Trail of Florida's Indian Heritage 8th Guide Booklet

HERITAGE NOTE“Florida Indian Tribes During European Contact”Florida was inhabited by many tribal groups whenthe Spanish first came to Florida in the early1500s. Scholars estimate that between 100,000and 300,000 indigenous people occupied Floridaat that time. These Indian cultures exhibitedpowerful chiefdom societies whose major centerswere characterized by temple mounds, burialmounds, and “middens” (village trash heaps).The artist rendering (below) shows the majorgroups, though many smaller groups also existed.Following the first contact between native peopleand Juan Ponce de León, Pánfilo de Narváez andHernando de Soto in the early 1500s, these tribalgroups came under decades of stress from warfare,disease, enslavement, starvation and political andreligious oppression that was devastating to theirpopulations and culture. Diseases such as measles,small-pox, scarlet fever, and influenza broughtthe most devastation. Pre-European inhabitantsof Florida had no immunity to these threats, sothese diseases swept swiftly through the Indiansettlements with mortality rates estimated to beover 95%.In less than 150 years, virtually all of theseindigenous peoples were gone from Florida. By themid-1700s, most of those few remaining survivorsof the original people of Florida were assimilatedinto northern Creek Indian groups who had movedand settled into Florida. These groups later becamerecognized as the Seminole Tribe of Florida andthe Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida. Theremnants of the Apalachee, who lived in northFlorida near Tallahassee, ultimately were forced tomove to Alabama and Louisiana in the early 1700swhere they were thought to have vanished. In thelast few years, a group of three hundred survivingApalachee have stepped forward and are seekingFederal recognition as the formal descendents ofthe ancient Apalachee. — Image courtesy of Ted Morris, www.floridalosttribes.com 1

TIMELINE The Paleo Period 13,000 Years ago Paleoindians arrive in Florida Sea levels as much as 350 feet lower than today Drier climate, water was limited Deep springs and watering holes important Large mammals roamed Florida Bone and stone weapons and tools The Archaic Period 7,000 Years ago Glaciers had melted and sea levels rose Coastal sites inundated Camps occupied for longer periods of time Burial of dead in wetland cemeteries Natural fibers used for twining and weaving 5,000 Years ago Climate similar to modern conditions More settled lifestyle Expanding populations occupy almost every part of the state Larger variety of specialized tools 4,000 Years ago The first fired clay pottery is being made The Precolumbian Period 2,500 Years ago Complex societies develop Villages had leaders and undertook communal activities Construction of mounds for burying the dead Pottery styles vary by regional groups 1,000 Years ago Permanent towns Large ceremonial and political centers Agriculture in northwest Florida The Contact Period 500 Years ago Spanish explorers arrive in Florida Many Native Americans are killed by disease or warfare Spanish missions flourish 200 Years ago Creeks who settled in Florida are recognized as “Seminoles” Seminole Wars 160 Years ago Approximately 300 Seminoles and Miccosukees remain 60 Years ago Federal Recognition of Seminole Tribe of Florida (1957) Federal Recognition of Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida (1962)2

1 Florida Public Archaeology Northwest Region Network: Destination Archaeology Resource Center 2070 E. Main Street, Pensacola 32502 Escambia County (850) 595-0050 www.destinationarchaeology.orgLearn about the amazing archaeological sites that you canvisit and experience throughout the state at the DestinationArchaeology Resource Center. Our exhibits include displaysabout both land and underwater archaeology sites. Weshowcase heritage sites open to the public within the eightregions of the Florida Public Archaeology Network withtraditional and interactive displays, including touchscreens,tablet computers and artifacts. Hours are Monday-Saturday10am-4pm. Admission is free.Florida Public Archaeology Network Sites:The Florida Public Archaeology Network serves Florida’scitizens and visitors through eight regional centers staffed withpublic archaeologists who can provide information, training,and volunteer opportunities. www.fpan.usNetwork Locations:North Central Region1L0eo2n2 CDoeuSonttoy Park Drive, Tallahassee 32301 (850) 877-2206Northeast Region74 King Street, St. Augustine 32085St. Johns County (904) 819-6476Central Region3266 North Sailboat Avenue, Crystal River 34428Citrus County (352) 795-0208West Central Region4202 E. Fowler Avenue, NEC 116 Tampa 33620Hillsborough County (813) 396-2325East Central Region74 King Street, St. Augustine 32085St. Johns County (904) 392-8065Southwest Region2211 Widman Way, Suite 230, Fort Myers 33901Lee County (239) 223-6865 Southeast Region 3 111 Las Olas Boulevard, Ft. Lauderdale 33301 Brow ard County (954) 254-9657

Northwest Region 2 University of West Florida Archaeological Institute Building 89, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola 32514 Escambia County (850) 474-3015 www.uwf.edu/archaeology/about The Archaeology Institute at the University of West Florida is an educational, research and service facility concerned with the prehistoric and historic archaeological resources of the northwest Florida region. Archaeological investigations are conducted in both terrestrial and underwater settings. An exhibit hall open to the public is located in the Archaeology Institute Building. A Emerald Coast Convention & Visitors Bureau 1540 Miracle Strip Parkway SE Ft. Walton Beach 32548 Okaloosa County (850) 651-7131 www.EmeraldCoasting.com 3 Indian Temple Mound Museum 139 Miracle Strip Parkway SE Fort Walton Beach 32548 (850) 833-9595 Okaloosa County www.fwb.org (click Museums) The Indian Temple Mound Museum is the flagship facility of Heritage Park and Cultural Center. Experience this prehistoric neighborhood dating from 12,000B.C.-A.D.1500. Tour the National Historic Landmark temple mound, which gave its name to the impressive Fort Walton Culture ceramics. See artifacts reflecting the spiritual, technological, and artistic achievements of the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian people. Group tours, resource library, and museum store. The museum features changing exhibits and a student ceramic show each April. Open year round, hours vary by season. Call for details.4

Northwest Region4 Florida Caverns State Park 3345 Caverns Road, Marianna 32446 Jackson County (850) 482-1228 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Florida-CavernsThe park features cave tours of the dry (air-filled) caves, whichare very rare in Florida. Native Americans used the caverns forshelter for thousands of years. Displays include a variety ofexhibits on the cultural and natural history of the park area,including pre-European periods.5 Mission San Luis 2100 West Tennessee Street, Tallahassee 32304 Leon County (850) 245-6406 www.missionsanluis.orgAt Mission San Luis time travel back to the 17th century.Visit the capital of La Florida’s western missions which waspopulated by more than 1400 residents, including one of themost powerful Apalachee chiefs and the Spanish deputy governor.See 300 year-old artifacts found on site and experience authenticreconstructions of period buildings such as the Apalachee councilhouse, the largest historic Indian structure in the Southeast.Learn the stories of San Luis from guides in period dress, shopfor unique gifts in the museum store, or just bring a picnic lunchand enjoy the day on 63 beautiful acres! Open Tuesday-Sunday 10am-4pm . Small admission fee. 5

Northwest Region 6 Hernando de Soto Winter Encampment Site 1001 De Soto Park Drive, Tallahassee 32301 Leon County (850) 245-6340 www.flheritage.com This archaeological site in Tallahassee is a mile east of the state capitol. It is the only place that Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, is confirmed to have visited during his 1539-1540 expedition through the Southeastern United States. De Soto’s party camped during its first winter at this site, occupying the Apalache village of Anhaica. Artifacts from site excavations are displayed inside the Martin House, located on the property. Built by Florida Governor John Martin, it currently serves as offices for the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research. Open 8am-5pm Monday Friday. Outside, a park-like setting with display panels is always accessible. 7 Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park 4500 Sunray Road South, Tallahassee 32309 Jefferson County (850) 922-6007 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Letchworth The Letchworth Mounds site includes Florida’s tallest recorded Native American ceremonial mound at 46 feet in height. The people who built the mound are believed to have been members of the Weeden Island Culture, a group of Native Americans who lived along the Gulf Coast between 1,200 and 1,800 years ago. There is a self-guided interpretive trail, including a boardwalk around the tallest mound. HERITAGE NOTE “Cords and Ropes and Cloth” The first people who came to Florida 12,000 years ago knew how to make cord and weave cloth. But which Florida plants could they use? The leaf fibers of the sabal palm are perfect. They can be twisted and plied into cord for fishing lines or ropes to tie up a canoe, or woven into a finely made cloth, like found at the Windover site.6

8 The Museum of Florida History Northwest Region 500 South Bronough Street R. A. Gray Building, Tallahassee 32301 Leon County (850) 245-6400 www.museumoffloridahistory.comAs the state ofFlorida’s officialhistory Museum,the Museum ofFlorida Historyexhibits theartifactual cultureof Florida’sheritage. Visitorscan explore thehistory and cultureof Florida’s first people and the diverse tribes and culturespresent when Ponce de León landed in 1513. The Museumpresents permanent exhibits depicting Florida’s illustrioushistory from the prehistoric period through the 20th-century. Temporary exhibits highlight significant periods andindividuals that have helped to shape the Sunshine State.Museum hours: Monday-Friday 9am-4:30pm, Saturday 10am-4:30pm, Sundays and holidays Noon-4:30pm.9 Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park 3600 Indian Mounds Road,Tallahassee 32303 Leon County (850) 922-6007 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Lake-JacksonThe Lake Jackson Mounds Site encompasses six earthentemple mounds and one possible burial mound. Artifactsrecovered during excavations show that the site is part ofa larger southeastern culture known as the SoutheasternCeremonial Complex. Visitors can picnic on an open grassyarea near the largest mound or hike past the remains of an1800s grist mill. Outdoor exhibits explain the history andlifeways of the native people who lived here. 7

Northwest Region 10 San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park 148 Old Fort Road, St. Marks 32355 Wakulla County (850) 925-6216 www.floridastateparks.org/park/San-Marcos Located at the confluence of the St. Marks and Wakulla rivers, Native Americans used the site of Fort San Marcos de Apalache for thousands of years. The fort was built by the Spanish in 1600s to protect the Spanish missions in the area. The park museum displays pottery and tools unearthed near the original fort and explains the history of the San Marcos site, a National Historic Landmark. 11 Carrabelle History Museum 106 Avenue B, SE, Carrabelle 32322 Franklin County (850) 697-2141 www.carrabellehistorymuseum.org The Carrabelle History Museum houses a growing collection of artifacts from Carrabelle’s “first people” who lived here thousands of years ago. Pottery shards found at former village sites are on display. The Apalachee were a prehistoric people who had many villages along the shore of St. George Sound and all the local area rivers in those times. Archaeologists have found evidence of villages, middens (garbage piles) and burial grounds within the city limits of Carrabelle. This spot is thought by some to have been an important trade center because of its natural deep water port at the confluence of three rivers. Research and genealogy files are open to the public. Open on Thursday- Saturday 10am-5pm and by appointment. Check our website for driving directions. B Franklin County Tourist Development Council 731 US Highway 98 Eastpoint 32328 Franklin County (850) 670-3474 www.Saltyflorida.com 8

HERITAGE NOTE“Florida’s First People”People lived in what is now Florida at least 12,000 yearsago when the earth was in the final stages of the last“ice age,” and much of the planet’s water was frozenin glaciers. Sea levels were hundreds of feet lower, andthe land mass of Florida extended 100 miles fartherinto the Gulf of Mexico. The climate was cooler anddrier than today. Large mammals such as mastodons,wooly mammoths, giant sloths, and saber-toothed catsroamed the arid grasslands, along with smaller animalssuch as deer and turtle. These “first people,” knownas Paleo-Indians, have left few clues of their presenceexcept stone projectile points and hammers, as wellas the debris from tool manufacture. These nomadichunter-gatherers roamed the Florida peninsula livingoff the big and small game and gathering edible plants.About 9,000 years ago, the earth began warming,melting the glaciers, and causing the sea to rise tocurrent levels. Florida’s climate became warmerand wetter, the large game became extinct and theplants and animals became more diverse. Between7,000 and 6,000 years ago, modern forests began toappear and as this process evolved, native people inFlorida became less nomadic and transitioned to amaritime diet of fish, turtles and shellfish. At about4,000 years ago these innovative and adaptivepeople began limited horticulture, and about 3,000years ago they began firing clay to make pottery forstoring, preparing and serving food.As early as 2,500 years ago, established villages beganto appear and signs of more complex social orderswere demonstrated by low circular mounds for burialsof important people. At the same time, better qualityceramic vessels appeared with decorations showingregional variations.Cultural diversity emerged across the Floridalandscape. Around 1,000 years ago, native peoplein the Florida panhandle began to grow corn, beans,and squash, which supported large and more complexsocieties with permanent towns featuring centralplazas, great temple mounds, middens (village trashheaps) and residences with baked clay walls. In centraland southern Florida, these same village features andadvanced societies developed near coastal areaswhere the people subsisted mainly on a maritime diet.About 500 years ago, in the early 1500s, this evolvingNative American lifestyle was to change forever withthe arrival of the Spanish explorers.

1 Fort George Island Cultural State Park 11241 Fort George Road, Jacksonville 32226 Duval County (904) 251-2320 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Fort-George-IslandNortheast Region Native Americans feasted here, colonists built a fort, and the Smart Set of the 1920s came for vacations. A site of human occupation for over 5,000 years, Fort George Island was named for a 1736 fort built to defend the southern flank of Georgia when it was a colony. Today´s visitors come for boating, fishing, off-road bicycling, and hiking. Small boats, canoes, and kayaks can be launched on the tidal waters. 2 Museum of Science & History 1025 Museum Circle, Jacksonville 32207 Duval County (904) 396-6674 www.themosh.org The Museum of Science & History connects visitors to the heritage of Northeast Florida through the award- winning regional history exhibit, Currents of Time, spanning 12,000 years and providing both a sense of place and a sense of communal unity. The exhibit presents the most current understanding of the lifestyle and culture of Northeast Florida’s native people. The core exhibit begins with “Ancient Ways” presenting information about the Mocama-speaking Timucua, a now extinct Native American culture, which thrived in the coastal region up to 12,000 years ago until Europeans made contact in the 1500s. It is fitting that the journey through the city and region’s history, from past to present day, starts with these indigenous peoples in Currents of Time. DID YOU KNOW? “Dugout Canoes” Carefully controlled fires were used to hollow out logs for dugout canoes. The fires were extinguished at intervals in order that the burned wood could be scraped with wood, shell or stone tools.10

3 Florida Museum of Natural History 3215 Hull Road at SW 34th Street, Gainesville 32611 Alachua County (352) 846-2000 www.flmnh.ufl.edu Northeast RegionArchaeology enthusiasts will especially enjoy exhibits withinformation about the state’s natural and cultural history.The Northwest Florida exhibit celebrates the story of nativepeoples, including the Calusa, Seminole, and Miccosukee, andthe environments that have supported them. The state’s fossilrecord is on prominent view in the Florida Fossils exhibit, anda sampling of the museum’s more than 30 million specimensis displayed in the Collections are the Library of Life exhibit.Visitors can also experience hundreds of live butterflies in theButterfly Rainforest exhibit. Monday-Saturday 10am-5pm,Sunday 1-5pm, closed Thanksgiving and Christmas.C VisitGainesville 30 East University Avenue Gainesville 32601 (352) 374-5260 www.visitgainesville.com4 Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park 100 Savannah Boulevard, Micanopy 32667 Alachua County (352) 466-3397 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Paynes-Prairie The area of Paynes Prairie is rich in Native American heritage. The many archaeological sites within or adjacent to the prairie demonstrate that it was used by Native Americans at least 7,000 years ago. Cuscowilla, one of the largest and earliest (ca. 1740–1830) Seminole towns, was located on the rim of this prairie. Nature trails through the park and prairie provide views of this environmentally and historically significant area. The visitor center features exhibits on the area’s natural and cultural his tory, including the pre-Spanish and Seminole periods. 11

5 Micanopy Historical Society Museum and Archives Cholokka Boulevard at Bay Street, Micanopy 32667 Alachua County (352) 466-3200 www.micanopyhistoricalsociety.comNortheast Region Located in the town named after Seminole Chief Micanopy, the museum has a display of Native American artifacts ranging in age from 5000 to 500 years and copies of the 16th century DeBry engravings of American Indians. William Bartram’s drawings and sketches show local native flora and fauna. View portraits of Seminole War chiefs from the McKenny-Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians. Read period newspaper articles to experience the troubled times of the Second Seminole War, when Fort Micanopy was a site for US soldiers defending area settlers. Open every day 1-4pm. Call for group tours. Donation suggested. 6 Mount Royal Archaeological Site 136 William Bartram Drive, Welaka 32193 Putnam County (386) 467-9709 Mount Royal has been a favored location for people to live for thousands of years. First observed by William Bartram in 1765, the site was excavated by archaeologist Clarence B. Moore in 1893 and 1894. Moore found that the site included a Native American burial mound, earthworks, a village area, and a Spanish mission, Antonio de Enacape, occupied by Timucua Indians. Moore unearthed an embossed copper breast plate, polished stone tools, pearl and shell beads and decorated ceramic vessels. The mound was constructed between 1250- 1500 A.D. The mission was built by Jesuits, who left in 1572, and then was occupied by the Franciscans from 1573 to 1587. Archaeologist B. Calvin Jones excavated the site in 1983 and in 1994-1995 and discovered evidence of six structures with Spanish artifacts dating from the Enacape Mission Period.12

7 Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park 11 Magnolia Avenue, St. Augustine 32084 St. Johns County (904) 829-3168 www.fountainofyouthflorida.comThe Fountain of Youth site was occupied by the Timucua Northeast RegionIndians for over 4,000 years. The village was named Seloy andarchaeological digs by Dr. Kathy Deagan from the FloridaMuseum of Natural History and the University of Floridareveal evidence of a thriving Timucua community. Artifactsfrom the site paint an amazing picture of dwellings, food, waysof life, animals and 16th century contact with the Spanish. TheFountain of Youth is the 1565 birthplace of the settlement of St.Augustine, Florida and offers 15 waterfront acres of significanthistory showcased by exhibits, living history interpreters, and thebeauty of the land itself.8 Mission Nombre de Dios 27 Ocean Avenue, St. Augustine 32084 St. Johns County (904) 824-2809 www.missionandshrine.orgMission Nombre de Dios is the site of the founding of the cityof St. Augustine (1565) and the first Franciscan mission (1587)in what is now the United States. The missionary effort tobring Christianity to the native people of Florida began herewith the Timucuan tribe and, until 1763, extended into farreaches of Spanish Florida (La Florida). Signs posted by Dr.Kathleen Deagan, FL Museum of Natural History, referenceNative American contact and relations. Artifacts fromher archaeologicalexcavations areon display in themission museum.There is a markernoting the burialsite of several NativeAmericans from the17th century.HERITAGE NOTE“Oceangoing Canoes”A 40-foot canoe unearthed at the WeedonIsland Preserve is the earliest seagoing vesseldiscovered in Florida, and likely was used by thearea’s first inhabitants more than 1,000 years ago. 13

9 Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park 3501 Old Kings Road, Flagler Beach 32136 Flagler County (386) 517-2084 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Bulow-PlantationNortheast Region In the early 1800s, the Bulow family grew sugar cane, cotton, rice, and indigo and became prosperous. In 1836, during the Second Seminole War, Seminoles burned the plantation, effectively destroying it. The Bulow family did not rebuild it. The remains of this plantation, still visible today, are located in the park. A park interpretive center tells the plantation’s history. D Ocala/Marion County Visitors and Convention Bureau 112 N Magnolia Avenue Ocala 34475 Marion County (352) 438-2800 www.OcalaMarion.com 10 The Marion County Museum of History and Archaeology 307 SE 26th Terrace, Ocala 34471 Marion County (352) 236-5245 www.marioncountyarchaeology.com/ mcmha/mcmha.htm The Marion County Museum of History and Archaeology includes a timeline that covers 13,000 years of archaeological and historic cultures of this region. It includes history panels, maps and artifacts from the first human inhabitants of the Paleo-Indian period, through the colonial and historic periods, to the present. Through the Museum’s displays and public programs, visitors can discover more about this region’s incredible heritage. The museum also maintains a research library. Open six days a week: Monday-Tuesday and Thursday-Saturday from 10am-4pm, and Sunday 1pm-4pm. Closed on Wednesdays. Located in the McPherson Government complex which is across the street from Marion County’s Veteran’s Memorial14 Park located at 2601 S.E. Ft. King St.

11 Silver River Museum Northeast Region and Environmental Education Center 1445 NE 58th Avenue, Ocala 34470 Marion County (352) 236-5401 www.silverrivermuseum.comThis unique center is a programof Marion County PublicSchools. Open to the publicon weekends and holidays,exhibits feature archaeology,paleontology, ecology, and thehistory of north central Florida.Highlights of the exhibits arethe full size skeletons of thePleistocene short faced bearand Columbian Mammoth,ancient Indian canoes andmany collected ancient artifacts.12 Silver Springs State Park 1425 NE 58th Avenue, Ocala 34470 Marion County (352) 236-7148 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Silver-SpringsHumans have lived in the Silver Springs area for at least 12,000years. Native American hunting artifacts discovered in thearea include knives, scrapers and projectile points. The areawas known as Ocali and was part of the Timucuan region.Today, the state park protects the Silver Spring and the SilverRiver. The Silver River Museum and Environmental EducationCenter and a pioneer cracker village are open weekends andholidays. The state park offers canoe rentals at the headspring.Directions: From I-75 exit 352: East on SR 40 to Ocala. Atthe intersection of State Road 35, continue east about 500 feetand turn right into the entrance.HERITAGE NOTE“Sacred Potion – the Black Drink”At the time of European contact in the early1500s, the Spanish chroniclers wrote that Floridanative people celebrated a sacred cleansingceremony. During the long sacred ceremony ofdancing and praying, the participants consumedlarge amounts of caffeine in the “Black Drink”which eventually caused vomiting thus cleansingthem of toxins. 15

1 Cedar Key Museum State Park 12231 SW 166th Court, Cedar Key 32625 Levy County (352) 543-5350 www.floridastateparks.org/park/CedarKey-Museum Picturesque Cedar Key was a thriving port city and railroad connection during the 1800s. The museum contains exhibits depicting its colorful history and a collection of seashells and Indian artifacts collected by St. Clair Whitman, the founder of the first museum in Cedar Key. Visitors can also tour his historic home. 2 Crystal River Archaeological State ParkCentral Region 3400 North Museum Point Road, Crystal River 34428 Citrus County (352) 795-3817 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Crystal-River- Archaeological For thousands of years, coastal dwellers relied on the rich marine estuaries of Florida’s Gulf Coast and traveled to Crystal River for the burial of their dead and other religious and political purposes. Evidence suggests an extensive exchange network with other parts of the Southeast and Midwest. The visitor center showcases artifacts from Crystal River and related sites and includes a video. E Visit Citrus 915 N. Suncoast Boulevard Crystal River 34429 Citrus County (352) 794-5506 www.Visitcitrus.com16

3 Fort Cooper State Park 3100 South Old Floral City Road, Inverness 34450 Citrus County (352) 726-0315 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Fort-Cooper Named for Major Mark Anthony Cooper, the fort was built during the Second Seminole War. It saw action in 1836 with the First Georgia Battalion of Volunteers, and served as anobservation post and stopover until the war’s end. Part of thepalisade wall has been reconstructed, and a battle reenactmentis staged each March during Fort Cooper Days. F Florida’s Adventure Coast Central Region Visitors Bureau 31085 Cortez Boulevard Brooksville 34602 Hernando County (800) 601-4580 www.FloridasAdventureCoast.com4 Dade Battlefield Historic State Park 7200 County Road 603, Bushnell 33513 Sumter County (352) 793-4781 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Dade-BattlefieldThe Dade battle ushered in the Second Seminole War in 1835.The park protects the National Historic Landmark battlefieldand the natural communities as they existed when the soldiersand Seminoles battled over 175 years ago. The visitor centerhas information and displays about the battle and a 12-minutevideo history. An annual battle reenactment in late Decembercommemorates the Seminole attack on Major Dade’s command. 17

5 De Leon Springs State Park 601 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, De Leon Springs 32130 Volusia County (386) 985-4212 www.floridastateparks.org/park/De-Leon-Springs Native Americans visited and used these springs as long ago as 6,000 years. In the early 1800s, settlers built sugar and cotton plantations that were burned by Seminole Indians in the 1830s during the Second Seminole War. Exhibit panels describe the area’s past, and tours are available. 6 Hontoon Island State Park 2309 River Ridge Road, Deland 32720 Volusia County (386) 736-5309 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Hontoon-IslandCentral Region In the middle of the St. Johns River, 2,000-year- old shell midden mounds are found along the shoreline and in the interior of Hontoon Island. Intricately carved wooden animal effigies have been recovered from these midden mounds. Trails through the island park take visitors past these ancient remains, and replicas of the animal effigies are on display in the picnic and playground area. A visitor center contains exhibits about the many inhabitants and uses of Hontoon Island over the past 2,000 years. The park’s ferry boat operates daily from 8am to one hour before sunset. There is no formal charge for park entry or the ferry ride but donations are gladly accepted. HERITAGE NOTE “Native American Tool Kit” Shell, plant fiber, wood, bone, sinew, and chert were the raw materials for prehistoric tool-making in Florida. Chert, a sedimentary rock found mostly in the northern half of the peninsula, was the hardest and sharpest material available before European contact brought metals. Where chert was not available, shark teeth, shell, antler, and bone were fashioned into hammers, axes, drills, hoes, hatchets, and needles. Plant fiber was used to make ropes and could be knotted or woven for nets, mats, basketry, or garments.18

7 Turtle Mound at Canaveral National Seashore 7611 South Atlantic Avenue, New Smyrna Beach 32169 Volusia County (321) 267-1110 www.nps.gov/cana/planyourvisit/brochures.htmTurtle Mound is one of Florida’s best known and largestarchaeological sites. Built by Native Americans between 800A.D. and 1400 A.D., it stands 35 feet above the surroundinglandscape. From its summit is a panoramic view of the ocean,lagoon and barrier island. Turtle Mound was included onsome of the earliest European maps of Florida, serving asan important navigational point for sailors. It is a favoredspot to watch for migrating hawks and ocean birds and thenorthernmost known location for a number of subtropicalplants, making the mound an intriguing combination ofcultural and natural features.8 Fort Foster State Historic Site Central Region 15402 US 301 North, Thonotosassa 33592 Hillsborough County (813) 987-6771 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Fort-FosterWithin Hillsborough River State Park is a replica of FortFoster, a Second Seminole War military fort built in 1836and occupied until 1838. The fort guarded a military bridgeover the Hillsborough River. An interpretive center containsexhibits on the fort, Seminoles, and the Second Seminole War.HERITAGE NOTE“The Second Seminole War”The Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for allIndians to be moved west of the MississippiRiver. The Seminoles resisted being forced fromtheir homeland and war broke out in 1835. By1842, some Seminoles had voluntarily left; morewere captured and moved. A few hundredisolated themselves in the Everglades and neversurrendered. The Seminoles living in Florida todayare descendants of those that fought for andmaintained their freedom. 19

9 Safety Harbor Mound at Philippe Park 2525 Philippe Parkway, Safety Harbor 34695 Pinellas County (727) 669-1947 www.pinellascounty.org/park/11_philippe.htm Tucked away within the boundaries of Philippe Park and jutting out over Old Tampa Bay, an ancient mound continues to stand as silent sentry for the history of the people that came before us. Here the mighty Tocobaga thrived and made pottery and other artifacts that gave name to the Safety Harbor Culture dating from about 1000 A.D. until the first Europeans landed in Pinellas County. 10 Safety Harbor Museum and Cultural Center 329 South Bayshore Boulevard, Safety Harbor 34695 Pinellas County (727) 724-1562 Central Region www.SafetyHarborCulture.com The museum offers a rare opportunity to trace the history of Safety Harbor and the surrounding Tampa Bay area from prehistoric to modern times. Dioramas and exhibits tell the story of Florida’s first people and the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 16th century. The museum also hosts several arts & cultural classes, workshops and events. 11 Weedon Island Preserve Cultural and Natural History Center 1800 Weedon Drive NE, St. Petersburg 33702 Pinellas County (727) 453-6500 www.weedonislandpreserve.org This 3,700-acre nature preserve on Old Tampa Bay was home to at least four prehistoric cultures. Perhaps the most celebrated group was the Weeden Island Culture whose distinctive ornate pottery was first recorded on Weedon Island in 1924 by Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution. (The cultural period is spelled differently from the island.) Public programs, guided hikes and exhibits interpret the rich natural, cultural and20 archaeological history of the preserve.

12 Tampa Bay History Center 801 Old Water Street, Tampa 33602 Hillsborough County (813) 228-0097 www.tampabayhistorycenter.orgArchaeological evidence in the TampaBay area includes artifacts fromthe 18th century when Cubanfishermen and their Tocobagaworkers plied the waters duringthe era of Spanish occupation.On display are artifacts usedby the native population of theHillsborough County area, aswell as reproduced objects andtools from the archaeologicalexcavations at Key Marco.13 Anderson-Narváez Mound at Jungle Prada Mound Park 1700 Park Street North, St. Petersburg 33710 Pinellas County (727) 347-0354 www.sacredlandspreservationandeducation.org Central RegionKnown as the Anderson-Narváez Site after the 600-man Pánfilode Narváez expedition that allegedly landed here in 1528, thepublic portion of the multi-mound site is nestled in a woodedpark overlooking Boca Ciega Bay. The private portion, ownedby the Anderson Family, is open for educational and culturalevents as scheduledon website. Artifactsfrom the site andinformation aboutTocobaga Indiansare on display inthe GreenhouseMuseum. Call forprivate tours.DID YOU KNOW?“Clovis in Florida”Archaeological evidence indicates that about12,000 years ago, hunter gatherers known asthe Clovis hunted large game using spear pointsmade of a flint-like material called chert that wastaken from many stone outcroppings scatteredthroughout north Florida. Although the firstClovis point was found at a large animal “killsite” in New Mexico, Clovis points are foundacross the Southeast and North Florida at “killsites” and point manufacturing locations nearchert sources. About 10,000 years ago, the spearpoints were replaced with smaller Suwanneepoints indicative of the change to hunting smallergame such as deer. 21

14 Paynes Creek Historic State Park 888 Lake Branch Road, Bowling Green Hardee County (863) 375-4717 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Paynes-Creek Within this park is the site of Fort Chokonikla, built in late 1849 as an outpost in a chain of forts established to control the Seminoles. A museum depicts the lives of Florida’s Seminoles and pioneers in the 19th century, and a monument commemorates Capt. George S. Payne, who was killed by Seminoles. Visitors can enjoy walking trails, canoeing, kayaking, and fishing. 15 MSouustehumFloofrFidlaorSitdaatAe rCtollege and Culture 600 West College Drive, Avon Park 33825 Highlands County (863) 382-6900 www.mofac.orgCentral Region See exhibits of the prehistory of the Lake Wales Ridge and Kissimmee Valley including the Blueberry Mound site. Also enjoy paintings by Florida artists whose work is an interpretation of Florida’s history, heritage and environments. Open Monday, Wednesday and Friday 12:30-4:30pm except June, July and August. 16 Brevard Museum of History and Natural Science 2201 Michigan Avenue, Cocoa 32926 Brevard County (321) 632-1830 www.BrevardMuseum.com This 22-acre nature preserve and museum is home to the famous Windover Archaeological Exhibit. The Windover Pond, discovered in 1984, was the burial ground for more than 200 Native Americans living in the area about 7,000 years ago. The muck amazingly preserved remains of toys, clothing, intricate weaving, bones and even the brains of these ancient people. The Museum features an extensive Seminole Indian exhibit with a chickee, artifacts and photos. The museum’s collection also contains a By-Gone Beasts exhibit with a fully articulated mastodon, giant ground sloth and saber tooth cat,22 animals ancient Americans would have encountered.

1 AMracdhiraaeoBliocgkieclaMl oSiutned State 955 Bayshore Drive, Terra Ceia 34250 Manatee County (941) 723-4536 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Madira-Bickel-MoundDesignated as Florida’sfirst archaeologicalmonument in 1949,the Madira Bickeltemple and burialmound complex reflectnative occupations fromabout 1,700 to 800 yearsago. A trail leads to thetop of the mound.2 Portavant Temple Mound at Emerson Point Preserve 5801 17th Street West, Palmetto 34221 Manatee County (941) 721-6885 www.mymanatee.org (search bar: Emerson Point Preserve)Visit the largest temple mound complex in the Tampa Bay area,overlooking the scenic Manatee River. Emerson Point Preservehas witnessed extensive human use for over 4500 years.The most striking evidence is the 1200-year old templemound and surrounding village middens. Interpretivesigns describe the lifeways of ancient Indians and Floridapioneers. 8am-sunset daily. HERITAGE NOTE Southwest Region “The Seminole” The Seminole people are descendants of Muskogean speaking peoples from the valleys of the Apalachicola and Chattahoochee Rivers. In the 1700s, pressured by white settlement in South Carolina and Georgia, some migrated to Florida where the Spanish colonial government welcomed them. Divided by geography and circumstance from their ancestors, the Florida Indians came to be called “cimarrones” by the Spanish, meaning “wild ones.” They thought of themselves as “yat’siminoli” or “free people.” 23

3 De Soto National Memorial 8300 De Soto Memorial Highway, Bradenton 34209 Manatee County (941) 792-0458 www.nps.gov/deso This National Park Service site commemorates the 1539-1542 expedition of Hernando de Soto, first explorers of 4,000 miles of the southeastern US. See the film in the visitor center and the daily living history presentations from two weeks before Christmas through Easter Sunday to learn more about Native American cultures and the effects of early European contact. The nature trail winds through a coastal environment that was home to ancient Floridians and a starting point for the Conquistadors on their four year journey. 4 Around the Bend Nature Tours Various Sites in Bradenton & Sarasota Manatee & Sarasota Counties (941) 794-8773 www.AroundBend.comSouthwest Region Our Master Naturalist Guides will help you discover Bradenton and Sarasota’s natural and cultural history. Play with replica ancient Indian tools or take a walk in the sea grass beds to collect critters. Around the Bend Nature Tours has been teaching the real Florida story to over 5000 school children annually. Let us provide your family a dip net adventure or interpretive program at Emerson Point Preserve or DeSoto National Memorial. We will meet you onsite with all supplies you need for a real Florida experience! German-speaking naturalist available. HERITAGE NOTE “Long Distance Exchange of Goods and Ideas” River routes, via the Gulf of Mexico, were used for trading between Florida and northern tribes. Copper items found in the Crystal River site would have originated from the area of the Ohio River near the Great Lakes. Burial practices at Crystal River are also similar to those found at other mound sites in the Southeast and the Midwest. This is evidence of a belief system that was shared across a wide geographic area. 24

5 South Florida Museum 210 10th Street West, Bradenton 34205 Manatee County (941) 746-4131 www.southfloridamuseum.orgThe South Florida Museum is the largest natural and culturalMuseum on Florida’s Gulf Coast, featuring Florida’sfirst peoples pre-contact and immediate post-contactarchaeological material, including the world-renownedMontague Tallant Collection, as well as exhibitionsrelating to the history of southwest Florida and ManateeCounty. The South Florida Museum also offers engagingeducational programs which interpret the scientific andcultural knowledge of Florida, the world and our universe.The facility includes the Bishop Planetarium Theater andthe Parker Manatee Aquarium. Open Tuesday-Saturday10am-5pm and Sunday noon-5pm (also open Mondays,January through April and July).G The Bradenton Area Convention Southwest Region & Visitors Bureau One Haben Boulevard Palmetto 34221 Manatee County (941) 729-9177 www.bradentongulfislands.com/play/landmarks6 Historic Spanish Point 337 North Tamiami Trail, Osprey 34229 Sarasota County (941) 966-5214 www.historicspanishpoint.orgExplore over 5,000 years of human history on this 30-acreNational Register site. Features include “A Window to the Past,”a unique exhibitionbuilt inside theprehistoric midden,a burial mound withinterpretive signage,and an ArchaicPeriod horseshoeshaped midden. 25

H VisitSarasota 1710 Main Street Sarasota, 34236 Sarasota County (941) 706-1253 www.visitsarasota.org 7 Indian Mound Park 210 Winson Avenue, Englewood 34223 Sarasota County (941) 861-5000 www.scgov.net/parks/Pages/IndianMoundPark.aspx Indian Mound Park in Sarasota County includes remnants of Paulsen Point Midden. This archaeological midden supported cultural remains indicating occupation of the site by ancient people for approximately 2400 years between 1000 B.C. to about 1400 A.D. The panoramic view of the bay and the abundance of seafood were an advantage to those living here and still provide park visitors with wildlife viewing, picnicking, fishing and boating opportunities. We invite you to explore this beautiful park on Lemon Bay and through the interpretive signage on site learn about the people who once called this home. Park hours are 6 am to midnight daily. Please call or check the web site for directions.Southwest Region 8 Charlotte County Historical Center 514 East Grace Street, Punta Gorda 33950 Charlotte County (941) 629-PAST (7278) www.charlottecountyfl.gov/services/historical Discover many stories of the ancient people who fished in the Calusa heartland estuaries thousands of years ago. The accounts of the Calusa give a prehistoric foundation to the timeline of Charlotte County. The area’s rich history and culture can be accessed through the vast array of community outreach programs, events, and traveling exhibits designed for all age groups and backgrounds. The Charlotte County Historical Center is dedicated to educating, protecting, and preserving our historical resources for 26 future public use.

9 Calusa Heritage Trail Randell Research Center at Pineland 13810 Waterfront Drive, Pine Island 33945 Lee County (239) 283-2062 www.flmnh.ufl.edu/RRCWhen Europeans arrived in Florida waters in the 1500s, Southwest Regionthe Calusa were the most powerful people in South Floridaand Pineland was a large town known as “Tampa.” Formany centuries the Calusa and their ancestors accumulatedhuge mounds, engineered canals, and sustained a vibrantpopulation based on food and materials from localenvironments. Today, visitors can meander the CalusaHeritage Trail, a nearly one-mile interpretive path, enjoyingvistas from 30-foot high Calusa mounds and learning aboutthe Calusa through museum-quality signage or from aguided visit. Periodically, excavations are open to the publicand the on-going analysis of decades of archaeologicalstudy at Pineland is explained in the classroom building.The Trail is open daily, dawn to dusk, for self-guidedwalks; donations are requested. The building housing theclassroom, bookstore, and restrooms is open Monday-Saturday 10am-4pm. Private group tours are scheduledby request. Public tours are offered throughout the weekduring January-April. Calusa Heritage Day is held annuallyin the spring. Call or visit the website for informationregarding summer and special events.DID YOU KNOW?“What Was Sacred?”In Florida, and throughout the Southeast,exotic items are found in graves of the veryhighest status people. Copper plates, quartzcrystals, carved shell, mica and other rare itemswere traded across eastern North America andconcentrated in the principal towns as objectsof power and wealth. Likewise, native people inthe Midwest considered conch shells and sharksteeth from Florida as exotic and sacred. Todayour society continues to cherish rare materialsand crafts from far away places. 27

10 Southwest Florida Museum of History 2031 Jackson Street, Fort Myers 33901 Lee County (239) 321-7430 www.museumofhistory.org Discover the first humans who inhabited southwest Florida from the Paleo-Indians to the Calusa and the Seminoles, at the Museum of History. Exhibits including dioramas and artifacts highlight the culture, customs, and technology of these tribes along the waterways and the Gulf of Mexico. Authentic replicas of Calusa shell tools, masks, weapons, a Seminole dugout canoe, and chickee are Calusa canoe enhanced by extensive interpretive signage and displays of earthenware, jewelry, and more. 11 Mound House 451 Connecticut Street, Fort Myers Beach 33931 Lee County (239) 765-0865 www.Moundhouse.orgSouthwest Region Mound House is a unique archaeological and historical site on Fort Myers Beach located directly on Estero Bay and offers a variety of programs for local residents, visitors and school groups. Experience this one of a kind museum that sits atop a 2,000 year old Calusa Indian Shell Mound. Ask us about our membership, site rentals, kayak eco-tours and special programs. Group tours available. HERITAGE NOTE “Ancient and Primitive – Yes, But Just Like Us!” Ancient native people are widely misunderstood as being primitive, less intelligent and undeveloped by our modern society. Archaeology reveals this perception is far from the truth. Ancient Floridians were just like us – very resourceful and adaptable to their environment, highly intelligent, and extremely reverent with regard to their natural and spiritual world. They effectively used fire to cut down large trees, hollow out dug-out canoes, and cure ceramic pottery vessels. They created very effective hunting and domestic tools from wood, shell, and stone. They were just like us, using technology from their natural environment. 28

12 Mound Key Archaeological State Park Managed by Koreshan State Historic Site 3800 Corkscrew Road, Estero 33928 Estero Bay, Lee County (239) 992-0311 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Mound-KeyMound Key is believed to havebeen the ceremonial and politicalcenter of the Calusa Indians whenthe Spaniards first attemptedto colonize southwest Florida.Archaeological investigationsindicate that Mound Key wasoccupied at least 2,000 years ago.In 1566, the Spanish governor of Florida established a settlementon the island with a fort and the first Jesuit mission in SpanishFlorida. Accessible only by boat, the island features outdoorexhibits that explain the lifeways of the people who built themounds as well as nature trails to the top of the mounds.13 Tarpon Bay Explorers 900 Tarpon Bay Road, Sanibel Island 33957 Lee County (239) 472-8900 www.tarponbayexplorers.comSee wildlife up-close and discover the J.N. Southwest Region“Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refugeon Sanibel Island. Tarpon Bay Explorersoffers many guided tours and recreationalrentals designed to be both educationaland fun! Kayaks, canoes, pontoon boats,standup paddleboards, bicycles, trams,cruises and a beautiful nature gift shop all available. NativeAmerican Heritage Trails include the Commodore Creekkayak trail and the Shell Mound boardwalk near the 3.5 milemarker of Wildlife Drive. Open 8am-5pm fall and winter,8am-6pm spring and summer.14 The Collier County Museum 3331 Tamiami Trail East, Naples 34112 Collier County (239) 252-8476 www.colliermuseums.com Journey back over more than 29 a million years of Southwest Florida history – from prehistoric mastodons and saber cats, to Calusa Indians, Spanish explorers and Seminole warriors. Nestled in five acres of native Florida gardens, the museum also offers two historic cottages, a working archaeology lab, wildlife displays, a 1910 steam logging locomotive, a recreated Seminole War fort, and a restored World War II Sherman tank. Free admission.

15 Marco Island Historical Museum 180 South Heathwood Drive, Marco Island 34145 Collier County (239) 642-1440 www.colliermuseums.com/locations/marco_museum Long famous for its Key Marco Cat — one of the most remarkable and influential discoveries in North American archaeology — the Marco Island Historical Museum explores Southwest Florida’s Calusa Indians and brings this vanished civilization to life with informative displays and an exciting recreated village scene. The exhibits trace the settlement of this subtropical island paradise from its early pioneer roots as a fishing village, pineapple plantation and clam cannery, through its explosive growth and development in the 1960s by the Miami-based Deltona corporation. Free admission.Southwest Region HERITAGE NOTE “The Atlatl, or Spear Thrower” The first people in the New World, including Florida, hunted the large game such as mastodons and mammoths using powerful spears tipped with chert, a flint-like rock. The ancient hunting spear was made more potent by using a wooden spear thrower known as the atlatl. With the atlatl, a spear could be thrown up to three times faster, up to 100 miles per hour. The greater speed increased the range and penetrating power of the spear.30

16 AH-TAH-THI-KI Museum on Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation 34725 West Boundary Road, Clewiston 33440 Hendry County (877) 902-1113 www.ahtahthiki.comThe museum featuresroughly 5,000 squarefeet of gallery space thatshowcases artifacts andlifelike dioramas depictingSeminole life at the turnof the century. Rotatingexhibits highlight thehistory, art, and cultureof the Seminole Tribe ofFlorida--both past andpresent. The museumstore specializes inhandmade Seminole andother Native Americanarts, crafts, books, CDs, DVDs and more. Outsidethe museum a one-mile raised boardwalk windsthrough a 66-acre cypress dome that is home tomore than 50 species of flora. Open daily 9am-5pm. Adults $10; seniors/students/military $7.50;children under 4 free.17 Museum of the Everglades 105 West Broadway, Everglades City 34139 Collier County (239) 695-0008 www.evergladesmuseum.orgFirst opened in 1927 as a commercial laundry for workersbuilding the Tamiami Trail, the museum’s exhibits providevisitors with a look at over 2,000 years of human history inSouthwest Florida’s “River of Grass” and tells the story ofthose pioneer adventurers who carved out Florida’s 62ndcounty on the edge of America’s last frontier. Our “Peopleof the Everglades” and “White Sister to the Seminole andMiccosukee” exhibits give a brief look into the history ofthe Seminole and Miccosukee Indians and how they cameto be in Florida, and tells of the formidable Deaconess theycame to trust. Southeast Region 31

18 Everglades National Park Gulf Coast Visitors Center 815 Oyster Bar Lane, Everglades City 34139 Collier County (305) 242-7700 www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/gcdirections.htm> Sandfly Island is one of many islands located in the Ten Thousand Islands region of Everglades National Park and consists of a large shell works site that was built by indigenous people. The island contains several shell mounds and features composed primarily of oyster shells. Many of the Ten Thousand Islands shell works sites include cultural features such as raised platforms, ridges, sunken plazas, rings, crescents, ramps, and canals. From the Gulf Coast Visitor Center, Sandfly Island is located about a 1.5 mile paddling distance across the open waters of Chokoloskee Bay. You can bring your own canoes or kayaks or rent them from one of the many local businesses. For those who would like to explore the island interior a one-mile walking trail is located adjacent to the boat dock.Southwest Region HERITAGE NOTE “Archaeology in Florida” Archaeological sites contain important information about the people who used to occupy this land we call Florida. They contain clues in the form of artifacts such as pottery, stone and shell tools, hearths, dugout canoes, and evidence of food sources. The sites themselves are also a form of artifact; whether refuse heaps, known as middens, or the grandest temple mounds, they are traces of the past that inform us about the Native American experience. During the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, museums, universities, and the government sponsored a number of expeditions to locate and describe Indian mounds and their artifacts. Later researchers used detailed stratigraphy and analysis of pottery styles to form a cultural chronology of Indian life in the state. Today’s archaeologists are asking and answering new questions, using the Native American experience to shed light on modern environmental issues. Development in Florida has destroyed many archaeological sites, but also turned up a few significant ones. Recently in Miami a project uncovered an extensive Native American village. The community is grappling with how to balance preservation of this significant site with development. 32

1 Mount Elizabeth Indian Mound Indian RiverSide Park 1707 NE Indian River Drive, Jensen Beach 34957 Martin County (772) 692-7501 www.martin.fl.usMount Elizabeth is a4000 year old burialand ceremonial moundconstructed by the earlymound builders and is thehighest mound in SouthFlorida, presently at 40ft. above sea level. One ofthe largest compounds inMartin County, it presentsa panoramic view of the Indian River. Walk the board walkand experience Florida as it existed 4000 years ago.2 Jonathan Dickinson State Park 16450 SE Federal Highway, Hobe Sound 33455 Martin and Palm Beach Counties (772) 546-2771 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Jonathan-DickinsonJonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant, and his family and crewwere shipwrecked near Hobe Sound in 1696 and walked thecoast to St. Augustine. Dickinson’s journal describes encounterswith Native Americans and Spanish settlers along the coastand provides a detailed historical account of the time period.Portions of the Battle of Loxahatchee, during the SecondSeminole War, are believed to have been fought within the park.A sign at Site 51 (next page) interprets the battle.DID YOU KNOW?“Shell Middens”Shell middens, sometimes called “kitchen middens,”are heaps of clam, oyster, whelk, conch and other Southeast Regionshells, as well as fish and turtle remains that are aresult of long periods of habitation. Archaeologistsstudy middens to determine how many peoplecould have been fed by the shell meat, what time ofyear the shells were harvested, and if the middenswere also living sites. Some shell middens alsoappear to have been shaped into significant forms.Middens used to line the Florida coast and rivers butwere mined in the early 1900s for road fill. 33

3 Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park/Riverbend Park 9060 Indiantown Road, Jupiter 33478 Palm Beach County (561) 966 -6617 www.pbcgov.com/parks/riverbend www.pbcgov.com/parks/loxahatcheeriverbattlefield Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park/Riverbend Park is an oasis of natural beauty located along the Loxahatchee, Florida’s first nationally designated Wild and Scenic River. The park was the site of two historic battles between the Seminole Indians and the U.S. military in 1838. Visitors can enjoy Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park/Riverbend Park with its 5 miles of waterways and 15 miles of trails wandering over 700 acres of marsh and subtropical terrain. 4 Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse and Museum 500 Captain Armour’s Way, Jupiter 33469 Palm Beach County (561) 747-8380 www.jupiterlighthouse.org Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse and Museum interprets 5,000 years of prehistoric life on the Loxahatchee River. Exhibit features: ancient Native American mounds and artifacts including potsherds representing various periods of occupation; rare John Durham Collection featuring Contact Era trade beads and Native American ornamentation from sites across southern Florida; and a Seminole exhibit featuring clothing, dolls, baskets, Seminole War artifacts from Jupiter. Outdoor Native American kiosks describe life along the Loxahatchee (Turtle) River next to a Seminole Chickee story area. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and also federally designated as the Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse Outstanding Natural Area.Southeast Region I Discover the Palm Beaches Visitors Bureau 1555 Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard Suite 800 West Palm Beach, 33401 Palm Beach County (800) 554-7256 34 www.palmbeachfl.com

5 The Richard and Pat Johnson Palm Beach County History Museum 300 North Dixie Highway, West Palm Beach 33401 Palm Beach County (561) 832-4164 www.Historicalsocietypbc.orgHoused in the historic 1916 Palm Beach County Courthouse,Johnson History Museum displays artifacts from the Seminolesand the ancient Indians that once inhabited Palm BeachCounty. Featured are Seminole artifacts and clothing; a rarecypress woodcarving of a kneeling man dating to 900-1200A.D. and found in the Pahokee area in 1928; a large conchshell gorget (900-1200 A.D.) recovered from the Pelican LakeIndian Mound near Pahokee; and an Archaic Period coral spearhead from a previously unknown site along the shore of LakeOkeechobee. Museum is open Tuesday-Saturday 10am-5pm;closed major holidays.6 Miccosukee Indian Village Mile Marker 70, US 41, Tamiami Trail, Miami 33194 Miami-Dade County (305) 552-8365 www.miccosukee.com/indian-villageMiccosukee Indian Village & Airboat Rides offers a world oftimeless customs, enduring traditions, and adventure in theFlorida Everglades. Experience the richness of our history andculture at the renovated Indian Museum, featuring a short Southeast Regionfilm, historical artifacts, paintings by Tribal artists and a photoexhibit, which depicts contemporary Miccosukee society.Displays and demonstrations by tribal craftsmen showcasewoodcarving, patchwork, beadwork, basket weaving and dollmaking. Get up close to the Florida Alligator and learn howthe species has thrived in the Everglades for centuries. Byairboat, you can take a ride through the vast ‘River of Grass’and discover a typical hammock-style Indian camp that hasbeen owned by the same Miccosukee family for more than 100 years. Ope n daily 9am-5pm. 35

7 Miami Circle® 401 Brickell Avenue, Miami 33131 Miami-Dade County (305) 375-1492 info.flheritage.com/miami-circle/ Discovered in 1998, Miami Circle® at Brickell Point is a National Historic Landmark and archaeological site located at the mouth of the Miami River in downtown Miami. Archaeological excavations at the site uncovered components of the primary village of the Tequesta, one of the first Native North American groups encountered by Juan Ponce de León in 1513. Now an open space park, the site preserves evidence of the complex and planned architecture unique to the Tequesta, including the Miami Circle feature, which is a 38-ft (11-m) circular footprint of a prehistoric structure. J Greater Miami Convention & Visitors Bureau 701 Brickell Avenue, Suite 2700, Miami 33131 Miami-Dade County (305) 539-3000 www.miamiandbeaches.com Deering Estate 8 16701 SW 72 Avenue, Miami 33157 Miami-Dade County (305) 235-1668 www.deeringestate.orgSoutheast Region Paleo-Indians, Tequestas, Seminoles, Afro-Bahamians, and Anglo-Americans have lived here at different times, each new group literally following in the footsteps of the preceding group. Naturalists guide visitors through native habitats to visit the Tequesta midden (or habitation site), Cutler Burial Mound, and walk an ancient Tequesta and pioneer trail. Naturalists share how humans interacted with these native habitats through time. They showcase artifacts from the end of the ice age as well as some used by Te q u e s t a i n t h e hopes of inspiring an interest in, and a respect for, a people and a way of life that vanished long ago. Natural Area Tours are held daily at 12:30 pm from October -May. The Deering Estate is open daily, from 10am-4pm, throughout the year 36 (closed on Thanksgiving Day & Christmas Day).

9 Florida Pioneer Museum 826 North Krome Avenue, Florida City 33034 Miami-Dade County (305) 246-9531The museum is housed in an original Florida East CoastRailway station agent’s house, built by the railroad companyin 1904. On permanent exhibit are displays of artifactsunearthed locally of very early Native Americans who roamedthe area as far back as 10,000 years ago to the Seminoles whowere here through the area’s pioneer days. Museum is openseasonally, November through May.10 Indian Key Historic State Park Islamorada, Florida Keys 33036 Monroe County (305) 664-2540 www.floridastateparks.org/park/Indian-KeyIn 1840 Chakaika,leader of the“Spanish Indians,”led a raid on thesettlement at IndianKey that burned allbut one buildingof this prosperous town, then the county seat of DadeCounty. Oral traditions of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indiansof Florida assert that some members of their tribe aredescendents of Chakaika’s group. The Indian Key townruins are on display, along with interpretive panels of thetown’s history.HERITAGE NOTE“Climate Change” Southeast RegionArchaeologists are looking at the evidence fromthe period 3200-2600 B.P. (Before Present) todetermine how the ancient Indians of Floridaadjusted to climate change that included sealevel rises at rates noticeable in a lifetime, morefrequent and stronger storms, and significantriver flooding. It is clear that dramatic changesoccurred, with many sites abandoned. What werethe consequences of these disruptions on groupidentity and alliances? In some places, entire waysof life changed. Traditions and cultural practicesended. But there may also be evidence of tryingto create continuity in a period of great upheaval. 37

11 Florida Keys History & Discovery Center 82100 Overseas Highway, Islamorada 33036 Monroe County (305) 922-2237 www.KeysDiscovery.com The Discovery Center focuses on a diverse cross-section of history and ecology relating to the Upper Keys. The permanent exhibit First People explores the presence of prehistoric people in the Florida Keys through displayed pottery sherds and shell tools uncovered in local middens and mounds. In addition, first-hand descriptions of these Native Americans from early European observations are offered. First People provides an overview of the Calusa, Tequesta and Matecumbe cultures and how they relate to the Paleo-Indians who first settled along the shores of Lake Mayaimi (called today Lake Okeechobee) over 10,000 years ago. Image Credit: Theodore Morris 12 Crane Point Museum and Nature Center 5550 Overseas Highway–Mile Marker 50 Marathon 33050 The Florida Keys Monroe County (305) 743-9100 www.cranepoint.netSoutheast Region Take a walk back in time! Crane Point Museum & Nature Center is a 63- acre hardwood hammock located in the heart of the Florida Keys. This beautiful, natural historic site has been preserved over the years and is much as it was over 100 years ago. Crane Point’s museum of natural history houses Calusa and Tequesta artifacts as well as a dugout canoe most likely created by the Seminoles. Some of the wooden artifacts on display were preserved in this warm, moist environment because they were found buried in a bog. The pottery on display in the museum has been found in the archaeological sites scattered throughout the Keys. Crane Point is open 364 days per year from 9am to 5pm Monday through Friday and noon to 5pm on Sundays. HERITAGE NOTE “Florida Roadways” Most of Florida’s roads used through the early 20th century were part of a transportation system developed by native people. 38



Trail ofFlorida’s Indian Heritage Archaeological Society & Non-Profit Members: Archaeological and Historical Conservancy www.mnemotrix.com Central Gulf Coast Archaeological Society www.cgcas.org Florida Anthropological Society www.fasweb.org Friends of Little Salt Spring www.friendsoflittlesaltspring.com Kissimmee Valley Archaeological and Historical Conservancy www.facebook.com/KVAHC Panhandle Archaeological Society at Tallahassee www.past-tallahassee.org Pensacola Archaeological Society www.pasfl.org Southeast Florida Archaeological Society www.sefas.org St. Augustine Archaeological Association saaa.shutterfly.com Time Sifters Archaeological Society www.TimeSifters.org Warm Mineral Springs/Little Salt Spring Archaeological Society www.wmslssas.org Funding for the Trail brochure has been generously provided in part by the following entities: The Frank E. Duckwall Foundation, Inc. Credits for brochure text, photos, and art:Excerpts of content from the Florida Native American Heritage Trailbooklet are reprinted with permission of Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources. For further information, call: 1-800-847-7278 or visit www.flheritage.com The Trail appreciates the support from: Robert Austin, Ph.D., Jerald Milanich, Ph.D., Brenda Swann, M.A., Roger Block, Ph.D., Ryan Wheeler, Ph.D., Sherry Svekis, B.A., Hermann Trappman, Theodore Morris, Dean Quigley, and Merald Clark. Brochure design by Patti Cross (941) 966-3843 [email protected]