Lịch sử văn minh thế giới

["2.5.\tKhoa\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean: C\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t La\t M\u00e3\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t c\u00f4ng\t s\u01b0u\t t\u1eadp,\t t\u1ed5ng\t h\u1ee3p\t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tkh\u1eafp\tv\u00f9ng\t\u0110\u1ecba\tTrung\tH\u1ea3i.\tNh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3\tnh\u01b0\tPlinius,\tPt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea,\tH\u00ear\u00f4n\t. 2.6.\tY\th\u1ecdc: \u00d4ng\t t\u1ed5\t c\u1ee7a\t Y\t h\u1ecdc\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t T\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t Hip\u00f4crat\t (Hippocrates).\t \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1eddi\t sau\t lu\u00f4n\t nh\u1edb\t t\u1edbi\t b\u1edfi\t l\u1eddi\t th\u1ec1\t Hyp\u00f4crat\t khi\t nh\u1eafc\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n\t v\u00e0o\t ng\u00e0nh\t y.\t Cu\u1ed1n\t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ph\u00e1p\t ch\u1eefa\t b\u1ec7nh\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng\t l\u00e0m\t s\u00e1ch\t gi\u00e1o\t khoa\t cho\t nhi\u1ec1u\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t \u1edf\t ch\u00e2u\t \u00c2u\t m\u00e3i\t t\u1edbi\t th\u1eddi c\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ea1i. 2.7.\tKi\u1ebfn\ttr\u00fac,\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc: M\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tki\u1ebfn\ttr\u00fac\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tLa\tM\u00e3\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n\tqua\tc\u00e1c\tc\u1ea7u v\u00f2m\tb\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00e1.\tNh\u1edd\tnh\u1eefng\tchi\u1ebfc\tc\u1ea7u\tn\u00e0y\tm\u00e0\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tgiao\tth\u00f4ng\tn\u1ed1i\tli\u1ec1n\tc\u00e1c v\u00f9ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ebf\tch\u1ebf\tLa\tM\u00e3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tthu\u1eadn\tl\u1ee3i. C\u00f4ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t ki\u1ebfn\t tr\u00fac\t La\t M\u00e3\t n\u1ed5i\t ti\u1ebfng\t hay\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u1eafc\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ec1n Pact\u01a1n\u00f4ng,\t \u0111\u1ea5u\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t C\u00f4lid\u00ea\t v\u00e0\t Kh\u1ea3i\t ho\u00e0n\t m\u00f4n.\t Ki\u1ebfn\t tr\u00fac\t s\u01b0\t La\t M\u00e3\t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tVitorius. \u0110i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc\tLa\tM\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tc\u00f9ng\tphong\tc\u00e1ch\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc\tHy\tL\u1ea1p.\tNh\u1eefng\tb\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u00f2n\tl\u1ea1i\t\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tR\u00f4ma\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u00f9\t\u0111i\u00eau\ttr\u00ean\tKh\u1ea3i\tho\u00e0n\tm\u00f4n\tl\u00e0\thi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt\tti\u00eau\tbi\u1ec3u\tcho\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc\tLa\tM\u00e3. 2.8.\tT\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o: N\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u1ebf\t qu\u1ed1c\t La\t M\u00e3\t ph\u1ea3i\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t Kit\u00f4,\t m\u1eb7c\t d\u00f9\t \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tt\u1ea1i\tLa\tM\u00e3. Theo\t truy\u1ec1n\t thuy\u1ebft,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t s\u00e1ng\t l\u1eadp\t ra\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t Kit\u00f4\t l\u00e0\t Jesus\t Crit,\t con\t c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa\tTr\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tthai\tv\u00e0o\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcon\tg\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\ttrinh\tMaria.\tJesus\tCrit\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tv\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t IV\t TCN\t t\u1ea1i\t B\u00e9thleem\t (Palestin\t ng\u00e0y\t nay).\t \u0110\u1ebfn\t n\u0103m\t 30\t tu\u1ed5i, Jesus\tCrit\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111i\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\tkhuy\u00ean\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u1eabn\tnh\u1ee5c\tch\u1ecbu\t\u0111\u1ef1ng\t\u0111au\tkh\u1ed5\tn\u01a1i\ttr\u1ea7n\tgian \u0111\u1ec3\tkhi\tch\u1ebft\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u01b0\u1edfng\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac\tn\u01a1i\tthi\u00ean\t\u0111\u00e0ng.\tCh\u00faa\tTr\u1eddi\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o\tra th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t n\u00e0y.\t Ch\u00faa\t Tr\u1eddi,\t ch\u00faa\t Jesus,\t th\u00e0nh\t th\u1ea7n\t tuy\t ba\t m\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t (\t tam\t v\u1ecb","nh\u1ea5t\t th\u1ec3\t ).\t \u0110\u1ea1o\t Kit\u00f4\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t quan\t ni\u1ec7m\t thi\u00ean\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng,\t \u0111\u1ecba\t ng\u1ee5c,\t thi\u00ean\t th\u1ea7n, ma\tqu\u1ec9... Gi\u00e1o\tl\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3\tKinh\tc\u1ef1u\t\u01b0\u1edbc\t(ti\u1ebfp\tnh\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tDo\tTh\u00e1i) v\u00e0\tKinh\tt\u00e2n\t\u01b0\u1edbc\t(k\u1ec3\tt\u1eeb\tkhi\tch\u00faa\tJesus\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi).\tLu\u1eadt\tl\u1ec7\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n trong\t10\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tr\u0103n. V\u1ec1\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c,\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00edn\t\u0111\u1ed3\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tth\u00e0nh\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tx\u00e3\tv\u1eeba mang\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o,\tv\u1eeba\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tl\u1eabn\tnhau\ttrong\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng.\t\u0110\u1ebfn\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tII, c\u00e1c\tc\u00f4ng\tx\u00e3\tKit\u00f4\td\u1ea7n\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tth\u00e0nh\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i. Khi\t m\u1edbi\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi,\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t Kit\u00f4\t b\u1ecb\t c\u00e1c\t ho\u00e0ng\t \u0111\u1ebf\t La\t M\u00e3\t v\u00e0\t b\u1ecdn\t qu\u00ed\t t\u1ed9c\t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00e1p\t r\u1ea5t\t t\u00e0n\t b\u1ea1o.\t V\u1ee5\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00e1p\t \u0111\u1eabm\t m\u00e1u\t nh\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t v\u1ee5\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00e1p\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m 64,\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tth\u1eddi\tho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tN\u00ear\u00f4ng,\tm\u00e1u\tc\u1ee7a\tbi\u1ebft\tbao\tnhi\u00eau\tt\u00edn\t\u0111\u1ed3\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ed5.\tNh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00f4ng\tgi\u1ea3m\tm\u00e0\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tt\u0103ng\tl\u00ean.\tV\u1ec1 sau,\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u1ec1\tra\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\t\u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tqu\u1ed1c\tth\u00ec\ttr\u1ea3\tcho\tvua,\tthi\u00ean\tqu\u1ed1c\tth\u00ec\ttr\u1ea3 cho\t Ch\u00faa\t tr\u1eddi\u201d\t t\u1ee9c\t l\u00e0\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t kh\u00f4ng\t d\u00ednh\t d\u00e1ng\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t ch\u00ednh\t tr\u1ecb.\t Th\u1ea5y\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00e1p m\u00e3i\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng,\tc\u00e1c\tho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tLa\tM\u00e3\tngh\u0129\tt\u1edbi\tbi\u1ec7n\tph\u00e1p\tchung\ts\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m\t 311,\t m\u1ed9t\t ho\u00e0ng\t \u0111\u1ebf\t La\t M\u00e3\t \u0111\u00e3\t ra\t l\u1ec7nh\t ng\u01b0ng\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00e1p\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00edn\t \u0111\u1ed3\t Kit\u00f4. N\u0103m\t313,\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tLa\tM\u00e3\tc\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u00e0\th\u1ee3p\tph\u00e1p.\tN\u0103m\t337, m\u1ed9t\tho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tLa\tM\u00e3\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tC\u00f4nxtantinut\t\u0111\u00e3\tgia\tnh\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4. Ho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\ttheo\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnhi\u00ean\tc\u00e1c\tquan\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111ua\tnhau\ttheo\t\u0110\u1ea1o. Ng\u00e2n\t qu\u0129\t qu\u1ed1c\t gia\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t chi\t ra\t \u0111\u1ec3\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t cho\t Nh\u00e0\t th\u1edd.\t \u0110\u1ea1o\t Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttruy\u1ec1n\tb\u00e1\tr\u1ed9ng\tkh\u1eafp\ttrong\tv\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tquanh\t\u0110\u1ecba\tTrung\tH\u1ea3i.\tSau\tn\u00e0y,\tkhi \u0111\u1ebf\tqu\u1ed1c\tLa\tM\u00e3\ttan\tv\u1ee1\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tKit\u00f4\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0103n\ts\u00e2u,\tlan\tr\u1ed9ng\tkh\u1eafp\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\tVI:\tV\u0102N\tMINH\tT\u00c2Y\t\u00c2U TH\u1edcI\tTRUNG\t\u0110\u1ea0I","I.\tHo\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3nh\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh T\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\tTrung\t\u0111\u1ea1i 1.1.\tS\u1ef1\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u1ed1c\tgian\tphong\tki\u1ebfn\t\u1edf\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u : Vi\u1ec7c\t kinh\t th\u00e0nh\t La\t M\u00e3\t b\u1ecb\t th\u1ea5t\t th\u1ee7\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 476\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t coi\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed1c\t \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ee5p\t\u0111\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ebf\tqu\u1ed1c\tT\u00e2y\tLa\tM\u00e3.\tTr\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ed1ng\thoang\tt\u00e0n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ebf\tqu\u1ed1c\tLa M\u00e3,\t h\u00e0ng\t lo\u1ea1t\t c\u00e1c\t qu\u1ed1c\t gia\t m\u1edbi\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi\t nh\u01b0\t v\u01b0\u01a1ng\t qu\u1ed1c\t T\u00e2y\t G\u1ed1t,\t V\u0103ng\u0111an, Bu\u00f4cg\u00f4nh\u01a1,\t\u0110\u00f4ng\tG\u1ed1t,\tL\u00f4mbad,\tPhr\u0103ng...Trong\tc\u00e1c\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tqu\u1ed1c\tm\u1edbi\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3,\ts\u1ef1\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tqu\u1ed1c\tPhr\u0103ng\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u1edbi\tl\u1ecbch s\u1eed\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n\tc\u1ea3. L\u00e3nh\t th\u1ed5\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u01b0\u01a1ng\t qu\u1ed1c\t Phr\u0103ng\t l\u00fac\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ch\u1ec9\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t mi\u1ec1n\t b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc\tPh\u00e1p\tng\u00e0y\tnay.\tNh\u01b0ng\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tSacl\u01a1man,\tb\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t \u0111\u1ec3\t m\u1edf\t r\u1ed9ng\t l\u00e3nh\t th\u1ed5,\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t \u0111ai\t c\u1ee7a\t qu\u1ed1c\t gia Phr\u0103ng\tl\u1edbn\tg\u1ea7n\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tv\u00f9ng\tt\u00e2y\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ebf\tqu\u1ed1c\tLa\tM\u00e3\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkia. 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T\u1edbi\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\t IX,\tEcbe\t \u0111\u00e3\tth\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1ea5t\t c\u00e1c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\t nh\u1ecf\tl\u1eadp\tn\u00ean\t v\u01b0\u01a1ng\tqu\u1ed1c\t Anh. T\u00e2y\t Ban\t Nha\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi\t tr\u00ean\t c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t h\u1ee3p\t nh\u1ea5t\t Cxtila\t v\u00e0\t Arag\u00f4n,\t B\u1ed3\t \u0110\u00e0o\t Nha\t th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00f3. 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V\u0103n\t h\u1ecdc\t th\u00e0nh\t th\u1ecb\t c\u0169ng\t xu\u1ea5t\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ec3\t \u0111\u00e1p\t \u1ee9ng\t nhu\t c\u1ea7u\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ea7ng\t l\u1edbp\t th\u1ecb d\u00e2n\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea3o\tv\u00e0\t\u0111ang\tl\u1edbn\tm\u1ea1nh.\tT\u1eeb\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXII\t\u0111\u00e3\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\tnhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tthu\u1ed9c\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u1ecb\tmang\tt\u00ednh\th\u00e0i\th\u01b0\u1edbc,\t\u0111\u1ea3\tk\u00edch\tch\u1ebf\t\u0111\u1ed9\tphong ki\u1ebfn,\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u0129,\t v\u00e0\t ca\t ng\u1ee3i\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u00ecnh\t d\u00e2n.\t Ti\u00eau\t bi\u1ec3u\t giai\t \u0111o\u1ea1n\t n\u00e0y\t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m:\tDi\tch\u00fac\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tl\u1eeba,\tTh\u1ea7y\tlang\tv\u01b0\u1eddn... 3.3.\tTri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tkinh\tvi\u1ec7n: Tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t kinh\t vi\u1ec7n\t (\t scholasticism\t )\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t thu\u1eadt\t ng\u1eef\t b\u1eaft\t ngu\u1ed3n\t t\u1eeb\t ch\u1eef schola\ttrong\tch\u1eef\tLatin\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ec9\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\ttrong\tnh\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng.\t\u0110\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00f4n\th\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\ttrong\tnh\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tl\u00fac\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd.\tTri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tkinh\tvi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcoi\tl\u00e0 tri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tth\u1ed1ng\ttr\u1ecb\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tn\u1ed5i\tb\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tkinh\tvi\u1ec7n\tl\u00e0\tr\u1ea5t\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u00f4gic\th\u00ecnh\tth\u1ee9c,\tv\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ph\u00e1p\t bi\u1ec7n\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ef1c\t k\u00ec\t r\u1eafc\t r\u1ed1i.\t N\u00f3i\t chung,\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc kinh\t vi\u1ec7n\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng,\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u1ea7n\t d\u00f9ng\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\tt\u01b0\tduy\ttr\u1eebu\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111i\tt\u1edbi\tch\u00e2n\tl\u00ed,\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\tquan s\u00e1t,\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tm\u1ea5t\tc\u00f4ng\ts\u1ee9c. Khi\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u\t nh\u1eefng\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t chung,\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t kinh\t vi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u00e3 chia\tl\u00e0m\thai\tph\u00e1i,\tduy\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\tduy\tdanh.\tPh\u00e1i\tduy\tdanh\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m chung\t h\u00ecnh\t th\u00e0nh\t trong\t t\u01b0\t duy\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f3\t sau\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadt\t ;\t c\u00f2n\t ph\u00e1i\t duy\t th\u1ef1c th\u00ec\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3,\tth\u00ec\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3 trong\tt\u01b0\tduy\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\tNh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\tph\u00e1i\tduy\tth\u1ef1c\tthu\u1ed9c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tph\u00e1i\tduy\tt\u00e2m, c\u00f2n\t ph\u00e1i\t duy\t danh\t mang\t nh\u00e2n\t t\u1ed1\t duy\t v\u1eadt.\t Ch\u00ednh\t v\u00ec\t v\u1eady,\t tuy\t v\u1eabn\t tin\t ch\u00faa nh\u01b0ng\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tduy\tdanh\tv\u1eabn\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tb\u1ecb\tnghi\tng\u1edd. 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F.\tRab\u01a1le\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tPh\u00e1p,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\thi\u1ec3u\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u1ed9ng\tr\u00e3i\tc\u1ea3\tv\u1ec1\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc t\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean,\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc,\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tlu\u1eadt\tph\u00e1p.\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\ttr\u00e0o\tph\u00fang\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tc\u1ee7a\tGargantua\tv\u00e0\tPantagruen. Migel\tde\tCervantes\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tl\u1edbn\tc\u1ee7a\tT\u00e2y\tBan\tNha.\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tn\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tDon\tQuyjote.\tTh\u00f4ng\tqua\th\u00ecnh\t\u1ea3nh\tch\u00e0ng\thi\u1ec7p\ts\u0129\tl\u1ed7i\tth\u1eddi\tDon Quyjote,\t Cervantes\t \u00e1m\t ch\u1ec9\t t\u1ea5ng\t l\u1edbp\t qu\u00ed\t t\u1ed9c\t T\u00e2y\t Ban\t Nha\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t quan ni\u1ec7m\t danh\t d\u1ef1\t c\u1ed5\t h\u1ee7\t v\u00e0\t v\u1ebd\t n\u00ean\t b\u1ee9c\t tranh\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t T\u00e2y\t Ban\t Nha\t qu\u00e2n\t ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang\tb\u1ecb\tch\u00ecm\t\u0111\u1eafm\ttrong\tv\u0169ng\tl\u1ea7y\tphong\tki\u1ebfn\tl\u1ea1c\th\u1eadu. 4.2.2.\tV\u1ec1\tk\u1ecbch: Nh\u00e0\t vi\u1ebft\t k\u1ecbch\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t th\u1eddi\t ph\u1ee5c\t h\u01b0ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Anh\t c\u00f3\t t\u00ean\t l\u00e0\t W. S\u1ebfchpia.\t(William\tShakespeare\t).\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tt\u1edbi\t36\tv\u1edf\tbi,\th\u00e0i\tk\u1ecbch.\tNh\u1eefng v\u1edf\t k\u1ecbch\t n\u1ed5i\t ti\u1ebfng\t \u1ea3nh\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t t\u1edbi\t nhi\u1ec1u\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t tr\u00ean\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t nh\u01b0\t R\u00f4m\u00ea\u00f4\t v\u00e0 Giuyliet,\tHamlet,\tVua\tLia,\t\u00d4tenl\u00f4... 4.2.3.\tH\u1ed9i\tho\u1ea1,\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc: Nh\u00e0\tdanh\tho\u1ea1\tkh\u1ed5ng\tl\u1ed3\tth\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tl\u00e0\tL\u00ea\u00f4na\t\u0111\u01a1\tVanhxi\t(\tLeonardo da\tVinci),\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00dd.\t\u00d4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tho\u1ea1\ts\u0129\tthi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i\tm\u00e0 c\u00f2n\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u00f4ng\t th\u00e1i\t tr\u00ean\t nhi\u1ec1u\t l\u0129nh\t v\u1ef1c.\t \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u1ea1i\t nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c\tho\u1ea1\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng\tnh\u01b0\tB\u1eefa\tti\u1ec7c\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\t,\tN\u00e0ng\tGi\u00f4c\u00f4ng\u0111\u01a1\t(\tLa\tJoconde\t), \u0110\u1ee9c\tm\u1eb9\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\ttrinh\ttrong\thang\t\u0111\u00e1.\tT\u1eeb\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXV,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\ts\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\t c\u00e1nh\t qu\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ea9y\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t cho\t thuy\u1ec1n\t thay\t m\u00e1i\t ch\u00e8o;\t v\u1ebd\t ra\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eafc\t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00e1y\t bay\t tr\u1ef1c\t th\u0103ng,\t d\u00f9\t tho\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec3m...nh\u01b0ng\t nh\u1eefng\t k\u0129\t thu\u1eadt\t h\u1ed3i\t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng\tcho\tph\u00e9p\t\u00f4ng\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh. Mikenl\u0103ngi\u01a1\t (Michelangelo)\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi\t \u1edf\t \u00dd(1475-1564).\t \u00d4ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t danh ho\u1ea1,\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng,\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tth\u1eddi\tc\u00f2n\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tki\u1ebfn\ttr\u00fac\ts\u01b0,\tm\u1ed9t\tthi s\u0129.\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tti\u00eau\tbi\u1ec3u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tb\u1ee9c\tho\u1ea1\tS\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u1ebd\ttr\u00ean\ttr\u1ea7n\tnh\u00e0 th\u1edd\tXixtin\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3\t343\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt.\tC\u00f2n\tb\u1ee9c\tCu\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1n\tx\u00e9t\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd\ttr\u00ean\tt\u01b0\u1eddng\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tXixtin.\tV\u1ec1\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tnhi\u1ec1u\tb\u1ee9c\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u\tnh\u01b0\tpho\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tM\u00f4id\u01a1,\tNg\u01b0\u00f2i\tn\u00f4\tl\u1ec7\tb\u1ecb\ttr\u00f3i,\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tl\u00e0\tpho\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0110avid. Pho\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0110avid\t c\u1ee7a\t Mikenl\u0103ngi\u01a1\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u1ea1c\t tr\u00ean\t \u0111\u00e1\t c\u1ea9m\t th\u1ea1ch\t cao\t t\u1edbi\t 5,3","m\u00e9t.\t\u0110avid\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u00fa\tb\u00e9\tch\u0103n\tc\u1eebu\tm\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u00e0ng\tthanh ni\u00ean\t \u0111ang\t \u0111\u1ed9\t tu\u1ed5i\t m\u01b0\u1eddi\t t\u00e1m\t \u0111\u00f4i\t m\u01b0\u01a1i,\t \u0111ang\t \u0111\u1ed9\t tu\u1ed5i\t sung\t s\u1ee9c,\t v\u1edbi\t c\u01a1\t b\u1eafp kho\u1ebb\t m\u1ea1nh,\t v\u1ea7ng\t tr\u00e1n\t th\u00f4ng\t minh,\t \u00e1nh\t m\u1eaft\t t\u1ef1\t tin,\t s\u1eb5n\t s\u00e0ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tth\u1eed\tth\u00e1ch.\tM\u01b0\u1ee3n\th\u00ecnh\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0110avid,\tMikenl\u0103ngi\u01a1\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n\ts\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng\t\u0111ang\tl\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1edbp\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tdi\u1ec7n\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tm\u1edbi,\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u1ed5ng\tl\u1ed3\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u1ea3n\tsinh\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u1ed5ng\tl\u1ed3\t. Ngh\u1ec7\t thu\u1eadt\t th\u1eddi\t Ph\u1ee5c\t h\u01b0ng\t c\u00f2n\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t ngh\u1ec7\t s\u0129\t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng\tkh\u00e1c\tnh\u01b0\tRaphaen\t(\tRaffaello\t),\tGi\u00f4t\u00f4\t(Giotto\t),\tB\u00f4tixeli\t(\tBotticelli\t)... 4.2.4.\tKhoa\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean: Th\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tg\u00f3p\tc\u1ee7a\tnhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u00e0\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\td\u0169ng\tc\u1ea3m, d\u00e1m\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tsai\tl\u1ea7m\tngh\u00ecn\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1edbi\tquy\u1ec1n\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o,\tth\u1eeba\tnh\u1eadn. N.\tC\u00f4pecnic\t(\tNikolai\tKopernik\t-\t1473\t-\t1543\t)\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u0129\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tBa Lan.\t Qua\t nhi\u1ec1u\t n\u0103m\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u,\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111i\t t\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t k\u1ebft\t lu\u1eadn\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t s\u1ee3\t h\u1ed3i\t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tquay\txung\tquanh\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tquay\txung quanh\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t.\tThuy\u1ebft\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tl\u00e0\ttrung\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eady\tl\u00e0\ttr\u00e1i\th\u1eb3n\tv\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft\tTr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t trung\t t\u00e2m\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u00e0\t th\u1edd\t c\u00f4ng\t nh\u1eadn\t h\u00e0ng\t ngh\u00ecn\t n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\ttrong\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tB\u00e0n\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadn\t h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t thi\u00ean\t th\u1ec3.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t s\u1ee3\t b\u1ecb\t k\u1ebft\t t\u1ed9i,\t \u00f4ng\t ch\u01b0a\t d\u00e1m\t c\u00f4ng\t b\u1ed1.\t M\u00e3i\t t\u1edbi\t khi c\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\ts\u1eafp\tt\u1eeb\tgi\u00e3\tc\u00f5i\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1edbi\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1. Giooc\u0111an\u00f4\t Brun\u00f4\t (\t Giordano\t Bruno\t -\t 1548-1600\t ),\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u0129\t tr\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00dd.\t\u00d4ng\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ef1c\th\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u1ee9ng\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tC\u00f4pecnic\tkhi\tgi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tc\u1ea5m l\u01b0u\th\u00e0nh.\tKh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ebf,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tth\u00eam\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tC\u00f4pecnic. \u00d4ng\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng\t M\u1eb7t\t tr\u1eddi\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t trung\t t\u00e2m\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t m\u00e0\t ch\u1ec9\t l\u00e0\t trung t\u00e2m\tc\u1ee7a\tTh\u00e1i\td\u01b0\u01a1ng\th\u1ec7.\tTrong\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5,\tb\u00ean\tc\u1ea1nh\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u1ec7\tm\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c.\t\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnhi\u00ean\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tto\u00e0\t\u00e1n\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o.\tTo\u00e0\t\u00e1n\th\u1ed3i\t\u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c\t \u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u00f4ng\t b\u1ed1\t l\u1ea1i\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ecb\t qu\u1ec9\t \u00e1m\t th\u00ec\t s\u1ebd\t tha\t t\u1ed9i\t ch\u1ebft\t nh\u01b0ng\t \u00f4ng\t th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\t ch\u1ee9\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ecbu\t n\u00f3i\t tr\u00e1i\t v\u1edbi\t ni\u1ec1m\t tin\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh.\t Cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng,\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ecb thi\u00eau\ttr\u00ean\td\u00e0n\tl\u1eeda. M\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00dd\tkh\u00e1c\tl\u00e0\tGalil\u00ea\t(\tGallileo\tGallilei\t-\t1564- 1642\t )\t ti\u1ebfp\t t\u1ee5c\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t quan\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t c\u1ee7a\t C\u00f4pecnic\t v\u00e0\t Brun\u00f4.\t \u00d4ng\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\td\u00f9ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tph\u00f3ng\tto\tg\u1ea5p\t30\tl\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ec3\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tb\u1ea7u\ttr\u1eddi.\t\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3\tch\u1eefng\tminh\tl\u00e0\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng\tc\u00f3\tb\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tg\u1ed3\tgh\u1ec1\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eb5n\tb\u00f3ng; Thi\u00ean\th\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tdo\tv\u00f4\ts\u1ed1\tv\u00ec\tsao\tt\u1ea1o\tth\u00e0nh.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tsao\tch\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng\tl\u00e0\tcha\t\u0111\u1ebb\tc\u1ee7a\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u00eam,\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n\tra\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tr\u01a1i\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tv\u00e0 dao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tcon\tl\u1eafc. Ti\u1ebfn\txa\th\u01a1n,\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tl\u00e0\tK\u00eapl\u01a1\t(\tKepler\t-\t1571-1630 )\t \u0111\u00e3\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t ra\t ba\t qui\t lu\u1eadt\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadn\t h\u00e0nh\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00e0nh\t tinh","xung\tquanh\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tr\u1eb1ng\tqu\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c h\u00e0nh\ttinh\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\th\u00ecnh\ttr\u00f2n\tm\u00e0\tl\u00e0\th\u00ecnh\tel\u00edp,\tc\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tg\u1ea7n\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\tv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u00e0ng\tt\u0103ng\tl\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e0ng\txa\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tth\u00ec\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng\tch\u1eadm\tl\u1ea1i. Tri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tm\u1edbi.\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcho\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tduy\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh,\tF.\tBaic\u01a1n\t(\tFrancis Bacon\t-\t1561-\t1626\t).\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u1ec1\tcao\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tduy\tv\u1eadt\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\tph\u00ea\tph\u00e1n tri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tduy\tt\u00e2m\tv\u00e0\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tkinh\tvi\u1ec7n. 4.3.\tN\u1ed9i\tdung\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng: Phong\t tr\u00e0o\t V\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t Ph\u1ee5c\t h\u01b0ng\t tuy\t danh\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t ph\u1ee5c\t h\u01b0ng\t l\u1ea1i\t s\u1ef1\t huy ho\u00e0ng\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tHy-La\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\tn\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tnh\u1eefng\ty\u1ebfu\tt\u1ed1\tt\u1eeb\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1 Hy-La\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111\u1ea1i,\t nh\u01b0ng\t th\u1ef1c\t ch\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t m\u1edbi,\t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tkinh\tt\u1ebf-x\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tm\u1edbi\tv\u00e0\th\u1ec7\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\t\u0111ang\tl\u00ean. Qua\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tth\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tch\u00ednh\tsau: \u2022\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhong\ttr\u00e0o\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tkh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p\t th\u1eddi\t c\u1ee7a\t gi\u00e1o\t h\u1ed9i\t l\u00fac\t b\u1ea5y\t gi\u1edd\t c\u00f9ng\t t\u1ea7ng\t l\u1edbp\t qu\u00ed\t t\u1ed9c\t phong\t ki\u1ebfn.\t Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f4ng\tkhai\t\u0111\u1ea3\tk\u00edch,\tch\u00e2m\tbi\u1ebfm\tth\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tgi\u1ea3,\td\u1ed1t\tn\u00e1t c\u1ee7a\tt\u1ea7ng\tl\u1edbp\tqu\u00ed\tt\u1ed9c,\tphong\tki\u1ebfn.\tC\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tth\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh \u0111\u00f2i\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tph\u1ea3i\tkh\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tki\u1ec3m\tso\u00e1t\tb\u1edfi\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd. \u2022\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNhi\u1ec1u\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u00f4ng\tkhai\tca\tng\u1ee3i\tquy\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ed1ng\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng,\t quy\u1ec1n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t th\u1ee5.\t H\u1ecd\t ch\u1ee7\t tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00edch\tv\u00ec\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi;\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tca\tng\u1ee3i\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi...\tC\u00f3 th\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tch\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tl\u00e0\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u0103n\t(humannisme). \u2022\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhong\ttr\u00e0o\tV\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tc\u00f2n\tca\tng\u1ee3i\tt\u00ecnh\ty\u00eau\tt\u1ed5\tqu\u1ed1c,\ttinh th\u1ea7n\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tph\u1ea3i\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tv\u1ec1\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1ee5\tt\u1ea7ng\tl\u1edbp b\u00ecnh\td\u00e2n.\tV\u00ec\tv\u1eady\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tgiai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tn\u00e0y\tph\u1ea7n\tnhi\u1ec1u\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n s\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tch\u1eef\tLatin\tm\u00e0\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tch\u1eef\tvi\u1ebft\tri\u00eang\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed7i\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c. \u2022\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tth\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u00e3\td\u0169ng\tc\u1ea3m\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng quan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tph\u1ea3n\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ebf\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u1ea7m\tquy\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1eddi,\tb\u1ea5t\tch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1\t \u0111e\t do\u1ea1\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t h\u00ecnh\t ph\u1ea1t,\t k\u1ec3\t c\u1ea3\t d\u00e0n\t thi\u00eau.\t C\u00e1c\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd\t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u00f2n\t quy\u1ebft\t li\u1ec7t\t v\u00e0o\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t kinh\t vi\u1ec7n\t v\u00e0\t ch\u1ee7\t ngh\u0129a\t duy\t t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1eddi,\tl\u00e0m\tlung\tlay\tquy\u1ec1n\tuy\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tt\u0103ng\tl\u1eef. \u2022\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhong\ttr\u00e0o\tV\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tl\u00e0\tt\u1ea5m\tg\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u1ea3n\tchi\u1ebfu\ts\u1ee9c\ts\u1ed1ng m\u00e3nh\tli\u1ec7t\tc\u1ee7a\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u1ef1u\tr\u1ef1c r\u1ee1.","4.4.\t\u00dd\tngh\u0129a: Phong\ttr\u00e0o\tV\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eadn\tv\u0103n ho\u00e1,\t t\u01b0\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t giai\t c\u1ea5p\t t\u01b0\t s\u1ea3n\t \u0111ang\t l\u00ean\t ch\u1ed1ng\t l\u1ea1i\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t phong\t ki\u1ebfn,\t \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n\tb\u1ecb\tm\u1edf\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i. Phong\t tr\u00e0o\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t c\u01a1\t s\u1edf,\t m\u1edf\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t cho\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t T\u00e2y\t \u00c2u\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n trong\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tti\u1ebfp\ttheo\tsau. Phong\t tr\u00e0o\t V\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t Ph\u1ee5c\t h\u01b0ng\t c\u00f2n\t c\u00f3\t nhi\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t v\u00e0o kho\tt\u00e0ng\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i.","V.\tS\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ed9\tv\u1ec1\tk\u1ef9\tthu\u1eadt Tr\u1ea3i\tqua\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tt\u00edch\tlu\u1ef9\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m\tl\u00e2u\td\u00e0i,\tt\u1edbi\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIV\t-\tXVI v\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tk\u0129\tthu\u1eadt\t\u1edf\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ed9\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tk\u1ec3,\tc\u1ee5\tth\u1ec3\ttrong\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c khai\tkho\u00e1ng,\tluy\u1ec7n\tkim,\th\u00e0ng\th\u1ea3i\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ebf\tt\u1ea1o\tv\u0169\tkh\u00ed. Th\u1eddi\t trung\t \u0111\u1ea1i,\t h\u1ea7u\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ecdi\t vi\u1ec7c\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t l\u00e0m\t b\u1eb1ng\t tay,\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ee9c\tgi\u00f3\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc.\tV\u00ec\tv\u1eady,\tvi\u1ec7c\tc\u1ea3i\tti\u1ebfn\tngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIV\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t m\u1ed9t\t vai\t tr\u00f2\t r\u1ea5t\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng.\t L\u00fac\t \u0111\u1ea7u,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t \u0111\u1eb7t gu\u1ed3ng\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ea1nh\ts\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tch\u1ea3y\tquay\tgu\u1ed3ng.\t\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnhi\u00ean nh\u00e0\t m\u00e1y\t c\u0169ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t x\u00e2y\t k\u1ec1\t m\u00e9p\t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\t \u0110\u1ebfn\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIV,\t khi\t \u0111\u1ec3\t quay\t gu\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tcon\tk\u00eanh\td\u1eabn\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u00ean\tcao\t\u0111\u1ed5\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00e1c m\u00e1ng\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t tr\u00ean\t gu\u1ed3ng\t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\t \u0110i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t t\u1ea1o\t ra\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t l\u1edbn\t h\u01a1n\t v\u00e0\t nh\u00e0\t m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1ea5t\tthi\u1ebft\tph\u1ea3i\tk\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tcon\ts\u00f4ng\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\ts\u1ebd\tan\tto\u00e0n\th\u01a1n. Trong\t ngh\u1ec1\t khai\t kho\u00e1ng,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t bi\u1ebft\t d\u00f9ng\t m\u00e1y\t b\u01a1m\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\tdo\tc\u00e1c\tgu\u1ed3ng\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u1ec3\th\u00fat\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ea7m\tl\u00f2\tl\u00ean.\tC\u00e1c\tc\u00f4ng\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tr\u1eeda qu\u1eb7ng,\tnghi\u1ec1n\tqu\u1eb7ng\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u01a1\tgi\u1edbi\tho\u00e1. Ngh\u1ec1\tluy\u1ec7n\tkim\tc\u0169ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u01a1\tgi\u1edbi\tho\u00e1\tnh\u1edd\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc.\tNhi\u1ec1u\tl\u00f2 n\u1ea5u\t qu\u1eb7ng\t cao\t t\u1edbi\t 2\t m\u00e9t,\t 3\t m\u00e9t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u00f4ng\t gi\u00f3\t nh\u1edd\t qu\u1ea1t\t ch\u1ea1y\t b\u1eb1ng\t gu\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc,\tthay\tth\u1ebf\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00f2\tnh\u1ecf\tqu\u1ea1t\ttay\thay\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\tgi\u00f3\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkia. B\u00faa\t m\u00e1y\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t s\u1ee9c\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u0169ng\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng.\t M\u00e1y\t khoan,\t m\u00e1y m\u00e0i\tc\u0169ng\tl\u1ea7n\tl\u01b0\u1ee3t\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0nh\td\u1ec7t\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u1ea3i\tti\u1ebfn.\tM\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\txa\tk\u00e9o\ts\u1ee3i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea3i\tti\u1ebfn,\t\u0111\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng\t ch\u00e2n\t ch\u1ee9\t kh\u00f4ng\t quay\t b\u1eb1ng\t tay\t nh\u01b0\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t kia.\t Khung\t c\u1eedi\t n\u1eb1m\t ngang c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t thay\t th\u1ebf\t cho\t khung\t c\u1eedi\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t kia.\t Ch\u1ee7ng\t lo\u1ea1i,\t m\u00e0u\t s\u1eafc\t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t\tc\u0169ng\tphong\tph\u00fa\th\u01a1n. K\u0129\t thu\u1eadt\t qu\u00e2n\t s\u1ef1\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t b\u01b0\u1edbc\t ti\u1ebfn\t l\u1edbn\t nh\u1edd\t k\u0129\t thu\u1eadt\t luy\u1ec7n\t kim. N\u00f2ng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tb\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u00fac\tb\u1eb1ng\tth\u00e9p\td\u00e0y\th\u01a1n,\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n.\t\u0110\u1ea1n\tb\u1eb1ng\tgang\t\u0111\u00e3\tthay th\u1ebf\t\u0111\u1ea1n\tb\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng,\tb\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00e1\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkia\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f2n\tn\u1ed5\tl\u1ea7n\tn\u1eefa\tkhi\tch\u1ea1m\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tv\u00ec v\u1eady\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ee9c\tc\u00f4ng\tph\u00e1\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n.\tT\u1edbi\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI,\ts\u00fang\tb\u1ed9\tbinh\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tqui\tl\u00e1t\tthay th\u1ebf\t cho\t d\u00e2y\t d\u1eabn\t l\u1eeda.\t \u00c1o\t gi\u00e1p,\t m\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t c\u1ee7a\t k\u1ecb\t s\u0129\t tr\u1edf\t n\u00ean\t m\u1ea5t\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng\tv\u0169\tkh\u00ed\tm\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tt\u1ea5t\ty\u1ebfu\td\u1eabn\tt\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\ttrong\tchi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt\tqu\u00e2n\ts\u1ef1. Trong\t ng\u00e0nh\t h\u00e0ng\t h\u1ea3i,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u1eefng\t con\t t\u00e0u\t \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t v\u01b0\u1ee3t\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t d\u01b0\u01a1ng,\t m\u1ed7i\t t\u00e0u\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t c\u00f3\t trang\t b\u1ecb\t la\t b\u00e0n,\t th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tv\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ec3\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\ttr\u00ean\tbi\u1ec3n. Giai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tn\u00e0y\tngh\u1ec1\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\th\u1ed3\tc\u01a1\tkh\u00ed\tv\u00e0\tngh\u1ec1\tin\tc\u0169ng\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng\t ti\u1ebfn\t b\u1ed9\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t k\u0129\t thu\u1eadt\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t n\u0103ng\t su\u1ea5t\t lao\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u0103ng\t h\u1eb3n\t l\u00ean, t\u1ea1o\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\tcho\tkinh\tt\u1ebf\tt\u01b0\tb\u1ea3n\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n.","","VI.\tS\u1ef1\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tTin\tL\u00e0nh 6.1.\tHo\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3nh\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed: Th\u1eddi\tk\u00ec\ttrung\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\tgi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tch\u00faa\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ebf\tl\u1ef1c\tth\u1ed1ng\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tt\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tquy\u1ec1n\tuy.\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tl\u00e3nh\tch\u00faa\tphong ki\u1ebfn.\tSang\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI,\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tmu\u1ed1n\tlo\u1ea1i\tb\u1ecf\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttrong\tgi\u00e1o\tl\u00ed kh\u00f4ng\tph\u00f9\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tkinh\tdoanh\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\th\u1ecd\tmu\u1ed1n\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1o\tl\u00ed ph\u1ea3i\t ph\u00f9\t h\u1ee3p\t v\u1edbi\t tr\u00e0o\t l\u01b0u\t kinh\t doanh\t v\u00e0\t l\u1ed1i\t s\u1ed1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t gi\u00e0u\t c\u00f3 m\u1edbi\t n\u1ed5i\t l\u00ean.\t \u0110\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t nguy\u00ean\t nh\u00e2n\t s\u00e2u\t xa\t l\u00e0m\t b\u00f9ng\t n\u1ed5\t ra\t phong\t tr\u00e0o\t c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u1edf\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI. 6.2.\tPhong\ttr\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o Tin\tl\u00e0nh: \u0110\u1ea7u\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI,\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\t\u1edf\tba\tn\u01a1i:\t\u0110\u1ee9c,\tThu\u1ef5 S\u0129\tv\u00e0\tAnh. 6.2.1.\tC\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u1edf\t\u0110\u1ee9c: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u1edfi\t x\u01b0\u1edbng\t ra\t phong\t tr\u00e0o\t c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t \u1edf\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t l\u00e0\t Martin Luther\t(\t1483\t-\t1546\t),\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tcon\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ee3\tm\u1ecf\tngh\u00e8o\t\u1edf\tThirighen\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u1ecdc tr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tlu\u1eadt\ts\u01b0. N\u0103m\t 1517,\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t vi\u1ebft\t \u201cLu\u1eadn\t v\u0103n\t 95\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d\t d\u00e1n\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u1eeda\t nh\u00e0\t th\u1edd\t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t vitenbec\t t\u1ed1\t c\u00e1o\t vi\u1ec7c\t mua\t b\u00e1n\t th\u1ebb\t mi\u1ec5n\t t\u1ed9i\t h\u1ed3i\t \u0111\u00f3.\t Trong \u201cLu\u1eadn\t v\u0103n\t 95\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d\t \u00f4ng\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t mua\t b\u00e1n\t th\u1ebb\t mi\u1ec5n\t t\u1ed9i\t l\u00e0\t gi\u1ea3\t d\u1ed1i,\t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m\tl\u1ee3i\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\tn\u00f3.\t\u00d4ng\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tch\u1ec9\tc\u1ea7n\tl\u00f2ng\ttin\tv\u00e0o\t\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa\t l\u00e0\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u1ee9u\t v\u1edbt,\t ngay\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t nghi\t l\u1ec5\t ph\u1ee9c\t t\u1ea1p,\t t\u1ed1n\t k\u00e9m\t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft. Phong\t tr\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f2i\t c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t \u1edf\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u00e3\t di\u1ec5n\t ra\t r\u1ea5t\t quy\u1ebft\t li\u1ec7t.\t R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00f4ng\td\u00e2n\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tMartin\tLuther\tv\u00e0\tx\u1ea3y\tra xung\t \u0111\u1ed9t\t v\u1edbi\t gi\u00e1o\t h\u1ed9i.\t \u0110\u1ebfn\t n\u0103m\t 1555,\t nh\u1eefng\t t\u01b0\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t Luther\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng\t nh\u1eadn.\t T\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t c\u1ee7a\t Luther\t t\u1eeb\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u00e3\t lan\t sang\t nhi\u1ec1u\t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tkh\u00e1c. 6.2.2.\tC\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u1edf\tThu\u1ef5\tS\u0129:","\u0110\u1ea1i\tbi\u1ec3u\tcho\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u1edf\tThu\u1ef5\tS\u0129\tl\u00e0\tCan\tVanh\t(\tJean Calvin).\tN\u0103m\t1536\tCalvin\tcho\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tcu\u1ed1n\t\u201cThi\u1ebft\tch\u1ebf\tC\u01a1\t\u0110\u1ed1c\u201d.\tTrong\tt\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tth\u1eeba\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tv\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\ttam\tv\u1ecb\tnh\u1ea5t\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u1ec9\tch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn\tc\u00f3\tkinh\tPh\u00fac\t\u00e2m.\t\u00d4ng\tph\u00ea\tph\u00e1n\tvi\u1ec7c\ttu\th\u00e0nh\tkh\u1ed5\th\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1i quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t nh\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t l\u00f2ng\t tin.\t \u00d4ng\t c\u0169ng\t ch\u1ee7\t tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\t khuy\u1ebfn\t kh\u00edch\t vi\u1ec7c\t l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u.\tCalvin\tch\u1ee7\ttr\u01b0\u01a1ng\tgi\u1ea3m\tb\u1edbt\tnh\u1eefng\tnghi\tl\u1ec5\tphi\u1ec1n\tph\u1ee9c,\tt\u1ed1n\tk\u00e9m. \u0110i\u1ec3m\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ebft\tCalvin\tl\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tm\u1ec7nh.\t\u00d4ng\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t do\t Ch\u00faa\t Tr\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc,\t vi\u1ec7c\t b\u1ecf\t ra\t m\u1ed9t\t \u00edt\t ti\u1ec1n\t mua\t th\u1ebb mi\u1ec5n\t t\u1ed9i\t kh\u00f4ng\t gi\u1ea3i\t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u00ec.\t Nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t l\u00e0\t \u00f4ng\t ch\u1ed1ng\t l\u1ea1i\t vi\u1ec7c\t b\u00e1n\t th\u1ebb mi\u1ec5n\tt\u1ed9i,\tcho\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u00f2\tl\u1eeba\tb\u1ecbp. C\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t \u1edf\t Thu\u1ef5\t S\u0129\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u1ea3o\t m\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u1ee7ng\t h\u1ed9. Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1\t (\t Gen\u00e8ve)\t tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh\t trung\t t\u00e2m\t phong\t tr\u00e0o\t c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t \u1edf\t T\u00e2y \u00c2u. 6.2.3.\tC\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u1edf\tAnh: T\u1eeb\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI,\tkinh\tt\u1ebf\tt\u01b0\tb\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tkh\u00e1\tm\u1ea1nh\t\u1edf\tAnh.\tGiai\tc\u1ea5p t\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tl\u1edbn\tm\u1ea1nh\tmu\u1ed1n\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tm\u1edbi\tph\u00f9\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c\tkinh\tdoanh\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd. L\u00fac\t \u0111\u00f3\t nh\u00e0\t th\u1edd\t \u1edf\t Anh\t c\u00f2n\t chi\u1ebfm\t kh\u00e1\t nhi\u1ec1u\t ru\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u1ea5t.\t Vua\t Anh\t c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n\tl\u1ea5y\tl\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tru\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tv\u00e0\tlo\u1ea1i\tb\u1ecf\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i\tR\u00f4ma\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tquy\u1ec1n. Nh\u00e2n\tvi\u1ec7c\tGi\u00e1o\tho\u00e0ng\tph\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tvi\u1ec7c\tb\u1ecf\tv\u1ee3\tc\u1ee7a\tvua\tAnh\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tHenri VIII,\tHenri\tVIII\t\u0111\u00e3\tban\t\u201cS\u1eafc\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u1ec1\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ed1i\tcao\u201d\tv\u00e0o\tn\u0103m\t1534,\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1 c\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ee9t\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t v\u1edbi\t gi\u00e1o\t h\u1ed9i\t R\u00f4ma\t v\u00e0\t th\u00e0nh\t l\u1eadp\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u00e1o\t h\u1ed9i\t ri\u00eang\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0 Anh\tgi\u00e1o. Anh\t gi\u00e1o\t do\t vua\t Anh\t l\u00e0m\t gi\u00e1o\t ch\u1ee7,\t nh\u01b0ng\t m\u1ecdi\t gi\u00e1o\t l\u00ed,\t nghi\t l\u1ec5,\t ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0m\t th\u00ec\t v\u1eabn\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t Thi\u00ean\t Ch\u00faa.\t C\u00e1c\t gi\u00e1o\t ph\u1ea9m\t th\u00ec\t do\t vua\t Anh\t b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m,\tm\u1ecdi\tru\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tR\u00f4ma\tb\u1ecb\tch\u00ednh\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ecbch\tthu.\tAnh\tgi\u00e1o nh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\tch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n.\tT\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tAnh\tc\u1ea7n\tc\u00f3 c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t tri\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ec3\t h\u01a1n,\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t d\u1eabn\t t\u1edbi\t Thanh\t gi\u00e1o\t (\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t trong\t s\u1ea1ch). Thanh\tgi\u00e1o\txo\u00e1\tb\u1ecf\th\u1ebft\tt\u00e0n\td\u01b0\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa,\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tho\u00e1\tc\u00e1c\tnghi\tl\u1ec5, c\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ee9t\tquan\th\u1ec7\tv\u1edbi\tAnh\tgi\u00e1o.\tH\u1ecd\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u1eadp\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tri\u00eang,\tc\u1ea7m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0 c\u00e1c\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u00e3o\tdo\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00edn\t\u0111\u1ed3\tb\u1ea7u\tra. Nh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI\t\u1edf\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tgi\u00e1o\tph\u00e1i\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00e3\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi.\tC\u00e1c\tgi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i\t n\u00e0y\t \u1edf\t c\u00e1c\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau,\t gi\u00e1o\t l\u00ed\t c\u1ee5\t th\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t kh\u00f4ng\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nhau nh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnhau\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tho\u00e1\tc\u00e1c\tnghi\tl\u1ec5,\tc\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ee9t\tquan\th\u1ec7 v\u1edbi\tGi\u00e1o\tho\u00e0ng\tv\u00e0\tto\u00e0\tth\u00e1nh\tR\u00f4ma.\tH\u1ecd\tch\u1ec9\ttin\tv\u00e0o\tkinh\tPh\u00fac\t\u00e2m.\tCh\u1eef\tPh\u00fac \u00e2m\tc\u00f3\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\ttin\tm\u1eebng,\ttin\tl\u00e0nh,\tn\u00ean\tsau\tn\u00e0y\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tg\u1ecdi\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tm\u1edbi\tl\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o\tTin\tl\u00e0nh.","","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\tVII:\tS\u1ef0\tXU\u1ea4T\tHI\u1ec6N\tV\u0102N MINH\tC\u00d4NG\tNGHI\u1ec6P","I.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh\tc\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 1.1.\tPhong\ttr\u00e0o\tph\u00e1t\tki\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ecba\tl\u00ed\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXV-XVI: 1.1.1.\tNguy\u00ean\tnh\u00e2n: Th\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXV,\tkinh\tt\u1ebf\th\u00e0ng\tho\u00e1\t\u1edf\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u00e1\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n,\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t t\u0103ng\t cao.\t Giai\t c\u1ea5p\t t\u01b0\t s\u1ea3n\t T\u00e2y\t \u00c2u\t mu\u1ed1n\t m\u1edf\t r\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ecb\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u00f4ng,\tm\u01a1\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tngu\u1ed3n\tv\u00e0ng\tb\u1ea1c\tt\u1eeb\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i\t T\u00e2y\t \u00c2u,\t t\u1ea7ng\t l\u1edbp\t gi\u00e0u\t c\u00f3\t c\u0169ng\t t\u0103ng\t l\u00ean\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t nhu\t c\u1ea7u\t v\u1ec1\t c\u00e1c\t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t s\u1ea3n,\t cao\t c\u1ea5p\t c\u00f3\t ngu\u1ed3n\t g\u1ed1c\t t\u1eeb\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0110\u00f4ng\t nh\u01b0\t ti\u00eau,\t qu\u1ebf,\t tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng,\tl\u1ee5a\tt\u01a1\tt\u1eb1m,\tng\u00e0\tvoi...\tt\u0103ng\tv\u1ecdt\th\u1eb3n\tl\u00ean. Trong\tkhi\t\u0111\u00f3,\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tt\u01a1\tl\u1ee5a\tm\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft\tt\u1eeb\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111ang\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ebf\tqu\u1ed1c\tTh\u1ed5\tNh\u0129\tK\u00ec\ttheo\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tH\u1ed3i\tchi\u1ebfm\tgi\u1eef,\t\u0111i\tqua\tch\u1ec9 c\u00f3\tm\u1ea5t\tm\u1ea1ng,\tv\u00ec\tv\u1eady\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00ecm\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111i\tm\u1edbi\ttr\u00ean\tbi\u1ec3n. L\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tT\u00e2y\t\u00c2u\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttin\tv\u00e0o\tgi\u1ea3\tthuy\u1ebft\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\th\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.\tH\u1ecd\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00f3ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tcon\tt\u00e0u\tbu\u1ed3m\t\u0111\u00e1y\tnh\u1ecdn,\tth\u00e0nh\tcao,\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\t\u0111\u1ea1i\td\u01b0\u01a1ng,\tm\u1ed7i\tt\u00e0u\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tla\tb\u00e0n\tv\u00e0\tth\u01b0\u1edbc\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tv\u1ecb,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3\tt\u0103ng\tth\u00eam\ts\u1ef1\tquy\u1ebft\tt\u00e2m\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tthu\u1ef7\tth\u1ee7\td\u0169ng\tc\u1ea3m. 1.1.2.\tNh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t\tki\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ecba\tl\u00ed\tl\u1edbn\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXV-XVI: T\u00e2y\t Ban\t Nha\t v\u00e0\t B\u1ed3\t \u0110\u00e0o\t Nha\t l\u00e0\t hai\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111i\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t trong\t phong\t tr\u00e0o\t ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ecba\t l\u00ed.\t N\u0103m\t 1415\t m\u1ed9t\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u00e0ng\t h\u1ea3i\t do\t ho\u00e0ng\t t\u1eed\t Henri\t c\u1ee7a\t B\u1ed3\t \u0110\u00e0o Nha\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u1eadp\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ea3o\ttr\u1ee3.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3,\th\u00e0ng\tn\u0103m\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tB\u1ed3\t\u0110\u00e0o\tNha\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c\tth\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m\tmen\ttheo\tb\u1edd\tbi\u1ec3n\tph\u00eda\tt\u00e2y\tCh\u00e2u\tPhi. 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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t T\u00e2y\t Ban\t Nha\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111i\t t\u00ecm\t \u1ea4n\t \u0110\u1ed9\t theo\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t M\u1eb7t\t tr\u1eddi\t l\u1eb7n.\t N\u0103m 1492,\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111o\u00e0n\tth\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m\tdo\tC.\tC\u00f4l\u00f4ng\t(\tC.\tColombus)\tch\u1ec9\thuy\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ea3o\t mi\u1ec1n\t trung\t Ch\u00e2u\t M\u0129,\t nh\u01b0ng\t \u00f4ng\t l\u1ea1i\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u00e3\t t\u1edbi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u1ea4n\t \u0110\u1ed9. \u00d4ng\t g\u1ecdi\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u1ed5\t d\u00e2n\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t Indians.\t Sau\t n\u00e0y,\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t h\u00e0ng\t h\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u00dd\t l\u00e0\t Amerigo\t Vespucci\t m\u1edbi\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t ra\t \u1ea4n\t \u0110\u1ed9\t c\u1ee7a\t C\u00f4l\u00f4ng\t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t \u1ea4n\t \u0110\u1ed9\t m\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u00f9ng\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Ch\u00e2u\t \u00c2u. Amerigo\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3.\tV\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00f3\tsau","n\u00e0y\tmang\tt\u00ean\tAmerica.\tTh\u1eadt\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tti\u1ebfc\tcho\tC.\tC\u00f4l\u00f4ng. 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Sau\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t\tki\u1ebfn\tn\u00e0y,\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfp\tx\u00fac\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\ttr\u00ean th\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\tdo\tc\u00e1c\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\tc\u00f3\tngu\u00f4n\tg\u1ed1c\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00e1c\tgi\u00e1o s\u0129,\tnh\u00e0\tbu\u00f4n,\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkhai\tph\u00e1\tv\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tm\u1edbi,\tnh\u1eefng\tqu\u00e2n\tnh\u00e2n... M\u1ed9t\tl\u00e0n\ts\u00f3ng\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n\td\u00e2n\tc\u01b0\tl\u1edbn\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\ttrong\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVI-XVIII v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t d\u00f2ng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Ch\u00e2u\t \u00c2u\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t sang\t Ch\u00e2u\t M\u0129,\t Ch\u00e2u\t \u00dac.\t Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4\tl\u1ec7\tda\t\u0111en\tc\u0169ng\tb\u1ecb\tc\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tb\u1ee9c\tr\u1eddi\tkh\u1ecfi\tqu\u00ea\th\u01b0\u01a1ng\tx\u1ee9\ts\u1edf\tsang\tCh\u00e2u\tM\u0129\t. 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B\u01b0\u1edbc\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tqua\th\u00e0ng\tlo\u1ea1t\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tnh\u01b0:\tC\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tH\u00e0\tLan\t(\t1566-1572),\tC\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tAnh (1640-1689),\t Chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t gi\u00e0nh\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t l\u1eadp\t \u1edf\t B\u1eafc\t M\u0129\t (1775-1783),\t C\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tPh\u00e1p(1789-1799)... 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V\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1eafng\tl\u1ee3i\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia t\u01b0\t b\u1ea3n,\t c\u00f4ng\t th\u01b0\u01a1ng\t nghi\u1ec7p\t \u0111\u00e3\t c\u00f3\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t m\u1ea1nh\t m\u1ebd.\t L\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed nh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i\t\u0111ang\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tsang\tm\u1ed9t\tgiai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tv\u0103n\tminh\tm\u1edbi.","II.\tCu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p 2.1.\tNh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\td\u1eabn\tt\u1edbi\tcu\u1ed9c\tC\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tc\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\t\u1edf\tAnh: 2.1.1.\tV\u1ec1\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean: Anh\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tm\u1ecf\tthan,\ts\u1eaft\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tm\u1ecf\tn\u00e0y\tl\u1ea1i\tn\u1eb1m\tg\u1ea7n\tnhau,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tr\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn\tl\u1ee3i\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tkinh\tt\u1ebf\tkhi\tkh\u1edfi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p. 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C\u00e1c\t d\u00f2ng\t s\u00f4ng\t \u1edf\t Anh\t tuy\t kh\u00f4ng\t d\u00e0i\t nh\u01b0ng\t s\u1ee9c\t ch\u1ea3y\t kh\u00e1\t m\u1ea1nh,\t \u0111\u1ee7\t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y\tc\u00e1c\tm\u00e1y\tv\u1eadn\th\u00e0nh\tb\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc.\tH\u1ea3i\tc\u1ea3ng\tAnh\tthu\u1eadn\tl\u1ee3i\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0a\th\u00e0ng ho\u00e1\t\u0111i\tkh\u1eafp\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi. 2.1.2.\tV\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i: Giai\tc\u1ea5p\tqu\u00ed\tt\u1ed9c\tAnh\ts\u1edbm\ttham\tgia\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7c\tkinh\tdoanh\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecd\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng\t l\u1edbp\t qu\u00ed\t t\u1ed9c\t m\u1edbi,\t c\u00f3\t quy\u1ec1n\t l\u1ee3i\t g\u1eafn\t li\u1ec1n\t v\u1edbi\t t\u01b0\t s\u1ea3n,\t c\u00f3\t c\u00e1ch\t nh\u00ecn\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. Nhu\tc\u1ea7u\tv\u1ec1\tl\u00f4ng\tc\u1eebu\t\u0111\u00e3\td\u1eabn\tt\u1edbi\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\t\u0111u\u1ed5i\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00f4ng\td\u00e2n ra\tkh\u1ecfi\tru\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tqu\u00ed\tt\u1ed9c\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ea5t\t\u0111ai\t\u0111\u00f3\tth\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tc\u1ecf\tnu\u00f4i\tc\u1eebu. L\u1ef1c\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t n\u00f4ng\t d\u00e2n\t b\u1ecb\t d\u1ed3n\t \u0111u\u1ed5i\t ra\t kh\u1ecfi\t ru\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u00e3\t cung\t c\u1ea5p\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn\tlao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tth\u1ee7\tc\u00f4ng\t\u1edf\tc\u00e1c\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u1ecb. 2.2.\tNh\u1eefng\tth\u00e0ng\tt\u1ef1u\tc\u1ee7a\tC\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p: N\u0103m\t 1733\t John\t Kay\t \u0111\u00e3\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t ra\t \u201cthoi\t bay\u201d.\t Ph\u00e1t\t minh\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tth\u1ee3\td\u1ec7t\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tlao\tthoi\tb\u1eb1ng\ttay\tv\u00e0\tn\u0103ng\tsu\u1ea5t\tlao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ea1i\tt\u0103ng\tg\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. N\u0103m\t1765\tGi\u00eam\tHagriv\u01a1\t(\tJames\tHagreaves\t)\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebf\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tchi\u1ebfc\txa\tk\u00e9o s\u1ee3i\tk\u00e9o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t8\tc\u1ecdc\ts\u1ee3i\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00fac.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u1ea5y\tt\u00ean\tcon\tm\u00ecnh\tl\u00e0\tGienny\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tcho m\u00e1y\t\u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m\t 1769,\t Akrai\t (\t Richard\t Arkrwight\t )\t \u0111\u00e3\t c\u1ea3i\t ti\u1ebfn\t vi\u1ec7c\t k\u00e9o\t s\u1ee3i\t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\tb\u1eb1ng\ttay\tm\u00e0\tb\u1eb1ng\ts\u00fac\tv\u1eadt,\tsau\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tk\u00e9o\tb\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m\t1785,\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\ttrong\tng\u00e0nh\td\u1ec7t\tl\u00e0\tm\u00e1y\td\u1ec7t\tv\u1ea3i\tc\u1ee7a\tlinh m\u1ee5c\t\u00c9tm\u00f4n\tCacrai\t(Edmund\tCartwright).\tM\u00e1y\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u0103ng\tn\u0103ng\tsu\u1ea5t\td\u1ec7t\tl\u00ean","t\u1edbi\t40\tl\u1ea7n. Ph\u00e1t\tminh\ttrong\tng\u00e0nh\td\u1ec7t\tc\u0169ng\tt\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tsang\tc\u00e1c\tng\u00e0nh\tkh\u00e1c.\tL\u00fac\tb\u1ea5y gi\u1edd,\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tm\u00e1y\td\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tg\u1ea7n\ts\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tch\u1ea3y,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\t b\u1ea5t\t ti\u1ec7n\t r\u1ea5t\t nhi\u1ec1u\t m\u1eb7t.\t N\u0103m\t 1784,\t Gi\u00eam\t O\u00e1t\t (James\t Watt)\t ph\u1ee5\t t\u00e1\t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t \u0111\u00e3\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t ra\t m\u00e1y\t h\u01a1i\t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\t Nh\u1edd\t ph\u00e1t minh\t n\u00e0y,\t nh\u00e0\t m\u00e1y\t d\u1ec7t\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t b\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee9\t n\u01a1i\t n\u00e0o.\t Kh\u00f4ng\t nh\u1eefng\t th\u1ebf\t ph\u00e1t minh\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tcoi\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed1c\tm\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u01a1\tgi\u1edbi\tho\u00e1. Ng\u00e0nh\tluy\u1ec7n\tkim\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tti\u1ebfn\tl\u1edbn.\tN\u0103m\t1784\tHenry\tCort\t\u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm\t ra\t c\u00e1ch\t luy\u1ec7n\t s\u1eaft\t \u201cpuddling\u201d.\t M\u1eb7c\t d\u00f9\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ph\u00e1p\t c\u1ee7a\t Henry\t Cort\t \u0111\u00e3 luy\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1eaft\tc\u00f3\tch\u1ea5t\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\th\u01a1n\tnh\u01b0ng\tv\u1eabn\tch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u\tv\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9\tb\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00e1y\tm\u00f3c.\tN\u0103m\t1885,\tHenry\tBessemer\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tra\tl\u00f2\tcao\tc\u00f3 kh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tluy\u1ec7n\tgang\tl\u1ecfng\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u00e9p.\tPh\u00e1t\tminh\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u1ec1\ty\u00eau c\u1ea7u\tcao\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ed1\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ea5t\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tth\u00e9p\th\u1ed3i\t\u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t c\u0169ng\t di\u1ec5n\t ra\t trong\t ng\u00e0nh\t giao\t th\u00f4ng\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ea3i.\t N\u0103m\t 1804, chi\u1ebfc\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tm\u00e1y\txe\tl\u1eeda\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tch\u1ea1y\tb\u1eb1ng\th\u01a1i\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00e3\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi.\t\u0110\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1829, v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t xe\t l\u1eeda\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00ean\t t\u1edbi\t 14\t d\u1eb7m\/gi\u1edd.\t Th\u00e0nh\t c\u00f4ng\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t b\u00f9ng\t n\u1ed5\t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\ts\u1eaft\t\u1edf\tCh\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tv\u00e0\tM\u0129. 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Giai\t c\u1ea5p\t v\u00f4\t s\u1ea3n\t c\u0169ng\t ng\u00e0y\t c\u00e0ng\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ed1\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\t V\u1edbi\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ef1c\tkh\u1ed5\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3,\tm\u1ed7i\tng\u00e0y\tl\u1ea1i\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tt\u1eeb\t12\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t15\tgi\u1edd\tn\u00ean\tnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh\tc\u1ee7a\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tv\u00f4\ts\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u1edbm\tn\u1ed5\tra. N\u0103m\t 1811\t -\t 1812,\t \u1edf\t Anh\t \u0111\u00e3\t n\u1ed5\t ra\t phong\t tr\u00e0o\t \u0111\u1eadp\t ph\u00e1\t m\u00e1y\t m\u00f3c.\t \u0110\u00f3\t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\tbi\u1ec3u\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh\tb\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t. B\u00e3i\t c\u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u0169\t kh\u00ed\t \u0111\u1ea5u\t tranh\t ph\u1ed5\t bi\u1ebfn\t c\u1ee7a\t giai\t c\u1ea5p\t v\u00f4\t s\u1ea3n.\t Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c\tb\u00e3i\tc\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u1ed5\tra.\t\u1ede\tAnh,\t1836\t-\t1848\tc\u00f2n\tn\u1ed5\tra\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tHi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quy\u1ebft\tli\u1ec7t\th\u01a1n,\t\u1edf\tPh\u00e1p,\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tc\u00f2n\tn\u1ed5\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tkh\u1edfi\tngh\u0129a.\tN\u0103m\t1831 -\t 1834\t t\u1ea1i\t Lion\t (Ph\u00e1p)\t v\u00e0\t S\u01a1l\u00eadin\t (\u0110\u1ee9c)\t \u0111\u00e3\t n\u1ed5\t ra\t nh\u1eefng\t cu\u1ed9c\t kh\u1edfi\t ngh\u0129a. Nh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh\tn\u00e0y\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tv\u00f4\ts\u1ea3n\t\u0111ang\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u1ef1c\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tl\u1eadp,\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1ed1ng\ttr\u1ecb\tc\u1ee7a\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tt\u01b0\ts\u1ea3n.","III.\tNh\u1eefng\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tKHKT\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ea1i 3.1.\tNh\u1eefng\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1o\tn\u00ean\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\ttri\tth\u1ee9c\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVII-XVIII: Trong\thai\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVII\tv\u00e0\tXVIII,\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u1ef1u l\u1edbn\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tng\u00e0nh\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n,\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00ed,\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc,\ty\th\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tv\u00e0\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tC\u00f4p\u00e9cnic\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc\t\u0110\u1ee9c,\tGi\u00f4han\tK\u00eaple\t(Johann\tKepler).\tK\u00eaple\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\t3\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u1ec1 s\u1ef1\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t thi\u00ean\t th\u1ec3.\t \u0110\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t th\u1ee9\t nh\u1ea5t,\t \u00f4ng\t kh\u1eb3ng\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tquanh\tM\u1eb7t\tTr\u1eddi,\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ebf\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\ttr\u00f2n\tm\u00e0\tl\u00e0\th\u00ecnh\tel\u00edp.\t\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt\tth\u1ee9\thai,\tK\u00eaple\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\tt\u0103ng\tl\u00ean khi\t \u0111ang\t t\u1edbi\t g\u1ea7n\t M\u1eb7t\t Tr\u1eddi\t v\u00e0\t gi\u1ea3m\t d\u1ea7n\t khi\t n\u00f3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t xa\t M\u1eb7t\t Tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tth\u1ee9\tba,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tx\u00e1c\tl\u1eadp\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00f4ng\tth\u1ee9c\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tgi\u1eefa\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tc\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00f2ng\tquanh\tM\u1eb7t\tTr\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tgi\u1eefa n\u00f3\tv\u1edbi\tM\u1eb7t\tTr\u1eddi. Galil\u00ea\u00f4\t Galil\u00ea\t (Galileo\t Galilei),\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t thi\u00ean\t v\u0103n\t h\u1ecdc\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u00dd\t \u0111\u00e3\t ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o\tra\tk\u00ednh\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\t\u0111\u1ec3\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tb\u1ea7u\ttr\u1eddi.\tGalil\u00ea\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tnhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tC\u00f4pecnic.\t\u00d4ng\tc\u00f2n\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttr\u1ef1c\tti\u1ebfp\tl\u00e0m\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ec1 s\u1ef1\t r\u01a1i\t t\u1ef1\t do\t tr\u00ean\t th\u00e1p\t nghi\u00eang\t Piza...C\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00f3i\t Galil\u00ea\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ti\u1ebfn\t h\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng\t lo\u1ea1t\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t c\u00f3\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng.\t V\u00ec\t v\u1eady,\t sau\t n\u00e0y\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t coi Galil\u00ea\tl\u00e0\tcha\t\u0111\u1ebb\tc\u1ee7a\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u1ec7m\ttrong\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00ed\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Anh,\t William\t Gilbert\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t quy\u1ec3n\t s\u00e1ch\t xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n\tn\u0103m\t1600\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0110\u1ea5t\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1ee5c\tnam\tch\u00e2m\tkh\u1ed5ng\tl\u1ed3\tt\u1ea1o\tra m\u1ed9t\t t\u1eeb\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t (nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t m\u1ea1nh),\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t l\u00e0m\t kim\t la\t b\u00e0n\t ch\u1ec9\t xoay\t v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng\t B\u1eafc.\t \u00d4ng\t c\u00f2n\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u\t v\u1ec1\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u0129nh\t \u0111i\u1ec7n.\t \u00d4ng\t th\u1ea5y\t r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\th\u1ed5\tph\u00e1ch\tkhi\tb\u1ecb\tch\u00e0\tx\u00e1t\tm\u1edbi\th\u00fat\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tnh\u1eb9\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c\tnh\u01b0\tthu\u1ef7\ttinh\t...\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady.\t\u00d4ng\tg\u1ecdi\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\th\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch\t -\t electric.\t (\t electric\t do\t t\u1eeb\t electron\t theo\t ti\u1ebfng\t Hy\t L\u1ea1p\t c\u00f3\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch). Niut\u01a1n\t(\tI\t.\tNewton\t)\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcoi\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0 v\u1eadt\t l\u00ed\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XVIII.\t \u0110\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t Niut\u01a1n\t n\u1eb1m trong\t3\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tmang\tt\u00ean\t\u00f4ng\tm\u00e0\tn\u1ed5i\tb\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tV\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn.\tC\u00f3 th\u1ec3\t coi\t Niut\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t h\u00f2n\t \u0111\u00e1\t t\u1ea3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00ed\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111i\u1ec3n.\t T\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a Niut\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tC\u00e1c\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00ed\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean V\u1ec1\t ho\u00e1\t h\u1ecdc,\t Joseph\t Priestley\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t lu\u1eadt\t s\u01b0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Anh\t \u0111\u00e3\t kh\u00e1m\t ph\u00e1\t ra","oxy. Y\th\u1ecdc\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ed9.\tAdreas\tVesalius,\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec9\t\u0111\u00e3\tcho\tin\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tV\u1ec1\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u01a1\tth\u1ec3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\t\u0110\u1ec3\tvi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch n\u00e0y,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u1ea3i\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tt\u1eed\tthi.\t\u00d4ng\tph\u00ea\tph\u00e1n\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft\tv\u00f9i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tv\u00e0o\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\ty\th\u1ecdc\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i. Hacv\u00e2y\t(William\tHarvey),\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tsinh\tl\u00ed\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh\t\u0111\u00e3\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tr\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u\tv\u1ec1\th\u1ec7\ttu\u1ea7n\tho\u00e0n\tc\u1ee7a\tchim,\tc\u00e1,\t\u1ebfch.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tv\u1ec1\th\u1ec7\ttu\u1ea7n\tho\u00e0n\tm\u00e1u trong\tc\u01a1\tth\u1ec3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tqua\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tTi\u1ebfn\t h\u00e0nh\t gi\u1ea3i\t ph\u1eabu\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\ttim\tv\u00e0\tm\u00e1u\ttrong\tc\u01a1\tth\u1ec3\tlo\u00e0i\tv\u1eadt. 3.2.\tNh\u1eefng\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc,\tk\u0129\tthu\u1eadt\tn\u1ed5i\tb\u1eadt\ttrong th\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX: Cu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\ttri\tth\u1ee9c\ttrong\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXVIII\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\tcho\tnh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ed9\t\u1edf\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tsau. \u0110ant\u01a1n\t (John\t Dalton),\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u00e1o\t vi\u00ean\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Anh\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ecdi\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u1ea5u\tt\u1ea1o\tb\u1edfi\tc\u00e1c\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed.\tNguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ea5t\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tth\u00ec\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau.\t C\u00e1c\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t h\u1ee3p\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1eebng\t \u0111\u01a1n\t v\u1ecb\t (\t b\u00e2y\t gi\u1edd\t ta\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n\tt\u1eed).\t\u00d4ng\tc\u00f2n\tmi\u00eau\tt\u1ea3\tch\u00fang\tb\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tth\u1ee9c\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t ho\u00e1\t h\u1ecdc\t l\u00e0\t B\u1ea3ng\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t tu\u1ea7n\t ho\u00e0n\t n\u0103m 1869\tc\u1ee7a\tDmitri\tMendeleev,\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc\tNga.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tx\u1eafp\tx\u1ebfp\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1\t h\u1ecdc\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1eebng\t nh\u00f3m\t theo\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ri\u00eang,\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t ri\u00eang\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng\t c\u00f2n\t d\u1ef1\t \u0111o\u00e1n\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t ch\u1ea5t\t m\u00e0\t lo\u00e0i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t s\u1ebd\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t ra\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u1ea5p\t v\u00e0o\t ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng\ttrong\tB\u1ea3ng\ttu\u1ea7n\tho\u00e0n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tkinh\tng\u1ea1c. N\u0103m\t 1800,\t Vonta\t (\u00dd)\t \u0111\u00e3\t ch\u1ebf\t t\u1ea1o\t ra\t pin\t do\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t ho\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc.\t N\u0103m\t 1831,\t Michael\t Faraday\t (Anh)\t \u0111\u00e3\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t d\u00f2ng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t s\u1ebd\t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\tkhi\tta\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u1ed1ng\td\u00e2y\tqua\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng.\tPh\u00e1t\tminh\tc\u1ee7a\tFaraday\t\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tcho\tvi\u1ec7c\tch\u1ebf\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tm\u00e1y\tph\u00e1t\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tsau\tn\u00e0y. N\u0103m\t 1860\t Macxel\t (James\t Clerk\t Maxwell),\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0a\t ra\t l\u00ed\t thuy\u1ebft\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a\t s\u00f3ng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u1eeb\t m\u00e0\t trong\t kho\u1ea3ng\t m\u1eaft\t ta\t nh\u00ecn\t th\u1ea5y\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t T\u1edbi\t n\u0103m\t 1885, Heinrich\tHertz\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u1ea1i\ts\u00f3ng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau.\tSau\tn\u00e0y\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tl\u1ea5y\tt\u00ean\tHertz\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tcho\t\u0111\u01a1n\tv\u1ecb\t\u0111o\tchu\tk\u00ec. N\u0103m\t 1895,\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t kh\u00e1c\t l\u00e0\t R\u01a1nghen\t (Wilhelm Roentgen)\t \u0111\u00e3\t t\u1ea1o\t ra\t m\u1ed9t\t lo\u1ea1i\t tia\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u00e2m\t xuy\u00ean\t qua\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t r\u1eafn,\t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\txuy\u00ean\tqua\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t\u00d4ng\tg\u1ecdi\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\ttia\tX\t. N\u0103m\t 1898,\t hai\t \u00f4ng\t b\u00e0\t Pierre\t v\u00e0\t Marie\t Curie\t (\t Ph\u00e1p)\t \u0111\u00e3\t tinh\t ch\u1ebf\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t\tradium\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n\tra\tt\u00ednh\tph\u00f3ng\tx\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3. V\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t th\u00f4ng\t tin,\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t ph\u1ea3i\t k\u1ec3\t t\u1edbi\t l\u00e0\t n\u0103m\t 1876","Alexander\t Graham\t Bell\t \u0111\u00e3\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t ra\t m\u00e1y\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t tho\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean.\t 1879 Thomas\tA.\tEdison\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tcho\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tph\u00e1t\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1ee5\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\t. V\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t k\u0129\t thu\u1eadt,\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIX\t kh\u00ed\t \u0111\u1ed1t\t v\u00e0\t gas\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Anh\t v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p\t\u0111\u01b0a\tv\u00e0o\tph\u1ee5cv\u1ee5\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng.\t1897\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u0129\ts\u01b0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tl\u00e0\tR\t.\tDiesel\t\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf\t ra\t m\u1ed9t\t lo\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u01a1\t \u0111\u1ed1t\t trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea7n\t bugi,\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t d\u1ea7u\t c\u1eb7n\t nh\u1eb9. \u0110\u1ed9ng\tc\u01a1\tDiesel\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\tmang\tt\u00ean\t\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1\ty\th\u1ecdc,\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX\tph\u1ea3i\tk\u1ec3\tt\u1edbi\tLouis\tPasteur (Ph\u00e1p),\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ebf\tra\tc\u00e1ch\tng\u1eeba\tb\u1ec7nh\tm\u1edbi\tl\u00e0\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tvaccin. V\u1ec1\t Sinh\t h\u1ecdc,\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIX\t ph\u1ea3i\t k\u1ec3\t t\u1edbi\t Charles Darwin.\tN\u0103m\t1859\t\u0110acuyn\t\u0111\u00e3\tcho\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNgu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u00e0i\tqua con\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tch\u1ecdn\tl\u1ecdc\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean.\tTrong\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\t3\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu:\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh\tsinh\tt\u1ed3n,\tch\u1ecdn\tl\u1ecdc\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean,\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u1ed1ng\tth\u00edch\t\u1ee9ng\tv\u1edbi m\u00f4i\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tt\u1ed1t\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111i\u1ec3n. V\u1ec1\tdi\ttruy\u1ec1n\th\u1ecdc,\tGregor\tMendel\t(\u00c1o)\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh s\u1ef1\t di\t truy\u1ec1n\t nh\u1eefng\t ph\u1ea9m\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ebf\t h\u1ec7\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t cho\t th\u1ebf\t h\u1ec7\t sau\t qua\t nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n\tt\u1eed\tc\u1ef1c\tnh\u1ecf,\tm\u00e0\tsau\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tgien. V\u1ec1\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00ed\th\u1ecdc,\tcu\u1ed1i\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX\tc\u00f3\thai\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u00e0\tc\u1ee7a\tPapl\u1ed1p (Ivan\t Pavlov)\t v\u00e0\t Fr\u01a1t\t (Sigmund\t Freud).\t Papl\u00f4p\t \u0111\u00e3\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t ra\t ph\u1ea3n\t x\u1ea1\t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n.Th\u1eed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tPapl\u00f4p\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u00e0nh\tvi\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1eb1ng\tl\u00ed\ttr\u00ed,\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tph\u1ea3n\t\u1ee9ng\tm\u00e1y\tm\u00f3c\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c\t k\u00edch\t th\u00edch\t \u0111\u00e3\t tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1eadp\t t\u00ednh.\t C\u00f2n\t h\u1ecdc\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t Fr\u01a1t\t th\u00ec\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\txu\u1ea5t\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u,\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tmu\u1ed1n\tti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.\tFr\u01a1t\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tng\u00e0nh\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ecdc 3.3.\tNh\u1eefng\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ea1i: 3.3.1.\tH\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u00e0\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX: Nh\u1eefng\t cu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t t\u01b0\t s\u1ea3n\t \u0111\u00e3\t t\u1ea1o\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n\t gi\u1ea3i\t ph\u00f3ng\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi\t nh\u1eefng\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec1m\t ch\u1ebf\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t \u0111o\u00e1n\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u1ebf\t \u0111\u1ed9\t phong\t ki\u1ebfn.\t Con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tv\u1ec1\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u00e0\tquy\u1ec1n\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c d\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c.\tTrong\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tnh\u1eefng\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n v\u00e0\tquy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\tph\u1ea3i\tk\u1ec3\tt\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tGi\u00f4n\tMin\t(John Stuart\tMill\t-\tAnh)\tqua\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tLu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1\tt\u1ef1\tdo.\tGi\u00f4n\tMin\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u00eau\tl\u00ean\tnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc,\t c\u00e1\t nh\u00e2n\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00e0m\t b\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee9\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t g\u00ec\t mi\u1ec5m\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ea1i\t t\u1edbi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u1edbi\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c.\tTrong\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f2n\tph\u1ee5\tthu\u1ed9c\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tv\u00e0o\ttr\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ed9\td\u00e2n\ttr\u00ed\tv\u00e0 s\u1ef1\tnghi\u00eam\tminh\tc\u1ee7a\tph\u00e1p\tlu\u1eadt. T\u00f4c\u01a1vin\t(Alexis\tde\t Tocqueville\t-\t Ph\u00e1p)\tth\u00ec\tvi\u1ebft\t t\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\t N\u1ec1n\t d\u00e2n\t ch\u1ee7","Hoa\tK\u00ec.\tQua\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tn\u00e0y,\t\u00f4ng\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\ttr\u00e0o\tl\u01b0u\td\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7\t\u0111ang\tl\u00ean\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tng\u0103n\tc\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t\u00d4ng\tca\tng\u1ee3i\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\td\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7,\ts\u1ef1\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t M\u0129,\t nh\u01b0ng\t \u00f4ng\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t th\u1eddi\t ph\u00ea\t ph\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu\t t\u1ebf\t nh\u1ecb,\t ng\u1ea1o\t m\u1ea1n,\t th\u1ef1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t M\u0129\t theo\t c\u00e1ch\t nh\u00ecn\t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tPh\u00e1p. V\u1ec1\t quy\u1ec1n\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t th\u00ec\t l\u1ea1i\t c\u00f3\t hai\t xu\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t tr\u00e1i\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nhau.\t Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u1ea5t\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed7i\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tquy\u1ec1n\tch\u1ecdn\tc\u00e1ch\ts\u1ed1ng\tri\u00eang\tcho d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t m\u00ecnh,\t kh\u00f4ng\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t n\u00e0o\t kh\u00e1c\t c\u00f3\t quy\u1ec1n\t x\u00e2m\t ph\u1ea1m.\t Nh\u00e0\t \u00e1i\t qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u00dd\t l\u00e0\t Madini\t (Mazzini)\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ec3\t c\u1ea3\t cu\u1ed9c\t \u0111\u1eddi\t m\u00ecnh\t ki\u00ean\t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ea5u\t tranh b\u1ea3o\tv\u1ec7\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tn\u00e0y.\tC\u00e1c\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\ty\u00eau\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u1edf\tv\u00f9ng Banc\u0103ng\t ch\u1ed1\t l\u1ea1i\t s\u1ef1\t th\u1ed1ng\t tr\u1ecb\t c\u1ee7a\t ngo\u1ea1i\t bang\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t b\u1ea3o\t v\u1ec7\t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\t\u0111\u00f3. 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Xanh\t Xim\u00f4ng\t (Saint\t Simon\t 1760-1825\t -\t Ph\u00e1p)\t nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ea5y\t m\u00e2u\t thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00ean\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t t\u01b0\t s\u1ea3n\t gi\u00e0u\t c\u00f3\t v\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00ean\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m\tthu\u00ea\tr\u1ea5t\tngh\u00e8o\tkh\u1ed5.\t\u00d4ng\tch\u1ee7\ttr\u01b0\u01a1ng\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tm\u1edbi\tdo\t\u201cnh\u1eefng nh\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\ts\u00e1ng\tsu\u1ed1t\u201d\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\th\u00e0nh,\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tlao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttheo k\u1ebf\t ho\u1ea1ch\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t th\u1ee5\t b\u00ecnh\t \u0111\u1eb3ng.\t \u0110\u1ec3\t x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady, \u00f4ng\t ch\u1ee7\t tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\t thuy\u1ebft\t ph\u1ee5c\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t t\u01b0\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ee9\t kh\u00f4ng\t theo\t con\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng. 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R\u00f4b\u01a1t\t\u00d4en\t(Robert\tOwen\t1771-1858\t-\tAnh)\tv\u1ed1n\txu\u1ea5t\tth\u00e2n\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m\tthu\u00ea,\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u00e0m\t\u0103n\tv\u00e0\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ee7.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecf\tv\u1ed1n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tra\tl\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng,\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tl\u00e0m\t\u0103n.\tTrong\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00d4en\tt\u00e0i\ts\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcoi\tl\u00e0 c\u1ee7a\tchung,\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f9ng\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tm\u1ed7i\tng\u00e0y\tl\u00e0\t10\tgi\u1edd,\tc\u00f3\tnh\u00e0\ttr\u1ebb\tcho c\u00f4ng\tnh\u00e2n\tn\u1eef\tg\u1eedi\tcon\tnh\u1ecf,\tl\u1ee3i\tnhu\u1eadn\tl\u00e0m\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u00ec\tchia\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1eb1ng...\tVi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t sau\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ecb\t th\u1ea5t\t b\u1ea1i\t v\u00ec\t s\u1ea3n\t ph\u1ea9m\t c\u1ee7a\t x\u01b0\u1edfng\t \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0m\t ra kh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ee7\ts\u1ee9c\tc\u1ea1nh\ttranh\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ecb\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u1ecf\tsang\tM\u0129\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t l\u1ea7n\t n\u1eefa\t nh\u01b0ng\t c\u0169ng\t th\u1ea5t\t b\u1ea1i\t v\u00e0\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t b\u1ecf\t v\u1ec1\t Anh\t trong c\u1ea3nh\tngh\u00e8o\tkh\u00f3. H\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tt\u00ednh\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tth\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea1i\tkhi\t\u0111em\tra\tthi\th\u00e0nh.\tN\u00f3i\tnh\u01b0\tch\u00fang\tta\tng\u00e0y\tnay\tl\u00e0\tthi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh\tkh\u1ea3\tthi.\tTuy\tv\u1eady,\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tt\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1 ra\t\u0111\u1eddi\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tsau\tn\u00e0y\tdo\tC.\tM\u00e1c\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng. 3.3.3.\tH\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc: C.M\u00e1c\t(Kark\tMarx\t-\t1818-1883)\tv\u00e0\tF.Enghen\t(Friedrich\tEngels\t-\t1820- 1895)\t \u0111\u00e3\t x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t v\u1ec1\t h\u1ecdc\t thuy\u1ebft\t ch\u1ee7\t ngh\u0129a\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t qua\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m Tuy\u00ean\tng\u00f4n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0110\u1ea3ng\tC\u1ed9ng\ts\u1ea3n\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e1ng\t2\tn\u0103m\t1848. Trong\tTuy\u00ean\tng\u00f4n\tC.M\u00e1c\tv\u00e0\tF.Enghen\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tlo\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e1i\tkinh\tt\u1ebf\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tn\u1ed1i\tti\u1ebfp\tthay\tth\u1ebf nhau,\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tsau\ts\u1ebd\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tn\u0103ng\tsu\u1ea5t\tlao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tcao\th\u01a1n\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc.\t\u0110\u1ea5u\ttranh giai\t c\u1ea5p\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u1ef1c\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t trong\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t c\u00f3\t giai\t c\u1ea5p.\t \u0110\u1ea5u\t tranh\t giai\t c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a\t giai\t c\u1ea5p\t v\u00f4\t s\u1ea3n\t s\u1ebd\t d\u1eabn\t t\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t xu\u1ea5t\t hi\u1ec7n\t m\u1ed9t\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t m\u1edbi\t c\u00f4ng\t b\u1eb1ng\t h\u01a1n, ti\u1ebfn\t b\u1ed9\t h\u01a1n.\t Giai\t c\u1ea5p\t c\u00f4ng\t nh\u00e2n,\t t\u1ed5\t ch\u1ee9c\t ra\t ch\u00ednh\t \u0111\u1ea3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t l\u00e3nh\t \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tv\u00f4\ts\u1ea3n,\tti\u1ebfn\tl\u00ean\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tch\u00ednh\tquy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\tthi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\tm\u1ed1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00f4ng\tnh\u00e2n\tc\u00e1c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\ttheo\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\tqu\u1ed1c\tt\u1ebf\tv\u00f4\ts\u1ea3n. 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Sau\tth\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tNap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tph\u1ee5c\th\u1ed3i\tt\u1ea1m\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tth\u1ebf\tl\u1ef1c\tb\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng,\t\u1edf\tPh\u00e1p\t\u0111\u00e3\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\tm\u1ed9t\td\u00f2ng\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tl\u00e3ng\tm\u1ea1n\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n\ts\u1ef1\tnu\u1ed1i\tti\u1ebfc m\u1ed9t\t th\u1eddi\t v\u00e0ng\t son\t \u0111\u00e3\t qua\t c\u1ee7a\t gi\u1edbi\t qu\u00ed\t t\u1ed9c.\t \u0110\u1ea1i\t bi\u1ec3u\t cho\t tr\u00e0o\t l\u01b0u\t n\u00e0y\t l\u00e0 Sat\u00f4bri\u0103ng\t(Chateabriand\t-\t1768-1848). V\u00edchto\t Huyg\u00f4\t (Vitor\t Hugo\t -\t 1802-1885)\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t ti\u00eau\t bi\u1ec3u\t cho tr\u00e0o\t l\u01b0u\t l\u00e3ng\t m\u1ea1n\t ti\u1ebfn\t b\u1ed9.\t \u00d4ng\t th\u1ec3\t hi\u1ec7n\t s\u1ef1\t th\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea3m\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\tkh\u1ed5\tqua\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u1ed1n\tkh\u1ed5,\tNh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tB\u00e0\tPari. Qua\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m,\t V\u00edchto\t Huyg\u00f4\t th\u1ec3\t hi\u1ec7n\t l\u00f2ng\t kh\u00e1t\t khao\t mu\u1ed1n\t v\u01b0\u01a1n\t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tt\u1ed1t\t\u0111\u1eb9p,\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tv\u00e0\tchan\tch\u1ee9a\tt\u00ecnh\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ea1o. 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Nh\u1eefng\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t ti\u00eau\t bi\u1ec3u\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t nh\u01b0\t \u01a0gi\u00eani\t Gran\u0111\u00ea,\t Mi\u1ebfng\t da\t l\u1eeba...v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tkh\u00e1c.\tNh\u1eefng\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u1ee7a\tBand\u1eafc\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3ct\u1eadp\th\u1ee3p\ttrong b\u1ed9\t T\u1ea5n\t tr\u00f2\t \u0111\u1eddi.\t Nh\u1eefng\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t nh\u01b0\t \u0110\u1ecf\t v\u00e0\t \u0110en\t c\u1ee7a\t Xt\u0103ng\u0111an\t (Stendhal\t - 1783-1842),\tVi\u00ean\tm\u1ee1\tb\u00f2\tc\u1ee7a\tGuy\tde\tM\u00f4pats\u0103ng\t(Guy\tde\tMaupassant)\tc\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n\t\u00e1nh\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tt\u01b0\tb\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u00f4ng,\tt\u00e0n\tb\u1ea1o. V\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tNga\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tg\u00f3p\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\t nh\u01b0\t Chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t v\u00e0\t ho\u00e0\t b\u00ecnh\t c\u1ee7a\t Liep\t T\u00f4nxt\u00f4i.\t Nh\u1eefng\t nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i\t kh\u00e1c\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n\t h\u1ecdc\t Nga\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIX\t ph\u1ea3i\t k\u1ec3\t t\u1edbi\t l\u00e0\t Tu\u00f4cgh\u00eanh\u00eaep, G\u00f4g\u00f4n,\t\u0110\u00f4xt\u00f4iepxki,\tBi\u00ealixki... 4.2.\tV\u1ec1\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt: \u00c2m\t nh\u1ea1c\t th\u1eddi\t c\u1eadn\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XVIII\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t nh\u1ea1c\t s\u0129 l\u1edbn\t nh\u01b0\t B\u00e1ch,\t M\u00f4za,\t th\u00ec\t \u0111\u1ebf\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIX\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a\t B\u00eat\u00f4ven (Ludwig\tvan\tBeethoven\t-\t\u0110\u1ee9c),\tS\u00f4panh\t(\tFr\u00e9deric\tChopin\t-\tBa\tLan)... H\u1ed9i\tho\u1ea1\ttheo\txu\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tl\u00e3ng\tm\u1ea1n\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u1eddi\txa\tl\u1ea1. Danh\t ho\u1ea1\t Ph\u00e1p\t \u0110\u01a1lacroa\t (Delacroix)\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t v\u1ebd\t nh\u1eefng\t k\u1ecb\t s\u0129\t Ar\u1eadp,\t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c\t\u0111i\ts\u0103n.\t\u0110\u1ebfn\tcu\u1ed1i\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX,\tdanh\tho\u1ea1\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tT\u00e2y\tBan\tNha\tl\u00e0\tGoya\t\u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u1ea3nh\tt\u00e0n\tkh\u1ed1c\ttrong\tcu\u1ed9c\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tch\u1ed1ng\tNap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng.","\u0110i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tnhi\u1ec1u\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1eddi\tPh\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng. 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T\u1eeb\tn\u0103m\t1917\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t1920,\tN\u01b0\u1edbc\tNga\tX\u00f4\tVi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tn\u1ea1n\tngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m\t v\u00e0\t n\u1ed9i\t ph\u1ea3n.\t Sau\t khi\t \u0111\u1ea9y\t l\u00f9i\t n\u1ea1n\t ngo\u1ea1i\t x\u00e2m\t v\u00e0\t n\u1ed9i\t ph\u1ea3n,\t ng\u00e0y 30\/12\/1922\tLi\u00ean\tbang\tC\u1ed9ng\tho\u00e0\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tX\u00f4\tVi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u1eadp (g\u1ecdi\t t\u1eaft\t l\u00e0\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4).\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t l\u00fac\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t g\u1ed3m\t c\u00f3\t 4\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u1ed9ng\t ho\u00e0\t Li\u00ean\t bang (Nga,\tUcraina,\tB\u00ealarutsia\tv\u00e0\tDa\tCapcad\u01a1),\t13\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ed9ng\tho\u00e0\tt\u1ef1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u00e0\t6\tt\u1ec9nh t\u1ef1\ttr\u1ecb.\tSau\tkho\u1ea3ng\tn\u1eeda\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n,\tt\u1edbi\tgi\u1eefa\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXX\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u1ed3m 15\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u1ed9ng\t ho\u00e0\t li\u00ean\t bang\t v\u00e0\t 20\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u1ed9ng\t ho\u00e0\t t\u1ef1\t tr\u1ecb,\t 8\t t\u1ec9nh\t t\u1ef1\t tr\u1ecb\t v\u00e0\t 10 khu\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c. 1.2.\tNh\u1eefng\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u1ef1u\tch\u1ee7\ty\u1ebfu\ttrong\tc\u00f4ng\tcu\u1ed9c\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tCNXH\t\u1edf\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\t: 1.2.1\t:\tV\u1ec1\tkinh\tt\u1ebf\tv\u00e0\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\t:","T\u1eeb\t 1921\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t 1941,\t trong\t ho\u00e0n\t c\u1ea3nh\t v\u00f4\t c\u00f9ng\t kh\u00f3\t kh\u0103n,\t b\u1ecb\t bao\t v\u00e2y\t kinh t\u1ebf,\tc\u00f4\tl\u1eadp\tv\u1ec1\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tnh\u01b0ng\tnh\u00e2n\td\u00e2n\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u1ef1u quan\ttr\u1ecdng. T\u1eeb\t1921\t-\t1925\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tth\u1eafng\tl\u1ee3i\tch\u00ednh\ts\u00e1ch\tKinh\tt\u1ebf\tm\u1edbi,\tv\u1ec1\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh\tvi\u1ec7c\tkh\u00f4i\tph\u1ee5c\tkinh\tt\u1ebf.\tTi\u1ebfp\t\u0111\u00f3,\tgiai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\t1926\t-\t1928\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4 b\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t cho\t n\u1ec1n\t c\u00f4ng\t nghi\u1ec7p\t n\u1eb7ng.\t T\u1edbi\t n\u0103m\t 1928,\t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t \u0111\u00e3\t chi\u1ebfm\t t\u1ec9\t tr\u1ecdng\t 54,5%\t t\u1ed5ng\t s\u1ea3n\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t kinh\t t\u1ebf.\t K\u1ebf\t ho\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n\tkh\u00ed\tho\u00e1\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t v\u1eabn\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t n\u00f4ng\t nghi\u1ec7p,\t t\u1edbi\t n\u0103m\t 1933 c\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\t\u0111\u00e3\tchi\u1ebfm\t70%\tn\u1ec1n\tkinh\tt\u1ebf.\tT\u1edbi\tn\u0103m\t1937,\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng\tqu\u1ed1c\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\tc\u1ee7a\tCh\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\tth\u1ee9\thai\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\t(\tsau\tM\u0129). Sau\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tII,\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\tnhanh\tch\u00f3ng\tkh\u1eafc\tph\u1ee5c\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\t\u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i\t ph\u1ee5c\t kinh\t t\u1ebf.\t T\u1edbi\t n\u0103m\t 1975,\t s\u1ea3n\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u00f4ng\t nghi\u1ec7p\t c\u1ee7a\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm\t20%\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi.\t(\tB\u1eb1ng\t80%\ts\u1ea3n\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\tM\u0129). V\u1ec1\tn\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p,\tn\u0103m\t1981\ts\u1ea3n\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tng\u0169\tc\u1ed1c\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\tl\u00e0\t189\ttri\u1ec7u\tt\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ee9ng\th\u00e0ng\tth\u1ee9\t3\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\t,\tsau\tM\u0129\tv\u00e0\tTrung\tQu\u1ed1c. V\u1ec1\t c\u01a1\t c\u1ea5u\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t l\u1edbn,\t t\u1edbi\t n\u0103m\t 1977\t c\u00f4ng\t nh\u00e2n\t chi\u1ebfm 61%\td\u00e2n\ts\u1ed1.\t\u0110\u1ed9i\tng\u0169\ttr\u00ed\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00ean\tt\u1edbi\t34\ttri\u1ec7u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi,\tt\u0103ng\t11\tl\u1ea7n\tso\tv\u1edbi n\u0103m\t1926. 1.2.2.\t:V\u1ec1\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1,\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\t: Vi\u1ec7c\txo\u00e1\tn\u1ea1n\tm\u00f9\tch\u1eef\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u0103n\tb\u1ea3n\tho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tII. N\u0103m\t1980,\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\t5\ttri\u1ec7u\tsinh\tvi\u00ean,\tg\u1ea5p\t40\tl\u1ea7n\ts\u1ed1\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u01b0\u1edbc Nga\tth\u1eddi\tNga\tho\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ed9i\tng\u0169\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tc\u0169ng\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tnhanh,\tt\u1edbi\tgi\u1eefa\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\t70 Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t \u0111\u00e3\t c\u00f3\t 1,3\t tri\u1ec7u\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc,\t chi\u1ebfm\t \u00bc\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m\t1949,\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebf\tt\u1ea1o\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\tbom\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e1\tv\u1ee1 th\u1ebf\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t quy\u1ec1n\t v\u1ec1\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t c\u1ee7a\t M\u0129.\t N\u0103m\t 1954,\t x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t nh\u00e0\t m\u00e1y\t \u0111i\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi.\t1957\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\tph\u00f3ng\tcon\tt\u00e0u\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean (\u0111i\ttr\u01b0\u01a1c\tM\u0129\t9\tth\u00e1ng)\tv\u00e0\t1961\t\u0111\u01b0a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tbay\tv\u00e0o\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tan\tto\u00e0n\t( tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ea3\tM\u0129\t). C\u00f9ng\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t c\u1ee7a\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t k\u0129\t thu\u1eadt,\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t ngh\u1ec7\t thu\u1eadt\t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u00ednh\tph\u1ee7\tLi\u00ean\tX\u00f4\tquan\tt\u00e2m.\tT\u00ean\ttu\u1ed5i\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tv\u00e0\tngh\u1ec7\ts\u0129\tl\u1edbn\tc\u1ee7a Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t bi\u1ebft\t t\u1edbi\t nh\u01b0\t M.\t Goocki,\t M.S\u00f4l\u00f4kh\u1ed1p,\t A.T\u00f4nxt\u00f4i, D.S\u00f4xtac\u00f4v\u00edch...\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3. 1.3.\tNh\u1eefng\tti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tk\u0129\tthu\u1eadt\tn\u1eeda\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tth\u1ebf k\u1ec9\tXX\t:","Cu\u1ed1i\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXX,\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00e3\tdi\u1ec5n\tra trong\tng\u00e0nh\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00ed\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\t3\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\t:\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eed\t(1896),\tt\u00ednh\tph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1\t(1898)\tv\u00e0\tThuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i. Gi\u1eefa\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXIX,\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tl\u00e0\tph\u1ea7n\tt\u1eed\tnh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tph\u00e2n\tchia\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tn\u1eefa.\tNh\u01b0ng\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1\t tia\t X,\t t\u00ednh\t ph\u00f3ng\t x\u1ea1,\t l\u00e0m\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1ch\t nh\u00ecn\t kh\u00e1c.\t N\u0103m 1911,\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh\tl\u00e0\tE.R\u01a1d\u01a1pho\t\u0111\u00e3\tti\u1ebfn\th\u00e0nh\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tb\u1eafn ph\u00e1\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed.\tTh\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tE.R\u01a1d\u01a1pho\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tkh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tkho\u1ea3ng\ttr\u1ed1ng.\tT\u1eeb\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u00f3,\th\u1ecdc\ttr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a\tE.R\u01a1d\u01a1pho\tl\u00e0\tNinx\u01a1\tBo\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tl\u00ed\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eabu\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed. Theo\tNinx\u01a1\tBo,\tc\u00e1c\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e2n\t\u1edf\tgi\u1eefa,\txung\tquanh\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttheo\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00e1c\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng quanh\tM\u1eb7t\tTr\u1eddi.\tM\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tgi\u1eefa\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tvi\tm\u00f4\tv\u1edbi\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u0129\tm\u00f4. N\u0103m\t 1932,\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f2n\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t ra\t h\u1ea1t\t nh\u00e2n\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t c\u0169ng\t ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tth\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ea7n\tnh\u1ecf\t nh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t.\tH\u1ea1t\t nh\u00e2n\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\t c\u00f2n\tg\u1ed3m\t c\u00f3 pr\u00f4t\u00f4n\tv\u00e0\tn\u01a1tr\u00f4n.\tN\u0103m\t1934,\tPh\u00ea\u0111\u01a1ric\tv\u00e0\tIren\tQuyri\t(\tcon\tr\u1ec3\tv\u00e0\tcon\tg\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a nh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc\t Mari\tQuyri)\t \u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n\t ra\thi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tph\u00f3ng\tx\u1ea1\t nh\u00e2n\tt\u1ea1o\t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tv\u1ecb\tph\u00f3ng\tx\u1ea1. N\u0103m\t 1938-1939,\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t b\u00e1c\t h\u1ecdc\t \u00d4tt\u00f4\t Han,\t Lida\t Metne\t (\u0110\u1ee9c),\t Enric\u00f4 Phecmi\t(Ialia)\tv\u00e0\tGi\u00f4li\u00f4\tQuyri\t(Ph\u00e1p)\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f9ng\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n\tra\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng\td\u00e2y\tchuy\u1ec1n\tph\u00e1\tv\u1ee1\th\u1ea1t\tnh\u00e2n\turani.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3,\tn\u0103m\t1942\tEnric\u00f4\tPhecmi\t\u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u00f2\t ph\u1ea3n\t \u1ee9ng\t h\u1ea1t\t nh\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t tr\u00ean\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t ngay\t d\u01b0\u1edbi\t kh\u00e1n \u0111\u00e0i\ts\u00e2n\tv\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tSicag\u00f4. Thuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tAnbe\tAnhxtanh\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tth\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00ed\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i.\tKhi\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1,\tnhi\u1ec1u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcho\t\u0111\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00ed thuy\u1ebft\t\u0111i\u00ean\tkh\u00f9ng.\tNgay\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc\tl\u1edbn\ttu\u1ed5i\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u\t n\u1ed5i\t l\u00ed\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t Anhxtanh.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t v\u1edbi\t th\u1eddi\t gian,\t nhi\u1ec1u\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\tc\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tl\u00ed\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tAnhxtanh\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn\t.\tL\u00ed thuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tthi\u1ebfu\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec1u\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00ed\th\u1ea1t\tnh\u00e2n,\tk\u0129\tthu\u1eadt m\u00e1y\tgia\tt\u1ed1c,\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00ed\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i.\tC\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tc\u00e1c\tph\u00e1t\tminh\tl\u1edbn v\u1ec1\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXX\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tli\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00ed\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tAnhxtanh. Trong\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc,\tsinh\th\u1ecdc...\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u1ef1u\tquan tr\u1ecdng.\t Nh\u1eefng\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1ef1u\t v\u1ec1\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t cu\u1ed1i\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XIX\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XX\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u00edn,\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\ttho\u1ea1i,\tra\t\u0111a,\tm\u00e1y\tbay,\tphim\tc\u00f3\t\u00e2m\tthanh...","II.\tChi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e1\tho\u1ea1i\tv\u0103n minh\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i T\u1eeb\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tt\u1edbi\tnay,\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1ea3i\tqua\th\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0n\tcu\u1ed9c\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh. M\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Thu\u1ef5\t S\u0129\t l\u00e0\t Gi\u0103ng\t Gi\u1eafc\t Baben\t c\u00f2n\t d\u00f9ng\t m\u00e1y\t t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eed\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tcon\ts\u1ed1\tl\u00e0\t14513\tcu\u1ed9c\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tl\u1edbn\tnh\u1ecf\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ed1\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tthi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng\t l\u00e0\t 3,6\t t\u1ec9\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\t T\u1ea5t\t nhi\u00ean\t \u0111\u00e2y\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t con\t s\u1ed1\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c\t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng\tl\u00e0m\tch\u00fang\tta\tkh\u1ee7ng\tkhi\u1ebfp. Chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t th\u1ea3m\t ho\u1ea1\t ph\u1ee9c\t t\u1ea1p.\t C\u00f3\t cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t v\u00ec nguy\u00ean\tnh\u00e2n\tkinh\tt\u1ebf,\tc\u00f3\tcu\u1ed9c\tchi\u1ebfn\tl\u1ea1i\tv\u00ec\tnguy\u00ean\tnh\u00e2n\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\thay\txung\t\u0111\u1ed9t s\u1eafc\t t\u1ed9c.\t C\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t nh\u1eb1m\t tranh\t c\u01b0\u1edbp\t nhau\t quy\u1ec1n\t l\u1ee3i\t gi\u1eefa\t nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng\t qu\u1ed1c,\t c\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ec3\t b\u1ea3o\t v\u1ec7\t quy\u1ec1n\t b\u00ecnh\t \u0111\u1eb3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\tnh\u1ecf\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\ts\u1ef1\t\u00e1p\tb\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tc\u01b0\u1eddng\tqu\u1ed1c\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\tth\u1ebf\tm\u1ea1nh\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111i\t\u0103n\tc\u01b0\u1edbp.\tTh\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\t\u0111\u00f3\tcho\tta\tth\u1ea5y\tc\u1ea7n\tph\u00e2n\tbi\u1ec7t\thai\tlo\u1ea1i\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a\t v\u00e0\t phi\t ngh\u0129a.\t Cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t c\u1ee7a\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t Vi\u1ec7t\t Nam\t 30\t n\u0103m\t qua (1945-1975)\t \u0111\u1ec3\t b\u1ea3o\t v\u1ec7\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t l\u1eadp\t c\u1ee7a\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t m\u00ecnh\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t tranh ch\u00ednh\tngh\u0129a. S\u1ee9c\t m\u1ea1nh\t c\u1ee7a\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t k\u0129\t thu\u1eadt\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XX\t n\u1ebfu\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u1ef1\t d\u1ee5ng\t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5\t lo\u00e0i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u00ec\t n\u00f3\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111em\t l\u1ea1i\t nh\u1eefng\t k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i,\t nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t \u0111em\t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ec3\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1ee5\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tn\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tg\u00e2y\tra\tnh\u1eefng\th\u1eadu\tqu\u1ea3\tkh\u1ee7ng\tkhi\u1ebfp. Sang\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XX,\t s\u1ef1\t giao\t l\u01b0u\t ng\u00e0y\t c\u00e0ng\t mang\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t to\u00e0n\t c\u1ea7u\t th\u00ec\t chi\u1ebfn tranh\t n\u1ebfu\t x\u1ea3y\t ra\t c\u0169ng\t mang\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t to\u00e0n\t c\u1ea7u.\t Lo\u00e0i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e3\t ph\u1ea3i\t tr\u1ea3i\t qua tai\tho\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\t2\tcu\u1ed9c\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tt\u00e0n\tph\u00e1\tkh\u1ee7ng\tkhi\u1ebfp. 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N\u1ebfu\t k\u1ec3\t c\u1ea3\t d\u00e2n\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t th\u00ec\t chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t I\t \u0111\u00e3\t g\u00e2y\t th\u01b0\u01a1ng\t vong\t cho kho\u1ea3ng\t 33\t tri\u1ec7u\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t k\u1ec3\t c\u1ea3\t binh\t l\u00ednh\t v\u00e0\t d\u00e2n\t th\u01b0\u1eddng.\t Thi\u1ec7t\t h\u1ea1i\t v\u1ec1\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng\t 260\t t\u1ec9\t USD.\t Chi\t ph\u00ed\t qu\u00e2n\t s\u1ef1\t tr\u1ef1c\t ti\u1ebfp\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t tham\t chi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng\t208\tt\u1ec9\tUSD.\tM\u1ee9c\tt\u0103ng\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tCh\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tb\u1ecb\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tI l\u00e0m\tch\u1eadm\tl\u1ea1i\tkho\u1ea3ng\t8\tn\u0103m. 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M\u00e1y\tt\u00ednh\tv\u00e0\tr\u00f4b\u00f4t\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ea3n\tph\u1ea9m\tti\u00eau\tbi\u1ec3u\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00f4ng\tngh\u1ec7\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eed-tin h\u1ecdc.\t T\u1eeb\t nh\u1eefng\t chi\u1ebfc\t m\u00e1y\t vi\t t\u00ednh\t (compute)\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 1946 \u0111\u1ebfn\t nay,\t m\u00e1y\t t\u00ednh\t \u0111\u00e3\t tr\u1ea3i\t qua\t b\u1ed1n\t th\u1ebf\t h\u1ec7.\t T\u1eeb\t nh\u1eefng\t chi\u1ebfc\t m\u00e1y\t t\u00ednh\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t b\u00f3ng\t \u0111\u00e8n\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u1eed\t ch\u00e2n\t kh\u00f4ng,\t r\u1ed3i\t ch\u1ea5t\t b\u00e1n\t d\u1eabn,\t vi\t m\u1ea1ch (m\u1ea1ch\tt\u00edch\th\u1ee3p\tIC\t-\tIntegrated\tCircuit),\tvi\tm\u1ea1ch\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ed9\tt\u00edch\th\u1ee3p\tcao.\tT\u1eeb\tm\u00e1y t\u00ednh\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u1eed\t d\u1eabn\t t\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t k\u1ebft\t n\u1ed1i\t Internet,\t t\u1ea1o\t ra\t m\u1ea1ng\t th\u00f4ng\t tin\t to\u00e0n\t c\u1ea7u\t v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\ttrao\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tth\u00f4ng\ttin\tc\u1ef1c\tnhanh,\tgi\u00e1\tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ed9i\tng\u0169\tr\u00f4b\u00f4t\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea3o,\tth\u00f4ng\tminh\th\u01a1n\tv\u00e0\tl\u0129nh v\u1ef1c\ttham\tgia\tho\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111ang\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tm\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u\tlo\u1ea1i\tv\u1eadt\tli\u1ec7u\tm\u1edbi\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\ttrong\tho\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3nh\tv\u1eadt\tli\u1ec7u\tthi\u00ean\tnhi\u00ean\tng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng\tv\u01a1i\tc\u1ea1n\td\u1ea7n.\tNh\u1eefng\tlo\u1ea1i\tv\u1eadt\tli\u1ec7u\tm\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00ednh\tn\u0103ng\th\u01a1n h\u1eb3n\tv\u1eadt\tli\u1ec7u\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tnh\u01b0\tsi\u00eau\tb\u1ec1n,\tsi\u00eau\tc\u1ee9ng,\tsi\u00eau\tnh\u1eb9...T\u00ean\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u1ea1i\tv\u1eadt\tli\u1ec7u m\u1edbi\t nh\u01b0\t composit,\t polyme,\t silic,\t s\u1ee3i\t c\u00e1p\t quang...\t ng\u00e0y\t c\u00e0ng\t tr\u1edf\t n\u00ean\t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.\t Nhi\u1ec1u\t lo\u1ea1i\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t \u0111\u1ec3\t bi\u1ebfn\t th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n\t n\u0103ng\t nh\u01b0\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed,\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t M\u1eb7t\t Tr\u1eddi,\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3... Tia\t lade\t (laser)\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u00e1t\t minh\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t nh\u1eefng\t n\u0103m\t 60\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ec9\t XX nh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnay\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00e1p\td\u1ee5ng\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec1u\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c,\tt\u1eeb\tqu\u00e2n\ts\u1ef1,\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n, y\th\u1ecdc,\tc\u00f4ng\tngh\u1ec7\tin,\tth\u00f4ng\ttin\tli\u00ean\tl\u1ea1c... C\u00f4ng\t ngh\u1ec7\t sinh\t h\u1ecdc\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nhi\u1ec1u\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1ef1u\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t kinh\t ng\u1ea1c,\t th\u1eadm ch\u00ed\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t s\u1ee3.\t C\u00f4ng\t ngh\u1ec7\t sinh\t h\u1ecdc\t t\u1eadp\t trung\t v\u00e0o\t b\u1ed1n\t l\u0129nh\t v\u1ef1c\t :\t c\u00f4ng\t ngh\u1ec7 gien,\tc\u00f4ng\tngh\u1ec7\tt\u1ebf\tb\u00e0o,\tc\u00f4ng\tngh\u1ec7\tvi\tsinh,\tc\u00f4ng\tngh\u1ec7\tenzim.\tNh\u1edd\tc\u00f4ng\tngh\u1ec7 sinh\th\u1ecdc,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tnhi\u1ec1u\tgi\u1ed1ng\tc\u00e2y,\tcon\tm\u1edbi\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tt\u00ednh\t\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m\t kh\u00e1c\t h\u1eb3n\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u1ed1ng\t trong\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean;\t nhi\u1ec1u\t lo\u1ea1i\t d\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u1ea9m\t m\u1edbi\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u\tlo\u1ea1i\tch\u1ea5t\tx\u00fac\tt\u00e1c\tm\u1edbi\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n... Trong\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5,\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tti\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\td\u00e0i\tm\u00e0\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0 hai\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t v\u00e0\t M\u0129.\t C\u00e1c\t t\u00e0u\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t c\u1ee7a\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4\t v\u00e0\t M\u0129\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111i\t th\u0103m\t d\u00f2 nh\u1eefng\t h\u00e0nh\t tinh\t xa\t x\u00f4i\t ngo\u00e0i\t Tr\u00e1i\t \u0110\u1ea5t.\t Li\u00ean\t X\u00f4,\t M\u0129\t v\u00e0\t gi\u1edd\t \u0111\u00e2y\t \u0111ang\t th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tkh\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00f3ng\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ec7\ttinh\tnh\u00e2n\tt\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u\ttruy\u1ec1n\th\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng\ttin\tto\u00e0n\tc\u1ea7u,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttra\tt\u00e0i\tnguy\u00ean,\td\u1ef1\tb\u00e1o\tth\u1eddi\tti\u1ebft,\tm\u1ea1ng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u1ecb\tqua\tv\u1ec7 tinh...","K\u1ebeT\tLU\u1eacN L\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tv\u0103n\tminh\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tli\u00ean\tt\u1ee5c\tt\u1eeb\tth\u1ea5p\tt\u1edbi cao,\t trong\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u00f3ng\t g\u00f3p\t c\u1ee7a\t r\u1ea5t\t nhi\u1ec1u\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c,\t nhi\u1ec1u\t qu\u1ed1c\t gia.\t C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tng\u00e0y\tnay\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tv\u1edbi\tt\u01b0\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ed9t\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tl\u1eadp, h\u1ecd\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecb\tho\u00e0\ttan\ttrong\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed,\tnh\u01b0ng\td\u1ea5u\t\u1ea5n\tm\u00e0\tt\u1ed5\tti\u00ean\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tt\u1edbi ng\u00e0y\t nay,\t nh\u00e2n\t lo\u1ea1i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t qu\u00ean,\t nh\u01b0\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t ch\u1eef\t vi\u1ebft\t A,b,\t g...c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Ph\u00eanixi.\t Kh\u00f4ng\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t n\u00e0o\t tr\u00ean\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ecdc\t h\u1ecfi,\t ti\u1ebfp\t thu nh\u1eefng\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t v\u0103n\t minh\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t kh\u00e1c.\t Giao\t l\u01b0u,\t trao\t \u0111\u1ed5i,\t h\u1ecdc\t h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u0103n\tminh\tl\u1eabn\tnhau\tl\u00e0\tqui\tlu\u1eadt\tchung\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c. Th\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\ttrong\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tg\u1ea7n\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tl\u1eadp\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\tm\u1ed7i\td\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\t c\u0169ng\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t ti\u1ebfp\t thu\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t v\u0103n\t minh\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh\tr\u1ef1c r\u1ee1\tso\tv\u1edbi\tth\u1eddi\tk\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f3,\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u0103n\tminh\th\u1ecd\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tt\u1eeb\tng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai\tC\u1eadp,\tL\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tH\u00e0\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tr\u1ed3i\tkh\u00e1i\tqu\u00e1t,\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tl\u00ean.\tT\u1edbi\tth\u1eddi\tTrung\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\td\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng\tth\u00edch\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAr\u1eadp\tnh\u01b0ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\tc\u0169ng\tv\u1eabn\tph\u1ea3i\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tc\u00e1c ch\u1eef\ts\u1ed1\tm\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAr\u1eadp\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng,\tv\u1eabn\tph\u1ea3i\th\u1ecdc\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u00e0m\tgi\u1ea5y\tt\u1eeb\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAr\u1eadp...( m\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\ttr\u00ean\tch\u1eef\ts\u1ed1\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\th\u1ed3\tl\u1edbn\t\u1edf\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\tth\u00ec\tv\u1eabn s\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tch\u1eef\ts\u1ed1\tLa\tM\u00e3).\tXu\tth\u1ebf\tho\u00e0\tnh\u1eadp,\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u0103n\tminh\tl\u1eabn nhau\tl\u00e0\tqui\tlu\u1eadt\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u00f2n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed7i\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c. Trong\t th\u1eddi\t k\u00ec\t c\u00e1c\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t th\u1ef1c\t d\u00e2n\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t T\u00e2y\t \u0111i\t x\u00e2m\t chi\u1ebfm\t c\u00e1c\t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n,\tv\u0103n\tminh\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tc\u1ea7m\tquy\u1ec1n\tth\u1ef1c\td\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ec1 cao.\tSau\tn\u00e0y,\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ea5u\ttranh\t\u0111\u00f2i\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tl\u1eadp\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c,\tnhi\u1ec1u\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb v\u0103n\tminh\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\tb\u1ecb\tl\u00ean\t\u00e1n,\tb\u1ecb\tcho\tl\u00e0\tth\u1ee7\tph\u1ea1m\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u1ed1i\ts\u1ed1ng\tth\u1ef1c\td\u1ee5ng, suy\t\u0111\u1ed3i,\tm\u1ea5t\tg\u1ed1c.\tC\u00e1c\tc\u1ee5\tnh\u00e0\tNho\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkia\tc\u00f3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1eedi\tm\u1eafng\tn\u1eb7ng\tl\u1eddi con\tch\u00e1u\td\u00e1m\tc\u1eaft\tt\u00f3c\tng\u1eafn...Nh\u01b0ng\tch\u1ec9\tsau\tkhi\tgi\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tl\u1eadp\tv\u00e0i\tch\u1ee5c\tn\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111\u00e3\t c\u00f3\t xu\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t nh\u1eadn\t ra\t r\u1eb1ng,\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n\t minh\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t s\u1ebd\t r\u1ea5t\t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf\tn\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ecbu\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\th\u1ee3p\tl\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0103n\tminh\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y. Trong\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y,\tb\u00e0i\th\u1ecdc\tNh\u1eadt\tB\u1ea3n\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ea5m\tg\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tta\tsuy\tngh\u0129. Nh\u1eadt\t B\u1ea3n\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t kia\t v\u1ed1n\t c\u0169ng\t ch\u1ecbu\t \u1ea3nh\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t n\u1eb7ng\t n\u1ec1\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0103n\t minh\t Trung Hoa,\t nh\u01b0ng\t v\u0103n\t minh\t Nh\u1eadt\t B\u1ea3n\t \u0111\u00e3\t s\u1edbm\t bi\u1ebft\t ph\u00e1\t v\u1ee1\t t\u00ednh\t bi\u1ec7t\t l\u1eadp,\t s\u1eb5n\t s\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu\t ch\u1ea5p\t nh\u1eadn\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t h\u1ee3p\t l\u00ed\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0103n\t minh\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t T\u00e2y.\t Nh\u1edd\t v\u1eady, Nh\u1eadt\tB\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ed7\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tn\u1ec3\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ec9\tXX. Kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t v\u0103n\t minh\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0110\u00f4ng\t v\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t minh\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t T\u00e2y\t c\u0169ng\t ch\u1ec9 mang\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t r\u1ea5t\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i.\t Nhi\u1ec1u\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0103n\t minh\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t T\u00e2y\t c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tt\u1eeb\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1ea1i.\tNg\u00e0y\tnay\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh n\u00e0o\tch\u1ec9\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tdo\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u00f3\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tn\u00ean\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f3\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tm\u1ed9t\td\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\tn\u00e0o\tthu\u1ea7n\tch\u1ee7ng.\tTrong\tcu\u1ed9c\tgiao\tl\u01b0u,\tc\u1ecd\tx\u00e1t\tn\u00e0y,\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh\td\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\t c\u00f3\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ed9i\t giao\t l\u01b0u\t v\u1edbi\t nhau,\t ti\u1ebfp\t thu\t th\u00e0nh\t qu\u1ea3\t c\u1ee7a\t nhau.\t Khi\t xem\t x\u00e9t","m\u1ed9t\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tn\u00e0o,\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tn\u00f3\ttrong\tm\u1ed1i\tli\u00ean\tquan\tv\u1edbi c\u00e1c\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n\t minh\t m\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t c\u00f3\t quan\t h\u1ec7,\t nh\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t khu\t v\u1ef1c\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t \u0111\u00f3\t l\u1ea1i\t n\u1eb1m trong\tv\u00f9ng\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1ec1n\tv\u0103n\tminh\tl\u1edbn. Trong\t xu\t th\u1ebf\t to\u00e0n\t c\u1ea7u\t ho\u00e1\t hi\u1ec7n\t nay\t th\u00ec\t s\u1ef1\t ho\u00e0\t nh\u1eadp\t gi\u1eefa\t c\u00e1c\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n minh\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u1ea5t\ty\u1ebfu.\tS\u1ef1\tho\u00e0\tnh\u1eadp\tn\u00e0y\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tnhanh\tb\u1edfi\tc\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tti\u1ec7n\tgiao\tth\u00f4ng\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ea1ng\tth\u00f4ng\ttin\tto\u00e0n\tc\u1ea7u.\tM\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0i ng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\t\u0111ang\tng\u00e0y\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\tph\u1ed5\tbi\u1ebfn,\td\u00f9ng\tchung\tcho\tc\u00e1c\td\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\t nh\u01b0\t ti\u1ebfng\t Anh,\t Ph\u00e1p,\t T\u00e2y\t Ban\t Nha,\t \u1ea2r\u1eadp.\t Ti\u1ebfng\t Nga,\t Trung\t Qu\u1ed1c, Hindu\t tuy\t ch\u01b0a\t mang\t t\u1ea7m\t c\u1ee1\t b\u1eb1ng\t nh\u01b0ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nhi\u1ec1u\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t n\u00ean c\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ea7m\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tk\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u1ef1u\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0103n\tminh\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tng\u00e0y\tnay\tl\u00e0\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tchung\tnh\u1eefng tri\tth\u1ee9c\tm\u00e0\tc\u1ea3\tlo\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng,\tt\u00edch\tlu\u1ef9\tqua\tbao\tth\u1ebf\th\u1ec7.\tV\u0103n\tminh\tth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\tch\u1ee9a\t\u0111\u1ef1ng\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u00e9t\tchung\tnh\u1ea5t\tm\u00e0\tm\u1ed7i\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia,\tm\u1ed7i\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tti\u1ebfp thu\tv\u00e0\tv\u1eadn\td\u1ee5ng\tn\u00f3\tv\u00e0o\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tm\u00ecnh.\tDo\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\tt\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\t v\u00e0\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n\t l\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau,\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed7i\t d\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng\tn\u00e9t\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau,\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1eafc\tth\u00e1i\tri\u00eang\tbi\u1ec7t.\tV\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra\tl\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tth\u1ebf n\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tnh\u1eefng\ty\u1ebfu\tt\u1ed1\th\u1ee3p\tl\u00ed,\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ef1c,\th\u1ea1n\tch\u1ebf\tnh\u1eefng\ty\u1ebfu\tt\u1ed1\tti\u00eau\tc\u1ef1c. D\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t Vi\u1ec7t\t Nam\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t b\u00e2y\t gi\u1edd\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t th\u00e1ch\t th\u1ee9c\t khi ph\u1ea3i\t ti\u1ebfp\t x\u00fac\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n\t minh\t kh\u00e1c.\t D\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\t ta\t n\u1eb1m\t gi\u1eefa\t hai\t n\u1ec1n\t v\u0103n minh\tl\u1edbn\tc\u1ee7a\tCh\u00e2u\t\u00c1\tl\u00e0\t\u1ea4n\t\u0110\u1ed9\tv\u00e0\tTrung\tHoa.\tTrong\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed,\tb\u00ean c\u1ea1nh\tvi\u1ec7c\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tt\u1eeb\tv\u0103n\tminh\t\u1ea4n\t\u0110\u1ed9\tv\u00e0\tTrung\tHoa,\tch\u00fang\tta v\u1eabn\t gi\u1eef\t nh\u1eefng\t b\u1ea3n\t s\u1eafc\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t ri\u00eang\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh,\t m\u1eb7c\t d\u00f9\t c\u00f3\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n\tn\u0103m\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u00f4\th\u1ed9,\tb\u1ecb\tc\u1ed1\tt\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tho\u00e1.\tTrong\tth\u1eddi\tk\u00ec\tb\u1ecb\tth\u1ef1c\td\u00e2n\tPh\u00e1p\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c\t M\u0129\t x\u00e2m\t l\u01b0\u1ee3c,\t b\u00ean\t c\u1ea1nh\t vi\u1ec7c\t ti\u1ebfp\t thu\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0103n\t minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tT\u00e2y\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\ts\u1ee9c\ts\u1ed1ng\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ea3n\tl\u0129nh\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh.\tCh\u00fang\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tg\u00f3p\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0o v\u0103n\t minh\t nh\u00e2n\t lo\u1ea1i.\t Nh\u1eefng\t nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t nh\u01b0\t L\u00ea\t Qu\u00ed\t \u0110\u00f4n, Nguy\u1ec5n\tTr\u00e3i,\tH\u1ed3\tCh\u00ed\tMinh...\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Trong\t xu\t th\u1ebf\t h\u1ed9i\t nh\u1eadp\t t\u1ea5t\t y\u1ebfu\t ng\u00e0y\t nay,\t d\u00f9\t mu\u1ed1n\t hay\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u00fang\t ta v\u1eabn\t ph\u1ea3i\t tham\t gia,\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t \u0111\u1ec3\t m\u00e0\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t v\u00e0\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n.\t B\u00ean\t c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ed9i\t m\u1edbi,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u0169ng\t g\u1eb7p\t ph\u1ea3i\t r\u1ea5t\t nhi\u1ec1u\t th\u00e1ch\t th\u1ee9c\t m\u1edbi.\t H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n\tn\u0103m\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc,\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tta\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tph\u00f3\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\tv\u00e0\td\u00e2n\t t\u1ed9c\tVi\u1ec7t\t Nam\t v\u1eabn\t gi\u1eef\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ch\u1ed7\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t tr\u00ean\t b\u1ea3n\t \u0111\u1ed3\t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\tM\u1ed7i\tth\u1ebf\th\u1ec7\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c\tri\u00eang\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh.\tL\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng minh,\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tc\u1eeda\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u00ecm\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u1ef1\tb\u1ea3o\tv\u1ec7\tl\u00e0\tth\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea1i.\tTrong\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i\t nh\u1eadp\t hi\u1ec7n\t nay,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u1ea7n\t ch\u1ee7\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u00ecm\t hi\u1ec3u\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111a\t d\u1ea1ng\t v\u1ec1\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tkh\u00e1c,\tti\u1ebfp\tthu\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u0103n\tminh\tchung\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p\t ph\u1ea7n\t nh\u1ecf\t b\u00e9\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t v\u00e0o\t m\u1ee5c\t ti\u00eau\t d\u00e2n\t gi\u00e0u,\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t m\u1ea1nh,\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng,\tv\u0103n\tminh\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ea3o\tv\u1ec7,\tph\u00e1t\thuy\tnh\u1eefng\ttinh\thoa\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c.",""]