The Handy Chemistry Answer Book (The Handy Answer Book Series) ( PDFDrive )

About the Authors Ian C. Stewart is a chemist at a petrochemical company. He formerly worked with Nobel Prize-winning chemist Robert H. Grubbs and is the recipient of several fellowships. He lives in Houston, Texas. Justin P. Lomont is a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow whose doc- toral research at the University of California Berkeley focuses on organometallic reaction mechanisms using ultra-fast infrared spectroscopy. He lives in Berkeley, California.

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THE HANDY CHEMISTRY ANSWER BOOK Ian C. Stewart and Justin P. Lomont Detroit

THE Copyright © 2014 by Visible Ink Press® This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright HAN DY laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. CHEMISTRY No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or Website. AN SWE R All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. BOOK Visible Ink Press® 43311 Joy Rd., #414 Canton, MI 48187-2075 Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC. Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups. Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be produced to meet your needs. For more information, contact Special Markets Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleink.com, or 734-667-3211. Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: Marco Di Vita Proofreaders: Shoshana Hurwitz and Crystal Rosza Indexer: Larry Baker ISBN 978-1-57859-374-3 Cover images: Background image: Shutterstock. All other images: iStock. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stewart, Ian (Ian Christopher), 1980– The handy chemistry answer book / by Ian Stewart and Justin Lomont. pages cm — (The handy answer book series) ISBN 978-1-57859-374-3 (paperback) 1. Chemistry—Miscellanea. 2. Chemistry—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Lomont, Justin. II. Title. QD39.2.S75 2014 540—dc23 2013020166 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii INTRODUCTION xi HISTORY OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY … 1 CHEMISTRY … 79 ATOMS AND Structure and Bonding … Electricity and MOLECULES … 13 Magnetism … Organometallic Chemistry Structure of the Atom … Trends in Reactivity ANALYTICAL and the Periodic Table … Properties of Atoms CHEMISTRY … 95 and Electrons in Atoms … Molecules and Chemical Bonds A Little Math … Measure Twice … Electrochemistry … Analytical Chemistry in MACROSCOPIC Our Lives PROPERTIES: THE WORLD WE SEE … 33 BIOCHEMISTRY … 113 Phases of Matter and Intensive Properties … Molecules of Life … Genetics … Metabolism Food and Senses and Other Biochemical Reactions … Brains! CHEMICAL PHYSICAL AND REACTIONS … 49 THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY … 135 Kinetics and Thermodynamics … Acids and Bases … Catalysis and Industrial Chemistry Energy Is Everything … Kinetics … Faster … Other Kinds of Chemical Reactions Than a Speeding Wave … Big Freaking Lasers … Other Spectroscopy … If You Can Imagine It ORGANIC CHEMISTRY … 63 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY … 151 v Structures and Nomenclature … Reactions of Chemistry Inside the Atom … Nuclear Organic Compounds Chemistry at Work

POLYMER SUSTAINABLE “GREEN” CHEMISTRY … 163 CHEMISTRY … 233 MATERIALS SCIENCE … 247 Polymers Are Chemicals Too! … Polymers in and around You ENERGY … 177 ASTROCHEMISTRY … 259 CHEMISTRY IN THE Energy Sources … Pollution … Emerging KITCHEN … 271 Sources of Energy … Quantifying Power CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS YOU CAN DO AT THE MODERN HOME … 283 CHEMISTRY LAB … 191 Purification Is Essential … Spectroscopy and Spectronomy … Other Measurements … Safety First! THE WORLD AROUND US … 203 Medicine and Drugs … Chemicals in Food … Chemicals in the Natural World … Chemicals in Our World P HYS I CAL C O N STANTS 313 CONVERSION FACTORS 315 GLOSSARY 319 HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY TIMELINE 333 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY WINNERS 337 BIBLIOGRAPHY 361 FURTHER READING 365 INDEX 369 vi

Acknowledgements We would first like to thank Roger Jänecke and Kevin Hile at Visible Ink Press for their assistance, patience, and for taking a chance on two young science writers. College students at the University of Michigan and Brandeis University submitted many of the questions in the chapter titled “The World around Us.” Our thanks go out to these people for their creative and inspiring questions: Jon Ahearn, Krishna Bathina, Alex Belkin, Matt Benoit, Emma Betzig, Jeetayu Biswas, Ariana Boltax, Nick Carducci, Gina DiCiuccio, Alice Doong, Christina Lee, Shelby Lee, Greg Lorrain, Jake Lurie, Sotirios Malamis, Aysha Malik, Yawar Malik, Katie Marchetti, Nicholas Medina, Leah Naghi, Humaira Nawer, Logan Powell, Nilesh Raval, Alexandra Rzepecki, Minna Schmidt, Leah Simke, Sindhura Sonnathi, Eva Tulchinsky, Afzal Ullah, Anna Yatskar. Finally, we would like to dedicate this book to the person who initially brought us together, inspired and challenged us with this project and many others, taught us what it really means to learn and to teach, and so much more. This is for you, Brian. vii



Photo Credits All line art illustrations by Kevin S. Hile. Photographs in the “Chemistry Experiments You Can Do at Home” chapter by James Fordyce. All other images courtesy of Shutterstock, with the following exceptions: page 18: Armtuk; page 62: BrokenSphere; pages 67, 79, 129, 156, 186, 193, 222: public domain; pages 106, 141: Wikicommons; page 136: Patrick Edwin Moran; page 163: ; page 252: AlexanderAlUS; page 271: Miia Ranta from Finland. ix