cDrumToPlay\u201d from the list, broadcast RemoteControl\u25be and wait and then sending out the wait 0.25 secs \u201cRemoteControl\u201d message. You will need to create a This blocks new variable for all sprites tells the drums called \u201cCount\u201d. to play. 20 Add the new \u201cplay sequence\u201d when clicked block to the test script. delete all \u25be of DrumOrder \u25be Place the new \u201cplay sequence\u201d block here. repeat 7 add pick random 1 to 4 to DrumOrder \u25be wait 1 secs play sequence EXPERT TIPS Broadcast blocks There are two types of broadcast Scratch blocks. They are useful in different ways. broadcast Message \u25be broadcast Message \u25be and wait \u25b3 Broadcast \u25b3 Broadcast and wait This sends the message but then continues straight This sends the message but then waits until all to the next block without waiting. This is useful for receiving scripts have finished before running triggering an event without stopping what\u2019s going the next block. This is useful when you don\u2019t want on, such as launching an arrow without pausing the script to continue until something\u2019s finished, the loop that moves the player\u2019s sprite. such as the drum playing in this game.","200 T R O P I C A L T U N E S DrumOrder 21 Now run the script. Watch the numbers alongside the items in 14 \u201cDrumOrder\u201d light up as they are read by the script, then hear 24 and see the correct drum play each time. You can check the 33 \u201cDrumToPlay\u201d variable\u2019s check box to show the number used 43 with the \u201cRemote Control\u201d message for each note. 52 64 Select the check box to Make a Variable When an 74 show the \u201cDrumToPlay\u201d DrumToPlay item in the list is read, + length: 7 variable on screen. its index number flashes. Adding notes to the tune when clicked Create a new variable called \u201cScore\u201d. So far you\u2019ve just been testing the set Score \u25be to 0 drums. It\u2019s now time to get them This block adds playing the sequences needed in delete all\u25be of DrumOrder a new drum to the game, starting with one note the bottom of and adding another note each time forever the list. the player repeats the tune correctly. wait 2 secs to DrumOrder \u25be 22 The test script isn\u2019t needed any more so replace it with this one. You\u2019ll need add pick random 1 to 4 Create a new to create another new block called block called \u201cwait for player\u201d\u2014its script is shown play sequence \u201cwait for player\u201d. in the next step. You\u2019ll also need to create a new variable for all sprites, wait for player called \u201cScore\u201d, and check it so it appears on the stage. 23 Add a new variable called \u201cCorrectCount\u201d to count how 24 If you run the project now, the drums many drums the player gets right. Then create this script, will play one note and then wait. You which holds up the loop while it waits for the player to can click as many drums as you like get the whole drum sequence right. but nothing will happen because you haven\u2019t programmed the master define wait for player controller to respond to the \u201cClicked\u201d message yet. set Count \u25be to 0 set CorrectCount \u25be to 0 wait until CorrectCount = length of DrumOrder \u25be","GAME PROGRESS 1 0 0 % 201 Checking the player\u2019s tune Now you need to add a script to respond to the player\u2019s clicks on the drums. Every click creates a \u201cClicked\u201d message that can trigger a script to check which drum was clicked and count the number of correct clicks. If the player clicks the wrong drum, the script will broadcast a \u201cGameOver\u201d message. 25 Add the next script to the stage to increase \u201cCorrectCount\u201d by one for each correct click. When the drums are clicked, they play and send the \u201cClicked\u201d message, having put their number in \u201cClickedDrum\u201d. This script will be triggered by that \u201cClicked\u201d message. If the numbers don\u2019t match, the game ends. This is the when I receive Clicked \u25be This is the number of number of change Count \u25be by 1 the drum you clicked. the correct if item Count of DrumOrder \u25be drum held = ClickedDrum then in the list. change CorrectCount \u25be by 1 change Score \u25be by 1 Create a new else message broadcast GameOver \u25be called \u201cGameOver\u201d. 26 Add a game-over script to the stage. You\u2019ll need 27 The game is complete. Now try playing it, but to load the \u201cbell toll\u201d sound to the stage from the remember to uncheck \u201cDrumOrder\u201d in the Data Scratch sound library. section of the blocks palette or the player can just read the correct drum order off the list. when I receive GameOver \u25be play sound bell toll \u25be until done Uncheck the Make a List stop all \u25be box to hide the DrumOrder drum order from the player.","202 T R O P I C A L T U N E S Master controller The master controller loops \u25b7 How it works Adds note to sequence through these This game relies on two messages: Plays sequence three actions. \u201cRemoteControl\u201d, which tells a drum to play, and \u201cClicked\u201d, which tells the Waits for player to click sequence master controller that a drum has been clicked by the player. The master controller has a loop that uses these two messages in turn\u2014to play the tune and then check the player\u2019s reaction. \u201cRemoteControl\u201d message makes the drums play. \u201cClicked\u201d message tells the master controller when a drum is clicked. Drum1 Drum2 Drum3 Drum4 Hacks and tweaks Once everything is \u25bd Another drum working smoothly, Obey me! Add a fifth drum. You\u2019ll need to change its drum you can play around number, note, and color values, and check with the code and anywhere in the code that thinks there are only four tweak the game to try and drums\u2014such as the random block in the make it more exciting or master controller. harder. Here are some ideas. \u25b3 Talking shark Try adding a shark sprite that swims 14 up and gives instructions\u2014make him talk using the \u201csay\u201d block. \u25b3 Round counter GAME \u25c1 Game over OVER! Create a new global variable Add a \u201cGame Over\u201d \u201cRound\u201d and show it on the sign or make the shark stage. Set it to zero at the start swim back onto the of a game and increase it by stage to say it. one every time the player completes a sequence correctly (at the end of the master controller loop).","203H A C K S A N D T W E A K S EXPERT TIPS Debugging Bugs are errors in programs. Getting rid of them is called debugging. If a program isn\u2019t working properly, there are a number of common Scratch problems you can check for, which are shown below. If you\u2019re following instructions and something isn\u2019t working, it\u2019s also worth going back to the beginning and checking all the steps\u2014there could be a small mistake in one of your scripts that is affecting the whole game. Have you missed Don\u2019t type in variable out any blocks? names\u2014use the orange variable blocks instead. Are your loops when I receive Clicked \u25be and \u201cif\u201d blocks change Count \u25be by 1 one inside the if item Count of DrumOrder \u25be = ClickedDrum then other when they shouldn\u2019t change CorrectCount \u25be by 1 Have you selected the correct change Score \u25be by 1 item in the drop-down menus? be? Or are else they one after another when they should be inside? broadcast GameOver \u25be go to Launcher \u25be Have you Is a loop that Are all the numbers in confused similar should be around the windows of the the blocks missing? Scratch blocks correct? blocks like \u201cgo to\u201d and \u201cpoint Sprites Sprites If a sprite disappears from the toward\u201d? stage, check that it\u2019s Are the scripts not hidden:right- attached to the click on the sprite in correct sprite or the stage? It\u2019s easy the sprites list and to put a script in choose \u201cshow\u201d. the wrong place. Stage Drum1 Drum2 Drum1 Drum2 info duplicate 1 backdrop ClickedDrum delete DrumToPlay save to local file New backdrop: show Try showing key variables on the stage by checking their boxes in the orange Data section. If their values look odd or don\u2019t change, they might give you a clue about what\u2019s wrong.","","What next?","206 W H A T N E X T ? Remixing and beyond The Scratch website allows you to see other users\u2019 code and reuse it in your own games; this is called remixing. Millions of projects have been shared online and you can dive into every one. It\u2019s a great place to share your games and find ideas. Exploring Scratch A studio is a set of Click on the projects with a preview picture to To see games shared by other Scratch users, go particular theme. to the Scratch website at www.scratch.mit.edu choose a project. and click on Explore. Join Scratch Sign In Click here to see shared projects. SCRATCH Create Explore Discuss Help Search Explore Studios Sort by: Shared \u25be Past 30 days \u25be Projects Featured Star Hunter Doom on the Broom Jumpy Monkey All Animations by Octoblaster999 by WorkingWitch111 by FunkyMonkey66 Art 924 500 27 8224 352 285 17 4325 Games 883 496 40 7727 Music Doom on the Broom See inside Stories 9 scripts Tag: by WorkingWitch111 6 sprites Go Instructions Defend the witch against creatures of the night Click the full-screen by turning her broomstick (arrow keys) and Click \u201cSee inside\u201d symbol to try out a casting fireballs (space key). Flying hippos give to see the scripts. extra lives but make sure you don\u2019t hit them Then click \u201cRemix\u201d game at full size. with fireballs! to save your own version so you Notes and credits can change it. Everything in this game was created by me. c Shared: 15 May 2015 Modified: 8 Jun 2015 Remix 496 883 7727 297","REMIXING AND BEYOND 207 Creating your own games Once you\u2019ve built all the games in this book, you\u2019ll probably be bursting with your own game ideas. Here are some tips to help you get started. 1 Big and small ideas 2 Beg, borrow, and steal Good ideas can come to People say the best ideas are stolen. Scratch allows you at surprising times, you to steal ideas from everyone else, so go ahead. so be ready to jot them Look through other people\u2019s projects and save any down before you forget sprites, costumes, backdrops, sounds, or scripts you them. Don\u2019t just keep like in your backpack, so you can reuse them later. notes about new games \u2014write down ideas about smaller details such as characters, objects, levels, and actions. 3 Code your game 4 Testing Start with the basics. Begin by coding the main Once you\u2019re happy with the game, ask someone character so it works with your chosen controls else to play it. They might find problems that you (keyboard or mouse). Then build up slowly, missed because you know the game too well. Fix adding one sprite at a time and creating the any bugs and make sure it all runs smoothly. scripts it needs to play its part in the game. 5 Share it! See project page Click the \u201cSee project page\u201d button at the top Share right of the Scratch editor and add a few words to explain how to play the game. Then click on \u201cShare\u201d to allow the whole world to play your masterpiece. Well done, you are now a game maker!","208 W H A T N E X T ? Better Scratch Fish1 Good programmers try to write code \u25b3 Use clear names that\u2019s easy to understand and change. Scratch lets you choose names for sprites, There are many ways in which you can variables, and messages. Make sure you improve your projects and expand use meaningful names, such as \u201cDragon\u201d or your knowledge of Scratch. Here are \u201cScore\u201d, to make your Scratch code readable. a few of them. when I start as a clone set x to 240 Setting a variable forever helps you change this number in next costume just one place. wait 1 secs the ghost\u2019s costume loop set ScreenEdge \u25be to 240 set x to ScreenEdge \u25b3 Comments \u25b3 No unexplained numbers You can add comments to any block to explain your Avoid writing code that contains unexplained code. To do this, right-click (control click on a Mac) numbers. To make your code easier to read, on it and select \u201cAdd comment\u201d. This can remind add a comment or use a variable so the you when you read code written a while ago. number explains itself. \u25bd Backpack Drag and drop a script or sprite The backpack is a feature found at the bottom to copy it to the of the Scratch screen. It lets you store useful scripts, sprites, sounds, and costumes and backpack. move them from project to project. But remember that you can only use it online. Backpack when clicked wait until touching Sprite1 \u25be ? switch costume to dragon1-b \u25be stop all \u25be Sound Costume Backdrop Script Scream-female monkey2-a Underwater2","The help tool 209B E T T E R S C R A T C H Are you still unsure about how to use All Tips certain blocks? The help tool in Scratch will let you master the function of each if on edge, bounce block with ease. If touching the edge of the stage, then bounce away 1 To find out more about a particular block, first click the \u201cBlock help\u201d symbol in the toolbar at the top of the screen. when clicked ? forever move 10 steps \u201cBlock help\u201d if on edge, bounce symbol 2 After the mouse-pointer turns into a question mark, click on any block in the blocks palette. A help window opens with tips on how to use that block. if on edge, bounce A help The sprite will bounce at an angle if it is touching window the side, top, or bottom of the stage The mouse-pointer turns into a question mark. ? opens. EXPERT TIPS Making your project different Scratch projects often look and sound similar if you only use Click here to use resources from the Scratch library. To make yours different, a sound file from import your own images and sounds into Scratch. your computer. Click here to upload Click here to use Use this to an image file from your webcam to record sounds. your computer. take a picture. \u25b3 Your own sounds \u25b3 Your own images You can record your own music and sound effects through your computer\u2019s microphone and edit You can import any image into Scratch, but don\u2019t them in Scratch. You can also find free music and sounds on the web to use in your games. share a project containing photos of people you know. You can also create your own images with a graphics program or the paint editor in Scratch.","210 W H A T N E X T ? The next level Once you\u2019ve made a few Scratch games of your own, you may want to expand your horizons. There\u2019s a whole world of knowledge and experience you can tap into to improve your game design and programming. Game design Begin by improving your knowledge of games and how they\u2019re created. The following activities will expand your imagination and stimulate your game-design brain. \u25c1 Play games \u25b3 Learn from the experts Playing games can trigger ideas for new Many game designers love to talk ones. Try out different games and watch other and write about how they design people playing them. Think about the actions games. You can find their tips on (mechanics), rules, and goals that make a good video-sharing websites and in game work. Imagine how you might code these blogs and magazines. different parts of the game yourself. \u25b7 Find stories \u25b7 Explore GAME gaming history OVER! Ideas for games and the characters in them often come from stories. Find out more about the Next time you watch a good film or history of gaming. Visit a read a good book, think how you video game museum or might turn it into a game. a vintage arcade. There are lots of free online versions of famous video games, so it\u2019s easy to try classic games this way. \u25b3 Think visually \u25c1 Keep notes Thinking visually is a vital skill for a game Keep a notebook of game ideas, designer. Practice drawing or try making drawings, stories, and anything that models. To help create animations, film you find fun or interesting\u2014you someone walking and then pause the video never know what might be useful during playback to see their posture changing. later. You could even start a blog about gaming to share your ideas with friends and family.","211T H E N E X T L E V E L Programming To make computer games, you need to know how to code. Brushing up on your coding skills will help you make better games. \u25b7 Sharpen your Scratch \u25b3 Code together Try the tutorials and Join or start a coding club at your school explanations on the Scratch or library. Collaborating on projects with website. Learn everything you other coders is a great way to fire your can about Scratch and you\u2019ll imagination and supercharge your skills. be able to code things you never dreamed possible. \u25b3 Try a game engine \u25b7 Learn another language You don\u2019t have to build computer Scratch is a great springboard to learn other games from scratch\u2014you can use programming languages, such as Python or programs called game engines to JavaScript. There are lots of online coding do a lot of the difficult coding for courses, including some that focus on you. You can find game engines games. Python has a great add-on called online. Many can be tried for free. Pygame that helps you create games. EXPERT TIPS \u25c1 Do your research If you have a technical mind and Game engines want to learn more about the latest advances in computer games, read up on 3D graphics, game physics, and artificial intelligence. A game engine is a program and to guide sprites around the that contains already-made code screen. Solutions to problems for building games. It works a bit caused by collision detection like Scratch, but it\u2019s designed for and game physics are built in. professional game developers Game engines can also convert rather than beginners learning to games to run on consoles and code. Game engines provide easy mobiles, saving you the nuisance ways to detect controller inputs of rewriting all the code.","212 W H A T N E X T ? Jobs making games Some computer games are created by a single programmer, but others are put together by huge teams. The computer games industry employs thousands of people. Most of them specialize in just one part of the process. Who makes games? \u25b3 Producer Game studios are companies that make games and The person in charge of a project employ specialists to work as a team. On smaller games, and all the people working on it each person usually has more than one job. On a big is called a producer. It\u2019s the job of project, there might be dozens of programmers and this producer to make sure the artists, each working on just a small part of the game. game is the best it can be. \u25b3 Writer \u25b3 Game designer \u25c1 Artist Everything the The stories and characters in a game The game designer creates the player sees\u2014the are developed by writers. In a game rules, goals, and mechanics that characters, objects, with cutscenes (short, movielike make a game interesting and fun and scenery\u2014are sequences), the writer is responsible for players. Playability is the created by artists, for what the characters say. designer\u2019s main focus. often working as a team under a single LINGO \u25b3 Composer lead artist. Game types A composer is a professional \u25b3 Sound designer musician who writes new The sound effects in a game help Indie games Short for \u201cindependent music. Good music is vital to set the scene. They are created games\u201d, these are created by people because it helps create by a sound designer, who also working on their own or in small teams. atmosphere in a game. decides how the composer\u2019s Many feature creative new ideas not seen music will be used in the game. in mainstream games. AAA games These are the biggest games and are expected to sell millions of copies. They take many months or even years to make and have huge teams and budgets of many millions of dollars.","213J O B S M A K I N G G A M E S \u25b3 Programmer \u25b3 Tester \u25b3 Game publisher Programmers take all the It might sound like a dream job playing Some games have a publisher, ideas and building blocks games all day, but it\u2019s a serious and important a company that pays for the created by the team and part of developing a game. A tester has to game\u2019s development and then use them to write code play the game over and over to check if it advertises and distributes the that makes the game work. works correctly and is not too easy or hard. final product. Game development GAME DESIGN Games go through lots of From blocks to riches different versions before the final one is released for sale. The early In 2009, Swedish programmer Markus versions take the game from a \u201cNotch\u201d Persson released the first basic idea to a finished product version of Minecraft, a building game and usually follow the sequence he\u2019d made. By 2014, Minecraft had shown here. around 100 million registered users and was sold to Microsoft for $2.5 billion. 1 Prototype 2 Alpha The prototype is an The alpha version has all the experimental version of main features, but they might the game built to see if not be fully working. They are the basic idea works and improved and major bugs are is fun to play. fixed before the next stage. 3 Beta 4 Release The beta version of the The release is the final version, game has everything, but it fully tested and fixed. Some needs polishing and still has games are available as \u201cearly access\u201d minor bugs, which need to releases for fans to test before the be found and fixed. game is 100 percent finished.","214 W H A T N E X T ? Have fun! Games can transport you to different worlds and take you through a whirlwind of emotions, but the most important part of gaming and making games is to have fun. Party time! Playing games with people is much more fun than playing on your own. Why not grab some snacks and invite your friends around to play your favorite multiplayer game? You could also get them to try out games you\u2019ve made in Scratch and ask them to suggest improvements. They might even want to create their own versions. Hold a game jam A game jam is a game-making party. People get together for a day or two to race against time as they build a game from start to finish. Every year, countless game jams take place. Some take place in a single location, but others are scattered across the world and linked through the internet or even held entirely online. Why not hold a mini Scratch jam at your home or school? Pick a theme and ask a teacher or parent to help arrange computer access, judging, and prizes. \u25b7 Choose a theme Game jams usually have a theme, such as \u201cjumping games\u201d or \u201cgames with bees in them\u201d. Prizes are awarded for building the best games.","215H A V E F U N ! Challenge yourself It\u2019s good to push yourself sometimes, so why not set yourself a game challenge? It could be anything from making a fully playable game in just 15 minutes to making a game for every letter of the alphabet. You could also keep a diary or blog to describe your experiences, or create a Scratch studio to share your challenge games. Find or start a game club If your school or library has a coding club, you can ask them to run some sessions on game design and programming. Start a group within the club for people who have a special interest in making games. EXPERT TIPS Game idea generator For some people, the hardest part of creating games is having the idea for a game in the first place. Here\u2019s a trick to help give you inspiration. Roll a dice to choose a number from each column, and then combine the results to generate a random game idea. Feel free to change it\u2014it\u2019s just to get your creative brain in gear! Genre Setting Extra feature 1. Maze 1. Forest 1. Patrolling enemies 2. Jumping 2. Space 2. High score 3. Quiz 3. Underwater 3. Collecting objects 4. Vehicle simulator 4. City 4. Life counter 5. Virtual pet 5. Castle 5. Time limit 6. Interactive story 6. Beach 6. Multiplayer","","Glossary and Index","218 G L O S S A R Y A N D I N D E X Glossary algorithm branch directory game jam A set of step-by-step A point in a program where A place to store files to keep A competition in instructions that perform two different options are them organized. which game makers a task. Computer programs available, such as the \u201cif then race against the clock are based on algorithms. else\u201d block in Scratch. event to build the best game. Something a computer animation bug program can react to, such game loop Changing pictures A coding error that makes as a key being pressed or A loop that controls quickly to create the a program behave in an the mouse being clicked. everything that happens illusion of movement. unexpected way. Bugs are in a computer game. named after the insects that execute artificial intelligence (AI) got into the wiring of early See run. game physics Programming to make computers, causing errors. Programming to create characters such as enemies export forces and collisions in a game appear to behave camera To send something to the between objects in in intelligent ways. The imaginary camera computer from Scratch, a game. through which a player such as a sprite or a assets views a game. whole project saved genre All the pictures and as a computer file. A type of computer game. sounds used in a game. collision detection Platform games and Programming that detects file first-person shooters backdrop when two objects in a A collection of data stored are common genres. The picture behind game are touching. with a name. the sprites on the global variable stage in Scratch. condition flag A variable that can be changed and used by backpack A \u201ctrue or false\u201d statement A variable that is used any sprite in a project. A storage area in Scratch used to make a decision to pass information that allows you to copy in a program. See also from one sprite or graphics things between projects. Boolean expression. script to another. Visual elements on a screen that are not text, block console function such as pictures, icons, An instruction in Scratch A computer that is used Code that carries out a and symbols. that can be joined to other just for playing games. specific task, working like a blocks to build a script. program within a program. GUI costume Also called a procedure, The GUI, or graphical user Boolean expression The picture a sprite shows subprogram, or subroutine. interface, is the name for A statement that is on the stage. Rapidly the buttons and windows either true or false, changing a sprite\u2019s costumes game engine that make up the part leading to two possible can create an animation. A program that helps of the program you can outcomes. Boolean a programmer make see and interact with. blocks in Scratch data games by providing are hexagonal rather Information, such as text, already-made code for hardware than round. symbols, or numbers. many common game The physical parts of a features, such as computer that you can debug animation, controls, see or touch, such as To look for and correct errors and game physics. wires, the keyboard, in a program. and the screen.","219G L O S S A R Y header block loop pixel art script A Scratch block that starts A part of a program that A drawing made of giant A stack of instruction blocks a script, such as the \u201cwhen repeats itself, removing the pixels or blocks, mimicking under a header block that green flag clicked\u201d block. need to type out the same the appearance of graphics are run in order. Also known as a hat block. piece of code multiple times. in early computer games. server import mechanics pixels A computer that stores files To bring something in from The actions a player can The colored dots on a screen accessible via a network. outside Scratch, such as a do in a game, such as that make up graphics. picture or sound clip from jump, collect objects, software the computer\u2019s files. or become invisible. procedure Programs that run on Code that carries out a a computer and control index number memory specific task, working like a how it works. A number given to an item A computer chip inside a program within a program. in a list. computer that stores data. Also called a function, sprite subprogram, or subroutine. A picture on the stage in input message Scratch that a script can Data that is entered into a A way to send information program move and change. computer. Keyboards, mice, between sprites. A set of instructions that a and microphones can be computer follows in order stage used to input data. network to complete a task. The screenlike area of the A group of interconnected Scratch interface in which integer computers that exchange programming language projects runs. A whole number. An integer data. The internet is a A language that is used does not contain a decimal giant network. to give instructions to statement point, nor is it written as a computer. The smallest complete a fraction. operating system (OS) instruction a programming The program that controls project language can be broken interface everything on a computer, Scratch\u2019s name for a program down into. The means by which the such as Windows, OS X, and all the assets that go user interacts with software or Linux. with it. string or hardware. See GUI. A series of characters. Strings operator random can contain numbers, letters, library A Scratch block that uses A function in a computer or symbols such as a colon. A collection of sprites, data to work something program that allows costumes, or sounds that can out, such as checking unpredictable outcomes. subprogram or subroutine be used in Scratch programs. whether two values are Useful when creating games. Code that carries out a equal or adding two specific task, working like a list numbers together. recursion program within a program. A collection of items stored See recursion. Also called a function in a numbered order. output or procedure. Data that is produced by run local variable a computer program and The command to make variable A variable that can be viewed by the user. a program start. A place to store data that can changed by only one sprite. change in a program, such as Each copy or clone of a sprite Scratcher the player\u2019s score. A variable has its own separate version Someone who uses Scratch. has a name and a value. of the variable.","220 G L O S S A R Y A N D I N D E X Index Page numbers in bold refer beta versions 213 adding music 57 with platforms 132 to main entries. Bitmap Mode 54, 58, 60, 69, 76, adding sounds 70 color palette 76, 77, 84, 132 aim of the game 50\u20131 colors 3D experience 15 84, 124, 132 game over 69 3D graphics 211 blocks hacks and tweaks 70\u20131 and atmosphere 14 high score 68 and backdrop 60\u20131 A adding comments 208 keyboard control 52\u20133 changing 47, 87 confusing similar 203 maze making 58\u201361 flashing 47 AAA games 212 customized 134\u20135, 194 mouse trap 62\u20133 paint editor 55 actions 12, 210 help tool 209 using paint editor 54\u20135 combat games 16 \u201caddition\u201d block 187 making 134, 194 chess 16 comments, adding to blocks algorithms 64 and scripts 22 circle tool 55, 76, 172 208 alpha versions 213 subprograms 134 Circle Wars 72\u201387 comparison operators 82 \u201cand\u201d block 97 blocks palette 26, 27, 134, 173, adding a timer 83 composers 212 animation 47, 108, 111, 142, 194 aim of the game 74\u20135 conditional statements 37, 97 blogs, gaming 210 clones 78\u201381 console controllers 53, 211 210 board games 16 creating the sprites 76 control loops 112 and rapid costume change Boolean expressions 82 hacks and tweaks 86\u20137 controller inputs 211 111 \u201cbounce\u201d message 179 instant player control 77 controllers 13, 53 \u201canswer\u201d blocks 183 bouncing 103, 105 instructions 84\u20135 arrow keys 51, 52\u20133, 91, 92\u20133, apps, Scratch 25 bounding boxes 63 making friends and enemies 95, 109, 131, 167, 178 arithmetic operators 112 brain games 190 77 cameras 53 arrow keys 51, 52\u20133, 91, 92\u20133, 95, see also Tropical Tunes win or lose? 82\u20133 consoles 53, 211 109, 178 \u201cbroadcast\u201d blocks 66, 168, 199 \u201cclean up\u201d option 81 dance mats 53 artificial intelligence 211 \u201cbroadcast Game Over\u201d block 69 clones 25, 74\u20135, 78\u201381, keyboards 52\u20133 giving sprites 198 \u201cbroadcast and wait\u201d block 183, 80, 113 letter keys 167, 173 artists 213 199 changing color\/size 87, motion sensors 53 \u201cask\u201d blocks 183 bugs 46, 63, 203, 207 113 mouse 25, 31, 71, 75, 77, 105, atmosphere 14\u201315 fixing jumping 138\u201340 and costume change 115 127, 191 creating 34 bumper sprites 143 destroying 80 space bar 91, 109, 131 and music 57, 121 enemy 81, 114 switching 71, 105, 127 C explosion 116\u201317 touchpad 75, 191 B and Game Loop sprite \u201cConvert to bitmap\u201d 172 C++ 80 176 coordinates 40 backdrop library 145, 192 \u201cCalculate\u201d message 168 making 79, 95 using 41 backdrops 15 calculations 198 closed-in space 61 x and y 154, 158, 159 camera angles 187 clubs copies, backup 162 adding 34, 110 cameras 53 coding 211 costumes 47 adding color 149 \u201ccar controls\u201d block 173, 178 game 215 alternating 126, 142 choice of 121 card games 16 coding and animation 111, 142 continually changing color 110 center points, sprites 63, 69, 76 bugs 46 changing 111, 118, 120, 122, creating your own 121 clubs 211 123, 126 Dog\u2019s Dinner 145 moving 143 how it works 18\u201319 deleting 118 Doom on the Broom 110 \u201cchange color\u201d block 47, 87 improving your skills 211 and different levels 155 Glacier Race 171 \u201cchange score by\u201d block 81 collecting and false collisions 143 Jumpy Monkey 101 \u201cchange size by\u201d block 87 bones 154\u20135 \u201cFlip up-down\u201d button 170 painting 60\u20131 characters 12 gems 180\u20132 and instructions 160 platforms 149 stars 40\u20131 Platforms sprite 148, 149 Star Hunter 30\u20131, 34 Cheese Chase 50 collision detection 63, 143, costumes library 118, 123 Tropical Tunes 191, 192 Dog\u2019s Dinner 130 156, 211 Costumes tab 60, 111 xy-grid 145 Doom on the Broom 108, 142\u20134 collision-detection sprite \u201cCount\u201d variable 199 backing up 162 Glacier Race 166 143 countdown timers 104, 182 backpack (Scratch) 25, 26, 27, Jumpy Monkey 90 collisions 37 adding seconds to 181 207, 208 and location 15 false 143 taking seconds off 182 balanced space 61 Star Hunter 30 and ghosting 151 \u201cCountdown\u201d variable 168 \u201cBest time\u201d 86 \u201ccheck collisions\u201d block 174, 179 Glacier Race 174\u20135, 177, 179 \u201ccreate clone\u201d block 79, 80, 176 Cheese Chase 48\u201371 adding enemies 56, 64\u20135 adding instructions 71","I N D E X 221 D E camera angles 187 ghosting 151 collision detection 143 Glacier Race 164\u201387 dance mats 53 \u201cearly access\u201d versions 213 controllers 53 dance-mat games 17, 53 enemies 12, 22 designing levels 163 adding obstacles 175\u20137 \u201cdata\u201d block 42, 43, 44, 197 from blocks to riches 213 adding sounds 174, 182, debugging 46, 203 adding 36, 38\u20139, 56, 64\u20135, 77, game physics 103 185 \u201cdefine\u201d block 134, 173, 178 111, 118\u201323 game stories 14, 84, 87 aims of the game 166\u20137 \u201cdelete this clone\u201d block 79, 80, better 44\u20135 music 57 collecting gems 180\u20132 clones 81 the next level 210 collisions and spins 174\u20137 113, 122 supernatural 122\u20133 playability 13 fine-tuning 186 desktop computers 25 \u201cequal to\u201d block 64 space 61 the game loop 168\u20139 dice 39 \u201cequals\u201d operator 82 virtual reality 15 hacks and tweaks 186\u20137 difficulty level 13 eraser tool 60, 63 working with themes 121 one-player version 186 escape games 17 game designers 212 penguin in charge 182\u20135 adjusting 47, 70\u20131, 86, 96, 125, events 93 learning from 210 player two 177\u20139 127, 163, 186, 202 Events blocks 93 game development 213 race cars 172\u20133 extra lives 126\u20137 events button 33 game engines 211 scrolling road 170\u20131 directions 38, 39 experimenting 22 game idea generator 215 \u201cglide\u201d blocks 45 \u201cdivision\u201d block 187 explosions 116\u201317 game jams 214 global variables 193, 195, Dog\u2019s Dinner 128\u201363 Game Loop sprite 168, 176, 196 adding a character 142\u20134 F 182, 185 \u201cgo to\u201d blocks 40, 67, 70, adding sound 144 game loops 168, 169, 171, 152, 155, 159, 178 aim of the game 130\u20131 \u201cFall Speed\u201d variable 98\u20139, 136, 172, 173 \u201cgo to mouse-pointer\u201d block bones for the dog 154\u20135 139 Game Over! 66, 67, 69, 86, 96, 32, 77 creating a game control 100\u20131, 124, 141, 162, 163, \u201cgo to\u201d trick 159 sprite 150\u20131 \u201cFallen off\u201d block 141 168, 201, 202 goals 13, 210 drawing the platforms 148\u20139 false statements 82 game physics 103, 211 goggles, virtual reality 15 falling off the level 141 fill tool 61, 177 game publishers 213 graphics 15 fine-tuning 158\u20139 fine-tuning 46, 158\u20139, 186 \u201cGame Speed\u201d variable 112, graphics programs 209 fixing the jumping bugs 125, 127 gravity 90, 92, 95, 98\u20139, 136 138\u201340 see also hacks and tweaks games defying 103 hacks and tweaks 162\u20133 fireworks 116\u201317 atmosphere 14\u201315 experimenting with 102\u20133 hazardous food 157 first-person games 187 Cheese Chase 48\u201371 real world 99 junk food 156 fixed camera angle 187 Circle Wars 72\u201387 reverse 103, 163 making the levels 145\u20137 flags 153 creating your own 207 \u201cGravity\u201d variable 98, 102, 136, placing the portals 152\u20133 \u201cFlip up-down\u201d button 170 debugging 46, 203 163 player on a platform 132\u20133 font size 69 Dog\u2019s Dinner 128\u201363 \u201cGrow\u201d tool 76 running around 134\u20135 \u201cFor all sprites\u201d variable 193 fine-tuning 46, 158\u20139, 186 signs and music 160\u20131 \u201cfor\u201d loops 78 game types 212 H up and down 136\u20138 \u201cFor this sprite only\u201d variable 193 Glacier Race 164\u201387 Doom on the Broom 106\u201327 \u201cforever\u201d block 23, 32, 35 good ingredients 12\u201313 hacks and tweaks adding explosions 116\u201317 \u201cforever\u201d loops 52, 53, 64, 70, how coding works 18\u201319 Cheese Chase 70\u20131 aim of the game 108\u20139 improving your knowledge Circle Wars 86\u20137 bat attack 114\u201315 78, 79 of 210 Dog\u2019s Dinner 162\u20133 casting fireballs 113 friends jobs making games 212\u201313 Doom on the Broom 127 challenger mode 125 Jumpy Monkey 88\u2013105 Glacier Race 186\u20137 controlling the witch 112 adding 77 planning a game 18 Jumpy Monkey 104\u20135 extra lives hippo 126\u20137 cloning 78\u201380 playing 210 Star Hunter 46\u20137 finishing touches 124\u20135 extra lives 126\u20137 Star Hunter 28\u201347 Tropical Tunes 202 fire-breathing dragon 120\u20131 functions 134 stories 14, 86, 87 ghosts and ghouls 122\u20133 testing 207 hardware 25 hacks and tweaks 127 G Tropical Tunes 188\u2013203 hazards 156\u20137 setting the scene 110\u201311 types of 16\u201317 speedy specter 118\u201319 game challenges 215 gaming history 210 adjusting speed of 163 double jump 141 game clubs 215 genres 16\u201317, 215 Hazards sprite 157, 158, 162 drawing 210 Game Control sprite 150\u20131, 153, \u201cghost\u201d block 152 health 12, 42 designers see game designers help tool 209 \u201cduplicate\u201d 67, 77 159, 161, 162, 163 \u201chide\u201d block 56, 85 game design animation 111","222 G L O S S A R Y A N D I N D E X \u201chide variable\u201d block 183 L \u201cCalculate\u201d 168 obstacles 61 hide-wait-show scripts 70 \u201cClicked\u201d 200, 201, 202 creating 105, 156 high score 68 laptops 25 \u201cGameOver\u201d 66\u20137, 86, 96, 100, Dog\u2019s Dinner 156\u20137 history, gaming 210 \u201cLaunch Speed\u201d variable 92 141, 144, 163, 168, 201 Glacier Race 166, 175\u20137 \u201cLaunches\u201d variable 100 \u201cLose a life\u201d 114, 115, 116, 117 Jumpy Monkey 96\u20137 I leaderboards 198 \u201cMove\u201d 168, 171, 173, 175 on platforms 133 level design tools 163 \u201cRemoteControl\u201d 195, 197, 200, \u201cif Level =\u201d blocks 162 \u201cLevel Over\u201d variable 150, 152, 153 202 offline Scratch 24, 25 \u201cif then\u201d blocks 37, 40, 52, 53, levels 130\u20131 \u201cSetup\u201d 144, 150, 168, 172 one-player games 186 \u201cStart\u201d 150 online Scratch 24, 25 62, 64, 65, 66, 80, 82, 97, 154, adjusting platforms 158 \u201cWin\u201d 150 open space 61 179, 182 changing music 161 microphone 186, 209 operating systems 25 \u201cif then else\u201d blocks 65, 139, creating extra 162 Microsoft 213 Operator blocks 44, 97 185 customized 163 Minecraft 213 \u201cor\u201d block 97 images, importing your own designing 163 mobile phones 211 209 designing new 158 modeling 210 P Indie games 212 falling off 141 motion blocks 32, 36, 45, 115 instructions fine-tuning 158 motion sensors 53 paint editor 54\u20135, 58, 71, 76, 132, and blocks 22 making the 145\u20137 mouse 25, 31, 71, 75, 77, 105, 127, 172, 177, 180, 209 for games 71, 84\u20135, 101, 125, and portals 152 191 160\u20131, 186, 202 line tool 54, 180 and events 93 parties, game 214 and scripts 22 line width control 58 \u201cmove\u201d blocks 39 personalization 86\u20137, 104\u20135, 127, writing sequences of 18\u201319 lists 198 \u201cMove\u201d message 168, 171, 173, \u201cis less than\u201d operator 82 lives 108 175 162\u20133, 186\u20137, 209 \u201cis more than\u201d operator 82 extra lives 126\u20137 movement Persson, Markus \u201cNotch\u201d 213 limited number of 163 and center point 143 photorealistic images 15 J \u201cLives\u201d variable 112, 116, 163 and costume change 111, 142 physics, game 103, 211 losing 114, 115 detection 93 \u201cpick random\u201d block 39, 64, 121, JavaScript 80, 211 running out of 124 directions 38 joysticks 13, 53 local variables 193 modifying 119, 120 123, 127 \u201cJump control\u201d block 137, 138 locations, and atmosphere 15 scrolling 171 platform games 130, 136 jumping 136\u20138 logic blocks 97 and space 61 loops 35 music 57, 121, 161, 185 adding a character 142\u20134 adjusting the jump 163 bugs 203 importing your own 209 falling off the level 141 bugs 138\u201340 control 112 and levels 161 see also Dog\u2019s Dinner types of jump 141 game 168, 169 music games 17 Platform sprites 133, 148, 162 Jumpy Monkey 88\u2013105 and levels 150 see also Tropical Tunes costumes 148 adding gravity 98\u20139 repeat 78, 94 \u201cMusic Loops\u201d 57 platforms adding sound 101 and speed of game 185 adding 133 aim of the game 90\u20131 \u201cLose a life\u201d 114, 115, 116, 117 N adjusting positions and sizes 158 bananas and palm trees losing 82\u20133 collisions with 132 95\u20137 names, choice of 208 drawing 145, 148\u20139 game over 100\u20131 M negative coordinates 41 making the levels 145\u20137 hacks and tweaks 104\u20135 \u201cnested if\u201d blocks 185 player sprites working with launching the monkey 92\u20135 Mac computers 25 \u201cnext costume\u201d block 142 132\u20133 playing with gravity 102\u20133 \u201cMake a block\u201d button 134, 173, \u201cnot\u201d block 97 \u201cplay drum\u201d block 194 notes, keeping 207, 210 \u201cplay sequence\u201d block 199 K 194 number puzzles 17 \u201cplay sound\u201d block 101, 186 \u201cMake a list\u201d button 197 numbers, unexplained 208 playability 12, 13 \u201ckey pressed\u201d blocks 178 master controller 192, 195, 196, Player Block keyboard O adding a character 142\u20134 197, 200, 202 \u201cobject oriented\u201d languages creating 132\u20133 arrow keys 51, 52\u20133, 91, 92\u20133, mathematical collision detection 80 fixing jumping bugs 138\u201340 95, 109, 131, 167, 178 objects 12 running around 134\u20135 control 52\u20133 143 choice of 22, 121 up and down 136\u20138 and events 93 maze games 50 clones 80 player two 177\u20139 letter keys 167, 173 \u201cpoint in direction\u201d block 38, 113, shift key 59 see also Cheese Chase 126, 173 space bar 91, 109, 113, 131 maze making 58\u201361 \u201cpoint towards\u201d block 120 mechanics 12 points, winning 40 memory, testing your 190, 191 Pong 13 messages 67 portals 130\u20131, 150 placing the 152\u20133 \u201cBounce\u201d 179","I N D E X 223 positive coordinates 41 \u201cReverse Step\u201d variable 139 scripts area 26, 27 speed procedures 134 road, scrolling 170\u20131 scrolling 171 and atmosphere 14 producers 212 road sprites 170\u20131 selection tool 60, 158 and difficulty level 70, 125 programmers 212 role-playing games 16 \u201cSensing\u201d blocks 83 and excitement 187 programming see coding rotation style 36 \u201cset color\u201d block 47, 152 experimenting with 86 programming languages 19 \u201cround\u201d block 86 \u201cSet costume center\u201d tool 55, 63 fall speed 98 round counter 202 \u201cset Fallspeed\u201d block 136 Game Speed variable 112, 125, arithmetic operators 112 rules 12, 210 \u201cset Gravity\u201d block 98, 136 127 and clones 80 \u201cRun controls\u201d block 134, 135 \u201cset Level to\u201d block 159 of hazards 163 and game loops 169 \u201cRun Speed\u201d variable 135 \u201cset size\u201d blocks 38, 47, 60 of launch 93 learning other 211 \u201cRun without screen refresh\u201d 140 \u201cset TakeoffSpeed\u201d block 137 lists 198 setting 215 \u201cspin\u201d block 174 mathematical collision S \u201cSetup\u201d message 144, 150, 168, \u201cspinning\u201d variable 172, 174, 175 detection 143 spooky features see scary features and new blocks 134 sandbox games 16 172 sports games 17, 53 or\/and\/not 97 saving 25, 43, 162 shape shifting 87 sprite library 36, 52, 56, 104, 110, and repeat until 94 \u201csay\u201d block 125, 186, 202 sharing 207 see also Scratch scary features 14, 57 shift key 59 111, 142, 156 programs, running 23 \u201cshow\u201d block 56 sprites list 26 project page 71, 186, 207 Doom on the Broom 108, 110, \u201cShrink\u201d tool 76 sprites 22 projects 118\u201319, 122\u20133 side-scrollers 171 making them different 209 scenery 121 Signs sprite 160 artificial intelligence 198 sharing 206 changing 186 simple collision detection 143 asking questions 183 prototypes 213 making more interesting 171 \u201cSimulate gravity\u201d block 136, blank 54 puzzles 12, 17 moving 169, 171 bumper sprites 143 Pygame 211 \u201cscore\u201d block 44 138, 139, 140 center points 63, 69, 76, 124, Python 211 score counter 42, 55 simulator games 17 133, 172 \u201cScore\u201d variable 112, 200 single jump 141 changing costumes 111, 118, Q scores 13 size, changing 47, 60, 76, 94, 133 120, 126, 157 Cheese Chase 68 sliders 102\u20133, 105 Cheese Chase 50 questions, sprites\u2019 183 Circle Wars 77, 82\u20133 slow-motion effect, getting rid choice of 121 Glacier Race 181, 182, 184 Circle Wars 74, 75 R high score 68 of 140 clones 74, 78\u201381 Jumpy Monkey 100\u20131 smartphones, Scratch apps collision-detection sprite 143 racing games 16 and sounds 81 creating 76 see also Glacier Race Star Hunter 42\u20133 for 25 Doom on the Broom 108, 110, Tropical Tunes 197 sound designers 212 118\u201323 random block 202 Scratch 19, 22\u20137 sounds drawing and painting 54\u20135, 172 random direction changes 78, expanding knowledge of 208\u20139 duplicating 38, 67, 77, 118, 120, exploring 206 adding 35, 81, 101, 110, 161, 174 122, 126, 155, 177, 193, 196 114, 115 introducing 22\u20133 at end of game 161 Explosion sprites 116\u201317 random locations 55, 70, 96, 114, learning more about 211 atmosphere 14, 110, 121 Extra Life sprites 126\u20137 name of 24 and changing levels 161 Game Control sprite 150\u20131, 153, 115 old and new versions 25 Cheese Chase 57, 70 159, 161, 162, 163 random numbers 39, 40 online\/offline 24 Circle Wars 81 Game Loop sprite 168, 176, 182, random sequences 198 setting up 24\u20135 Dog\u2019s Dinner 144, 161 185 random speech 198 website 206 Doom on the Broom 110, 116, Game Over sprite 69, 100, 124, random time 56 window 26\u20137 122 153 ready-made blocks 22 Scratch projects website 86 and events 93 gem sprites 180\u20132 recording your own sounds 186, Scratch jams 214 Glacier Race 174, 182, 185 getting stuck 63, 158 scripts 22 importing your own 209 ghosting 151 209 activating 23 Jumpy Monkey 101 Glacier Race 166 rectangle tool 132, 148, 172 building 32\u20133 music 57 Hazards sprite 157, 158, 162 release version 213 copying 81 recording your own 186 hidden 203 remixing 206 and events 93 and scores 81 Instructions sprite 71, 84\u20135 \u201cRemote Control\u201d message 195, and messages 66, 67 Star Hunter 35, 41 Jumpy Monkey 90 pausing 153 sound library 70, 116, 122, 144, Launcher sprite 92 197, 200, 202 triggering 93 174, 182, 185, 201 mazes as 58 \u201crepeat\u201d loops 78 in wrong place 203 space bar 91, 109, 113, 131 and messages 66, 67 \u201crepeat until\u201d block 94, 97, 113, disabling 138 movement 23 space in games 61 naming 34 120, 122, 139 speech bubbles Platforms sprite 133, 148, 162 \u201creset timer\u201d block 83 and arithmetic operators 112 reverse gravity 103, 163 for game instructions 71, 125","224 G L O S S A R Y A N D I N D E X Player Block sprite 132\u20133 T U TakeoffSpeed 137, 163 programming 32\u20133, 52, 64\u20135 time 83 renaming 12, 58, 76, 92, 116, tablets, Scratch apps for 25 Ubuntu computers 256 Tropical Tunes 193 118, 120, 122, 133, 177 \u201cTakeoff Speed\u201d variable 137, 163 \u201cundo\u201d button 55 \u201cVector Mode\u201d 124 repositioning 158, 159 tasks, breaking down 18 user account, Scratch 24 virtual reality 15 resizing 47, 60, 76, 94, 133 testers 213 visual thought 210 road 170\u20131 testing 46, 207 V voice, recording your own 186 Signs sprite 160 text tool 84 sounds 35, 101 themes, working with 121 variables 42, 43, 193, 208 W Star Hunter 30 third-person games 187 adjusting 186 supernatural 122\u20133 thought bubbles, victory or BlueCarGems 180 \u201cwait 10 secs\u201d block 70, 121, 123 Tropical Tunes 190, 192 CarSpeed 169, 186 \u201cwait\u201d blocks 37, 71, 153 variables for 182, 193 defeat 82 Correct Count 200, 201 \u201cwait for player\u201d block 200 working with platforms 132\u20133 tile-matching games 17 Count 199 \u201cwait until key space pressed\u201d stage 23, 26 timers 83 Countdown 168, 186 adding music 57 displaying 102 block 85, 113 adding sounds 35 countdown 104 FallSpeed 98\u20139, 139 wall jump 141 displaying variables on 102, 203 tweaking 86 flags 153 webcams 93, 209 and master controller scripts \u201ctouching\u201d blocks 37, 62, 65, 66, \u201cfor all sprites\u201d 193 \u201cwhen clicked\u201d block 38 197 98, 174, 179 \u201cfor this sprite only\u201c 193 \u201cwhen I receive\u201d block 195 mazes 58, 59 tracking 187 GameSpeed 112, 125 \u201cwhen I start as a clone\u201d block Star Hunter 28\u201347 touchpad 75, 191 global variables 193, 195, 196 adding enemies 36, 38\u20139 traditional games 16 gravity simulation 98\u20139 79, 80, 113, 122, 123 aim of game 30\u20131 traps 157, 163 hiding 98, 100, 102, 184 \u201cwhile\u201d loops 94 better enemies 44\u20135 treasure hunts 30 high score 68 \u201cWin\u201d message 150, 162 building scripts 32\u20133 Tropical Tunes 188\u2013203 Launches 100 Windows computers 25 collecting stars 40\u20131 adding notes to the tune 200 LaunchSpeed 92 winning 82\u20133 collisions 37 aim of the game 190\u20131 LevelOver 150, 152, 153 world, game 13 hacks and tweaks 46\u20137 checking the player\u2019s tune 201 Lives 112, 116, 163 writers 211 keeping score 42\u20133 commanding the drums local variables 193 setting the scene 34 199\u2013200 naming 43 X sound effects 35, 41 debugging 203 players\u2019 names 183 \u201cStart\u201d message 150, 151, 168 four drums 196 RedCarGems 180 x axis 41 staying alive 40 hacks and tweaks 202 ReverseStep 139 xy-grid 145 \u201cstop all\u201d block 37, 69 make a drum 192 RoadSpeed 169, 186, 187 \u201cstop\u201d block 141 making your own block 194 RoadY 169, 171 Y stories, game 14, 84, 86 master controller 197 Round 202 choice of 121 remote control drums 195\u20136 RunSpeed 135 y axis 411 ideas for 210 two types of variables 193 score 55, 77, 112, 200 strategy games 17 true statements 82, 94 setting range 102 strings 184 \u201cturn 90 degrees\u201d block 65 showing on stage 102, 203 subprograms 134 \u201cturn\u201d blocks 127 and sliders 102\u20133, 105 subroutines 134 tweaks see hacks and tweaks spinning 172, 174, 175 \u201csubtraction\u201d block 187 two-player games 166 for sprites 182 \u201cswitch costume to\u201d block 160 adding player two 177\u20139 see also Glacier Race Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Bahja Norwood for editorial assistance and testing; Caroline Hunt for proofreading; and Helen Peters for the index. Dorling Kindersley India would like to thank Riji Raju for editorial assistance. Scratch is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at MIT Media Lab. See http:\/\/scratch.mit.edu"]