["Con h\u1ea3i b \u00e1 m\u1eb9 tr\u00e0 l\u00f2i v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1.230km\/h trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f2n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 299.792.458m\/s. S\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 30.000\u00b0c, g\u1ea5p 20 l\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1t silica th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7y tinh, nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 fulgurite. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 16 tri\u1ec7u c\u01a1n d\u00f4ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Khi hai \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau, hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u v\u00f2n. Gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ta tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m \u1ed9t tia ch\u1edbp. V\u00e0i gi\u00e2y sau ta m\u1edbi nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \\\"s\u1ea5m \\\" (v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh n\u00ean ta tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y tia ch\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y d\u00f4ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i, g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1c x\u1ebbng... th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u00e0 m \u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu s\u00e9t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo quy t\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao m\u00e0 tia s\u00e9t t\u1ea1o ra. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc N ortheastern th\u00ec m \u1ed9t tia s\u00e9t ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u jun ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 m \u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n 100W s\u00e1ng trong 5,5 gi\u1edd. Ngo\u00e0i ra s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u00e1 ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf cao th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00edch tr\u1eef. Theo Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e9t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Florida v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t th\u00ec m \u1ed9t tia s\u00e9t ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng 5 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n lOOVV trong v\u00f2n g c\u1ea3 n\u0103m th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u00e1p thu l\u00f4i m\u00e0 AEH s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi p h \u1ecfn g v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean t\u1edd The New York Times \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m \u00f4 t\u1ea3 m \u1ed9t c\u01a1n d\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t tr\u00e1i bom h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c thu ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y t\u1eeb m \u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \\\"v \u00f4 v\u1ecdng\\\".","\u00a9 \u2022? T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n? S\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn b\u00ean tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tsunami (s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng N h\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \\\"b\u1ebfn\\\" (\u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \\\"t\u00e2n\\\") v\u00e0 \\\"s\u00f3ng\\\" (\\\"ba\\\"). Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra d\u00f9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean do l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u1edf ngo\u00e0i xa kh\u01a1i. C\u01a1n s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u; khi c\u00f2n ngo\u00e0i xa kh\u01a1i, s\u00f3ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 (chi\u1ec1u cao s\u00f3ng) kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m kilomet. V\u00ec v\u1eady khi \u1edf xa b\u1edd ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ra n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng c\u1ed3n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i. \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u v\u00ec khi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o b\u1edd, s\u00f3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m \u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t 53","Can h\u00e0i bo m \u1eb9 tnh l\u1eedi th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2ng l\u00ean, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi gi\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho n\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c tr\u1eadn s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c r\u00eca m \u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. N h\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n va ch\u1ea1m m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. Khi m\u1ed9t m \u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m \u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 l\u00e0m r\u00eca m \u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean r\u00eca m \u1ea3ng khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y gi\u1eadt l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, khi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ed1ng theo s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tung l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c con s\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ecfa ra tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ao. Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m \u1ea1nh 9 \u0111\u1ed9 Richter x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2011 g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Sendai, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tokyo 373km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda N am g\u00e2y ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 20 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. S\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n cao \u0111\u1ebfn 38,9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i m \u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n lOkm. C\u01a1 quan C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 15.854 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m \u1ea1ng, 9.677 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 3.155 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m \u1ea5t t\u00edch t\u1ea1i 18 t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a N h\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 125.000 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.","T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00ed d\u00f9ng dao b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p c\u1eaft hoa qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ( \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 ? t\u00e1o, l\u00ea th\u00ec b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ed7 c\u1eaft l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u0111en? Trong l\u00ea, t\u00e1o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a tanin. Tanin hay acid tanic, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi s\u1eaft t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft III tanat c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en. Tanin c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ch\u00e1t, qu\u1ea3 h\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ch\u00e1t do r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tanin. Tanin hnh khi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng dao b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft l\u00ea, t\u00e1o, h\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 sau m \u1ed9t l\u00fac, ch\u1ed7 c\u1eaft v\u1eabn b\u1ecb th\u00e2m \u0111en l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tan\u1eef\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ed1c ph\u00e9nol, c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 oxy h\u00f3a b\u1edfi oxy c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ox\u00edt c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en. V\u00ec v\u1eady tanin th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y tinh s\u1eabm m\u00e0u. Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tar\u0169n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c da v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf m\u1ef1c m\u00e0u \u0111en. \u00a9. trong trai l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdc? S\u00f2 hay h\u1ebfn nu\u00f4i l\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u00f3 sinh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng? H \u1ea1t ng\u1ecdc trai r\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n, c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00f3a m\u1eaft. N g\u1ecdc trai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd. C\u00e1i n\u00f4i sinh ra ng\u1ecdc trai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i s\u00f2 h\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 con trai s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i trai ng\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nhuy\u1ec5n th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c chi Pinctada... R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng: Con trai c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec h\u1ea1t ng\u1ecdc trai b\u00ean trong c\u0169ng l\u1edbn. N h\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt","Can h\u00e0i bo m \u1ea1 tr\u00e1 l\u00f9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng con trai c\u00f3 k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng k\u00fd sinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra ng\u1ecdc trai. T\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ed9t con trai ng\u1ecdc ra quan s\u00e1t th\u00ec l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra m\u00e0u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t ng\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"l\u1edbp ng\u1ecdc\\\", n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ecdc ti\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb l\u1edbp m \u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i. Khi k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con trai, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh, l\u1edbp m \u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con trai ng\u1ecdc s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ecdc trai \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i. Qua m \u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ng\u1ecdc trai. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t bay v\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con trai, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t n\u00e0y ra v\u00e0 sau khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch l\u00e0m ng\u1ee9a ng\u00e1y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, trai s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u1edbp m \u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecdc c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t l\u1ea1i. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t d\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ng\u1ecdc trai tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20 - 30 lo\u00e0i trai ng\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebb ra ng\u1ecdc trai. Ng\u00e0y nay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra","c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i trai \u0111\u1ec3 sau khi ch\u00fang l\u1edbn, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb v\u1ecf trai v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u1edf m \u00e0ng b\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 che m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng nh\u1ecf l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t ng\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a ai nu\u00f4i s\u00f2 hay h\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdc trai. 0 * ? C\u00e1 c\u00f3 ng\u1ee7 hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u1ee7 nh\u01b0th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1 ng\u1ee7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra v\u00ec c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft. Trong s\u1ed1 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00ed m \u1eaft, c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 tuy c\u00f3 m\u00ed m \u1eaft nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 c\u00e1 c\u00f3 ng\u1ee7 th\u00ec m\u1eaft v\u1eabn m\u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1 ng\u1ee7 hay th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ng\u1eebng b\u01a1i, d\u1eebng y\u00ean \u1edf m \u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. Trong l\u00fac ng\u1ee7, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111ung \u0111\u01b0a m ang nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, v\u00e2y th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng \u0111ung \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1 ng\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00ednh (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ee7 g\u1eadt). \u0110\u00f3","Can h\u00e3i b \u1ea5 m \u1eb9 tnfi Icri l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung khi ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m \u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 h\u00e8. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m \u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p, c\u00e1 di\u1ebfc l\u1ea1i ng\u1eebng \u0103n, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y s\u00f4ng, g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean nhau m\u00e0 ng\u1ee7. o*? Tai sao k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u lai thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c m\u00e0u tr\u00ean m\u1eaft k\u00ednh? C\u00f2n m\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m \u00e0u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c m \u1eaft k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sunsensor), ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p B\u1ea1c Halogen. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c m \u1eaft k\u00ednh theo hai c\u00e1ch, m \u1ed9t l\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m m \u1eaft k\u00ednh, hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t m\u1eaft k\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho m \u1eaft k\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i m \u00e0u t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng sang t\u1ed1i hay t\u1eeb t\u1ed1i sang s\u00e1ng. N h\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch \u1ea5t, c\u00e1c m \u1eaft k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i m \u00e0u l\u00e0 do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm ch\u1ee9 k h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i m \u00e0u m\u00e0 ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c m \u1eaft k\u00ednh khi ^8","ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M \u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 do trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u1eeba s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra con m\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Con m\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m 1 chip m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u00eda sau c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 1 camera si\u00eau nh\u1ecf g\u1eafn tr\u00ean k\u00ednh. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh do camera thu nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t t\u1edbi con chip \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y do gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gislin Dagnelie thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins \u1edf Baltimore ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra. C* * ? T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 ^ v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay n\u00f3i ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \\\"l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m \\\", \\\"t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m \\\", \\\"ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m \\\". N\u00f3i ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m l\u00e0 v\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N \u00e3o l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 t\u1ef7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 100 ng\u00e0n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng. Ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 trong ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. N h\u1eefng s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ly b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t Myelin do t\u1ebf b\u00e0o O ligodendroglia t\u1ea1o ra. M\u00e0u tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o do m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t Myelin. Tr\u1ea3i qua m \u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3","Can h\u00e3i b \u00e1 mi? tr\u1ecf l\u1edfi ERANKATZ c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i nh\u1eefng nghi v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00f2 m\u00f2. mH^\u1ef1PKfi\u1ee5CGWHH\u0128S5V\u1ec4KH\u00c2N\u00c2NeNH\u01a0\u0110U\u1ee2C Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u00a5\u1ed8TD\u0102Y5\u00d5C\u00d3500CH\u01a0S\u00d3,SAUKHINCH\u0129CH\u00ccM\u1ed8n\u1ea8N v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc nh\u01b0: Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Clark (th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Tony Buzan) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd t\u00ean, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u0103m sinh, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ai. B\u00edM\u1eacT C\u1ee6A M\u1ed8T Tony Buzan - cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 TR\u00cdSNecHret\u1edas oSfaI\u00casuUpePr mHem\u00c0oMry\u2019 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0 duy, \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 gW lpIlRjXOt\u00ab' NXB TRI TH\u1ee8T t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. K\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c gia Guinness th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Eran Katz v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb 500 con s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 qua m \u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nghe \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t tr\u00ed n\u00e3o si\u00eau ph\u00e0m v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1. N h\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng si\u00eau ph\u00e0m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a Tony Buzan, Eran Katz v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec theo l\u1eddi d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Anne Debroise trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \\\"B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o\\\" c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \\\"M \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m \u1ed9t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb si\u00eau ph\u00e0m . V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn 70 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc theo tr\u00ed nh\u1edb m \u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng g\u1ed3m 50 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean hay \u0111\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o\\\"...","o^ ^ Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 r\u1eebng xanh v\u1edbi ch\u00faa s\u01a1n l\u00e2m c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ^ nhau kh\u00f4ng? Hai lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y con n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n? Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 r\u1eebng xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i h\u1ed5. Ch\u00faa s\u01a1n l\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 lo\u00e0i s\u01b0 t\u1eed. S\u01b0 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng n\u00fai, ch\u00e2n n\u00fai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Ch\u00faa s\u01a1n l\u00e2m\\\" (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng). H\u1ed5 th\u00ec s\u1ed1ng \u1eefong r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 r\u1eebng xanh\\\". C\u1ea3 H\u1ed5 v\u00e0 S\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3 th\u00fa m \u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 trong v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i coi H\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa s\u01a1n l\u00e2m. H \u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed5 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u01b0 t\u1eed h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c tay \u0111\u00f4i, tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec s\u01b0 t\u1eed m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n h\u1ed5 v\u00ec s\u01b0 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng theo b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c m \u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n h\u1ed5 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. H \u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m \u1ed9t con h\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n s\u01b0 t\u1eed. Tuy v\u1eady, x\u00e9t \u1edf g\u00f3c ^ '\u1ea6 '","Con h\u00e3i b \u1ea5 mi? tr\u00e3 l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t, h\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 hung h\u00e3n h\u01a1n s\u01b0 t\u1eed, b\u1edfi ch\u00fang m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 d\u1ebbo dai h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t con h\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ef1c giao \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c th\u00ec s\u01b0 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ed5 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u00f2n s\u01b0 t\u1eed ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. C\u1ea3 hai lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng \u1eef\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c. G T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 3 c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 2 c\u00e1nh hay hay 4 c\u00e1nh? Qu\u1ea1t m \u00e1t, th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 khi v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 2, 3 ho\u1eb7c 4 c\u00e1nh. C\u00e1i qu\u1ea1t \u1edf m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 8-10 c\u00e1nh. Qu\u1ea1t m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng c\u00f3 2 c\u00e1i v\u00ec m \u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m \u00e1y bay. M \u1ed9t c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. \u0110 \u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 3 pha n\u00ean c\u00f3 3 cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y, 3 c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t khi quay s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c momen h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u00ean trong n\u00ean 3 c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 m \u00e1t (c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u) v\u00e0 3 c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00fat gi\u00f3 v\u00e0o, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 l\u00fd do l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay v\u00ec n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u...","\u00ae Q T\u1ea1i sao con ch\u00f3 sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng \u1edf v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ^ n\u00f3 v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 khi ch\u1ee7 cho n\u00f3 li\u1ebfm tay? Ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y chung, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi con ngu\u1eddi. Ch\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 tr\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, s\u0103n b\u1eaft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt trung th\u00e0nh, t\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t khi bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u00c1o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 340 t\u1eeb, trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb 15 kh\u1ea9u l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3 Besty 7 tu\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 b\u00e0y v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt g\u1ea7n n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, con ch\u00f3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 cho bi\u1ebft, ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4-5 th\u00e1ng, Besty b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n con v\u1eadt ghi nh\u1edb t\u00ean c\u1ee7a","Can h\u00e3i b \u1ea5 mi? tr\u00e1 l\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt xung quanh. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Max Planck (\u0110\u1ee9c) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb m\u00e0 Besty c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb. C\u00f4 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean c\u1ee7a 340 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt. V\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, Besty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh. Nhi\u1ec1u con ch\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c xa nh\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 nh\u1edd tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh trong 0 * ? h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 bao xa? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean s\u00ednh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u0103n (AU). \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 150 tri\u1ec7u kilomet (ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 149. 597. 870,700 kilomet) l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau: Th\u1ee7y Tinh; 0,39 AU; Kim Tinh: 0,72 AU; Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; 1,00 AU; H \u1ecfa Tinh: 1,52 AU; M\u1ed9c Tinh: 5,20 AU; Th\u1ed5 Tinh: 9,54 AU; Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tinh:","19,2 AU; H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tinh: 30,1 AU; Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tinh: 39,5 AU. Ri\u00eang Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tinh th\u00ec t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1930 cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u0103m 2006, Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0129a ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n Eris, c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng 27%. Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2006, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \\\"h\u00e0nh tinh\\\". \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Q u\u1ed1c t\u1ebf x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m \u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00f9n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Eris v\u00e0 Ceres. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0o trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi \u0111\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng? Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1m g\u1ec9, l\u00e0m oxy h\u00f3a \u0111en b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng\/ \u0111\u1ecf\/ \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p kim. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m \u00e0ng m \u1ecfng ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u \u00edt. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng y\u00ean t\u00e2m khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sau khi x\u1eed l\u00fd xong","Con h\u00e3i b\u1ed5 m \u1eb9 trb l\u00c8ii gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. C\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng: T\u1ea9y r\u1eeda, ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t g\u1ec9, g\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m , v\u1ebft \u1ed1 d\u1ea7u (nh\u1eb9) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c. T\u00ednh th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea7ng b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ly \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c gia nhi\u1ec7t. D\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0103n m \u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng. Sau khi x\u1eed l\u00fd, b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. O .\u00ce B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng quang ph\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 380nm \u0111\u1ebfn 740nm). Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 photon. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng do M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edm); \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng do M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng","do \u0111\u00e8n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng do c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t ra g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. \\\"\u00c1 nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1nh\\\" l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eadp trung g\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng quang ph\u1ed5 t\u00edm. \\\"\u00c1 nh s\u00e1ng n\u00f3ng\\\" l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecf. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 quang ph\u1ed5 tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edm l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng; c\u00f2n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng quang ph\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc\\\". M\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quang h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 300 tri\u1ec7u m\/gi\u00e2y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. M \u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00e1ch xa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 150 tri\u1ec7u kilomet nh\u01b0ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb M \u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 m \u1ea5t c\u00f3 8 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 m \u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m \u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u1eaft n\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua c\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu qua m \u1ed9t l\u0103ng k\u00ednh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e0u nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng. C\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, nung s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n d\u00e2y t\u00f3c; hai l\u00e0, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00ed ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n hu\u1ef3nh quang. C -\u2019 B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00c2m thanh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qua l\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u00e0m n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng. \u00c2m thanh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng, chu k\u1ef3, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c lan truy\u1ec1n (t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m thanh). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00e2m thanh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 20Hz \u0111\u1ebfn 20kHz c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, va \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u00e0ng nh\u0129, l\u00e0m rung m \u00e0ng nh\u0129 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00e2m thanh \u25a0\u2019 \u1ea9 A '","Can h\u00e3i b \u1ea5 m ? tr\u00e3 l\u1eedi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n hay th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 tai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 lan truy\u1ec1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, m\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o. C\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t ra \u00e2m thanh khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5i b\u1ecb \u00e9p qua d\u00e2y thanh \u00e2m. Gi\u1ecdng cao hay th\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u00e2y thanh \u00e2m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh hay ch\u1eadm. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quanh mi\u1ec7ng bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m thanh do d\u00e2y thanh \u00e2m t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. C\u00e1c khoang \u1eefong m\u0169i, h\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c c\u0169ng gi\u00fap c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam cho \u00e2m thanh. C\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh. Trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m thanh, ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m ang t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, s\u00f3ng \u00e2m m ang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f3ng. N \u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea7m \u0111\u1ebfn tai ta. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m thanh l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng \u00e2m truy\u1ec1n \u0111i trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n \u00e2m. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb decibel (dB). T\u1ea7m nghe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 125dB. D\u01b0\u1edbi 40dB th\u00ec nghe r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f2n tr\u00ean lOSdB th\u00ec tai s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u00ean llS d B trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.","G -\u2019 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? B\u1ea1c l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ea3ng \u25a0\/ - \u2022 -V ^w tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ag. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd, m\u00e0u \u1eef\u1eafng \u00e1nh kim, m\u1ec1m, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao nh\u1ea5t \u1eefong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i. Kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p kim v\u1edbi v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p \u1edf trong c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 argentit v\u00e0 clorargyrit. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0ng, ch\u00ec, v\u00e0 k\u1ebdm. B\u1ea1c l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, ch\u00e9n \u0111\u0169a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng \u1eefong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1c l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n xu t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean 2.800 n\u0103m. Kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1eefong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1eefong \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Kho\u1ea3ng 40% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1c \u1eef\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1eefong ng\u00e0nh nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1eef\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ea1c m\u1ecfng ph\u00eda sau. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1eefong phim \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c nitrat pha lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t vi khu\u1ea9n. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ea1 b\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00fang b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i b\u1ea1c. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh b\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ee3i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi b\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: B\u1ea1c di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1m v\u00e0o l\u00ean th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng. \u1ec1\u00c2","Can h\u00e3i b\u1ed1 m \u1eb9 tnh l\u1eebi S\u00ednh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec so v\u1edb\u00ed trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt? Kho\u1ea3ng 71% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (kho\u1ea3ng 361 tri\u1ec7u kilomet vu\u00f4ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng che ph\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda di\u1ec7n t\u00edch khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u tr\u00ean 3.000 m\u00e9t. \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 3,5% v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m \u1eb7n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1eefong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 3,0% (\u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn c\u1ef1c) t\u1edbi 3,8% (v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi\/c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi). Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1edf ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i l\u00e0 29\u00b0c \u1edf v\u00f9ng 0\u00b0cven x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng lOOm, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t b\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ecdt xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 du l\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf x\u00edu b\u00f4i d\u1ea1t b \u00ean bi\u1ec3n. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf bong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf \u0103n sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 du, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i \u0103n c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i \u0103n th\u1ecbt ch\u00fang. M\u1eaft x\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n quan b\u1ecdng cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c IV","ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3, t\u00f4m bi\u1ec3n, s\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, d\u01b0a bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, nh\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3n, giun \u1ed1ng, giun bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f2ng c\u01a1m tr\u1eafng, m\u1ef1c \u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, hai, s\u1ee9a m\u0169 s\u01b0, v\u00edch xanh, s\u01b0 t\u1eed bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1 tr\u00edch, c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e1ng, c\u00e1 tuy\u1ebft \u0111u\u00f4i roi, c\u00e1 v\u00e2y ch\u00e2n, c\u00e1 tuy\u1ebft \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i, c\u00e1 h\u1ea7u t\u00fai, c\u00e1 r\u1ed3ng bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u, c\u00e1 r\u1eafn l\u1ee5c, c\u00e1 r\u0103ng ch\u00f4ng, c\u00e1 \u0111\u00e8n, c\u00e1 ki\u1ebfm, c\u00e1 ng\u1eeb v\u00e2y v\u00e0ng, c\u00e1 nh\u00e1m b\u00faa, c\u00e1 nh\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1 heo, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i t\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111a b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i san h\u00f4, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i vi khu\u1ea9n \u01b0a m\u1eb7n... (^ \u2022 ? Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t? Kh\u1ee7ng long (t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Dinosauria) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong h\u01a1n 160 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Tam \u0111i\u1ec7p (kho\u1ea3ng 230 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (kho\u1ea3ng 65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y). C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ghi l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng chim ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long ch\u00e2n th\u00fa trong k\u1ef7 Jura. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng - \u0110\u1ec7 Tam, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, chim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi","Can h\u00e3i b \u1ea5 m ? tr\u1ec2i l\u1eddi l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m kh\u1ee7ng long c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Kh\u1ee7ng long l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n 500 chi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 1.000 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u1ee7ng long s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1edfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long \u0103n c\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0103n th\u1ecbt. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chim, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u00e2n, m \u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u \u1eef\u00fac nh\u01b0 s\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u00e1o gi\u00e1p x\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con Sauropoda n\u1eb7ng t\u1edbi 70 t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 70m, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long Compsognathus ch\u1ec9 to b\u1eb1ng con g\u00e0 t\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng. \u1ecc Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh? M\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn v\u1ea3y nh\u1ecf li ti, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp l\u00ean nhau. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng \u1eefong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea3y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00f3 m\u00e0u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh khi di chuy\u1ec3n. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ph\u00eda d\u1ef1\u1edbi c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m ho\u1eb7c n\u00e2u kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u x\u1ea5u x\u00ed n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ee5y h an g khi c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u01b0\u1edbm tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi con m\u1eaft s\u0103n l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 s\u00e2u b\u1ecd kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e0u s\u1eafc s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbm. Ch\u00fang t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u1eb7p v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khoe","m\u00e0u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm d\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi - m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3y tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat con c\u00e1i. Sau khi giao ph\u1ed1i xong, nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm c\u00e2y thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho con c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sau n\u00e0y. B\u01b0\u1edbm ch\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y \u1eef\u1ee9ng n\u1edf. N h\u1eefng con s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0103n l\u00e1 c\u00e2y n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u1edf v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nh\u1ed9ng. Trong k\u00e9n, nh\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbm r\u1ed3i c\u1ecd l\u01b0ng v\u00e0o k\u00e9n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i bay ra ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed7i con b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 4 c\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 1 \u0111\u00f4i. B\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm (kho\u1ea3ng 20 l\u1ea7n\/ph\u00fat). Tuy v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay xa khi di tr\u00fa. v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 suy vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u0103n b\u1eaft n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i Monphos c\u1ee7a Brazm v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00e1nh chim \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 Nam ch\u00e2u \u00fa c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed hay m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i trang s\u1ee9c, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i trong c\u00e1c trang \u1eef\u1ea1i.","Can h\u00e3i bo mi? tnh l\u00f2i T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o \\\"N\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng v\u1edb\u00ed v\u00e2y c\u00e1 m\u1eadp\\\"? Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e2y c\u00e1 m\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m \u00f3n \u0103n r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e2y c\u00e1 m \u1eadp c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. D\u00f9 y\u00eau hay gh\u00e9t th\u00ec c\u00e1 m\u1eadp v\u1eabn l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt b\u1eadc cao \u0111\u00f3ng vai \u1eef\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n x\u1ea5u g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng do qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u00e9m v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H \u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con c\u00e1 m\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i n\u0103m do khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u con ch\u1ebft ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean do m\u1eafc l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1 ng\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e1 ki\u1ebfm, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u00e2y, v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n s\u00fap v\u00e2y c\u00e1 m\u1eadp n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y v\u00e2y c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m \u00f3n s\u00fap m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0103n. N h\u1eefng con c\u00e1 m\u1eadp b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00ean, c\u1eaft v\u00e2y v\u00e0 v\u1ee9t","ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ra bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1 m\u1eadp h\u1ed5 (tiger shark) v\u00e0 c\u00e1 m\u1eadp b\u00f2 (bull shark) \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn 90%. Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e1m gai (spiny dogfish) v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e1m h\u1ed3i (porbeagle), b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u c\u00e1 (ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) c\u0169ng \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 suy gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khai th\u00e1c y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 m\u1eadp v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n n\u00f3i chung. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng 90% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 s\u0103n m\u1ed3i l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 m\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. C\u00e1 m\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng long, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh t\u1ed3n cao. N h\u01b0ng v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. C -? L\u00e0m sao t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y g\u1ed7? Tu\u1ed5i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo chi\u1ec1u cao hay theo b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1n, v\u00ec chi\u1ec1u cao, v\u00f2ng th\u00e2n, t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e9p t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i theo v\u00f2ng n\u0103m hay l\u1edbp t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang th\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f2ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n, theo chi\u1ec1u cao, theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng, t\u0103ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh, \u1edf \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 trong th\u00e2n, \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu trong n\u0103m, n\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e0nh c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f9a sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m, ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 v\u00f2ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u h\u01a1n","Con h\u00e3i bo mir tr\u00e0 Icri v\u00ec t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o k\u00e9m, n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u00e9p l\u1ea1i 2 v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 tu\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u00f2ng n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo n\u0103m v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1eebng n\u0103m , v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. l,5cm nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 khi m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n. Theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1eebng n\u0103m c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Tu\u1ed5i c\u00e0ng cao v\u00f2ng n\u0103m c\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng \u0111i. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch: N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y th\u00ec c\u1eaft ph\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i khoan c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng trong, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y qua v\u00f2ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 khoan v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfm v\u00f2ng n\u0103m qua thanh g\u1ed7 trong \u1ed1ng khoan \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e2n, n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u cao. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u00e0ng n\u0103m g\u1ecdi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103m theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao. N\u1ebfu ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u0103ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 th\u00ec s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1eef \u00ean th\u00e2n. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc cao l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e0nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 2 hay 3 l\u1ea7n, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1edf t\u1eebng lo\u00e0i, t\u1eeb v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n c\u00e0nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00e2y s\u1ebd t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1edf nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u1ebft t\u00edch tr\u00ean th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 30 n\u0103m , c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 trong r\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng","ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i theo m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang th\u00e2n. V\u1edbi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i qua h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n c\u00e0nh, qua m\u1ed9t n\u0103m theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e0nh \u1edf t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n c\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y khi m \u1ecdc c\u00f3 v\u1ea3y ch\u1ed3i, v\u1ea3y ch\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay r\u1ee5ng \u0111i r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ebft t\u00edch (s\u1eb9o), qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e2y non ( 5 - 8 tu\u1ed5i), c\u00e2y gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n non c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y gi\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1ebft t\u00edch. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1eef\u00ean (v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y xu\u1ed1ng), m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft tu\u1ed5i tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed5 sung, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf c\u00e2y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc (nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu v\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tu\u1ed5i) t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp v\u1ecf, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea3ng thang b\u1eadc tu\u1ed5i (nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i) n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m \u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft b\u1eadc (5 - lOT\/b\u1eadc). \u0110\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u? M\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1ee5t tr\u00e0n qua c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eeba m ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o l\u1edbn... V\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7u v\u00f2m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o m \u00f3ng c\u1ea7u \u1edf hai b\u00ean b\u1edd. C\u1ea7u d\u1ea7m chia (console) c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u1edf nh\u1ecbp gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean t\u1eebng \u1eef\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1. \u1edf c\u1ea7u treo, d\u00e2y c\u00e1p v\u00f5ng xu\u1ed1ng \u1eefuy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng","Can h\u1ecfi b\u00f3 m \u1eb9 tr\u00e3 l\u00c8ii v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m neo \u1eef\u00ean hai b\u00ean b\u1edd. \u1edf c\u1ea7u d\u00e2y v\u0103ng, t\u1ea3i \u1eef\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa. C\u1ea7u treo C\u1ed5ng v\u00e0ng \u1edf San Francisco (Hoa K\u1ef3) d\u00e0i 1.280m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo b\u1eb1ng hai d\u00e2y c\u00e1p c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u1edbi Im (c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi 27.450 s\u1ee3i m\u1ed7i d\u00e2y). Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u g\u00ec? Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo (hay nh\u1ef1a) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cao ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng \u1eefong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u00e1o m\u01b0a, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, g\u00e1o, ch\u1eadu, gh\u1ebf nh\u1ecf... cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0169\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng khi ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 khi th\u00f4i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo","c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i, g\u1ed7, da, kim lo\u1ea1i, th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ec1n, nh\u1eb9, kh\u00f3 v\u1ee1, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p. Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u00f3a d\u1ea7u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c polymer h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c polymer n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi oxy, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh ho\u1eb7c nit\u01a1. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ch cacbon t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. c \u1ea5 u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c polymer. Vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a polymer b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXL Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1838 l\u00e0 vinyl clorua. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t styrene n\u0103m 1839, acrylic n\u0103m 1843 v\u00e0 polyeste n\u0103m 1847. N\u0103m 1869, trong khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf cho ng\u00e0 voi, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh John Hyatt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra celluloid v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m dai v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Leo Baekeland, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra phenol formaldehyd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1909. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 khu\u00f4n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh r\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Baekeland g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bakelite, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.","Con h\u00e3i bo m9 tr\u00e3 l\u00f2i O Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i Nobel danh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m? Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21-10-1833\/10-12-1896) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 (dynamite) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Nobelium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nobel b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 17 tu\u1ed5i. Nobel th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi nitroglycerin k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p thu tr\u01a1 nh\u01b0 kieselguhr (\u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea3o silic) khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u1eef \u1edf n\u00ean an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1867 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean dynamite. Nobel \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1eefong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1i Redhill, Surrey, Anh... Ti\u1ebfp theo \u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nitroglycerin v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, b\u00f4ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t toong nh\u01b0 th\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 dynamite. Gelignite, hay Blasting gelatin nh\u01b0 t\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u0103m 1876, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, th\u00eam kali nitrate, b\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, Nobel t\u1ea1o ra ballistite, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang nitroglycerin, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ph\u1ea7n b\u00f4ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nitroglycerin t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 m \u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o dynamite v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u \u1edf Baku c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c","anh em trai Ludvig v\u00e0 Robert Hjalmar (1829-1896) \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gia s\u1ea3n to l\u1edbn. N g\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1895 t\u1ea1i C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n - Na Uy \u1edf Paris, Nobel \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd ch\u00fac th\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i Nobel, trao h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, \u00f4 n g ch\u1ebft sau m.\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5 ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1896 t\u1ea1i Sanremo, \u00dd. s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n m \u1eb7t d\u00e0nh cho Q u\u1ef9 Gi\u1ea3i Nobel l\u00e0 31 tri\u1ec7u kronor (4.223.500 USD). Ba gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong khoa h\u1ecdc V\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u1eefong H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trong Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hay Y h\u1ecdc; gi\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \\\"theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\\\" v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, hay th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hay x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 2001, ch\u00e1u trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Peter, \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \\\"\u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb Alfred Nobel\\\", kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u0103m gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng kia. G^ T\u1ea1i sao n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay h\u01a1i, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1? N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a oxy v\u00e0 hydro, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 H2O. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c, li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang) n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. 70% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc che ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 0,3% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1eef\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, c \u1ea5 u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft","hydro gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Anders Celsius d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m hai \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n Celcius. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 0 \u0111\u1ed9 Celcius (0\u00b0C), c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i (760mmHg) b\u1eb1ng 100\u00b0c. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a h\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao nh\u1edd li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang (t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng) cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf 4 \u00b0c l\u00e0: Ig\/cm^, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00e3n n\u1edf khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 4\u00b0c. E)i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. E)i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: V\u00f3d nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1eef\u00ean 4\u00b0c, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u00f3ng n\u1edf, l\u1ea1nh co; nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 4\u00b0c, n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1nh n\u1edf, n\u00f3ng co. Do h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u1edbi g\u00f3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft 104,45\u00b0), khi b\u1ecb l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi xa ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c m\u1edf. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng. T\u1ea1i sao g\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim \u0103n h\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean s\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf? B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u00f3c, ng\u00f4 th\u00ec g\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chim \u0103n h\u1ea1t v\u1eabn th\u00edch b\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4ng m\u1ed5 t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0103n s\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1t. Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1ea3 th\u00edch g\u00ec m \u1ea5y h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4 kh\u1ed1c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb g\u00ec \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u, ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ti\u00eau h\u00f3a th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau h\u00f3a trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y","th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nhai, nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng g\u00e0, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u0103ng, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9c \u0103n, v\u00e0 s\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y. Khi m\u1ed5 g\u00e0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m \u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ec1, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1 hay t\u00fai c\u00e1t. M\u1ec1 g\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo dai, c\u00f2n v\u00e1ch \u1eefong m\u1ec1 g\u00e0 c\u00f3 m \u1ed9t l\u1edbp da g\u1ea5p n\u1ebfp m \u00e0u v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo. Khi th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ec1 g\u00e0, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t s\u1ecfi nh\u1ecf. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nhu \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ec1 g\u00e0, nh\u00e0o, nghi\u1ec1n, g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean s\u1ecfi ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t th\u1ee9c \u0103n, m\u1ed9t l\u00fac sau, th\u1ee9c \u0103n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh h\u1ed3 n\u00e1t. \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gia c\u00e2m v\u00e0 chim \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m \u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau. Di\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t t\u00fai ch\u1ee9a th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf gia c\u1ea7m. S\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a di\u1ec1u t\u1eeb 100-200g. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf di\u1ec1u v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i gia c\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee9ng kho\u1ea3ng 10- 15 gi\u1edd, th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng 3-4 gi\u1edd. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1eeb di\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tuy\u1ebfn. D\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh chai. Trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft ch\u1ee9a men pepxin v\u00e0 acid clohy\u0111ric. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tuy\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. T\u1ea1i d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i protit v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kho\u00e1ng. D\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 van, c\u00f3 hai th\u00e0nh c\u1ee9ng, ph\u00eda trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c d\u00e0y, c\u1ee9ng. Ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1 \u0129. M\u1ecf; 2. Th\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n; 3. H\u1ea7u; 4. Di\u1ec1u; c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 pH = 3-4,5. 5. D\u1ea1 d\u00e0y tuy\u1ebfn; 6. D\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1 (m\u1ec1); Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 7. Gan; 8. T\u1ee5y; 9. Ru\u1ed9t non; 10. Manh tr\u00e0ng; 11 - L\u1ed7 huy\u1ec7t","Can h\u00e3i b\u1ea5 m ? tr\u00e1 l\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc, acid clohy\u0111ric, men pepxin. D\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 50g, nh\u01b0ng do l\u1edbp c\u01a1 d\u00e0y n\u00ean s\u1ee9c co b\u00f3p l\u00ean t\u1edbi 100-150mmHg \u1edf g\u00e0, ISOmmHg \u1edf v\u1ecbt, 260-280mm Hg \u1edf ng\u1ed7ng. Trong d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u00e1t s\u1ecfi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a. \u1edf d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u01a1,.hydratcacbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ng\u1eafn, chia nh\u1ecf ra, protit ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c peptit v\u00e0 acid amin tuy ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o trong m\u1ec1 g\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u1edf di\u1ec1u (ch\u1ed7 ph\u00ecnh to c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n) v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn v\u1ecb (c\u00e1i d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ec1 g\u00e0), ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 \\\"gia c\u00f4ng\\\" s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ec1m. ? \u1edf B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t hay kh\u00f4ng? Chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chim c\u1ee5t c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chim kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1nh sinh s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c N am b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00e2u Nam c\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng r\u1eadm, m\u1ee1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu r\u00e9t. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y lo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c kil\u00f4gam. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh b\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn con. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu","l\u1ea1nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ch\u00e2u Nam c\u1ef1c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ed1ng xa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. C\u00f3 ba lo\u00e0i sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi; m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i sinh s\u1ed1ng xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Gal\u00e1pagos (chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t Gal\u00e1pagos) v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00fang c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o trong khi ki\u1ebfm \u0103n. T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t. G* \u00ab ? L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o chim ru\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 ^ tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd Chim ru\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecd Chim ong (Trochilidae) l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t h\u1ecd chim nh\u1ecf, khi bay ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eadp tr\u00ean 70 l\u1ea7n\/gi\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 chim ru\u1ed3i. Chim ru\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m \u00e0u l\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1. Chim ru\u1ed3i \u1edf Colombia c\u00f3 v\u1ec7t l\u00f4ng m \u00e0u xanh ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch \u00f3ng \u00e1nh v\u00e0 d\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng m\u00e0u xanh l\u01a1 s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u1eef\u00ean c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng, ch\u00f2m l\u00f4ng m\u00e0u \u1eef\u1eafng mu\u1ed1t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Chim ru\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 300 lo\u00e0i, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chim ong Cuba l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 v\u1edbi con ong ngh\u1ec7. M\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i chim ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0103n m\u1eadt hoa. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p m\u1ecf d\u00e0i (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf) v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ecdc s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i hoa kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00fat m\u1eadt. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ong v\u00e0","Can h\u1ea3i b \u1ea5 m \u1eb9 tr\u00e0 l\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbm khi h\u00fat m\u1eadt, chim ru\u1ed3i gi\u00fap hoa th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. C\u00e1nh chim ru\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i chim n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vai, gi\u00fap chim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u1ea7u chim c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chim ru\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay l\u00f9i. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a chim ru\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t cao. V\u00ec v\u1eady chim ru\u1ed3i c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Khi nh\u1eefng con chim ru\u1ed3i n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c s\u1ebd u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i, nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1nh ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. o C\u00d3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta? \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u ch\u00e2u Phi (danh ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc: Struthio camelus) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim ch\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Struthioni\u1ea3ae, v\u00e0 chi Struthio. Ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u1ed5, ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 65km\/gi\u1edd (40 d\u1eb7m\/gi\u1edd). \u0110\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (lo\u00e0i camelus) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H y L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"Chim L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0\\\". \u0110\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u ch\u00e2u Phi n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb 90 \u0111\u1ebfn 130kg. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn 155kg. \u0110\u00e0","\u0111i\u1ec3u tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111en v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1eafng \u1edf c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u m\u00e1i v\u00e0 con non c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m n\u00e2u nh\u1ea1t v\u1edbi v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1m tr\u1eafng. \u0110\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u tr\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf do tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00faa g\u1ecdi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 che ch\u1edf cho \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u con. B\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m \u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi l\u00f4ng v\u0169 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim bay. Tr\u00ean hai c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00f3ng. C\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng. Ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 hai ng\u00f3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea1y nhanh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u. V\u1edbi l\u00f4ng mi r\u1eadm v\u00e0 \u0111en, c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh (2-4 n\u0103m), \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u tr\u1ed1ng cao l,8-2,7m , \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u m\u00e1i 1,7- 2m. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u con t\u0103ng cao 25cm m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 45kg. \u0110\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t N am , \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk, Q u\u1ea3ng Nam , B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u01b0ng Y \u00ean ... 0 .5 C\u00d3 bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i ch\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau n\u0103m? Ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 15.000 n\u0103m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i K\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i. Lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u00fa ch\u01a1i. Th\u1eddi gian mang thai trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 60 \u0111\u1ebfn 62 ng\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 65 ng\u00e0y. L\u00fac m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00f3 con kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 sau 4 tu\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 28 chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng. B\u1ed9 h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u00fa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 42 chi\u1ebfc. M\u1eaft ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 m\u00ed: m\u1ed9t m\u00ed tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t m\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u00ed th\u1ee9 ba n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa, h\u01a1i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ph\u00eda trong, gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m \u1eaft kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n. Tai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t th\u00ednh, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 35.000 \u00e2m rung ch\u1ec9 trong m \u1ed9t gi\u00e2y. Kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a","Can h\u00f3i bo m \u1eb9 tr\u00e0 l\u1eddi Ch\u00f3 s\u0103n Greyhound ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u00ednh nh\u01b0 tai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp nh\u01b0ng ch\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng gia v\u1ecb trong n\u1ed3i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa ch\u00f3 s\u0103n c\u00f2n t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y n\u1ea5m con n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong r\u1eebng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n 220 tri\u1ec7u m\u00f9i. N\u00e3o ch\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y 2 m \u00e0u \u0111en-tr\u1eafng. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00f3 hay l\u1ea5y \u0111u\u00f4i che c\u00e1i m\u0169i \u01b0\u1edbt \u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang gi\u1eef \u1ea5m cho m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 2 l\u1edbp l\u00f4ng: L\u1edbp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n l\u1edbp l\u00f3t b\u00ean trong gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang gi\u1eef \u1ea5m, kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y m\u01b0a r\u00e9t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \\\"h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t\\\" trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y oi b\u1ee9c. Khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c, ch\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e8 l\u01b0\u1ee1i th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Spitz v\u00e0 Fox terrier c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi 18-20 n\u0103m. N h\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 Boxer v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 German shepherd, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd kho\u1ea3ng 12-13 n\u0103m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u25a0 'A -","G \u1ef8 C\u00d3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i? \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady. Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 tri\u1ec7u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp trong h\u01a1n 30 ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 100 l\u1edbp. Ri\u00eang c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 1 tri\u1ec7u lo\u00e0i (!). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, m \u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 lo\u00e0i chu\u1ed3n chu\u1ed3n; 2.000 lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a; 20.000 lo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u; 17.000 lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm; 120.000 lo\u00e0i hai c\u00e1nh; 82.000 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1nh n\u1eeda; 350.000 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 110.000 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1nh m\u00e0ng. C\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o l\u1edbp c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng) c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m \u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00f9ng (c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i) ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 3 ph\u1ea7n: \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 IN SECTS, b\u1ee5ng. Th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00e0nh tr\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u1ef1c, hai \u0111\u00f4i r\u00e2u (\u0103ngten) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1t ( <1 1 \u0111\u1ed1t). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3) c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh. Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh, nh\u00f3m ru\u1ed3i mu\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1nh. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh (nh\u01b0 b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t, A'","Can h\u00e3i b \u00e1 m ? tr\u1edf l\u1eebi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3...). C\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5i, ch\u00fang th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kh\u00ed nh\u1ecf b\u00e9. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng th\u1edf qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 0,1% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ong, b\u01b0\u1edbm, ki\u1ebfn...). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0103n c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a sinh s\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng \u1eef\u0103m lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c \u0103n tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0103n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u0169ng sinh ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt, s\u00e1p, t\u01a1, c\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn. Ong m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1eadt... M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady. Ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t h\u1ecd c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 C\u00e1nh m \u00e0ng. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong h\u1ecd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan tr\u00e0n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c si\u00eau t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c si\u00eau c\u01a1 quan v\u00ec ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1eeb Nam c\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng m \u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0103n m \u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kho\u1ea3ng 15-20% (trung b\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n 25% \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi) trong t\u1ed5ng sinh kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. Ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 0,75 \u0111\u1ebfn 52mm. Ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf","ho\u1eb7c \u0111en, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim lo\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n 12.000 lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 con ki\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m \u1ed9t m\u1eb9 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa). N h\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 m \u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hay nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa, \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng, chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9ng, nu\u00f4i ki\u1ebfn con, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5, canh g\u00e1c t\u1ed5 (ki\u1ebfn l\u00ednh)... T\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ri\u00eang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m lu\u00f4n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i. Ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa c\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng trong ph\u00f2ng ch\u00faa \u1edf gi\u1eefa t\u1ed5, chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. N h\u1eefng tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \\\"th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean\\\" lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh, khi ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf th\u00ec n\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1nh cho ch\u00fang. Ki\u1ebfn \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00e1c nhau. H \u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn t\u00ecm m\u1ed3i \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i do c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 cao, ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng nhau chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0n, t\u1eebng h\u00e0ng l\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh.","Cnn h\u00e3i b\u1ea5 m\u1ea1 tr\u00e0 l\u00f9i C\u00d3 ph\u1ea3i r\u1ebft bao g\u00ed\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebb con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua giao ph\u1ed1i? R\u1ebft l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t, thon d\u00e0i, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i r\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi 20 cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 300 ch\u00e2n. S\u1ed1 c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n r\u1ebft lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 15 ho\u1eb7c 17 c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n (30 ho\u1eb7c 34 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00e2n) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 16 c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n (32 ch\u00e2n). M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a r\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p k\u00ecm \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 mi\u1ec7ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i r\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 8.000 lo\u00e0i r\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1eef\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u1eefong \u0111\u00f3 3.000 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Khu v\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a r\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf t\u1eadn v\u00f2ng B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c sa m\u1ea1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do l\u1edbp v\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp cutin d\u1ea1ng s\u00e1p gi\u00fap ch\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ec7n, r\u1ebft d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qua da v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1ea5t m \u00f9n, l\u00e1 c\u00e2y m\u1ee5c, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 hay t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00fac g\u1ed7. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p h\u00e0m tr\u00ean d\u00e0i v\u00e0 hai c\u1eb7p h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea7u ch\u00e2n h\u00e0m nh\u1ecdn, mang ng\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0o con m\u1ed3i. R\u1ebft c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eaft k\u00e9p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng\/t\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00e2n kh\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i r\u1ebft th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eaft. Ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 r\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 15 \u0111\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t mang 1 c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t mang c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n h\u00e0m\/k\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u0129a ra ph\u00eda -","tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 2 \u0111\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n. M\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n sau \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau khi di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 nhanh. \u0110\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng tr\u00e2m nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 mang l\u1ed7 huy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c. R\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u0103n m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2 t\u00ecm con m\u1ed3i. H\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn ti\u00eau h\u00f3a k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi mi\u1ec7ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, r\u1ebft h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed qu\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f3 1 c\u1eb7p l\u1ed7 th\u1edf. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua 1 c\u1eb7p vi qu\u1ea3n malpighi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 tinh c\u1ee7a r\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao ph\u1ed1i. Con \u0111\u1ef1c chi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bao t\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho con c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y. M\u1ed7i l\u1ee9a r\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebb 15-60 tr\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ed5 \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y m\u1ee5c hay \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00f9n. Sau khi \u0111\u1ebb, r\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5, canh ch\u1eebng tr\u1ee9ng, li\u1ebfm s\u1ea1ch tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m n\u1ea5m; sau khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c canh ch\u1eebng l\u0169 con cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi r\u1ebft con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ea7 i Chim k\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ch\u00edm g\u00ec? K\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim \u0103n th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 \u0103n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Nam c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a k\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdc hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00f4ng m\u1ecbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng v\u0169. Do t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0103n th\u1ecbt x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f2 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o x\u00e1c con v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb d\u00ednh m\u00e1u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch x\u00e1c con m\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng th\u00ec","Con h\u00f3i b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 tr\u00e0 Icr\u1ec9 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb d\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap k\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y. K\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 nh\u00f3m. K\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Accipitridae - h\u1ecd n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng, Di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u, Chim \u00f3, \u00c1c l\u00e0. M\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i n\u1eefa ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf T\u1ea7n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Cathartidae, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i c\u00f2. Ch\u00fang t\u00ecm x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c t\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chim s\u0103n m\u1ed3i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp ng\u0103n s\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd? Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00f4ng qua k\u00eanh m \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u1eadp x\u00e2y tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng O rontes \u1edf Syria kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Homs. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho","th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda l\u0169 l\u1ee5t. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eadp kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eadp c\u00f3 b\u1eadc thang d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i b\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1eadp th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111i\u1ec7n. Kho\u1ea3ng 20% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1eef\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n. o T\u1ea1i sao khu \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Khu D\u1ef1tr\u1eefs\u1ec9nh quy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u00f3i? Khu D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H \u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Khu D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2004 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda Nam thu\u1ed9c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y, s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ven bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c 3 t\u1ec9nh ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H \u1ed3ng l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ninh B\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea v\u00e0 t\u1eafm bi\u1ec3n. Khu d\u1ef1 \u1eef\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e3i ngang, r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m \u1eb7n Kim S\u01a1n, Ngh\u0129a H\u01b0ng, Th\u00e1i Th\u1ee5y, v\u01b0\u1eddn Qu\u1ed1c gia Giao Th\u1ee7y, c\u1ed3n N\u1ed5i, c\u1ed3n V\u00e0nh, c\u1ed3n Th\u1ee7, khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn, Khu Ramsar Xu\u00e2n Th\u1ee7y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khu Ramsar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, l\u00e0 khu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 khu Ramsar \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 200 lo\u00e0i ch\u1eefn, \u1eefong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 60 lo\u00e0i chim di c\u01b0, h\u01a1n 50 lo\u00e0i chim n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0; C\u00f2 th\u00eca, m \u00f2ng b\u1ec3, r\u1ebd m\u1ecf th\u00eca, c\u00f2 tr\u1eafng b\u1eafc,... Sinh c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh","Can h\u00e0i b\u00e1 m\u1eb9 tr\u1edf l\u1ee9\u00ed r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n hecta, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y m\u1eb7n, b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng xanh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00ea bi\u1ec3n, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra. R\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng sinh \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n, r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 500 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh v\u00e0 c\u1ecf bi\u1ec3n cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf cao nh\u01b0 t\u00f4m, cua, c\u00e1 bi\u1ec3n, v\u1ea1ng, trai, s\u00f2, c\u00e1 tr\u00e1p,... Khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H \u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i, tham quan v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u00a9^ T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0n chim di c\u01b0t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta? C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu, h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0n s\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh bay v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m sau, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i c\u0169 theo \u0111\u00fang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di tr\u00fa theo m\u00f9a. Th\u00f3i quen n\u00e0y \u1edf lo\u00e0i","chim, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chim di tr\u00fa (di c\u01b0), nh\u01b0 s\u1ebfu, \u00e9n... Th\u1eddi gian di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng chim y\u1ebfn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fang \\\"ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0\\\" c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu bay ng\u1eafn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, bay d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, chim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed M\u1eb7t \u1eef\u1eddi l\u00e0m la b\u00e0n. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh sai s\u1ed1 do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t \u1eef\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 chim c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sinh v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng ban \u0111\u00eam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00eam kh\u00f4ng tr\u0103ng sao, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn bay \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u1eady, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ec7ch, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb? C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh Mendel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh D\u00ed truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc? Gregor Johann Mendel (20\/7\/1822 - 6\/1\/1884) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, m \u1ed9t linh m \u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \\\"cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 Lan. Mendel ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt","Can h\u1ecfi b a mi? tr\u00e0 l\u1eebi Mendel. N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, ngu\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111u\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, khi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111u\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean t\u00e0i. N g\u00e0y nay ngu\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn xem n\u0103m 1866 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Di huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Mendel l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. Mendel sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf Hyncice thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o (nay l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c). Xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong m \u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, Mendel l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nu\u00f4i ong. Thu\u1edf b\u00e9, h\u1ecdc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t, song ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n cha m\u1eb9 cung c\u1ea5p cho Mendel kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Tu vi\u1ec7n Th\u00e1nh Thomas \u1edf Brno n\u0103m 1843. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1851 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853, Gregor Mendel ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 quay v\u1ec1 tu vi\u1ec7n. Khi Mendel 31 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Brunn. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng: Ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hugo de Vries ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, Carl Correns ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Erich von Tschermak l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Mendel. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Mendel. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa\u00ech th\u1ee9c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900.","\u0110\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 G \u00ab \u00ab ? ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t? \u0110\u00e1 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ec1 m \u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e1 Macsma h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e1 Tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1eb7n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e1 Bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f4i khi thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e1 ri\u00eang c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00e1ch nay h\u01a1n 4,6 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt silicat (95%) v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft - niken, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai (5%). Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch s\u1eaft bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft-niken v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 3,8% c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh b\u1ecb k 4- M ^ - \u1ec9 '\u25a0 \u00ed \u1ec9*. \u00ab . '\u00ed - \u00ce- J \u1eed '\u00ed i \u25a0V \u25a0\u25a0\u25ba","Can h\u00e3i b \u1ea5 mi? tr\u1ea3 l\u00f2ri gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft-niken v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t silicat, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 0,5% c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian m \u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e1 l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, s\u0103n b\u1eafn, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, Angkor Wat, th\u00e0nh Babylon, El-Djem, Colis\u00e9e, Bourgogne, \u00c9pidayre m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. 0#? Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, m\u1ecdi l\u00fac? S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m \u00f2 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1eefong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1600, khi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh William Gilbert nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 nam ch\u00e2m v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef La tinh m\u1edbi electricus (theo ti\u1ebfng H y L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch\\\") cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00fat nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf sau khi b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, Benjamin Franklin \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1752, \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng khi g\u1eafn m\u1ed9t Michael Faraday ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i d\u00e2y b\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbt","c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i di\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 n\u00f3 v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1791, Luigi Galvani ch\u1ee9ng minh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1800, Alessandro Volta ph\u00e1t minh ra pin Volta, l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m k\u1ebdm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u1ebfp \u0111an xen nhau, m ang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n duy tr\u00ec l\u00e2u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Michael Faraday ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1821. Trong khi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u00e3 m \u1edf ra s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n. G\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u danh ti\u1ebfng. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc sang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m ang \u0111\u1ebfn Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m \u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. C - \u00ce Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd? \u0110i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland l\u00e0 Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) ph\u00e1t minh ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876. Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1880 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, tuy ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt thu\u00ea bao. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y d\u1eabn. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tr\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0i d\u00f9ng tay k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m \u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o"]
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
