NCFE - Level two counselling skills - UNIT 2

NCFE Level 2 Certificate In Counselling Skills UNIT 2 Introduction to Counselling skills Theory accredited by & lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Aims and Objectives: • To explore the three main talking therapies • To understand the three main theories • Identify the key differences between the theories • Understand how counselling theory underpins counselling skills. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

1.1 Three Main Models of Psychotherapy Psychodynamic – Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Humanistic Model​ - Carl Rodgers 1951 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) – Aaron T Beck 1960 lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Psychodynamic Theory Psychoanalysis: Was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, therefore gaining insight. Psychodynamic theories commonly hold that childhood experiences shape personality. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The Psychodynamic Approach: Includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the driving force within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. ... Freud's psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The difference between Psychodynamic & Psychoanalysis The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e., make the unconscious conscious. Psychodynamic theories commonly hold that childhood experiences shape personality, therapist gets an understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. The therapist explore the patient's conscious thoughts and emotions so that the person is better able to understand him or herself. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Id, Ego and Super Ego The id, ego, and superego are names for the three parts of the human personality which are part of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic personality theory. According to Freud, these three parts combine to create the complex behavior of human beings. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Id, Ego and Super Ego The Id: Represents a constant in the personality as it is always present. The id is governed by the 'pleasure principle’. The Ego: Is the surface of the personality, the part you usually show the world. The ego is governed by the 'reality principle', or a practical approach to the world. The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense. The Super-ego: Aims for perfection and the ideal outcome lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The Theory, The psychodynamic stages of development and fixation • The interpretation of dreams - dreams represented “unsatisfied wishes”. Wishes that may be unacceptable to the conscious mind, and society. • Free association - Freud found that not all patients could be hypnotised, he developed an additional technique called Free Association. • Mental defence mechanisms - When the ego can’t effectively manage the demands of the id and superego. • Transference - The point where a patient had transferred emotions for one’s parents or important relationships onto the psychoanalyst. • Counter-transference - when the analyst developed feelings for the patient. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

WARNING! Video Contains Explicit Content The following page will give a historical account of Sigmund Freud’s Psychotherapy “PSYCHOTHERAPY - Sigmund Freud” by School of Life Published on YouTube 28 Nov 2014 by the School of Life. Permission given to use. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

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Summary of Freud Theory • The unconscious mind • Childhood Experience Shape Personality • Neuroses • Id, Ego And Superego • Pleasure Principle • Reality Principle • Oral Phase • Free association • The Oedipus Complex • Psychoanalysis • Dream Analysis - the interpretation of dreams • Freudian Slips/Parapraxes • Transference lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

1.2 Person-centred The Humanistic Model Carl Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanist approach (or client-centered approach) to psychology. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Think about how Person Centred Theory fits into your work setting? lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Person Centred Theory • A person cannot teach another person directly; a person can only facilitate another's learning (Rogers, 1951). • Rogers believed that the principles he was describing could be applied in a variety of contexts and not just in the therapy situation. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Person Centred Theory • Actualising tendency - an in-built tendency within ourselves to grow and reach our full potential… being the best you can be. • Conditions of worth - are the conditions we think we must meet for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard. • The necessary and sufficient conditions for personality change (safe space etc) • The Core Conditions lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The following video will explain An introduction to Person Centred Theory Concepts Counselling & Self Development Resources Published on YouTube 20 Sep 2016 permission given by Donal O’Reilly lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

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Summary of Person Centred Therapy • Non-directive • Person-centered • Core conditions • Empathy • UCPR Unconditional Positive Regard • Genuineness/Congruence • Actualising tendency • Conditions of worth (introjected values) • Sufficient conditions for personality change lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

1.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) The earliest forms of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy were Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy ( REBT ), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The Theory Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) • psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands- on, practical approach to problem-solving. • Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, • and so change the way they feel. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The three main assumptions of CBT are: - • Emotions and Behaviour are determined by thinking • Emotional disorders result from negative unrealistic thinking • By altering this thinking emotional disturbance can be reduced. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

A.B.C Model In 1977 Albert Ellis introduced the A.B.C model • Crooked thinking accompanied by ‘should’ and ‘musts’ Ellis believed caused emotional behaviour. • The irrational beliefs that came from this caused “Catastrophising”. • This means to view things in an exaggerated or overstated manner, “the end of the world” scenario. This would cause anxiety and depression. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) • can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave. • It's most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression, but • can be useful for other mental and physical health problems. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) Is a short-term therapy technique that can help people find new ways to behave by changing their thought patterns. • goal-oriented • can help people reduce stress, • cope with complicated relationships, • deal with grief, and • face many other common life challenges. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

The following video will explain Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Simply Explained. Permission given by Pinnacle Of Man ™ Published on YouTube 11 Sep 2016 lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

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Summary of CBT Theory • Directive • Short-Term • Goal Orientated • Irrational beliefs • Negative automatic thoughts • Faulty thinking • The ABC models • Socratic questioning • Coping self statement • Cost benefit analysis lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

2.1 How Counselling Theory underpins the use of Counselling Skills Theories Underpin Skills – If the listener is experienced and capable of practicing a range of theories, the counsellor would assess the needs of the client to determine which therapeutic model would be most effective in the helping relationship. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Person-Centred Theory Theories Underpin Skills – The counsellor uses core skills: • Congruence – genuine and real, creating an acceptance within the client so they can be themselves. • This creates transparency so that the counsellor is less likely to be seen as superior and the client is more likely to feel empowered to change themselves. • Unconditional Positive Regard - non-judgmental acceptance of the client which enables them to explore negative feelings honestly and to acceptance them self. • Empathic understanding - the counsellor experiences the clients’ situation through their eyes which is communicated through attention and caring, which helps the client to value themselves. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) This approach may be more useful in problems relating to mental health or trauma. Theories Underpin Skills - The counsellor would set goals for the client which, • Creates a process of improvement • The client needs guidance for the therapy to be effective. lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Psychodynamic Theories Underpin Skills - The Counsellor explores with client their history to release: - • Blocked emotions • Past experiences awakens • The unconscious becomes conscious • Thoughts and motivations are improved • As a result of gaining insight to their initial problem lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web

Learners: Read the resources to accompany each Model of therapy for further understanding. Continue to fill out the workbook questionnaire and activities to further consolidate your learning. Write a sentence on how you are developing as a listener? lifecharity.org.uk chat | sms | email | web