10 Archaeologists You Should Know - Vol1

10 Archaeologist You Should Know PRESERVATION  EDUCATION  RESEARCH  INSPIRE Photos: greatarcgaeikigt.com; Nautical Archaeology Texas A&M; Library of Congress; Wikipedia; Smithsonian Magazine; it.wikiquote; Academy of Achievements; The Royal Anthropological Institute. VOLUME 1 2021



Archaeologists You Should Know Yohanon Aharoni Archaeologist and Historical Geographer Dr. Steven Derfler, Time Sifters Board Member Yohanan Aharoni was born in All photos: Wikipedia Germany, June 7, 1919 and immigrated to Palestine in 1933. Lachish Front Gate He was a Israeli archaeologist and historical geographer, chairman of Lachish Inscription the Department of Near East Studies and chairman of the professional rival, historical texts: this is in essence Institute of Archaeology at Tel-Aviv Yigal Yadin, he is the methodology of Aharoni. But University. Aharoni studied considered to be one of the however intense the rivalry with archeology at the Hebrew University founders of what would any colleagues, there was always a of Jerusalem and began to teach become known as the Israeli deep-rooted sense of respect. there in 1954. By 1966 he was a school of archaeology. An exact full professor, but in 1968 he archaeological survey, moved to Tel-Aviv University and excavation of selected sites became chairman of the discovered in the survey, the Department of Near East Studies collation of direct knowledge of and chairman of the Institute of the region and its remains with Archeology; founding it in 1969. Aharoni was first and foremost a historical-geographer. He defined this discipline for his students and expanded the theme in his book The Land of the Bible as the science of synthesis-a synthesis that may be attained through the interweaving of geographical, historical and archaeological research. Aharoni participated in many excavations, including Ramat Rachel (1959-62), Tel Arad (1962-73), Tel Hazor (1955-58) and Lachish (1966, 1968). The crowning achievement of his labors was his environmental study of the biblical Negev. He served as director of the regional project entitled Expedition to the Negev; including the sites of Tel Be’er Sheva (1969- 75), Tel Malhata (1969-71) and Khirbet el Meshash (1972-75). He also studied ancient roadways in the Negev, and participated in the discovery of the Bar Kokhba caves while surveying and exca- vating the Dead Sea region in 1953-55. Along with friend, but intense

This transcended any political Tel Hazor unpleasantness as well- notably with regard to the British archaeologist, Kathleen Kenyon, who would visit Tel Sheva in 1974. It is impossible to conclude even a brief eulogy on Aharoni the scholar without describing Yohanan Aharoni the man - a man of modest demeanor, a man of the people, a friend to all, who even upon attaining the heights of his scientific career, remained the same kibbutznik; unassuming and open-hearted, the ideal image of a scholar of Israel. He passed away on February 9, 1976 in Tel Aviv. Tel Hazor - House of Pillars Tel Hazor - Royal fortress gate found at Hazor, now in the Israel Museum Tel Arad Fortress Tel Be’er Sheva All photos: Wikipedia Bar Kokhba Cave

Archaeologists You Should Know make nautical archaeology a legitimate, professional aspect of George Fletcher Bass archaeology. The Institute helped develop the standards and methods Father of Underwater Archaeology for excavating and recording under water archaeology taking the existing By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member; Sources - Wikipedia, Current World methods used on shore and Archaeology Magazine, Texas A & M University, and INA. adapting them to the sea. These methods included: covering the site George Fletcher sponsor an excavation of the with a metal grid to break it into Bass was born wreck. 6.5 feet a side squares, so each on December 9, diver, would be responsible for 1932 in Columbia George Bass was one of the excavation of a specific area of SC. He retired in Young’s PhD students assisting the site. Then they would map the December 2000 him at the Gordian site. Young site with underwater drawings, and is currently knew that Bass was very interested photographs and measurements Professor Emeritus in the Mediterranean Bronze Age taken from fixed metal stakes driven at Texas A & M and asked if he would be the into the rock around the site. University where lead archaeologist for he held the Throckmorton’s proposed The Glass Wreck at Serce Liman George T. and Gladys H. Abell excavation. He agreed, but first Between the years 1977 – 1979, Chair in Nautical Archaeology. He he had to learn how to skin Bass and the INA excavated a received his M.A. in Near Eastern dive! He quickly enrolled in a Byzantine merchant ship dating Archaeology from the Johns Hopkins 10 week YMCA diving class and to 1025 CE off of Turkey. It had a University and a Ph.D. in Classical after completing only six weeks, unique cargo of over 20,000 Archaeology from the University of set off for the coast of Turkey to broken glass objects. Following Pennsylvania. He is a past president lead the diving expedition. He years of painstaking labeling and and founder of the Institute of went on to become the first person reconstructing it dawned on the Nautical Archaeology (INA) and to excavate an ancient shipwreck team that they were dealing with the former archaeological director in its entirety in the sea bed. a cargo of broken glass intended of INA. for recycling. Nonetheless, some 80 In his more than 30 years of Nautical archaeology was a neglect- intact glass vessels were recovered research and teaching, he has ed sphere of archaeology but and after 20 years of gluing them excavated shipwreck sites ranging Bass changed all that. Underwater together, Bass and his colleagues from the Bronze Age up through archaeology is unique in that had managed to assemble the the 11th century CE. Working water tends to act as something largest collection of medieval mostly in the Mediterranean, he of a preservative, protecting Islamic glass in the world. In has also excavated in the Caribbean wood and other perishable addition, 15% of the ships hull and the waters of Virginia and items. The sites can be difficult was preserved and has been Maine. As a classical archaeologist, he to reach by all but experienced reassembled on shore in a museum. has also worked many terrestrial divers. excavations in Greece, Turkey, and Italy. Bass founded the Institute of In 1960 while still a PhD student Nautical Archaeology in America he came to the attention of (INA) in 1973, which helped to American photojournalist, Peter Throckmorton. In 1958-59, Photos: Institute of Nautical Archaeology Throckmorton was documenting and photographing ancient ship- wrecks off of Turkey. Among these wrecks was the oldest then known: a Bronze Age vessel from about 1200 BCE. The site was Cape Gelidonya. He thought that these shipwrecks should be excavated with the same care and profession- alism that terrestrial excavations receive. He approached his good friend Professor Young of the University of Pennsylvania Museum. Professor Young was the lead archaeologist working in Turkey’s Gordian, the ancient capital of King Midas. He asked Young if the University would

Even after the establishment of from northern Europe to tropical excavated Bronze Age, Classical the INA, some challenged the notion Africa, and from Sicily to Age, and Byzantine wrecks. of nautical archaeology. Professional Mesopotamia. The wreck itself Founder of the Institute for Nautical divers argued that archaeologists was made of the famed Lebanese Archaeology (INA), he is now could never dive well enough to cedar. One of the tree rings on Distinguished Professor Emeritus accomplish anything useful at the planking dated to @1300 at Texas A&M University. He has depth. This notion was finally BCE. been awarded the Archaeological put to rest during the excavation Institute of America's, Gold Medal for of the royal ship Uluburun off of Tantura Lagoon, Israel Distinguished Archaeological Turkey in 1984. The INA, together with Texas Achievement; an Explorers Club, A&M University and Haifa University Lowell Thomas Award; a National The Royal Ship Uluburun between 1994 and 1996, excavated Geographic Society, La Gorce Gold This shipwreck is a Late Bronze the Tantura Lagoon which is Medal; the Society's, Centennial Age ship dated to 1300 BCE, one of the few natural harbors Award; the J.C. Harrington Medal discovered about six miles off of along Israel’s Mediterranean from The Society for Historical south-western Turkey by sponge coastline. Its protected waters Archaeology; honorary doctorates divers. Bass and the INA did 11 served as an anchorage for from Boğazi, University in Istanbul campaigns of three to four Tel Dor, one of the largest ancient and the University of Liverpool. In months' duration from 1984 to mounds in Israel. During 2002 President George W. Bush 1994 totaling 22,413 dives of excavations, the team uncovered presented him with the National 148 to 200 feet. Extreme safety remains of seven different hulls, Medal of Science. His books measures were developed for dated from the 4th-10 centuries CE. include: Archaeology Under Water, A this, the deepest large-scale diving History of Seafaring Based on project ever conducted with normal The above are but a small sample Underwater Archaeology, and scuba gear. This wreck revealed of the projects Bass was involved Ships and Shipwrecks of the one of the most spectacular ancient with. Americas and Beneath the Seven wrecks to have emerged from the Seas. Mediterranean Sea. In Summary George F. Bass was the first The ship had an astonishing person to excavate an ancient cargo made up of 10 tons of Cypriot shipwreck in its entirety on the copper ingots and also the largest sea bed. Since 1960 he has collection of Canaanite jewelry ever found; Egyptian objects of gold and silver; plus weapons of Near Eastern and Aegean origin. The objects found on the ship are from over 10 ancient cultures, Photos: Institute of Nautical Archaeology

Archaeologists You Should Know Hiram Bingham III Machu Picchu & the Inca Civilization. By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member; Sources - Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, History Today.com. Hiram Bingham III was born in where a local farmer named All photos Library of Congress Honolulu, Hawaii, on November 19, Melchor Arteaga, told him that perhaps a hundred of them, each 1875 to Protestant missionaries, there were extensive ruins high hundreds of feet long and 10 feet Clara Brewster and Hiram Bingham II. in the nearby mountains called He earned a B.A. degree from Yale Machu Picchu, meaning “Old high.” They University in continued along 1898, a degree All Photos Library of Congress one of the terraces: from the Mountain”. “Suddenly I found University of myself confronted California, On July 24, 1911, Arteaga led with the walls of Berkeley in Bingham to Machu Picchu. They ruined houses 1900, and his climbed up to the ruins through built of the finest Ph. D. from a persistent drizzle of rain. Only quality of Inca Harvard Bingham, Arteaga and the interpreter University in made the exhausting two hour stone- 1905. He climb up the mountain to a work.” taught history small hut occupied by farmers The and politics at who were growing crops in the ruins Harvard. Bingham has area. A small boy showed them were been considered one of some buildings close by. They over- the pioneers of teaching soon came to what Bingham grown and research on Latin called “an unexpected sight, a by American history in the great flight of beautifully trees, U.S. He was not a constructed stone terraces, bamboo trained archaeologist thickets but an avid explorer. and tangles In 1908, he was a of vines delegate to the First Pan and American Scientific covered Congress at Santiago, with Chile. On his way home moss, via Peru, a local prefect but the convinced him to visit white the pre-Columbian city of granite Choquequirao. walls were “carefully As a result of this trip, cut and in July 1911 he exquisitely organized the1911 Yale fitted Peruvian Expedition, a together” Yale archaeological expedition and the scene “fairly took my whose main objective was to find breath away.” Vilcabamba, the secret mountain Bingham returned to Peru in stronghold refuge of the Inca 1912, 1914 and 1915 with the Manco Capac II, who fought support of Yale and the National against the Spanish conquerors in Geographic Society. In 1912 Bingham the 1530s. Prospects for locating it led the expedition that excavated were poor: not even the Spanish Machu Picchu, and he returned conquistadores had discovered it. there in 1915. He became convinced that Machu Picchu was In Cuzco, Bingham was urged to Vilcabamba, and it wasn’t until start his search in the vicinity of the mid-20th century that his the Urubamba River valley. claim was seriously disputed. He Bingham and his party of seven was fascinated by the mystery left Cuzco by mule and on foot to a small settlement called Mandor Pampa, near Aguas Calientes,

Photo by: Abercrombiekent.com and magic of the place, with the site to be Vilcabamba. Bingham’s governor of Connecticut (1922–24). great snowy peaks looming above work was the key catalyst for the After winning the governorship in it. Returning in succeeding years archaeological investigation of 1924, he resigned to fill a vacancy he took thousands of objects to sites in the Andes and South in the U.S. Senate. He was the United States for study and America. reelected to a full term in 1926, safekeeping. Peru has long sought after which he devoted himself to the return of these artifacts, Bingham’s publications on business interests. including mummies, ceramics and South America include Inca Land bones that Bingham had excavated (1922), Machu Picchu, a Citadel of On June 6, 1956, Bingham died and exported from the Machu Picchu the Incas (1930), and Lost City of at his Washington, D.C. home. He site. On September 14, 2007, an the Incas (1948). is interred at Arlington National agreement was made between Cemetery in Virginia. Yale University and the Peruvian In 1922, Bingham entered government for the return of politics and was elected lieutenant 4,000 of the objects. On April 12, 2008, the Peruvian government stated that it had revised previous estimates of artifacts to 40,000. Bingham’s additional work in the region revealed the important sites of Vitcos and Espíritu Pampa, a larger ruin that was thoroughly excavated in 1964 by the American archaeologist Gene Savoy. Archaeologists today believe this All photos Smitty Smith

Archaeologists You Should Know Howard Carter Discoverer of King Tutankhamun’s Tomb (KV62) By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member; Sources - Wikipedia, Educational Resources, Encyclopedia Britannica. Howard Carter excavations at Thebes. In 1904, Photos: Library of Congress, Wikipedia was born in he was transferred to the Carter ordered the staircase to be Kensington, Inspectorate of Lower Egypt. refilled, and sent a telegram to England, on Carter was praised for his Carnarvon, who arrived on 23 May 9, 1874 to improvements in the protection November. Samuel John of and accessibility to existing Carter and excavation sites, and his On 26 November 1922, Carter Martha Joyce development of a grid-block system made a \"tiny breach in the top Carter (Sands). for searching for tombs. left-hand corner\" of the doorway, His father was with Carnarvon in attendance. He an artist who Carter resigned from the was able to peer in by the light of trained and developed Howard’s Antiquities Service in 1905. In a candle and see that many of the artistic talents. 1907 Lord Carnarvon employed gold and ebony treasures were Carter spent much of his childhood him to supervise excavations of still in place. Carnarvon asked, with relatives in Swaffham, Norfolk. nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri, \"Can you see anything?\" Carter Nearby was the mansion of the near Thebes. Gaston Maspero replied with the famous words: Amherst family, Didlington Hall, had recommended Carter to \"Yes, wonderful things!\" Carter which contained a collection of Carnarvon because of his ability had discovered Tutankhamun's Egyptian antiques, that sparked to apply modern archaeological tomb (KV62). Carter's notes and Carter's interest. In 1891, at the methods and systems of recording. photographic evidence indicate age of 17, Carter was invited by that he, Lord Carnarvon, and the Egypt Exploration Fund, to In 1914, Lord Carnarvon employed Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the assist an Amherst family friend, Carter to lead an excavation in burial chamber in November Percy Newberry, in the excavation the Valley of the Kings. However and recording of Middle Kingdom this was interrupted by World tombs at Beni Hasan. He blossomed on War I. Carter spent the war this excavation, developing an years working for the British innovative and improved method Government as a diplomatic of copying tomb decoration. By courier/translator. Excavation 1892, he worked under the tutelage of work resumed at the end of Flinders Petrie for one season at 1917. Amarna. From 1894 to 1899, he worked with Édouard Naville at After a break, in 1922 Carter Deir el-Bahari, where he recorded the returned to the Valley of Kings. wall reliefs in the temple of During the excavation, on November Hatshepsut. 4, 1922, a young water boy In 1899 at the age of 25, Carter accidentally stumbled on a stone was appointed Chief Inspector of that turned out to be the top of a the Egyptian Antiquities Service flight of steps. Carter had the and supervised a number of steps partially dug out until the top of a mud-plastered doorway was found. The doorway was stamped with indistinct cartouches.

1922, before the official opening. Photos: openculture.com The next several months were Photos: Library of Congress, spent cataloguing the contents of Wikipedia & opencullture.com the antechamber. On February 16, 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway and found the burial chamber, and the sarcophagus of King Tutankhamun. The tomb was considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings, and the discovery was eagerly covered by the world's press. Only H. V. Morton from The Times was allowed on the scene, and his vivid descriptions helped to increase Carter's reputation with the British public. In early March 1923, Lord Carnarvon contracted blood poisoning while staying in Luxor and died in Cairo on April 5, 1923. But Lady Carnarvon retained her late husband's concession in the Valley of the Kings, which allowed Carter to continue his work. Carter's metic- ulous cataloguing of the thousands of objects continued until 1932, most being moved to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Despite being involved in the greatest archaeological find of his time, Carter received no honor from the British government. However, in 1926, Carter received the Order of the Nile, third class, from King Fuad I of Egypt. After the clearance of the tomb had been completed, Carter retired from archaeology and became a part-time agent for collectors and museums. In 1924 he toured Britain, France, Spain and the United States, delivering a series of illustrated lectures. He passed away in London on March 2, 1939, aged 64 from Hodgkin's disease and is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery in London. The epitaph on the gravestone reads: \"May your spirit live, may you spend millions of years, you who love Thebes, sitting with your face to the north wind, your eyes beholding happiness\", a quotation taken from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun, and \"O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars\".

Archaeologists You Should Know Sir Arthur Evans Palace of Knossos on Crete and the Minoan Civilization By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member; Sources - Wikipedia & Educational Resources Sir Arthur Evans was born in hill in March 1900. Pasiphae, and a bull. Evans Nash Mills, England, on July 8, He would be assisted by dubbed the civilization once 1851 to John and Harriet Evans. inhabiting this great palace the He was the first of five children. archaeologist Duncan Mackenzie Minoan civilization. They He earned a BA degree from and Mr. Fyfe, an architect from unearthed over 1000 interlocking Brasenose College, Oxford in the British School at Athens. rooms, some of which served as 1874 at the age of 24. After Within a few months they had artisans' workrooms and food school he spent time roaming uncovered a substantial portion processing centers. The complex around Bosnia and Herzegovina. of what he called the Palace of served as a central storage point, His stories were published by the Minos. and a religious and administrative Manchester Guardian who hired center. him as a correspondent in the However, “palace” may be a Balkans in 1877. Though not a misnomer. Knossos, which spans By 1903, most of the palace was professional statesman and probably five acres and the palace had a excavated, bringing to light an never a paid agent of the government, maze-like quality that reminded advanced city containing artwork he played a role in the formation Evans of the labyrinth described and many examples of writing. of the nation in Greek mythology. In the myth, of Yugoslavia. the labyrinth had been built by Painted on the walls of the palace King Minos to hide the Minotaur, were numerous scenes depicting In 1884, at a half-man half-bull creature that bulls, leading Evans to conclude the age of was the son of Minos's wife, that the Minoans did indeed worship 34, he was appointed Photos: Wikipedia; Keeper of the arthistoryreources.net Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. Part of his new duties included archaeology. Evans is better known as an English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilizations in the Bronze Age. He is most famous for unearthing the Palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete. Evans continued Heinrich Schliemann's concept of a Mycenaean civilization, but found after his extensive excavations, another different civilization, the Minoan. He based this on the structures and artifacts found there and throughout the eastern Mediterranean. In 1893, after the sudden death of his wife, Evans gave up his post at the Ashmolean and turned his sights on Crete to focus on this little known civilization. Using the Cretan Exploration Fund, he paid off the debt for the land that encompassed Knossos. He hired two foremen, and 32 diggers and started work on the

the bull. In 1905 he finished excavations. What then ensued were a series of restorations that, according to many critics, was in some regards “fanciful” at best. He then proceeded to have the room called the throne room repainted by Swiss artists. While Evans based the recreations on archaeological evidence, some of the best-known frescoes from the throne room were almost complete inventions. In 1908, he decided to concentrate on researching and publishing. Evans had found over 3000 clay tablets at Knossos, which he transcribed and organized, publishing them in Scripta Minoa. In 1914 at the age of 63 he took on the Presidency of the Antiquaries and ex officio appointment as a Trustee of the British Museum. On July 11, 1941, Evans passed away at the age of 90, in his Youlbury, England home and is buried in the local cemetery. Photos: Wikipedia; arthistoryreources.net

Archaeologists You Should Know Jesse Walter Fewkes Excavated Casa Grande & Mesa Verde By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member; Sources - Educational Resources; Wikipedia; Smithsonian Institution. Jesse Walter who were systematically pillaging the He was the first to use a phonograph Fewkes was an sites. to record indigenous people for American study. He tested its use among anthropologist, The national monument of the Passamaquoddy in Maine, archaeologist, Casa Grande consists of the before traveling to the Southwest writer and ruins of multiple structures to make his recordings of the naturalist. He surrounded by a compound wall Zuni (1890) and Hopi (1891). In was born in constructed by the ancient addition to the recordings, he Newton, MA, people of the Hohokam period, wrote historically valuable on November who farmed the Gila Valley in the descriptions of the music and 14, 1850. His parents were Jesse early 13th century. musical practice. Later, Benjamin and Susan Emeline (Jewett) Fewkes, who were both born in At Mesa Verde, he focused on Ipswich, MA. Fewkes received a Ph.D. in Photos: Library of Congress, National Park Service Marine Zoology from Harvard in 1877, and was Curator of Lower the variants and styles of prehistoric Gilman used these recordings to Invertebrates at the Museum of Southwest Indian pottery, producing show that they used musical intervals Comparative Zoology until 1887. a number of books with carefully unlike those in the Western In 1889, when noted ethnologist drawn illustrations. His work on tempered scale. Frank Cushing resigned, Fewkes the Mimbres and Sikyátki became leader of the Hemenway pottery styles eventually led to In his study of the Hopi religious Southwestern Archaeological the reproduction of many of rituals and festivities, Fewkes Expedition, which is named for these traditional forms and compiled descriptions and its patron Mary Hemenway. It was images. drawings of the Hopis' Katsina cult in on this project, that he documented the manuscript, Codex Hopi. He the existing lifestyle and rituals of the Zuni and Hopi tribes. He surveyed the ruins of a number of cultures in the American Southwest. He supervised the excavation of the Hohokam site, Casa Grande in southern Arizona, and the Ancient Pueblo ruins at Mesa Verde in southern Colorado. During these excavations, he had to contend with battling “amateur archaeologists” Photos: National Park Service; Library of Congress; U.S. Forest Service; Rationalobserver; Wikipedia

commissioned several Hopi artists creating and signing of the 1906 objects,\" then called stone collars or to produce a series of paintings of Antiquities Act by President rings. He was one of the earliest the Hopis' supernatural beings, Theodore Roosevelt. This law anthropologist to call attention to the Katsinam. This manuscript protects cultural resources. these pieces, and attempt to documents all the known Hopi Roosevelt also established the associate them with other Katsinam, the ceremonial performers, Mesa Verde National Park on Mesoamerican artifacts we now and preserves the existence of the June 29, 1906. know to be related to “the ball game”. Katsinam. Fewkes joined the Smithsonian's He excavated a number of Fewkes was one of the first voices for Bureau of American Ethnology in Pre-Columbian sites in Puerto government preservation of 1895, becoming its director in Rico and extended his research to ancient sites in the American 1918. At this point in his career neighboring islands such as Haiti, Southwest because by the mid- he focused on the prehistoric Cuba, Trinidad and the Lesser 1890s, vandalism of these sites inhabitants of the island of Antilles. His book, Aborigines of Porto was widespread. In the American Puerto Rico. His objective was to Rico and Neighboring Islands, Anthropologist for August 1896, collect specimens that would published in 1907 is a classic of Fewkes described the destruction of a shed light on the island's early archaeology, and is profusely large cliff dwelling called Palatki, prehistoric inhabitants. Excavations illustrated with photographs of or \"Red House\", situated in the yielded information about the his many important finds. Red Rock country southwest of physical characteristics and the Flagstaff, AZ, and appealed for manner of life of its early Jesse Fewkes retired from the protective legislation. indigenous people. Among the Smithsonian Institution in 1928. archaeological artifacts recovered He passed away in 1930 and is His actions along with others were some \"problematic archeological buried in National Memorial Park, played an important role in the West Falls Church, VA. Photos: National Park Service

Archaeologists You Should Know Charles Frank Wandesforde Higham Angkor Civilization in Cambodia By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member. Sources: Wikipedia; Archaeology Bedford, Eastern Counties and Magazine; World Heritage Encyclopedia Edition and Good Reads. tried out for the England Charles F. W. Photos: World Archaeology team in 1963- Higham was 64. In 1966 born in London, St. Catharine's College, he was England on Cambridge to pursue his awarded his January 1, doctorate. He played rugby for doctorate. In 1939. He is a Cambridge University and for 1964, he New Zealand married Polly archaeologist Askew. They most noted for have two sons his work in and two Southeast Asia. daughters. Among his noted contributions to archaeology are his work He and his (including several documentaries) family moved about the Angkor civilization in to New Zealand Cambodia and his current in 1966 when work in Northeast Thailand. he accepted a He is a research professor at position at the University of the University of Otago in Otago. In 1969, he began his Dunedin, New Zealand. fieldwork in Thailand with He was educated in London excavations in Roi Et and were he developed an interest in archaeology while at school. He spent two years at the Institute of Archaeology, London University. His teachers included Sir Max Mallowan, Sheppard Frere, and Dame Kathleen Kenyon. During his time at the Institute, he excavated at the Roman city of Verulamium and the Iron Age site of Camp du Charlat in France. In 1959, he went to Photos: brieguli.com; Ban-Chiang Archaeological Project; Wikipedia: Research gate; World Archaeology.

Khon Kaen Provinces. He has re-dated the site of Ban British Academy, an Honorary joined Chester Gorman Chiang, showing that bronze Fellow of St. Catharine's College between 1972 and 1975 for casting also began in the 11th Cambridge, a former Fellow of excavations at Ban Chiang, century BCE. His current St. John's College, Cambridge Pang Mapha District's Banyan research involves excavations and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Valley Cave, and has at the Iron Age site of Non New Zealand. He was awarded subsequently excavated the sites Ban Jak where he has identified the Grahame Clark Medal of of Ban Na Di (1981–82), Khok for the first time in Thailand, distinguished research in Phanom Di (1984–85), Nong an area comprising the archaeology by the British Nor (1989–92), Ban Lum residential quarter of an Iron Academy. He was awarded the Khao (1995–96), Noen U-Loke Age town, complete with Mason Durie medal by the (1999-2000), Ban Non Wat houses, a lane, an iron working Royal Society of New Zealand (2002-07) and Non Ban Jak area and several ceramic in 2014. In the 2016 New Year (2011–17). kilns. In 2018, he was a Honors, Higham was appointed an co-author of a publication on Officer of the New Zealand Since 1969 he has set his ancient human prehistoric DNA Order of Merit for services to sights on filling in what he from several sites in Southeast archaeology. calls \"the tabula rasa\" of Asia. The result identified a Southeast Asian prehistory by series of population movements Higham lives with his family probing how its hunter- beginning with the arrival of an- in Dunedin, New Zealand. gatherers became farmers, its atomically modern humans farmers became metalworkers, over 50,000 years ago and and its village elders became involving at a later date, the kings. His discoveries and expansion of rice farmers books have illuminated a from the Yangtze Valley. culture that stretches back 30,000 years. Because of his work, Higham has been awarded His research at the Bronze many honors including: he is Age sites of Ban Non Wat has a Fellow of the Society of shown that the initial Bronze Antiquaries of London, a Age began in the 11th century Corresponding Fellow of the BCE in Southeast Asia. He Photos: brieguli.com; Ban-Chiang Archaeological Project; Wikipedia: Research gate; World Archaeology.

Archaeologists You Should Know correctly identifying the site as the remains of the ancient Sir Austen Henry Layard Assyrian capital of Nineveh. In the Kuyunjik mound, Layard Excavated Nimrod & Nineveh rediscovered the lost palace, with its 71 rooms and colossal By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member. Sources: Wikipedia, Encyclopedia base-reliefs. He also unearthed Britannica, New World Encyclopedia. the palace and famous library of Ashurbanipal with 22,000 Sir Austen Photos: Wikipedia inscribed clay tablets. These Henry Layard artifacts have become the most was born in Photos: Wikipedia valued treasures of the British Paris, France on victorious campaigns of 859- Museum. March 5, 1817 to 824 BCE. The excavations also Henry P. J. Layard revealed remarkable bas-reliefs, His well-documented findings and Marianne ivories, and sculptures. A are included, with his beautiful Austen. His statue of Ashurnasirpal II illustrations, in his renowned father was a was found in an excellent state publications including a two member of the of preservation, as were the colossal volume set published in 1848– British Civil Service serving in winged man-headed lions 1849, Nineveh and Its Remains Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). guarding the palace entrance. which illustrated and documented Layard was a traveler, archaeologist, The large number of cuneiform the first excavation and most of cuneiformist, art historian, inscriptions dealing with King the artifacts discovered. Another draughtsman, collector, politician Ashurnasirpal II provide more publication described the later and diplomat. He is best known details about him and his reign expeditions, “Discoveries in the as the excavator of Nimrud and than are known for any other Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon”, Nineveh, where he uncovered a ruler of this epoch. also beautifully illustrated and large portion of the Assyrian titled A Second Series of the palace reliefs, and in 1851 the In 1847, Layard explored the Monuments of Nineveh, which library of Ashurbanipal. mound of Kuyunjik near Mosul, was published in 1853. He also Much of his boyhood was spent worked at Ashur, Babylon, in Italy, but because his father’s Nippur, and other sites in diplomatic assignments changed Babylonia and Assyria. frequently, the family moved often. As a result he attended During his later career in schools in Italy, England, France government and diplomacy, and Switzerland. While in Italy he Layard served in the British acquired a taste for the fine arts Parliament (1852–57 and 1860– and a love of travel from his father. 69), became undersecretary of In 1839, at the age of 22 and foreign affairs (1861–66), and after spending nearly six years in the British Ambassador at the London law office of his uncle, Istanbul (1877–80). Benjamin Austen, he began a journey on horseback through Anatolia and Syria. After wandering for many months, chiefly in Persia, he returned in 1842 to Constantinople, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Stratford Canning, the British Ambassador, who employed him in various unofficial diplomatic missions in European Turkey. Spending much time in the vicinity of Mosul and Iraq, Layard became increasingly interested in locating and unearthing the great cities of the Mesopotamia. During 1845–51 he excavated at Nimrud, the ancient Assyrian city located on the River Tigris, south of Mosul. He discovered the famous Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III in 1846. The monument stands 6 1/2 feet tall and commemorates the king's

He was knighted in 1878. On March 9, 1869 he married his first cousin once removed, Mary Enid Evelyn Guest. In 1874, they retired to Venice where he devoted his time to collecting artwork of the Venetian school, and to writing on Italian art. He died on July 5, 1894 and is buried in the cemetery of Canford Magna Parish Church in Dorset, England. Photos: Wikipedia; the British Museum; pinterest;

Archaeologists You Should Know Sir William Flinders Petrie The Pioneer of Systematic Methodology in Archaeology & Preservation of Artifacts. By Steven Derfler, Time Sifters Member Commonly known as Flinders Petrie, excavations in Sir William Flinders Petrie was an Palestine, leading to English Egyptologist and a pioneer of even more important systematic methodology in archaeological work: archaeology and preservation of his six-week artifacts. He was born on the 3rd excavation of Tell of June 1853 in Charlton, London, el-Hesi. It represented England. He held the first chair of the first scientific Egyptology in the United Kingdom, excavation of an and excavated many of the most archaeological site important archaeological sites in in the Holy Land. Egypt in conjunction with his wife, Hilda Petrie. He introduced into Palestine the concept His father had corresponded with that a tell is a Piazzi Smyth about his theories of manmade mound of the Great Pyramid and Petrie successive, travelled to Egypt in early 1880 to superimposed make an accurate survey of Giza, “cities”. making him the first to properly Photos: Wikipedia; the British Museum; pinterest; ancient origins investigate how they were constructed (many theories had been advanced on this, and Petrie read them all, but none were based on first hand observation or logic). At the end of 1880, Petrie wrote a number of articles and then met Amelia Edwards, journalist and patron of the Egypt Exploration Fund (now the Egypt Exploration Society), who became his strong supporter and later appointed him as Professor at her Egyptology chair at University College London. The university was impressed by his scientific approach to excavation. In November 1884, Petrie arrived in Egypt to begin his excavations. He first went to a New Kingdom site at Tanis, with 170 workmen. He would take total control of the excavation, cutting out the mid-level managers and directly working with the laborers. This was innovative for its time. This removed pressure from foremen to find antiquities, and the discovery process, although more deliberate, did offer up better finds in context. After funding ran out for a short time in Egypt, in 1890, Petrie made the first of his many

He established the dating of these In 1923, Petrie was knighted for in Egyptology, a new method for “cities” by means of their associated services to British archaeology establishing the chronology of a ceramic assemblage and of the and Egyptology. The focus of his site. Flinders Petrie was also cross-dating of these assemblages work shifted permanently to responsible for mentoring and with reference to similar finds Palestine in 1926. training a whole generation of made in Egyptian contexts. Egyptologists, including Howard In 1933, on retiring from his Carter. Returning to Egypt, from 1891, professorship, he moved he worked on the temple of Aten permanently to Jerusalem, He passed away at the age of 89 at Tell-el Amarna, discovering a where he lived with Lady Petrie at on the 28th of July 1942 in Jerusalem, 300-square-foot New Kingdom the British School of Archaeology. Mandatory Palestine. painted pavement of garden and animals and hunting scenes. He wrote: \"I believe the true line of research lies in the noting and Petrie's excavations revealed comparison of the smallest details.\" By additional cuneiform tablets, the linking styles of pottery with periods, remains of several glass factories, he was the first to use seriation and a great quantity of discarded faience. In early 1896, Petrie and his archaeological team were conducting excavations on a temple in Petrie's area of concession at Luxor. It was discovered to have been built by Merneptah, the 13th son and successor of Ramesses II. A stela, when turned over, revealed an inscription of Merenptah recording his triumphs over the Libyans and the Peoples of the Sea; and near the end of the text was a puzzling name, that of a people or tribe whom Merenptah had victoriously smitten-\"I.si.ri.ar?\" It was Petrie whose quick imaginative mind solved it: \"Israel is laid waste, her seed is no more!\" Photos: Wikipedia; the British Museum; pinterest; ancient origins

Archaeologists You Should Know Neolithic cultures at this site in Upper Egypt, the older dating to Gertrude Caton Thompson about 5000 BCE and the other to about 4500 BCE. Also in Egypt Great Zimbabwe & Al-Fayyūm depression she participated in excavations at Abydos, Badari, and Qau el By Smitty, Time Sifters Board Member; Sources - Wikipedia, Kebir. Her work was distinguished Encyclopedia Britannica, and SciHi blog by its meticulousness. Gertrude Caton Al-Fayyūm depression (ai-journal.com) Borg in Nadur (Wikipedia) Thompson was born in London, Great Zimbabwe (alchetron.com) England on February 1, Great Zimbabwe (Wikipedia) 1888. Her Caton Thompson used the new parents were system of organizing the site into William Caton 10 x 30 foot intervals. She carefully Thompson and excavated in arbitrary six-inch levels, Ethel Page. She and recorded the exact position of attended each artifact. Along with her private schools in Paris and excavation techniques, she was England. Caton Thompson also the first to use air surveys attended the British School to locate archaeological sites. of Archaeology in Egypt; Such approaches to excavation University College London; were in many respects a generation Newnham College, ahead of her time. Cambridge. Caton Thompson was an In 1928, the British Academy English archaeologist invited her to investigate the origins when participation by khargi oasis (memphistours.com) of ruins of Great Zimbabwe in southeastern Zimbabwe near Lake women in the discipline Mutirikwe. She had assembled the was uncommon. She was one of a first of its kind all-female group including Kathleen Kenyon, expedition for the Zimbabwe Margaret Murray, Dorothy Garrod, excavations. The site contained Dorothea Bate, and Agatha Christie three sets of structures which who were female pioneers in field. Her interest in archaeology began in 1911, when she had attended a lecture course on Ancient Greece, given by Sarah Paterson at the British Museum. That same year she and her mother vacationed in Egypt. An inheritance received in 1912 helped ensure her financial of the megalithic temple of independence and support her Borg en Nadur near St. later excavations. Caton Thompson's George's Bay in Malta. Her task first experience in the field came was to investigate the caves near in 1915 working as a bottle washer the temple for Neanderthal in an excavation in France. During skulls, hoping to find evidence WW I, she worked for the Gov- for a land bridge between Malta ernment in the British Ministry. In and Africa. No evidence to support 1921 she embarked on studies at this theory was found but the University College London where excavation yielded other notable she was taught by Margaret Murray, artifacts, such as Bronze Age pottery. Flinders Petrie and Dorothea While a student at the British Bate, excavating in Upper Egypt School of Archaeology in Egypt during the winter of that year. (1921–26), she and the geologist The following year she began Elinor Wight Gardner began the attending courses at Newnham first archaeological survey of the College, Cambridge, before joining Al-Fayyūm depression. Their further excavations in Egypt with work in the Al-Fayyūm over the Petrie and Guy Brunton in 1924. next two years for the Royal In 1921, along with Margaret Anthropological Institute included Murray, she helped in the excavation discovering two unknown

contained multiple buildings that Leakey to illustrate her book Honors and accolades pointed to indigenous African “The Desert Fayum”, greatly In 1934 Caton Thompson was the design and construction during influencing her later career in first woman to receive the Rivers the time of the European Middle paleoanthropology. Towards the Medal from the Royal Ages. Her team’s findings laid to end of 1937 Caton Thompson Anthropological Institute. In 1938 rest the controversy as to whether the and Elinor Gardner, accompanied by she was offered the post of Disney site was the work of Africans or of Freya Stark, initiated the first Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge some other civilization. Caton systematic excavation in the Yemen but rejected the role. It was Thompson used ceramics, similar at Hadhramaut. subsequently accepted by Dorothy to what modern villagers were Garrod. She was a research fellow at using, and structures like terrace Caton Thompson retired from Newnham College, Cambridge in 1923 walls to determine who built the fieldwork after the WWII in and honorary fellow from 1934–45, structures of the site. Working Broadway, Worcestershire, England. receiving an honorary in 1954. with Kathleen Kenyon, Caton She published her memoirs She was the first female President Thompson's excavations led her to entitled \"Mixed Memoirs\" in of the Prehistoric Society (1940- the unequivocal view that Zimbabwe 1983. She passed away in 1985 1946). Elected a fellow of the was the product of a \"native at the age of 97 and is buried in British Academy in 1944. Vice civilization\". Today, modern Broadway. President of the Royal Anthropological archaeologists now agree that the Institute in 1944. She received the city was the product of a Shona- Huxley Medal from the Royal speaking African civilization. Anthropological Institute in 1946. In 1961 she was a founding member Returning to Egypt, she conducted of the British School of History excavations on prehistoric sites at and Archaeology in East Africa Kharga Oasis with Elinor Gardner. and was made an honorary fellow There were three expeditions to after serving on the council for the Kharga Oasis from 1930 to 10 years. 1933. Gardner did the surveying for many of the excavations. Since the Kharga Scarp contained many Paleolithic and Neolithic sites, Caton Thompson was able to excavate implements used by both civilizations. In 1932, she employed Mary Great Zimbabwe (Wikipedia)

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