["make beautiful light-weight boxes, dishes, and even small statuettes. And at the end of the Eastern Chou period, about 300 BC, people also began to paint scenes with people and landscapes onto silk. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Chu? Trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Chu, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft h\u01a1n th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con chim ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng con r\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u0103n b\u1eafn. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc l\u00ean ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh vi h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng (vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp men tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1edbp s\u01a1n b\u00f3ng, nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y b\u00f3ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1n l\u00ean g\u1ed7. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p, b\u00e1t \u0111\u0129a, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf","v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quan c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh l\u00ean l\u1ee5a. 42. What were the two major philosophies of China and who spread it? The first major philosopher who lived in China was Lao Tsu. He lived in China about 600 B.C.) under the Eastern Chou dynasty. He founded the philosophy of Taoism, which said that people should try to live in harmony with the universe, rather than fighting it. Instead of living by rigid rules and laws, people should try to work with the natural way of the world and in this way, their lives would be easier and happier. Lao Tsu began teaching Taoist ideas. Another philosopher named Confucius came along to disagree with him. Confucius, who lived about 550 B.C., also under the Eastern Chou dynasty, taught that people should recognize their responsibilities to the larger society, and work to uphold the laws and customs of their society. If everyone was a good citizen, the whole community would benefit and everyone would be happier. Hai d\u00f2ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang? Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Trung Hoa l\u00e0 L\u00e3o t\u1eed. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 600 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. Thay v\u00ec s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1eefng","nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n. L\u00e3o T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 550 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean mang l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1t, th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n. 43. Describe briefly the food habits of Chinese people. There is an archaeological evidence of rice farming along the Yang-tse River as early as about 5000 B.C. People in northern China gathered wild millet and sorghum instead. They ate it boiled into a kind of porridge. Another food people associate with China is tea. People in northern China first began to eat wheat during the Shang Dynasty, about 1500 B.C.. Wheat was not native to China, people brought it from West Asia. So, rice, millet, sorghum, and wheat were the main foods of China. In southern China, people mostly ate rice. Some people bought or grew vegetables to put on their rice. Soyabeans and cucumbers are native to China. The Chinese had oranges and lemons, peaches and apricots. Also beginning in the Han Dynasty, about 100 AD, Chinese people began to make their wheat and rice into long noodles. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 5000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y k\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e2y l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn hoang. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n ch\u00fang sau khi n\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c. Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u0169ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi Trung Hoa l\u00e0 ch\u00e8. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0103n l\u00faa m\u00ec su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. L\u00faa m\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mang n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u00c1, v\u00ec v\u1eady, g\u1ea1o, k\u00ea, l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh \u1edf Trung Hoa. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Hoa, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0103n c\u01a1m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mua ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed3ng rau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1m. \u0110\u1eadu n\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u01b0a leo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 cam v\u00e0 chanh, \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u01a1. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 100 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean,","ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 g\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i m\u00ec d\u00e0i. CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH T\u1eea V\u1ef0NG Buddha: \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Taoism: L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o Coin: ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i Chinese dress: trang ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa Elephant: voi Bird: chim Porcelan Pitcher: b\u00ecnh r\u00f3t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 Pronze pitcher: b\u00ecnh r\u00f3t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc Confucius: Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed Lao Tzu: L\u00e3o T\u1eed","MESOPOTAMIA - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 T\u1eeb L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng\u201d. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf Iraq. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng. Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y ph\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi b\u00f9n, do n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sumer. Sumer c\u00f3 \u00edt m\u01b0a, c\u00f2n m\u00f9a h\u00e8 th\u00ec n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. (The word Mesopotamia means \\\"between rivers\\\". It lies in Iraq. Northern Mesopotamia had mild weather. It had enough rain for crops to grow in some areas. The Southern Mesopotamia had a flat, swampy plain, built from mud that was spread by the river flood waters. This area was called Sumer. Sumer had little rain and long, hot summers.) 44. How far were the Sumerians familiar with education? A system of writing was started by Sumerians. Skilled writers were known as scribes and were highly trained and important people. They used hard baked clay tablets and a well sharpened reed to carve out wedge shaped characters. These wedge shaped characters are known as the 'Cunieform script' These Sumerians are also conferred with the crown of discovering numbers and counting. They used the units of 60 for time and 360 for measuring a circular object. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?","H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sao ch\u00e9p b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i lau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f3t nh\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i n\u00eam l\u00ean ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i n\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay h\u00ecnh n\u00eam\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfm. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 60 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 360 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. 45. How was Sumer established? New people arrived in Sumer in around 5,000 B.C. With their arrival, Sumer started developing. During the initial days, they used to fish in the rivers, hunt the wild animals and birds, pick fruits from date palms for food but later on, slowly and gradually, they shifted on to farming. They dug up canals to channel river water to their fields. As food was plentiful, the farming villages grew in large numbers and sizes. They started building houses and temples for local gods where they offered gifts to gods for taking care of their families, crops, animals etc. Sumer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn Sumer v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 5000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, Sumer \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00e2u c\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, s\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 chim hoang d\u00e3, h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1c con k\u00eanh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean phong ph\u00fa, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0","\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u01a1i h\u1ecd d\u00e2ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n tr\u00f4ng nom cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ... 46. Which was the first city of Mesopotamia and who was its ruler? Eridu, Uruk, Kish and Nippur were among the earliest cities of Mesopotamia. These cities had their own Government and rulers. The word \\\"Lugal\\\", which means \\\"the big man\\\" was used for the ruler of Kish. In around 2700 B.C., Uruk was the first city protected with a wall and had a ruler titled as \\\"En\\\". Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb n\u00f3? Eridu, Uruk, Kish v\u00e0 Nippur l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb \u201cLugal\u201d c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Kish. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2700 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Uruk l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u0169y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb mang t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u \u201cEN\u201d. 47. What was the status of males and females in the Mesopotamian society? The establishment of families and occupation led to further development of society. The world of city states, such as UR was male dominated. The male member was considered to be the master of the whole house, which included his wife, children and slaves. The women had the right to own property. The boys from wealthier families were sent to the scribes to learn the art of writing, while other children had the only option of carrying on their father's trade.","\u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 UR l\u00e0 do \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ee3, con v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng c\u1eadu b\u00e9 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft, trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cha. 48. What was the role of the Priest in Sumerian society? Priests were associated mainly with the temple trade. It was their duty to organise everyone who worked for the temple. Priests also acted as the tax collecting agents. As the time passed on, the priests became rich and powerful and played a very important role among the elite class. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Sumer l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u0111\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y tu c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu thu\u1ebf. Tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian, th\u1ea7y tu tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. 49. Who was the Sargon of Akkad? Very often, city states used to fight with one another over trade and border of the kingdoms. When one city became powerful enough to rule over others, it created a small kingdom to rule efficiently. Lagash and Ur are the examples of such states. Around 2375 B.C. Lugalzaggisi, the powerful ruler of Umma, defeated all the city states of Sumer including Lagash and ruled over them for the next 25 years. But, during those days, only from the North came a very powerful conqueror, known as the \\\"Sargon of Akkad\\\", the first great king in the history who created his own history by ruling Mesopotamia after defeating Lugalzaggisi. He was succeeded by Naram-sin, the fourth king ofAkkad.","Bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u \u201cSargon of Akkad\u201d d\u00e0nh cho ai? R\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Lagash v\u00e0 Ur l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1375 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Lugalzaggisi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Umma, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Sumer bao g\u1ed3m Lagash v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang trong 25 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. Nh\u01b0ng, trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111i x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh \u201cSargon of Akkad\u201d, v\u1ecb vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i vua Lugalzaggisi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Naram-sin k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eddi vua th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Akkad. 50. Describe the homes of Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia's big city, about 300,000 people lived. Buildings were made up of mud Sargon ofAkkad bricks, though some houses were made up of reeds. These houses were very similar to the houses still built in Southern Iraq. The buildings usually had two storeys with no windows. It had a flat","roof for the family to sleep and a central courtyard. These courtyards were usually used by the visitors to get their dusty feet washed by slaves. The bedrooms were upstairs, while the kitchen, store rooms, living rooms were downstairs. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u1ede m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch nung, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb lau s\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Iraq hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i ph\u1eb3ng cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng s\u00e2n \u1edf gi\u1eefa.V\u00f9ng s\u00e2n nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 r\u1eeda ch\u00e2n. Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u1ea7u, trong khi nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp, kho ch\u1ee9a, v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch \u1edf l\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi. 51. What were the occupations and crafts of the people of Mesopotamia? Mesopotamia had very fertile land where dykes and reservoirs were constructed for irrigation purposes. They grew mainly wheat, barley, vegetables and fruits. The craftsmen like goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers etc. were highly talented. They were the first people in the world to issue receipts and bills in business transactions. To encourage trade and commerce, the Mesopotamians invented many coins, weights and measures. Trade showed a remarkable growth after the invention of wheel.","C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai r\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, rau v\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n, r\u00e8n, d\u1ec7t.... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea5y bi\u00ean nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n giao d\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u00e1nh xe. 52. How far had art developed during the age of Mesopotamia? Though due to lack of stone, wood and different metals, art could not flourish in Mesopotamia on such a large scale as in Egypt, but its remarkable contribution in this field cannot be ignored. Numerous massive temples were built, which had a very life like look and were full of vigor and action. Their greatest contribution in the field of architecture is in the field of introduction of archs, columns and vaults. The vigor and action can be seen in hunting and war scenes, which have not been surpassed even by the Greeks. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0? M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 do thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ed1n tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 sinh l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u khung v\u00f2m, c\u1ed9t. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 sinh l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p. 53. What did the Mesopotamians like to eat and drink? The favourite food of Mesopotamians was unleavened bread and porridge made up of wheat and barley grains. They were also fond of vegetables, dates, milk, butter and cheese. Cattle and sheep were used for meat, though fish was considered to be very popular. Their favourite drink was beer. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0103n v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng g\u00ec? Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 men v\u00e0 ch\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb b\u1ed9t l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t","th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u00f3n rau, qu\u1ea3 ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, s\u1eefa, b\u01a1 v\u00e0 pho m\u00e1t. Tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u1eebu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Bia l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng. 54. Describe the social structure of Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian society was broadly divided into three different classes - the upper, middle and lower class. The upper class, which was very powerful and played the most important role, comprised Priests and nobles. The middle class consisted of landlords, traders and craftsmen, while the lower most class of the society consisted of slaves. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau - th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u, trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u n\u1eafm gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. 55. What was the role of religion in the Mesopotamian society? Religion was the most dominant factor in the Mesopotamian society. People worshipped many gods and goddesses like the gods of the sky, the air, the sun, the moon, fertility and wisdom. Some famous gods were, Enlil, Marduk, Ishtar etc. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0? T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1edd c\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, th\u1ea7n Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Ph\u00ec Nhi\u00eau v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Th\u00f4ng Th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 Enlil, Marduk, Ishtar... 56. What was Ziggurat? Mesopotamians built several temples named as Ziggurat. This Ziggurat was an artificial mountain on which, according to the people's thought, the local god lived and watched the citizens to protect them. The Ziggurat platform of Earth was faced with bricks and temples were built on these platforms. These Ziggurats were decorated with statues of several gods. They were also used as observatories by astrologers and, sometimes, also acted as the centre of trade. The white temple in Uruk, which was built in","3000 B.C., was made up of white washed brick set on top of a pyramid of Ziggurat. The hanging gardens of Babylon, which are considered to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, were also probably built in the same way. Ziggurat l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ziggurat. Ziggurat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 theo suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd. Ziggurat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c Ziggurat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n tr\u1eafng \u1edf Uruk, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 3000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ziggurat. C\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn treo Babylon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. 57. Who was Hammurabi? When Ur fell in 2000 B.C., many cities came under the rule of Amorites. The two strong holds of Amorites were Isin and Larsa, but in 1763 B.C. Larsa fell to the great army led by Hammurabi who gave a new name, Babylonia to the kingdoms. of Sumer and Akkad. He brought the whole of Mesopotamia under one rule. The palace now became the most powerful; even more powerful than the temples.","Hammurabi l\u00e0 ai? Khi Ur s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Amorites. Hai v\u00f9ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Amorites l\u00e0 Isin v\u00e0 Larsa, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1763 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Larsa s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Hammurabi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Babylon cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Sumer v\u00e0 Akkad. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n uy nh\u1ea5t; quy\u1ec1n uy h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n. 58. What was Hammurabi\u2019s code of law? King Hammurabi carved his code of laws on a splendid column of hard stone, which is considered to be the earliest complete record of laws ever found in the world. These laws covered trade, business and prices, family, criminal and civil laws. The main aim of these laws was \\\"The strong shall not injure the weak\\\". The law is completely based on old customs and traditions and deals with every part of human life.","B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Hammurabi g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? Vua Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu\u201d. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 59. Describe briefly the beauty of Hammurabi's city. Hammurabi's city, the city of Babylon had magnificient temples and palaces with winding, narrow straits lined up with private houses. Most of them had a courtyard with rooms around it. In the city walls were gates around which traders held markets. People used to enter the magnificient city through eight huge gates, which were made of bronze. The most magnificient one was the Ishtar gate, which was beautifully decorated with patterns and pictures of animals like lions, bulls and dragons.","M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hammurabi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hammurabi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Babylon, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng nh\u1ecf, h\u1eb9p, ngo\u1eb1n ngo\u00e8o, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng bao quanh. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng xung quanh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y qua t\u00e1m c\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc. C\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng nguy nga nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng Ishar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 t\u1eed, b\u00f2 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 r\u1ed3ng. CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH T\u1eea V\u1ef0NG Cunieform script: ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay h\u00ecnh n\u00eam Kish city: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kish Nippur city: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nippur Invention of Wheel: ph\u00e1t minh b\u00e1nh xe","GREEK - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH HY L\u1ea0P Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n Ai C\u1eadp, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e3i r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 55.000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (57.000 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Sau \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 3000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hy L\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3ng thau, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 S\u1eaft. M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. (Greece was a much harder place to live than Egypt, because the soil was not as good and there was not always enough water to grow plants for food. So people did not move there until a lot later. Our first evidence of real settlement in Greece comes from about 55,000 BC (57,000 years ago). Even then, there were not very many people until around 3000 BC. Greek history is usually divided into a Stone Age, a Bronze Age, and an Iron Age. Each of these periods can be divided into smaller periods as well.) 60. What is Acropolis? Acropolis is a Greek word meaning 'high city'. The Acropolis, a fortified citadel built atop a massive limestone hill, dominates the city of Athens, Greece. The Acropolis contains some of the world's most famous structures built in the classical architectural style. These buildings include the Parthenon Doric temple built for Athena (goddess of wisdom), the Acropolis at Athens, the Propylaea, and the Erechtheum. They were constructed during the Golden Age of Athens (5th century BC) under the rule of the famous Athenian statesman Pericles. The Athenian Acropolis rises from the plain of Attica to 500 feet above sea level. In times of attack, the Acropolis became the last fort of defense. The Acropolis hill, called the \\\"Sacred Rock\\\" of Athens, is the most important site of the city. During Pericles' Golden Age, ancient Greek civilization was represented in an ideal way on the hill and some of the architectural masterpieces of the period were erected on its ground.","Acropolis l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Acropolis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cao\u201d. Acropolis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Athens, Hy L\u1ea1p. Acropolis bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ec1n Parthenon Doric \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho Athena (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng minh), Acropolis \u1edf Athens, cho Propylaea, v\u00e0 Erechtheum. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Athens (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Pericles n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Athens. Acropolis c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Athen x\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Attica cao 500 feet tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, Acropolis tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ebfn ph\u1ecbng th\u1ee7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ed3i Acropolis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecbn \u0111\u00e1 thi\u00eang\u201d c\u1ee7a Athens, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ed3ng kim, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1c ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. 61. What is the Parthenon? The Parthenon is the largest building on top of the Acropolis. It was dedicated to Athena Parthenos. It was completely made out of pentelic marble and surrounded by freestanding columns. It was designed by Ictinus and Callcrates, with the sculptures made by Phidias. The smaller room was dedicated to Parthenon. Eventually, the whole building was named after her.","Parthenon l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Parthenon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Acropolis. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng t\u1eb7ng cho th\u1ea7n Athena Parthenos. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed7. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y do Ictinus v\u00e0 Callcrates thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Phidias. Ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng cho n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Parthenon. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e0. 62. Describe briefly the characteristics and history of the temple of Athena Nikae. The Temple of Athena Nikae was constructed in ca. 420 B.C. by the architect Kallikrates. It is built in the Ionic order, and it is amphiprostyle with a row of four columns in front of each of its narrow sides. The relief frieze on the upper section of the walls depicts the conference of gods on the east side, and scenes from battles on the other three. A marble parapet decorated with the relief representation of Nikae (Victories), protected the edge of the Bastion on which the temple was erected.","M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Athena Nikae. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Athena Nikae \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 420 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Kallikrates. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 Ionic v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e2y bu\u1ed9c \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i m\u1eb7t h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 g\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea1m n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u1edf m\u1eb7t ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean ba m\u1eb7t kia. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 Nikae (Vitory), b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd c\u1ee7a Bastion m\u00e0 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. 63. Who was Zeus? Greeks considered Zeus the king of the gods. They believed him to be a sky god, who lived on top of Mount Olympus and when he was angry, he threw lightning bolts out of the sky at people. In the Middle Bronze Age, when the Indo-European Greeks arrived there, they started to worship Zeus. Zeus l\u00e0 ai? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p coi th\u1ea7n Zeus l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd tin \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Olympia v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u00e9t t\u1eeb tr\u1eddi cao xu\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Zeus. 64. Who was Aristophanes? At the time of Euripides, Aristophanes lived in Athens about 450-388 B.C. Aristophanes wrote comedies instead of tragedies. Most of Aristophanes'","plays are political satires. They make fun of the politicians of Athens, sometimes in general, and sometimes mocking one specific politician. Lysistrata, one of his plays, poked fun at the generals who would not end the Peloponnesian War, and said that women could do a better job making peace. Aristophanes l\u00e0 ai? V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Euripides, Aristophanes s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Athens v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 450 \u0111\u1ebfn 388 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Aristophanes \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m bi k\u1ecbch. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Aristophanes l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang g\u00e2y c\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Athens n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Lysistrata, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ee1 k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Peloponnesian, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. 65. Describe briefly the development of Science during the Greek civilization. The Greeks were very interested in science. From about 600 B.C., a lot of Greek men spent time observing the planets and the sun and trying to figure out how astronomy worked. Pythagoras, a Greek scientist in about 400's B.C, was interested in finding the patterns and rules in mathematics and music, and invented the idea of a mathematical proof. Socrates, developed logical methods for deciding whether something was true or not. In the 300's B.C., Aristotle and other philosophers at the lyceum and the Academy in Athens worked on observing plants and animals, and organizing the different kinds","of plants and animals into types. After Aristotle, using his ideas and also ideas from Egypt and the Persians and Indians, Hippocrates and other Greek doctors wrote important medical texts that were used for hundreds of years. H\u00e3y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong su\u1ed1t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 600 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Pythagores, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 400 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee9ng minh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Socrates \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Aristotle v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Lyceum v\u00e0 Academy \u1edf Athens \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i. Sau Aristotle, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp, Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Hypocrate v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n y h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m. CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH T\u1eea V\u1ef0NG Acropols of Athens: Th\u00e0nh Acropolis \u1edf Athens Temple of Athena: \u0110\u1ec1n Athena Stone Age: th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 Bronze Age: th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau Iron Age: th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft Political satires: c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb","the idea of mathematical proof: \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng minh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc","INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH THUNG L\u0168NG INDUS N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh thung l\u0169ng Indus mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, s\u1ef1 quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9, ph\u00e1t minh xe b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (The Indus valley civilization was urban in character and the people of that time were peace loving. They gave the world its earliest cities, town planning, architecture in stone drainage system, pottery, carts's invention to harness the labour force of animals in order to help the humans.) 66. What was citadel and how was it important for Harappans? The cities like Mohen-jo-Daro and Harappa were divided into two parts. One was built on a raised platform called 'Citadel', while the other part was the main city where people lived and worked and was known as the lower part of the city. The citadel had public buildings, places of worship, workshops and granaries. In case of floods, people took shelter on the citadel. The most important buildings on the citadel at Harappa were the granaries in which grains were stored and it held a lot of importance for the city dwellers during famines. Apart from this, there was a Great public bath at Mohen-jo-Daro, which was a bathing pool around 139 feet in length and 23 feet in breadth and nine feet deep. People bathed here on religious festivals.","Th\u00e0nh l\u0169y l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 n\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Harappans? C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Mohen-jo-Daro v\u00e0 Harappa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e0nh l\u0169y\u201d, trong khi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e0nh l\u0169y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho th\u00f3c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u1ea9n tr\u00fa trong l\u1ec1u b\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u0169y. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u0169y \u1edf Harappa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho th\u00f3c n\u01a1i th\u00f3c l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khi n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i x\u1ea3y ra. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf Mohenjodaro, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng 139 feet chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, 23 feet chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 9 feet chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eafm \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. 67. Describe briefly art and ar chitecture during the Indus Valley civilization. Various Statues and figurines have been found at various sites in the Indus Valley which show the progress in the art of sculpture. The statues, which were found are those of a strong watch dog, young bull, a shawl wearing yogi, a dancing girl with her hand on her hip and another dancer standing on his right leg, while the left one is placed in the front.","Indus Valley people were great craftsmen. Some specimens of the pottery found suggest that they were skilled craftsmen. The glazed pottery of the Indus Valley people is regarded as \\\"the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world.\\\" Indus Valley people loved painting. Various designs and different figures were drawn on earthen wares and the utensils. Numerous seals have also been found, which reveal the engravings of animals, such as buffalo, bison, rhinoceros, tiger, deer and humped bull. Indus valley people had developed the art of writing and used pictographic script. The script has not been deciphered yet. According to Sir John Mrashall, it should be read from left to right. While Dr. Prem Nath believes that it is similar to that of Sumerians, which was read from right to left.","M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh thung l\u0169ng Hindus. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i trong v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng Indus v\u1ed1n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ch\u0129 gi\u1eef nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecb nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t yogi ch\u1ed3ng kh\u0103n, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 g\u00e1i \u0111ang m\u00faa ch\u1ed1ng tay tr\u00ean h\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u00eau v\u0169 kh\u00e1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i, trong khi ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf V\u00f9ng Thung L\u0169ng Indus l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. G\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Indus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Thung L\u0169ng Indus c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch v\u1ebd, nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u con d\u1ea5u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2 r\u1eebng, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, h\u1ed5, h\u01b0\u01a1u nai v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u1ed3 h\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Thung L\u0169ng Indus \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. Theo ng\u00e0i John Mrashall, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i qua ph\u1ea3i. Trong khi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Prem Nath tin r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumeria, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i qua tr\u00e1i. 68. Why were the seals important? More than 2,000 seals were discovered at various sites of the Indus Valley civilization. They were made from various materials, such as steatite, pottery, faience, ivory, etc. These seals revealed a lot of information about Indus","Valley people, their dress, ornaments, hair style, religious faiths and commercial activities. It is believed that some day, it might help in deciphering the script. The most relevant seal was that of Shiva Pashupati, found at Mohenjo- Daro. T\u1ea1i sao con d\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? H\u01a1n 2000 con d\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n c\u0103n minh Thung L\u0169ng Indus. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed1m, s\u1ee9, ng\u00e0 voi v.v. Nh\u1eefng con d\u1ea5u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thung L\u0169ng Indus, trang ph\u1ee5c, v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f3c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh. Con d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Shiva Pashupati \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Mohen-jo-Daro. 69. What were the major occupations of Indus people? The main occupation of the Indus valley people was agriculture. The most important crops like wheat rice, barely and cotton were generally cultivated. Vegetables and fruits were also grown in abundance. Animals like bull, sheep, elephant, pig, buffalo and the camel were domesticated.","Pottery was an important industry. Trade by sea and land were carried with foreign countries like Sumer, Babylonia and Egypt. Gold, silver and precious stones were produced by the jewelers. Though the Indus Valley people had not discovered iron because it wasn't found in that area, still the weapons, utensils, coins, ornaments and other articles were made form lead, tin, bronze, silver and gold. Nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indus l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Thung L\u0169ng Indus l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 l\u00faa m\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau v\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c con v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 b\u00f2, c\u1eebu, voi, l\u1ee3n, tr\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. G\u1ed1m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng. Bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Sumer, Babylon v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp. V\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n. Cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Thung L\u0169ng Indus v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1eaft b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng, ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb ch\u00ec, thi\u1ebfc, \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng. 70. Describe the dress and ornaments of Indus people. A large number of spindles were found, which indicate that thread of cotton","and wool were spun in those days. One male figure reveals that usually two garments were worn, an undergarment resembling the modern dhoti and a shawl. The female wore the dress more or less like the males. Men and women both wore ornaments whether they were rich or poor. Finger rings, necklaces, fillets, armlets were worn by both men and women, while girdles, ear rings and anklets were worn only by females. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trang ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indus. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c con su\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 len \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i trang ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00f3t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea3 l\u00f3t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u mang trang s\u1ee9c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o. C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111eo tay, v\u00f2ng c\u1ed5, d\u00e2y l\u01b0ng, \u0111ai \u0111eo \u1edf tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang trong khi th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng, v\u00f2ng tai v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ch\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. 71. What were the different means of amusement for Indus valley people? The people of Indus valley civilization were very lively. They somehow found the time for amusements like music and dance. Large number of toys were found, which suggest that toys like whistles, marbles, rattles, clay cans and animals, whose limbs could be moved by a string, were very much in use.","C\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thung L\u0169ng Indus l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Thung L\u0169ng Indus r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 khi\u00eau v\u0169. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i nh\u01b0 s\u00e1o, l\u00fac l\u1eafc v\u00e0 con v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t m\u00e0 chi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. 72. What led to the fall of Indus Valley Civilization? The Indus valley civilization disappeared by 1500 B.C. when Aryans entered India. It lasted for thousand years. Scholars gave various reasons for its decline like flood or some epidemic or terrible disease that might have killed the people. Another view was that the Aryans might have attacked their cities and destroyed them. A few scholars believe that earthquakes might have been responsible for the destruction of the civilization. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Thung L\u0169ng Indus? N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Thung L\u0169ng Indus \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan v\u00e0o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch hay m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y. CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH T\u1eea V\u1ef0NG Great Barth: b\u1ec3 t\u1eafm l\u1edbn","Warehourse at Moherijodaro: nh\u00e0 kho \u1edf Moherijodaro Dancing girl: c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111ang khi\u00eau v\u0169 Poterry: g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 Seal: con d\u1ea5u Pashupati Seal: con d\u1ea5u Pashupati Ornaments: \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed Toys: \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i","Table of Contents M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH AI C\u1eacP INCA - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH INCA AZTEC CIVILIZATION - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH AZTEC MAYA CIVILIZATION - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH MAYA CHINESE CIVILIZATION - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH TRUNG HOA MESOPOTAMIA - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 GREEK - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH HY L\u1ea0P INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION - N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH THUNG L\u0168NG INDUS"]
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