10 Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans’, PANS, vol. 112 (2014), 1036–8. 11 Stuart Dredge, ‘AI and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm?’ Guardian, 6 August 2017. For a general survey of methods, see: Jose David Fernández and Francisco Vico, ‘AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey’, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 48 (2013), 513–82. 12 Eric Topol, The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Robert Wachter, The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015); Simon Parkin, ‘The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now’, MIT Technology Review 9 March 2016; James Gallagher, ‘Artificial intelligence “as good as cancer doctors”’, BBC, 26 January 2017. 13 Kate Brannen, ‘Air Force’s lack of drone pilots reaching “crisis” levels’, Foreign Policy, 15 January 2015. 14 Tyler Cowen, Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Dutton, 2013); Brad Bush, ‘How combined human and computer intelligence will redefine jobs’, TechCrunch, 1 November 2016. 15 Ulrich Raulff, Farewell to the Horse: The Final Century of Our Relationship (London: Allen Lane, 2017); Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 286; Margo DeMello, Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 197; Clay McShane and Joel Tarr, ‘The Decline of the Urban Horse in American Cities’, Journal of Transport History 24:2 (2003), 177– 98. 16 Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, ‘The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015’, National Bureau of Economic Research (2016); Peter H. Cappelli and J. R. Keller, ‘A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements’, ILR Review 66:4 (2013), 874–901; Gretchen M. Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron and Lyndon Garrett, ‘Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 4 (2017), 473–99; Sarah A. Donovan, David H. Bradley and Jon O. Shimabukuru, ‘What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?’, Congressional Research Service, Washington DC, 2016; ‘More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements’, Pew Research Center, 28 September 2016.
17 David Ferrucci et al.,‘Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!’, Artificial Intelligence 199–200 (2013), 93–105. 18 ‘Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100-Game Match’, Chess.com, 6 December 2017; David Silver et al., ‘Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self- Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm’, arXiv (2017), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf; see also Sarah Knapton, ‘Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by DeepMind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours’, Telegraph, 6 December 2017. 19 Cowen, Average is Over, op. cit.; Tyler Cowen, ‘What are humans still good for? The turning point in freestyle chess may be approaching’, Marginal Revolution, 5 November 2013. 20 Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016. 21 Alex Williams, ‘Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax’, New York Times, 10 June 2017. 22 Simon Rippon, ‘Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market’, Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (2014), 145–50; I. Glenn Cohen, ‘Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation’, Law and Contemporary Problems 77 (2014); Alexandra K. Glazier, ‘The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation’, Transplant International 24 (2011), 368–72; Megan McAndrews and Walter E. Block, ‘Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market’, Insights to A Changing World Journal 2015, 1–17. 23 James J. Hughes, ‘A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine’, Journal of Evolution and Technology 24 (2014), 45–61; Alan Cottey, ‘Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income’, AI and Society 29 (2014), 249–57. 24 Jon Henley, ‘Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed’, Guardian, 3 January 2017. 25 ‘Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child’, Guardian, 5 June 2017. 26 Isabel Hunter, ‘Crammed into squalid factories to produce clothes for the West on just 20p a day, the children forced to work in horrific unregulated workshops of Bangladesh’, Daily Mail, 1 December 2015; Chris Walker and Morgan Hartley, ‘The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers’, Forbes, 16 December 2012. 27 Klaus Schwab and Nicholas Savis, Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution (World Economic Forum, 2018), 54. On long-term development strategies, see Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2003).
28 Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from “Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018. 29 For the idea that an absolute improvement in conditions might be coupled with a rise in relative inequality, see in particular Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013). 30 ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439; Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016. 31 Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon’, op. cit; ‘Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies 18 (2016). As for happiness, Israel was recently ranked eleventh out of thirty-eight in life satisfaction by the OECD: ‘Life Satisfaction’, OECD Better Life Index, http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/, accessed 15 October 2017. 32 ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439. 3. Liberty 1 Margaret Thatcher, ‘Interview for Woman’s Own (“no such thing as society”)’, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987. 2 Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning (New York: Psychology Press, 1999). 3 Richard Dawkins, ‘Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party – the European Party’, New Statesman, 29 March 2017. 4 Steven Swinford, ‘Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of “systematic and calculated plot” to destroy his leadership hopes’, Telegraph, 30 June 2016; Rowena Mason and Heather Stewart, ‘Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning’, Guardian, 30 June 2016. 5 James Tapsfield, ‘Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN’, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016. 6 In 2017 a Stanford team has produced an algorithm that can purportedly detect whether you are gay or straight with an accuracy of 91 per cent, based solely on analysing a few of your facial pictures (https://osf.io/zn79k). However, since the algorithm was developed on the
basis of pictures that people self-selected to upload to dating sites, the algorithm might actually identify differences in cultural ideals. It is not that the facial features of gay people are necessarily different from those of straight people. Rather, gay men uploading photos to a gay dating site try to conform to different cultural ideals than straight men uploading photos to straight dating sites. 7 David Chan, ‘So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad?’ in Charles E. Lance and Robert J. Vandenberg (eds.), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends (New York: Routledge, 2009), 309–36; Delroy L. Paulhus and Simine Vazire, ‘The Self-Report Method’ in Richard W. Robins, R. Chris Farley and Robert F. Krueger (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (London: Guilford Press, 2007), 228–33. 8 Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015. 9 Norberto Andrade, ‘Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition’, Atlantic, 9 June 2014; Dwoskin and Rusli, ‘The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’; Sophie K. Scott, Nadine Lavan, Sinead Chen and Carolyn McGettigan, ‘The Social Life of Laughter’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:12 (2014), 618–20. 10 Daniel First, ‘Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism?’, AI and Society, June 2017. 11 Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’, Guardian, 4 December 2016. 12 Jeff Freak and Shannon Holloway, ‘How Not to Get to Straddie’, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012. 13 Michelle McQuigge, ‘Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake’, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016; ‘Woman Follows GPS into Lake’, News.com.au, 16 May 2016. 14 Henry Grabar, ‘Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction. What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?’ Slate, 10 July 2017. 15 Joel Delman, ‘Are Amazon, Netflix, Google Making Too Many Decisions For Us?’, Forbes, 24 November 2010; Cecilia Mazanec, ‘Will Algorithms Erode Our Decision-Making Skills?’, NPR, 8 February 2017. 16 Jean-François Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rahwan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’, Science 352:6293 (2016), 1573–6. 17 Christopher W. Bauman et al., ‘Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:9 (2014), 536– 54.
18 John M. Darley and Daniel C. Batson, ‘“From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:1 (1973), 100–8. 19 Kristofer D. Kusano and Hampton C. Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–55; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp. 13–15; Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81. 20 Tim Adams, ‘Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview’, Guardian, 10 May 2014. 21 For an extremely insightful discussion, see Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016). This is really an obligatory read for anyone interested in the potential effects of algorithms on society and politics. 22 Bonnefon, Shariff and Rahwan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’. 23 Vincent C. Müller and Thomas W. Simpson, ‘Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News’, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, 1–13. 24 Bernd Greiner, War Without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trans. Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 16. For at least one reference for the emotional state of the soldiers see: Herbert Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, ‘The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience’ in Jodi O’Brien and David M. Newman (eds.), Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading (Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010), 13–25. 25 Robert J. Donia, Radovan Karadžić: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015). See also: Isabelle Delpla, Xavier Bougarel and Jean-Louis Fournel, Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions, Facts, and Responsibilities (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012). 26 Noel E. Sharkey, ‘The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare’, International Review of the Red Cross 94 (886) 2012, 787–99.
27 Ben Schiller, ‘Algorithms Control Our Lives: Are They Benevolent Rulers or Evil Dictators?’, Fast Company, 21 February 2017. 28 Elia Zureik, David Lyon and Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.), Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (London: Routledge, 2011); Elia Zureik, Israel’s Colonial Project in Palestine (London: Routledge, 2015); Torin Monahan (ed.), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life (London: Routledge, 2006); Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, ‘E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everday Life: The Palestinian Case’, British Journal of Criminology, 52:1 (2012), 55–72; Or Hirschauge and Hagar Sheizaf, ‘Targeted Prevention: Exposing the New System for Dealing with Individual Terrorism’, Haaretz, 26 May 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-1.4124379, accessed 17 September 2017; Amos Harel, ‘The IDF Accelerates the Crisscrossing of the West Bank with Cameras and Plans to Surveille all Junctions’, Haaretz, 18 June 2017; Neta Alexander, ‘This is How Israel Controls the Digital and Cellular Space in the Territories’, Haaretz, 31 March 2016; Amos Harel, ‘Israel Arrested Hundreds of Palestinians as Suspected Terrorists Due to Publications on the Internet’, Haaretz, 16 April 2017; Alex Fishman, ‘The Argaman Era’, Yediot Aharonot, Weekend Supplement, 28 April 2017, 6. 29 Yotam Berger, ‘Police Arrested a Palestinian Based on an Erroneous Translation of “Good Morning” in His Facebook Page’, Haaretz, 22 October 2017. 30 William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents (Boston, MA: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2000). 31 O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction, op. cit; Penny Crosman, ‘Can AI Be Programmed to Make Fair Lending Decisions?’, American Banker, 27 September 2016. 32 Matt Reynolds, ‘Bias Test to Prevent Algorithms Discriminating Unfairly’, New Scientist, 29 May 2017; Claire Cain Miller, ‘When Algorithms Discriminate’, New York Times, 9 July 2015; Hannah Devlin, ‘Discrimination by Algorithm: Scientists Devise Test to Detect AI Bias’, Guardian, 19 December 2016. 33 Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op. cit. 34 Anna Lisa Peterson, Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 100. 4. Equality 1 ‘Richest 1 Percent Bagged 82 Percent of Wealth Created Last Year – Poorest Half of Humanity Got Nothing’, Oxfam press release, 22 January 2018; Josh Lowe, ‘The 1 Percent Now Have Half the World’s Wealth’,
Newsweek, 14 November 2017; Adam Withnall, ‘All the World’s Most Unequal Countries Revealed in One Chart’, Independent, 23 November 2016. 2 Tim Wu, The Attention Merchants (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016). 3 Cara McGoogan, ‘How to See All the Terrifying Things Google Knows about You’, Telegraph, 18 August 2017; Caitlin Dewey, ‘Everything Google Knows about You (and How It Knows It)’, Washington Post, 19 November 2014. 4 Dan Bates, ‘YouTube Is Losing Money Even Though It Has More Than 1 Billion Viewers’, Daily Mail, 26 February 2015; Olivia Solon, ‘Google’s Bad Week: YouTube Loses Millions As Advertising Row Reaches US’, Guardian, 25 March 2017; Seth Fiegerman, ‘Twitter Is Now Losing Users in the US’, CNN, 27 July 2017. 5. Community 1 Mark Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, Facebook, 16 February 2017. 2 John Shinal, ‘Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook can play a role that churches and Little League once filled’, CNBC, 26 June 2017. 3 Shinal, ‘Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook can play a role’, op. cit; John Shinal, ‘Zuckerberg says Facebook has a new missioin as it deals with fake news and hate speech,’ CNBC, 22 June 2017. 4 Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). 5 See, for example, Pankaj Mishra, Age of Anger: A History of the Present (London: Penguin, 2017). 6 For a general survey and critique see: Derek Y. Darves and Michael C. Dreiling, Agents of Neoliberal Globalization: Corporate Networks, State Structures and Trade Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016). 7 Lisa Eadicicco, ‘Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day’, Time, 15 December 2015; Julie Beck, ‘Ignoring People for Phones Is the New Normal’, Atlantic, 14 June 2016. 8 Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op. cit. 9 Time Well Spent, http://www.timewellspent.io/, accessed 3 September 2017. 10 Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op. cit. 11 Press Association, ‘Facebook UK Pays Just ₤5.1m in Corporation Tax Despite Jump in Profit’, Guardian, 4 October 2017; Jennifer Rankin, ‘EU to find ways to make Google, Facebook and Amazon Pay More Tax’, Guardian, 21 September 2017; Liat Clark, ‘Loopholes and Luxuries: How
Apple, Facebook and Google Stay Ahead of the Tax Man’, Wired UK, 4 May 2017. 6. Civilisation 1 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); David Lauter and Brian Bennett, ‘Trump Frames Anti-Terrorism Fight As a Clash of Civilizations, Defending Western Culture against Enemies’, Los Angeles Times, 6 July 2017; Naomi O’Leary, ‘The Man Who Invented Trumpism: Geert Wilders’ Radical Path to the Pinnacle of Dutch Politics’, Politico, 23 February 2017. 2 Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Penguin, 2013); Mishra, Age of Anger, op. cit.; Christopher de Bellaigue, The Muslim Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason (London: The Bodley Head, 2017). 3 ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, 29 October 2004. 4 Phoebe Greenwood, ‘Jerusalem Mayor Battles Ultra-Orthodox Groups over Women-Free Billboards’, Guardian, 15 November 2011. 5 Bruce Golding, ‘Orthodox Publications Won’t Show Hillary Clinton’s Photo’, New York Post, 1 October 2015. 6 Simon Schama, The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 bc – 1492 ad (New York: Ecco, 2014), 190–7; Hannah Wortzman, ‘Jewish Women in Ancient Synagogues: Archaeological Reality vs. Rabbinical Legislation’, Women in Judaism 5:2 (2008); Ross S. Kraemer, ‘Jewish Women in the Diaspora World of Late Antiquity’ in Judith R. Baskin (ed.), Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991), esp. 49; Hachlili Rachel, Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 578–81; Zeev Weiss, ‘The Sepphoris Synagogue Mosaic: Abraham, the Temple and the Sun God – They’re All in There’, Biblical Archeology Society 26:5 (2000), 48–61; David Milson, Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 48. 7 Ivan Watson and Pamela Boykoff, ‘World’s Largest Muslim Group Denounces Islamist Extremism’, CNN, 10 May 2016; Lauren Markoe, ‘Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology’, Huffington Post, 25 September 2014; for the letter, see: ‘Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi’, http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/, accessed 8 January 2018. 8 Chris Perez, ‘Obama Defends the “True Peaceful Nature of Islam”’, New York Post, 18 February 2015; Dave Boyer, ‘Obama Says Terrorists Not
Motivated By True Islam’, Washington Times, 1 February 2015. 9 De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment, op. cit. 10 Christopher McIntosh, The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), 100. 11 Robert Mitchell Stern, Globalization and International Trade Policies (Hackensack: World Scientific, 2009), 23. 12 John K. Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 110. 13 Susannah Cullinane, Hamdi Alkhshali and Mohammed Tawfeeq, ‘Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud’, CNN, 14 April 2015. 14 Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), 36–8. 15 ‘ISIS Leader Calls for Muslims to Help Build Islamic State in Iraq’, CBCNEWS, 1 July 2014; Mark Townsend, ‘What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?’, Guardian, 12 July 2015. 7. Nationalism 1 Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014). 2 Ashley Killough, ‘Lyndon Johnson’s “Daisy” Ad, Which Changed the World of Politics, Turns 50’, CNN, 8 September 2014. 3 ‘Cause-Specific Mortality: Estimates for 2000–2015’, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html accessed 19 October 2017. 4 David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, ‘To counter Russia, US signals nuclear arms are back in a big way’, New York Times, 4 February 2018; US Department of Defense, ‘Nuclear Posture Review 2018’; Jennifer Hansler, ‘Trump Says He Wants Nuclear Arsenal in “Tip-Top Shape”, Denies Desire to Increase Stockpile’, CNN, 12 October 2017; Jim Garamone, ‘DoD Official: National Defense Strategy Will Enhance Deterrence’, Department of Defense News, Defense Media Activity, 19 January 2018. 5 Michael Mandelbaum, Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post- Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). 6 Elizabeth Kolbert, Field Notes from a Catastrophe (London: Bloomsbury, 2006); Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (London: Bloomsbury, 2014); Will Steffen et al., ‘Planetary Boundaries:
Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet’, Science 347:6223, 13 February 2015. 7 John Cook et al., ‘Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature’, Environmental Research Letters 8:2 (2013); John Cook et al., ‘Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming’, Environmental Research Letters 11:4 (2016); Andrew Griffin, ‘15,000 Scientists Give Catastrophic Warning about the Fate of the World in New “Letter to Humanity”’, Independent, 13 November 2017; Justin Worland, ‘Climate Change Is Already Wreaking Havoc on Our Weather, Scientists Find’, Time, 15 December 2017. 8 Richard J. Millar et al., ‘Emission Budgets and Pathways Consistent with Limiting Warming to 1.5°C’, Nature Geoscience 10 (2017), 741–7; Joeri Rogelj et al., ‘Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unraveled’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 245–52; Ashkat Rathi, ‘Did We Just Buy Decades More Time to Hit Climate Goals’, Quartz, 21 September 2017; Roz Pidcock, ‘Carbon Briefing: Making Sense of the IPCC’s New Carbon Budget’, Carbon Brief, 23 October 2013. 9 Jianping Huang et al., ‘Accelerated Dryland Expansion under Climate Change’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 166–71; Thomas R. Knutson, ‘Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change’, Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), 157–63; Edward Hanna et al., ‘Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Climate Change’, Nature 498 (2013), 51–9; Tim Wheeler and Joachim von Braun, ‘Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security’, Science 341:6145 (2013), 508–13; A. J. Challinor et al., ‘A Meta-Analysis of Crop Yield under Climate Change and Adaptation’, Nature Climate Change 4 (2014), 287–91; Elisabeth Lingren et al., ‘Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change’, Science 336:6080 (2012), 418–19; Frank Biermann and Ingrid Boas, ‘Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Change’, Global Environmental Politics 10:1 (2010), 60–88; Jeff Goodell, The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities and the Remaking of the Civilized World (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2017); Mark Lynas, Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet (Washington: National Geographic, 2008); Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. Climate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014); Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction, op. cit. 10 Johan Rockström et al., ‘A Roadmap for Rapid Decarbonization’, Science 355:6331, 23 March 2017. 11 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not (London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013), 12. 12 Paul Shapiro, Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World (New York: Gallery Books, 2018).
13 ‘Russia’s Putin Says Climate Change in Arctic Good for Economy’, CBS News, 30 March 2017; Neela Banerjee, ‘Russia and the US Could be Partners in Climate Change Inaction,’ Inside Climate News, 7 February 2017; Noah Smith, ‘Russia Wins in a Retreat on Climate Change’, Bloomberg View, 15 December 2016; Gregg Easterbrook, ‘Global Warming: Who Loses—and Who Wins?’, Atlantic, April 2007; Quentin Buckholz, ‘Russia and Climate Change: A Looming Threat’, Diplomat, 4 February 2016. 14 Brian Eckhouse, Ari Natter and Christopher Martin, ‘President Trump slaps tariffs on solar panels in major blow to renewable energy’, 22 January 2018. 15 Miranda Green and Rene Marsh, ‘Trump Administration Doesn’t Want to Talk about Climate Change’, CNN, 13 September 2017; Lydia Smith, ‘Trump Administration Deletes Mention of “Climate Change” from Environmental Protection Agency’s Website’, Independent, 22 October 2017; Alana Abramson, ‘No, Trump Still Hasn’t Changed His Mind About Climate Change After Hurricane Irma and Harvey’, Time, 11 September 2017. 16 ‘Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe’, op. cit. 8. Religion 1 Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 148. 2 ‘Encyclical Letter “Laudato Sí” of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home’, Holy See, 24 May 2015. 3 First introduced by Freud in his 1930 treatise ‘Civilization and Its Discontents’: Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), 61. 4 Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, 1853–1964 (New York: Modern Library, 2003). 5 Robert Axell, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods (London: Longman, 2002). 6 Charles K. Armstrong, Familism, Socialism and Political Religion in North Korea’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 6:3 (2005), 383– 94; Daniel Byman and Jennifer Lind, ‘Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea’, International Security 35:1 (2010), 44–74; Paul French, North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula, 2nd edn (London, New York: Zed Books, 2007); Andrei Lankov, The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Young Whan Kihl, ‘Staying Power of the Socialist “Hermit Kingdom”’, in Hong Nack Kim and Young Whan Kihl
(eds.), North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival (New York: Routledge, 2006), 3–36. 9. Immigration 1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016’, http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf, accessed 11 January 2018. 2 Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from “Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018. 3 Tal Kopan, ‘What Donald Trump Has Said about Mexico and Vice Versa’, CNN, 31 August 2016. 10. Terrorism 1 Ashley Kirk, ‘How Many People Are Killed by Terrorist Attacks in the UK?’, Telegraph, 17 October 2017; National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2016), Global Terrorism Database [data file], retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd; Susan Jones, ‘11,774 Terror Attacks Worldwide in 2915; 28,328 Deaths Due to Terror Attacks’, CNS News, 3 June 2016; ‘People Killed by Terrorism per Year in Western Europe’, Datagraver, 22 March 2016; ‘Reports on International Terrorism: Statistics on Incidents of Terror Worldwide’, Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 11 April 2018; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Erin Miller, Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database (London: Routledge, 2015); Gary LaFree, ‘Using open source data to counter common myths about terrorism’ in Brian Forst, Jack Greene and Jim Lynch (eds.), Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 411–42; Gary LaFree, ‘The Global Terrorism Database: Accomplishments and challenges’, Perspectives on Terrorism 4 (2010), 24–46; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Research on terrorism and countering terrorism’ in M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 413–77; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Introducing the global terrorism database’, Political Violence and Terrorism 19 (2007), 181–204. 2 World Health Organization, ‘Deaths on the Roads: Based on the WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015’; ‘About Multiple Cause of Death, 1999–2016’, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html, accessed 11 April 2018; World Health Organization, ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013’; World Health Organization, ‘Road Safety: Estimated Number of Traffic Deaths,
2013’, http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/road_safety/road_traffic_deaths/atlas.h accessed 11 April 2018; World Health Organization, ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013’; Stav Ziv, ‘2015 Brought Biggest Percent Increase in U.S. Traffic Deaths in 50 Years’, Newsweek, 17 February 2016 3 World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, ‘The Challenge of Diabetes’, www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable- diseases/diabetes/data-and-statistics accessed April 11, 2018; World Health Organization, Global Report on Diabetes (Geneva: WHO, 2016); Adam Vaughan, ‘China Tops WHO List for Deadly Outdoor Air Pollution’, Guardian, 27 September 2016. 4 For the battle, see Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Reality (London: Headline, 2001), 137–64. 5 ‘Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000’, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Victims%20of%20Pal accessed 23 October 2017. 6 ‘Car Accidents with Casualties, 2002’, Central Bureau of Statistics (in Hebrew), http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/acci02/acci02h.pdf, accessed 23 October 2017. 7 ‘Pan Am Flight 103 Fast Facts’, CNN, 16 December 2016. 8 Tom Templeton and Tom Lumley, ‘9/11 in Numbers’, Guardian, 18 August 2002. 9 Ian Westwell and Dennis Cove (eds.), History of World War I, vol. 2 (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002), 431. For Isonzo, see John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport: Praeger, 2001), 217–18. 10 Sergio Catignani, Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army (London: Routledge, 2008). 11 ‘Reported Rapes in France Jump 18% in Five Years’, France 24, 11 August 2015. 11. War 1 Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 14–19; ‘Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012’, World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.RCODWORLD?lang=en, accessed 16 August 2015; ‘Global Study on Homicide, 2013’; UNDOC, World Health Organization, ‘Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause- Specific Mortality, 2000–15’,
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html accessed 11 April 2018. 2 ‘World Military Spending: Increases in the USA and Europe, Decreases in Oil-Exporting Countries’, press release, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 April 2017. 3 ‘Report on the Battle of Tal-el-Kebir’, 4, National Archives, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/egypt/popup/telel4.htm 4 Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2013), 131. 5 Ivana Kottasova, ‘Putin Meets Xi: Two Economies, Only One to Envy’, CNN, 2 July 2017. 6 GDP is according to the IMF’s statistics, calculated on the basis of purchasing power parity: International Monetary Fund, ‘Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, 2017’, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx, accessed 27 February 2018. 7 Hamza Hendawi and Qassim Abdul-Zahra, ‘Isis is making up to $50 million a month from oil sales’, Business Insider, 23 October 2015. 8 Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003); Eri Hotta, Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy (London: Vintage, 2014). 12. Humility 1 ‘10 Remarkable Ancient Indian Sages Familiar with Advanced Technology and Science Long Before Modern Era’, AncientPages.com, 19 October 2015; ‘Great Indian Hindu Sages Who Revolutionised the Field of Science’, Hindu Janajagruti Samiti, 2014, https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/31.html; ‘Shocking Secrets of the Vedic Science Revealed!’, The Most Confidential Knowledge, http://mcknowledge.info/about-vedas/what-is-vedic-science, accessed 11 April 2018. 2 These numbers and the ratio can be clearly seen in the following graph: Conrad Hackett and David McClendon, ‘Christians Remain World’s Largest Religious Group, but They Are Declining in Europe’, Pew Research Center, 5 April 2017. 3 Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (New York: Pantheon, 2012); Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin Press, 2013). 4 Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, ‘Wild Justice – Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play’, American Journal of Play 1:4 (2009), 451–75.
5 Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape (London: Granta, 2005), ch. 5. 6 Frans de Waal, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 157. 7 The story became the subject of a documentary titled Chimpanzee, released in 2010 by Disneynature. 8 M. E. J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws (London, New York: T&T Clark International, 2000), 29–31. 9 Loren R. Fisher, The Eloquent Peasant, 2nd edn (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015). 10 Some rabbis allowed desecrating the Sabbath in order to save a Gentile, by relying on typical Talmudic ingenuity. They argued that if Jews refrained from saving Gentiles, this will anger the Gentiles and cause them to attack and kill Jews. So by saving the Gentile, you might indirectly save a Jew. Yet even this argument highlights the different values attributed to the lives of Gentiles and Jews. 11 Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World (London: Macmillan, 2017). 12 Charles Allen, Ashoka: The Search for India’s Lost Emperor (London: Little, Brown, 2012), 412–13. 13 Clyde Pharr et al. (eds.), The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 440, 467–71. 14 Ibid., esp. 472–3. 15 Sofie Remijsen, The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 45–51. 16 Ruth Schuster, ‘Why Do Jews Win So Many Nobels?’, Haaretz, 9 October 2013. 13. God 1 Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015). 2 Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). 14. Secularism 1 Jonathan H. Turner, Incest: Origins of the Taboo (Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2005); Robert J. Kelly et al., ‘Effects of Mother-Son Incest and Positive Perceptions of Sexual Abuse Experiences on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Clinic-Referred Men’, Child Abuse & Neglect 26:4 (2002), 425–41; Mireille Cyr et al., ‘Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse: Brother-Sister
Incest Does Not Differ from Father-Daughter and Stepfather-Stepdaughter Incest’, Child Abuse & Neglect 26:9 (2002), 957–73; Sandra S. Stroebel, ‘Father–Daughter Incest: Data from an Anonymous Computerized Survey’, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 21:2 (2010), 176–99. 15. Ignorance 1 Steven A. Sloman and Philip Fernbach, The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017); Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit. 2 Sloman and Fernbach, The Knowledge Illusion, op. cit., 20. 3 Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble (London: Penguin Books, 2012); Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit. 4 Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit.; Dan M. Kahan, ‘The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks’, Nature Climate Change 2 (2012), 732–5. But for a contrary view, see Sophie Guy et al., ‘Investigating the Effects of Knowledge and Ideology on Climate Change Beliefs’, European Journal of Social Psychology 44:5 (2014), 421–9. 5 Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: The New Press, 2016). 16. Justice 1 Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit.; Robert Wright, The Moral Animal (New York: Pantheon, 1994). 2 Kelsey Timmerman, Where Am I Wearing?: A Global Tour of the Countries, Factories, and People That Make Our Clothes (Hoboken: Wiley, 2012); Kelsey Timmerman, Where Am I Eating?: An Adventure Through the Global Food Economy (Hoboken: Wiley, 2013). 3 Reni Eddo-Lodge, Why I Am No Longer Talking to White People About Race (London: Bloomsbury, 2017); Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (Melbourne: Text, 2015). 4 Josie Ensor, ‘“Everyone in Syria Is Bad Now”, Says UN War Crimes Prosecutor as She Quits Post’, New York Times, 17 August 2017. 5 For example, Helena Smith, ‘Shocking Images of Drowned Syrian Boy Show Tragic Plight of Refugees’, Guardian, 2 September 2015. 6 T. Kogut and I. Ritov, ‘The singularity effect of identified victims in separate and joint evaluations’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 97:2 (2005), 106–16; D. A. Small and G. Loewenstein, ‘Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiability’,
Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 26:1 (2003), 5–16; Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit., 264. 7 Russ Alan Prince, ‘Who Rules the World?’, Forbes, 22 July 2013. 17. Post-Truth 1 Julian Borger, ‘Putin Offers Ukraine Olive Branches Delivered by Russian Tanks’, Guardian, 4 March 2014. 2 Serhii Plokhy, Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation (New York: Basic Books, 2017); Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op. cit. 3 Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris’ English History, trans. J. A. Gyles, vol. 3 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), 138–41; Patricia Healy Wasyliw, Martyrdom, Murder and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 123–5. 4 Cecilia Kang and Adam Goldman, ‘In Washington Pizzeria Attack, Fake News Brought Real Guns’, New York Times, 5 December 2016. 5 Leonard B. Glick, Abraham’s Heirs: Jews and Christians in Medieval Europe (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 228–9. 6 Anthony Bale, ‘Afterword: Violence, Memory and the Traumatic Middle Ages’ in Sarah Rees Jones and Sethina Watson (eds.), Christians and Jews in Angevin England: The York Massacre of 1190, Narrative and Contexts (York: York Medieval Press, 2013), 297. 7 Though the quote is often ascribed to Goebbels, it is only fitting that neither I nor my devoted research assistant could verify that Goebbels ever wrote or said it. 8 Hilmar Hoffman, The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945 (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1997), 140. 9 Lee Hockstader, ‘From A Ruler’s Embrace To A Life In Disgrace’, Washington Post, 10 March 1995. 10 Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 616–17. 18. Science Fiction 1 Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (London: Vintage, 2007), ch. 17. 19. Education 1 Wayne A. Wiegand and Donald G. Davis (eds.), Encyclopedia of Library History (New York, London: Garland Publishing, 1994), 432–3. 2 Verity Smith (ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature (London, New York: Routledge, 2013), 142, 180.
3 Cathy N. Davidson, The New Education: How to Revolutionize the University to Prepare Students for a World in Flux (New York: Basic Books, 2017); Bernie Trilling, 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009); Charles Kivunja, ‘Teaching Students to Learn and to Work Well with 21st Century Skills: Unpacking the Career and Life Skills Domain of the New Learning Paradigm’, International Journal of Higher Education 4:1 (2015). For the website of P21, see: ‘P21 Partnership for 21st Century Learning’, http://www.p21.org/our-work/4cs-research-series, accessed 12 January 2018. For an example for the implementation of new pedagogical methods, see, for example, the US National Education Association’s publication: ‘Preparing 21st Century Students for a Global Society’, NEA, http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/A-Guide-to-Four-Cs.pdf, accessed 21 January 2018. 4 Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016. 5 Erik B. Bloss et al., ‘Evidence for Reduced Experience-Dependent Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Aging Prefrontal Cortex’, Journal of Neuroscience 31:21 (2011): 7831–9; Miriam Matamales et al., ‘Aging- Related Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Produces Conflict in Action Selection’, Neuron 90:2 (2016), 362–72; Mo Costandi, ‘Does your brain produce new cells? A skeptical view of human adult neurogenesis’, Guardian, 23 February 2012; Gianluigi Mongillo, Simon Rumpel and Yonatan Loewenstein, ‘Intrinsic volatility of synaptic connections – a challenge to the synaptic trace theory of memory’, Current Opinion in Neurobiology 46 (2017), 7–13. 20. Meaning 1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (London, New York: Verso, 2012), 34–5. 2 Ibid., 35. 3 Raoul Wootlif, ‘Netanyahu Welcomes Envoy Friedman to “Jerusalem, Our Eternal Capital”’, Times of Israel, 16 May 2017; Peter Beaumont, ‘Israeli Minister’s Jerusalem Dress Proves Controversial in Cannes’, Guardian, 18 May 2017; Lahav Harkov, ‘New 80–Majority Jerusalem Bill Has Loophole Enabling City to Be Divided’, Jerusalem Post, 2 January 2018. 4 K. P. Schroder and Robert Connon Smith, ‘Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386:1 (2008), 155–63. 5 See especially: Roy A. Rappaport, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Graham
Harvey, Ritual and Religious Belief: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 2005). 6 This is the most common interpretation, although not the only one, of the combination hocus-pocus: Leslie K. Arnovick, Written Reliquaries (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006), 250, n.30. 7 Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (London: Fontana Press, 1993), 235. 8 Xinzhong Yao, An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 190–9. 9 ‘Flag Code of India, 2002’, Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 10 Ibid. 11 ‘Here’s Why India’s “Tallest” Flag Cannot be Hoisted at Pakistan’s Border’, The News International (Pakistan), 30 March 2017. 12 Stephen C. Poulson, Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran: Culture, Ideology and Mobilizing Frameworks (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006), 44. 13 Houman Sarshar (ed.), The Jews of Iran: The History, Religion and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 52–5; Houman M. Sarshar, Jewish Communities of Iran (New York: Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation, 2011), 158–60. 14 Gersion Appel, The Concise Code of Jewish Law, 2nd edn (New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1991), 191. 15 See especially: Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Vintage Books, 2005). 16 Richard Griffiths, Fascism (London, New York: Continuum, 2005), 33. 17 Christian Goeschel, Suicide in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). 18 ‘Paris attacks: What happened on the night’, BBC, 9 December 2015; Anna Cara, ‘ISIS expresses fury over French airstrikes in Syria; France says they will continue’, CTV News, 14 November 2015. 19 Jean de Joinville, The Life of Saint Louis in M. R. B. Shaw (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades (London: Penguin, 1963), 243; Jean de Joinville, Vie de saint Louis, ed. Jacques Monfrin (Paris, 1995), ch. 319, 156. 20 Ray Williams, ‘How Facebook Can Amplify Low Self- Esteem/Narcissism/Anxiety’, Psychology Today, 20 May 2014. 21 Mahasatipatthana Sutta, ch. 2, section 1, ed. Vipassana Research Institute (Igatpuri: Vipassana Research Institute, 2006), 12–13. 22 Ibid., 5. 23 G. E. Harvey, History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 (London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, 1925), 252–60.
24 Brian Daizen Victoria, Zen at War (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006); Buruma, Inventing Japan, op. cit.; Stephen S. Large, ‘Nationalist Extremism in Early Showa Japan: Inoue Nissho and the “Blood-Pledge Corps Incident”, 1932’, Modern Asian Studies 35:3 (2001), 533–64; W. L. King, Zen and the Way of the Sword: Arming the Samurai Psyche (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Danny Orbach, ‘A Japanese prophet: eschatology and epistemology in the thought of Kita Ikki’, Japan Forum 23:3 (2011), 339–61. 25 ‘Facebook removes Myanmar monk’s page for “inflammatory posts” about Muslims’, Scroll.in, 27 February 2018; Marella Oppenheim, ‘“It only takes one terrorist”: The Buddhist monk who reviles Myanmar’s Muslims’, Guardian, 12 May 2017. 26 Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 163. 21. Meditation 1 www.dhamma.org. 2 Britta K. Hölzel et al., ‘How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective’, Perspectives on Psychological Science 6:6 (2011), 537–59; Adam Moore and Peter Malinowski, ‘Meditation, Mindfulness and Cognitive Flexibility’, Consciousness and Cognition 18:1 (2009), 176–86; Alberto Chiesa, Raffaella Calati and Alessandro Serretti, ‘Does Mindfulness Training Improve Cognitive Abilities? A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Findings’, Clinical Psychology Review 31:3 (2011), 449–64; Antoine Lutz et al., ‘Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12:4 (2008), 163–9; Richard J. Davidson et al., ‘Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation’, Psychosomatic Medicine 65:4 (2003), 564–70; Fadel Zeidan et al., ‘Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognition: Evidence of Brief Mental Training’, Consciousness and Cognition 19:2 (2010), 597–605.
Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who helped me to write – and also to delete: To Michal Shavit, my publisher at Penguin Random House in the UK, who first came up with the idea for this book, and who guided me through the long process of writing; and also to Bea Hemming and the entire Penguin Random House team, for all their hard work and support. To David Milner, who as usual did a terrific job on the manuscript. Sometimes I just needed to think what David might say, to work extra hard on the text. To Preena Gadher and her colleagues at Riot Communications, for orchestrating a brilliant PR campaign. To Cindy Spiegel from Spiegel & Grau, for her feedback and for taking care of things across the Atlantic. To Sebastian Ullrich and Jonathan Beck from Verlag C.H.Beck for their careful reading of the manuscript and for their valuable comments and ideas. To all my other publishers in all the world’s continents (except Antarctica) for their trust, dedication and professional work. To my research assistant, Idan Sherer, for checking up on everything from ancient synagogues to artificial intelligence. To Shmuel Rosner, for his continual support and good advice. To Yigal Borochovsky and Sarai Aharoni who read the manuscript and devoted much time and effort to correcting my mistakes and enabling me to see things from new perspectives. To Danny Orbach, Uri Sabach, Yoram Yovell and Ron Merom for their insights on kamikaze, surveillance, psychology and algorithms. To all my friends and family members, for their patience and love. To my devoted team – Ido Ayal, Maya Orbach, Naama Wartenburg and Eilona Ariel – who have spent many days in email hell on my account. To my mother Pnina and my mother-in-law Hannah, for donating their time and experience. To my spouse and manager Itzik, without whom none of this would have happened. I only know how to write books. He does everything else. And finally to all my readers for their interest, time and comments. If a book sits in a library and no one is around to read it, does it make a sound? *
As noted in the introduction, this book has been written in conversation with the public. Many of the chapters were composed in response to questions I was asked by readers, journalists and colleagues. Earlier versions of some segments were previously published as essays and articles, which gave me the opportunity to receive feedback and hone my arguments. These earlier versions include the following essays and articles: ‘If We Know Meat Is Murder, Why Is It So Hard For Us to Change and Become Moral?’, Haaretz, 21 June 2012. ‘The Theatre of Terror’, Guardian, 31 January 2015. ‘Judaism Is Not a Major Player in the History of Humankind’, Haaretz, 31 July 2016. ‘Yuval Noah Harari on Big Data, Google and the End of Free Will’, FT.com, 26 August 2016. ‘Isis is as much an offshoot of our global civilisation as Google’, Guardian, 9 September 2016. ‘Salvation by Algorithm: God, Technology and New 21st Century Religion’, New Statesman, 9 September 2016. ‘Does Trump’s Rise Mean Liberalism’s End?’, New Yorker, 7 October 2016. ‘Yuval Noah Harari Challenges the Future According to Facebook’, Financial Times, 23 March 2017. ‘Humankind: The Post-Truth Species’, Bloomberg.com, 13 April 2017. ‘People Have Limited Knowledge. What’s the Remedy? Nobody Knows’, New York Times, 18 April 2017. ‘The Meaning of Life in a World Without Work’, Guardian, 8 May 2017. ‘In Big Data vs. Bach, Computers Might Win’, Bloomberg View, 13 May 2017. ‘Are We About to Witness the Most Unequal Societies in History?’, Guardian, 24 May 2017. ‘Universal Basic Income is Neither Universal Nor Basic’, Bloomberg View, 4 June 2017. ‘Why It’s No Longer Possible For Any Country to Win a War’, Time.com, 23 June 2017. ‘The Age of Disorder: Why Technology is the Greatest Threat to Humankind’, New Statesman, 25 July 2017. ‘Reboot for the AI Revolution’, Nature News, 17 October 2017.
Index The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader. AI indicates artificial intelligence. Abbasid caliphs 94 Abraham, prophet 182–3, 186, 187, 274 advertising 36, 50, 53, 54, 77–8, 87, 97, 113, 114, 267 Afghanistan 101, 112, 153, 159, 172, 210 Africa 8, 13, 20, 58, 76, 79, 100, 103–4, 107, 139, 147, 150–1, 152, 168, 182, 184, 223, 226, 229, 239 see also under individual nation name African Americans 67, 150, 152, 227 agriculture 171, 185; animals and 71, 118–19, 224; automation of jobs in 19– 20, 29; climate change and modern industrial 116, 117; hierarchical societies and birth of 73–4, 185, 266–7; religion and 128–30 Aisne, third Battle of the (1918) 160 Akhenaten, Pharaoh 191 Al-Aqsa mosque, Jerusalem 15 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 98 Algeria 144, 145 algorithms see artificial intelligence (AI) Ali, Husayn ibn 288 Alibaba (online retailer) 50 Allah 104, 128, 130, 204, 271–2, 289 AlphaZero 31, 123 al-Qaeda 162, 168 Amazon (online retailer) 39, 40, 50, 52, 91, 267–8 Amazon rainforest 116 Amos, prophet 188 Amritsar massacre (1919) 10 Andéol, Emilie 102 animals xi, 73, 86, 98–9, 182, 190, 218, 245; distinct social behaviours 94–5; ecological collapse and 71, 116, 118–19, 224; farm animals, subjugation of 71, 118–19, 224; morality and 187–8, 200; religious sacrifice of 190 anti-Semitism 142, 143, 194, 195, 235–6 see also Jews Apple (technology company) 91, 178 Arab Spring xi, 91
Arjuna (hero of Bhagavadgita) 269–70, 271, 299 art, AI and 25–8, 55–6, 182 artificial intelligence (AI) xiii, xiv; art and 25–8, 55–6, 182; authority shift from humans to 43, 44–72, 78, 268; biochemical algorithms and 20, 21, 25–8, 47–8, 56, 59, 251, 299; cars and see cars; centaurs (human-AI teams) 29, 30–1; communism and 35, 38; consciousness and 68–72, 122, 245–6; creativity and 25–8, 32; data ownership and 77–81; dating and 263; decision-making and 36–7, 50–61; democracy and see democracy; digital dictatorships and xii, 43, 61–8, 71, 79–80, 121; discrimination and 59–60, 67–8, 75–6; education and 32, 34, 35, 38 39, 40–1, 259–68; emotional detection/manipulation 25–8, 51–2, 53, 70, 79–80, 265, 267; equality and xi, 8, 9, 13, 41, 71–2, 73–81, 246; ethics and 56–61; free will and 46–9; games and 29, 31–2, 123; globalisation and threat of 38–40; government and xii, 6, 7–9, 34–5, 37–43, 48, 53, 61–8, 71, 77–81, 87, 90, 121, 267, 268; healthcare and 22–3, 24–5, 28, 48–9, 50; intuition and 20–1, 47; liberty and 44–72; manipulation of human beings 7, 25–8, 46, 48, 50–6, 68–72, 78, 79–80, 86, 96, 245–55, 265, 267, 268; nationalism and 120–6; regulation of 6, 22, 34–5, 61, 77–81, 123; science fiction and 245–55, 268; surveillance systems and 63–5; unique non-human abilities of 21–2; war and 61–8, 123–4 see also war; weapons and see weapons; work and 8, 18, 19–43 see also work Ashoka, Emperor of India 191–2, 286 Ashura 288, 289 Asia 16, 39, 100, 103, 275 see also under individual nation name Assyrian Empire 171 Athenian democracy, ancient 95–6 attention, technology and human 71, 77–8, 87, 88–91 Australia 13, 54, 116, 145, 150, 183, 187, 232–3 Aztecs 182, 289 Babri Mosque, Ayodhya 291 Babylonian Empire 188, 189 Baidu (technology company) 23, 40, 48, 77, 267–8 Bangladesh 38–9, 273 bank loans, AI and 67 behavioural economics 20, 147, 217 Belgium 103, 165, 172 Bellaigue, Christopher de 94 Berko, Anat 233 bestiality, secular ethics and 205–6 bewilderment, age of xiii, 17, 215, 257 Bhagavadgita 269–70, 271, 299
Bhardwaj, Maharishi 181 Bible 127, 131–2, 133, 186–90, 198, 199, 200, 206, 233, 234–5, 240, 241, 272, 298 Big Data xii, 18, 25, 47, 48, 49, 53, 63, 64, 68, 71–2, 268 biometric sensors 23, 49, 50, 52, 64, 79, 92 biotechnology xii, xiv, 1, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, 18, 21, 33–4, 41, 48, 66, 75, 80, 83, 88, 109, 121, 122, 176, 211, 251–2, 267 see also under individual area of biotechnology bioterrorism 167, 169 Bismarck, Otto von 98–9 bitcoin 6 Black Death 164 Blair, Tony 168 blockchain 6, 8 blood libel 235–6 body, human: bioengineered 41, 259, 265; body farms 34; technology and distraction from 88–92 Bolshevik Revolution (1917) 15, 248 Bonaparte, Napoleon 96, 178, 231, 284 Book of Mormon 198, 235, 240 Book of the Dead, Egyptian 235 Bouazizi, Mohamed xi brain: biochemical algorithms of 20, 21, 47, 48; brain-computer interfaces 92, 260; brainwashing 242–4, 255, 267, 295; decision-making and 50, 52; equality and 75, 79; flexibility and age of 264–5; free will and 250–2, 255; hominid 122; marketing and 267; meditation and 311, 313–14, 316, 317 Brazil 4, 7, 12, 76, 101, 103, 118, 130 Brexit referendum (2016) 5, 9, 11, 15, 45–6, 93, 99, 115 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 283–4, 302–3 Britain 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 44–5, 94, 99, 108, 115, 139, 143, 150, 165, 172, 178, 182, 232–3, 243 Brussels bombings (March, 2016) 160 Buddha/Buddhism 58, 102, 136, 183, 184, 186, 190, 196, 278, 291, 302–6, 315 Bulgaria 169, 195, 227 Burma 304–5 Bush, George W. 4, 168, 176, 178 Caesar, Julius 96, 179 California, U.S. 8, 39, 85, 88, 148, 172, 177, 178, 200, 266 Cambridge Analytica 80, 86 Cambridge University 12, 45, 194
Cameron, David 45, 46 Canaan 189, 190, 289, 291 Canada 13, 38, 74, 107 capitalism xii, 11, 16, 35, 38, 55, 68, 76, 77, 96, 105–6, 108, 113, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 148, 210, 217, 245, 273, 292, 309 carbon dioxide 117 care industry 24–5 Caro, Rabbi Joseph 195 cars 133, 135; accidents and 23–4, 54, 56–7, 114, 159, 160; choosing 78; GPS/navigation and 54; self-driving 22, 23–4, 33, 41, 56–7, 58–9, 60–1, 63, 168 Catalan Independence 124, 125 Catholics 108, 132, 133, 137, 213, 292, 299 centaurs (human-AI teams) 29, 30 Chad 103, 119 Chaucer, Geoffrey: Canterbury Tales 235–6 Chemosh 191 chess 29, 31–2, 123, 180 Chigaku, Tanaka 305 child labour 33, 224 chimpanzees 94–5, 98, 122, 187–8, 200, 242 China xi, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 64, 76, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 135, 145, 150, 151, 159, 168, 169, 171, 172– 3, 175, 176, 177–8, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 193, 201, 227–8, 232, 251, 259–60, 262, 274, 284–5 Chinese Communist Party 5 Christianity 13, 55, 58, 96, 98, 126, 128–30, 131, 132, 133, 134–5, 137, 142, 143, 148, 183, 184–6, 187, 188, 189–90, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 199, 200, 203, 204, 208, 212–13, 233, 234–5, 236, 253, 282, 283, 288, 289, 291, 294, 296, 308; Orthodox 13, 15, 137, 138, 183, 237, 282, 308 Churchill, Winston 53, 108, 243 civilisation, single world xi, 5, 92, 95–109, 110, 138; ‘clash of civilisations’ thesis and 93–8; economics and 105–6; European civilisation and 95–6, 108–9; human tribes and 98–100; science and 107–8 ‘clash of civilisations’ 93–4 climate change x, xi, 15, 75–6, 78, 108, 109, 116–20, 121, 122–3, 124, 127, 128, 130, 133, 138, 168, 195, 219, 223, 228, 244, 265 Clinton, Bill 4, 168, 176 Clinton, Hillary 8, 97, 236 Cnut the Great, King of the Danes 105 Coca-Cola 50, 238, 267
Coldia (fictional nation) 148–50, 152–4 Cold War (1947–91) 99, 100, 113, 114, 131, 176, 180 communism xii, 3, 5, 10, 11, 14, 33, 35, 38, 74, 87, 95, 131, 132, 134, 176–7, 209–10, 251, 262, 273, 277, 279 Communities Summit (2017) 85 community 11, 37, 42, 43, 85–92, 109, 110, 135, 143–4, 201, 230, 241; breakdown of 85–7; Facebook and building of global xiii, 81, 85–91 compassion 62, 63, 71, 186; Buddhism and 305–6; religion and 186, 200, 201–2, 204, 208–9, 234, 305–6; secular commitment to 200, 201–2, 204–6, 208–9, 210 Confucius 15, 136, 181, 190, 260, 284–5 consciousness ix; AI and 36, 68–72, 122; intelligence and 68–70, 245–6; meditation and 315, 316; religion and 197 Conservative Party 45 conservatives: conservation and 219–20; embrace liberal world view 44–5 conspiracy theories 222, 229 Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor 192 Constantius II, Roman Emperor 192 cooperation 12, 29, 134; fictions and mass 134, 137, 233–42, 245; human-AI 29, 31; morality and 47, 187; nationalism and 134, 137, 236–8; religion and 134, 137, 233–6 corruption 12, 13, 15, 188–9 Council of Religion and the Homosexual (CRH) 200 creativity 25–8, 31, 32, 75, 182, 234, 262, 299 Crimea 174–5, 177, 179, 231, 238 Croats 282 Crusades 96, 165, 184, 199, 212, 213, 296 cryptocurrency 6 Cuba 9–10, 11, 114, 176 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 114 cultures, differences between 147–55 culturism 150–4 cyberwarfare 127, 176, 178, 179 cyborgs 8, 76–7, 212, 278 Czech Republic 200 Daisy advertisement: US presidential election (1964) and 113, 114 Darwin, Charles 194; On the Origin of Species 98–9 Darwinism 213 data: Big Data xii, 18, 25, 47, 48, 49, 53, 63, 64, 68, 71–2, 268; liberty and 44–72; ownership regulation 77–81, 86 see also artificial intelligence (AI) Davos World Economic Forum 222
Dawkins, Richard 45 Deep Blue (IBM’s chess program) 29, 31 democracies: ‘clash of civilisations’ thesis and 93–8; data processing and 65; equality and 74; individual, trust in and 217, 220; liberal democracy see liberal democracy; liberty and 44–6, 53, 55, 64, 65, 66, 67; media manipulation and 12–13; secular ethics and 204, 210 Denmark 4, 94, 105, 144, 153, 200, 210 dharma 270, 271, 286, 299, 309 Di Tzeitung 97 dictatorships 3, 5, 33, 74, 210, 305; digital xii, 43, 61–8, 71, 79–80, 121 discrimination: AI and 59–60, 67–8, 75–6; brain and structural bias 226–8; religion and 135, 191, 200, 208; racism/culturism, immigration and 147–55 disease 16, 22, 28, 49, 88, 107, 218, 289 disorientation, sense of 5, 6 DNA 49, 66, 67, 79, 98, 150, 182 doctors 22–3, 24, 28, 48–9, 106–7, 128–9, 280 dogmas, faith in 229–30 dollar, American 106 Donbas 238 Donetsk People’s Republic 232 drones 29, 30, 35, 64, 76 East Africa 239 ecological crisis, xi, xiv, 7, 109, 195, 219, 244, 265; climate change x, xi, 15, 75–6, 78, 108, 109, 116–20, 121, 122–3, 124, 127, 128, 130, 133, 138, 168, 195, 219, 223, 228, 244, 265; equality and 75–6; global solution to 115–26, 138, 155; ignorance and 219–20; justice and 223, 228, 244, 265; liberalism and 16; nationalism and 15, 115–26; religion and 127, 128, 130, 133, 138; technological breakthroughs and 118–19, 121, 122–4 economics xii, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 16, 68, 99, 222, 224, 225, 240, 262, 309; AI and 6, 7, 8, 9, 19–43; capitalist see capitalism; communism and see communism; data processing and 65–6; economic models 37, 105–6; equality and 9, 71, 73–7 see also equality; liberalism and 3–5, 16, 44–5; nationalism and 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124; religion and 130–3; war and 171–5, 177–8, 179–80; work and 19–43 education 11, 16, 66, 74, 75, 111, 112, 113, 184, 194, 259–68; AI and 32, 34, 35, 38 39, 40–1, 259–68; basic level of 40–1; future of 259–68; liberal 217, 219, 261; secular 207, 209 Egypt 63, 74, 128–9, 172, 181, 188–9, 235, 284, 291, 296 Einstein, Albert 45, 181, 193, 194, 195 El Salvador 4, 150
‘End of History’ 11 Engels, Friedrich: The Communist Manifesto 262, 273 England 105, 139, 235–6 equality xi, 13, 41, 71–2, 73–81, 92, 95, 144, 204, 223; AI and 75–81; history of 73– 4; secularism and 206–7, 208–9 ethics: AI and 56–61, 63, 121; complex nature of modern world and 223–30; nationalism and 121–2; religion and 186–93, 199–202; secular 199–202, 203– 14 Europe xi, xii, 5, 10, 11, 16, 40, 47, 79, 93–100, 103–4, 105, 106, 107, 108–9, 113, 114, 115, 124–5, 128, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143–4, 145, 147, 150, 153, 154–5, 159, 160, 164, 169, 171–2, 175, 176, 186, 187, 193, 201, 207, 228, 236, 252, 294, 307 see also under individual nation name European Union xii, 47, 93, 94, 95, 99, 108, 115, 124, 169; Constitution 95, 124; crisis in 138; immigration and 138, 139, 143–4, 154–5; Russia and 177; size and wealth of 176; terrorism and 159 Evangelical Christians 133 evolution 47, 98–9, 110–11, 127, 187, 194, 205, 206, 217, 218, 223, 274, 276, 277 Ex Machina (film) 246 Facebook xiii, 27, 77, 178, 230, 301, 302, 306; community-building and xiii, 85–91, 93; equality and 77, 80; liberty and 55, 64, 65, 67, 80, 86; ownership of personal data 80, 86; post-truth and 233, 235, 238; US presidential election (2016) and 80, 86 failed states 101, 112, 210 fair game rules 187 fake news xi, 231–42 famine 16, 33, 208, 212, 238, 251, 271 farming, modern industrial 29, 116, 118, 127, 128, 129, 224, 260, 262 see also agriculture fascism xii, 3, 9, 10, 11, 33, 142, 148, 154, 237, 251, 292–5, 297, 305 feminism 87, 143, 208, 217, 246, 280 Ferdinand, Archduke Franz 9, 11, 171 Fernbach, Philip 218 financial crisis, global (2008) 4, 171 financial system, computers and complexity of 6 Finland 38, 74 First World War (1914–18) 9, 10, 11, 30, 33, 99–100, 112, 123, 124, 160, 170, 171, 172, 265 Flag Code of India 285–6 flags, national 103, 285–6
fMRI scanner 21, 240 football, power of fictions and 241 France 10, 13, 51, 63, 66, 76, 94, 96, 99, 102, 103, 104, 115, 122, 139, 144, 145, 164, 165, 172, 182, 184, 194, 204, 285, 295–6 Francis, Pope 133 Freddy (chimpanzee) 188 free-market capitalism xii, 3, 4, 11, 16, 44, 55, 217, 245 free will 20, 44, 45–6, 47–8, 250–1, 299–301 French Revolution (1789) 63, 184, 207 Freud, Sigmund 135, 185, 193, 194–5, 286 Friedman, Milton 130 Front National 13 Galilei, Galileo 193, 207 gay marriage 44, 198, 205–6 Gaza 173 genetically modified (GM) crops 219 Georgia 176, 177 Germany 13, 66, 68, 95, 96, 98–9, 108, 118, 139, 147, 148, 155, 169, 171–2, 173, 179, 182, 194, 195, 239, 251, 277; Nazi 10, 66, 96, 134, 136, 212, 213, 226, 237, 251, 279, 294, 295 Gandhi, Mahatma 132 globalisation 8, 9, 113, 139; AI/automation and 38–9; history of 99; inequality and 73, 74, 76; nationalism and 109; reversing process of xiii, 5; spread of 4, 99 global stories, disappearance of 5, 14 global warming see climate change God xi, xiii, 46, 106, 197–202; 245, 252, 254, 269, 281, 285, 287, 303, 304; Bible and see Bible; ethics and 199–202, 205, 206, 208, 209; existence of 197–9; Jewish and Christian ideas of 184–5, 189, 190; justice and 225; mass cooperation and 245; monotheism and 190–3; post-truth and 234–6, 239; sacrifice and 287, 289; state identity and 138 gods xii, 277, 281, 291; agriculture and 128, 129; humans becoming ix, 79, 86; justice and 188, 189; sacrifice and 287–9; state identity and 136, 137 Goebbels, Joseph 237 Goenka, S. N. 310, 315–16 Good Samaritan parable 57 Google 31, 36, 39, 40, 41, 48, 53–4, 68, 77, 78, 90, 91, 178, 282; Glass 92; Maps 54, 55; Translate 262 gorilla 94–5, 98 Gove, Michael 46 Great Barrier Reef, Australian 116
Great Depression 251 Great Ukrainian Famine (1932–3) 33, 238 Greece 13, 154–5, 181; ancient 52, 95–6, 177, 181, 182, 291 greenhouse gases 117, 119 groupthink 218–20, 230 Guardian 306 Guevara, Che 9–10, 11, 133 Gulf War, First (1990–91) 172, 174 Haber, Fritz 194, 195 Haiti 150 Hamas 173 HaMevaser 97 Hammurabi 188 Hamodia 97 happiness xiv, 41–2, 201, 202, 211, 245, 251, 252, 273, 309 Harry Potter 234 Hastings, Battle of (1066) 178–9 Hayek, Friedrich 130, 131 healthcare 11, 16, 40, 112; AI and 22–3, 24–5, 28, 48–9, 50, 106–7; basic level of 41; religion and 128, 129 Hebrew Old Testament 184–96 Hillel the Elder, Rabbi 190 Hinduism 105, 108, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 181, 186, 191, 200, 203, 208, 235, 269– 70, 278, 283–4, 285, 291 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 235 Hiroshima, atomic bombing of (1945) 112, 115, 178 Hitler, Adolf 9, 11, 66–7, 96, 108, 178, 211, 231, 237, 295 Holocaust 184, 236, 248, 272, 293 Holocene 116 hominids 110, 122 Homo Sapiens: communities, size of 90, 110, 111; disappearance of 122; emergence of 185; emotions and decision-making 58; as post-truth species 233, 238–9, 242; religion and 185, 188, 198; as storytelling animal 269, 275; superhumans and 41, 75, 246; working together in groups 218 homosexuality 50, 61, 135, 200, 205–6, 300 Hsinbyushin, King of Burma 305 Hugh of Lincoln 235–6 human rights xii, 4, 11, 15, 44, 93, 95, 96, 101, 211–12, 306 human sacrifice 289 humility 180, 181–96; ethics before the Bible and 186–90; Jews/Judaism and 182–96; monotheism and 190–3; religion and 181–96; science and 193–5
Hungary 169 hunter-gatherers 73, 100, 108, 111, 147, 187, 218, 224, 226, 230 Hussein, Saddam 180 Huxley, Aldous: Brave New World 251–5 IBM 23, 29, 30–1 identity, mass: religion and 133–7 ignorance 217–22; individuality and 218, 219–20; knowledge illusion, the 218–19; power and 220–2; rationality and 217–18 illness 48–9, 69, 129, 134 immigration xi, 4, 16, 93–4, 108, 115, 138, 139–55 imperialism 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 63, 79, 106, 136, 145, 178, 191–2, 212 Inca 289 incest, secular ethics and 205, 206 India 4, 10, 15, 39, 74, 76, 100, 106, 109, 113, 115, 127, 131, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191, 192, 193, 260, 266, 285–6, 310, 315 Indian Pala Empire 139 individuality: AI and 22, 23, 27; myth of 218–20 Indonesia 10, 14, 26, 102–3, 105 Industrial Revolution 16, 19, 33, 34, 74, 186, 266 inequality see equality information technology/infotech xii, 1, 6, 7, 16, 17, 21, 33, 48, 66, 80–1, 83, 120–1, 176 inorganic life, creation of xii, 78, 122, 246 Inoue, Nissho 305 Inside Out (movie) 249–51, 267 Instagram 301 Institution of Mechanical Engineers 118 intelligence, consciousness and ix, 68–70, 122, 245–6 see also artificial intelligence (AI) International Olympic Committee (IOC) 104 Internet 6, 15, 40, 65, 71, 73, 88, 122, 232, 246, 263 intuition 20–1, 47 Iran 90, 94, 106, 107–8, 120, 130–1, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 173, 181, 200, 289 Iran-Iraq War (1980) 173 Iraq 5, 13, 94, 106, 159, 165, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 210, 219, 288, 295, 296 Islam xi, 13, 15, 17–18, 87, 93–4, 96, 97–8, 101, 106, 107, 126, 127, 133, 137, 161, 168, 169, 177, 181, 183, 184, 186, 191, 196, 199, 248, 289, 295, 296
Islamic fundamentalism 87, 93–4, 97–8, 101, 106, 107, 161, 177, 188, 191, 199, 248, 295, 296 Islamic State 93, 94, 97–8, 101, 106, 107, 177, 188, 191, 199, 248, 295, 296 Isonzo, tenth Battle of the (1917) 160 Israel 15, 42–3, 64–5, 88, 97, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 122, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141–2, 160, 163, 173–4, 182, 183–4, 186, 189, 190, 191, 221, 224, 233, 242, 272, 274–5, 277, 290, 294 Israel Defence Forces (IDF) 173 Italy 38, 103, 172, 173, 179, 251, 292, 294, 295 Ivory Coast 103, 188 Japan 13, 54, 107, 119, 120, 135–7, 139, 148, 161, 162, 171, 173, 179–80, 182, 184, 186, 232, 235, 251, 285, 305–6 Jerusalem 15, 57, 165, 183, 239, 274, 279, 298 Jesus 108, 128, 131, 133, 187, 190, 212–13, 237, 283, 284, 289, 291–2, 306 Jewish Enlightenment 194 Jewish Great Revolt (66–70 ad) 239 Jews/Judaism 8, 15, 42–3, 57, 58, 96–7, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 142, 182–7, 188, 189–96, 208, 233, 235–6, 239, 272, 273–4, 279, 284, 289–90 jobs: AI and xiii, 8, 18, 19–43, 59–60, 63, 109, 259–68; education and 259– 68; immigration and 139, 141, 149, 152 Johnson, Boris 46 Johnson, Lyndon B. 113, 114 Joinville, Jean de 296 Juche 137 Judah 189 judiciary 4, 44 justice xiii, 188–9, 222, 223–30, 270, 277, 288; complex nature of modern world and 223– 8; effort to know and 224; morality of intentions and 225– 6; roots of sense of 223 kamikaze 136 Kanad, Acharya 181 Kant, Immanuel 58–9, 60 Karbala, Iraq 288, 289 Kasparov, Garry 29, 31 KGB 48, 299 Khan, Genghis 175, 179 Khomeini, Ayatollah 130, 131, 288 Kidogo (chimpanzee) 187–8 Kim Il-sung 137 Kim Jong-Il 180
Kim Jong-Un 64 Kinsey scale 50 Kiribati, Republic of 119, 120 Kita, Ikki 305 knowledge illusion, the 218–19 Korea 104, 135, 137, 171, 180, 275, 285 Labour Party 45 Laozi 190, 267 Leave campaign 46 Lebanon 173 Leviticus 189 LGBT 135, 200 liberalism/liberal democracy xii, xiv, xv, 3–4, 33, 46, 55, 141, 154–5, 210, 217, 237, 301; AI and 6–9, 17–8, 43, 44–72, 217, 220, 230; alternatives to 5, 11–15, 17; birth of 33; choice and 45–6, 297–300; crisis/loss of faith in x, xi, xiv–xv, 1, 3–18, 44, 45, 46, 55, 141; crises faced by, periodic 9–18; education and 261;elections/referendums and 45–6, 210–11; equality and 74, 76, 80; immigration and 4, 138, 141, 142–3, 144; individual, faith in 44–9, 55, 217, 220, 230, 297–302; liberty and 44–72; meaning of life stories and 297–302; nationalism and 11, 14–15, 112; reinvention of 16–17; secular ethics and 210 Liberation Theology 133 liberty xii, xiii, 3, 4, 10–11, 17, 44–72, 83, 108, 204, 211, 299; AI future development and 68–72; authority shift from humans to AI 43, 44–72, 78, 268; decision-making and 47–61; digital dictatorships and 61–8; free will/feelings, liberal belief in 44–6 Libya 5, 172, 173 life expectancy 41, 107, 109, 260, 264, 265 Life of Brian (film) 186, 220 Lincoln Cathedral 236 Lincoln, Abraham 12 Lion King, The (movie) 270–1, 273, 275–6, 297, 299 Lockerbie bombing, Pan Am flight 103 (1988) 160 Lody (chimpanzee) 187–8 logic bombs 77, 178 Louis IX, King of France 296 Louis XIV, King of France 66, 96 Louis XVI, King of France 207 Lucas, George 298 Luhansk People’s Republic 232
machine learning 8, 19, 25, 30, 31, 33, 64, 65, 67, 245, 267, 268 Mahabharata 181 Mahasatipatthana Sutta 303 Mahavira 190 Maimonides 193 Maji Maji Rebellion (1905–7) 239 Mali 229 Manchester Arena bombing (May, 2017) 160 Manchukuo 232 Manchuria 180 Mansoura, Battle of (1250) 296 Markizova, Gelya 237 martyrs 287–9, 295–6 Marx, Karl 94, 130, 131, 133, 209, 210, 213, 246, 248, 262; The Communist Manifesto 262, 273 Marxism 15, 137, 209–10, 213 Marxism-Leninism 12, 137 Mashhad, Iran 289 Mass, Christian ceremony of 283 Matrix, The (movie) 245, 246–8, 249, 255 Maxim gun 178 May, Theresa 114 Maya 186, 193 McIlvenna, Ted 200 meaning xiii–xiv, 269–308; Buddhism and 302–6; stories and 269–83, 291–8, 301–2, 306–8; individual/liberalism and 297–302; rituals and 283–91; romance and 280–1; successful stories 276–7 meat, clean 118–19 media: government control of 12–13; post-truth and 238; terrorism and 166, 167 Meir, Golda 233 Merkel, Angela 95, 96, 97 Mesha Stele 191 Mesopotamia 189 Methodism 200 #MeToo movement xi, 164 Mexican border wall 8 Mexican-American war (1846–48) 172 Mexico 8, 106, 151, 172, 260, 261, 266 Mickiewicz, Adam 307 Middle East 13, 15, 78, 106, 139, 142, 143, 161, 173, 175, 177, 188, 193, 199, 296
Mill, John Stuart 58, 60 Milwaukee County Zoo 187 mind, meditation and 310–18 Mishra, Pankaj 94 Mitsui 305 Moab 191 Modi, Narendra 114, 179 morality see justice Moses, prophet 186–7, 188–9, 274 movies, AI and 51–2, 69, 245–51, 255, 267, 268 Mubarak, Hosni 63 Muhammad, Prophet 15, 94, 181, 182, 187, 288 Mumbai x, 17 Murph (chimpanzee) 188 music, AI and 25–8 Muslims 13, 55, 62, 63, 93–4, 96, 98, 100, 104, 107, 130–3, 134, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 165, 172, 181, 184, 185, 190, 191, 193, 200, 203–4, 208, 230, 233, 235, 271–2, 284, 288, 292, 295, 296, 306 Mussolini, Benito 295 My Lai massacre (1968) 62, 63 Myanmar 306 Nakhangova, Mamlakat 237–8 nanotechnology 76 national liberation movements 10 nationalism xi, 14, 83, 109, 110–26, 132, 160, 176–7, 179, 181, 230, 241, 309; AI and 120–6; benefits of 111–12; ecological crisis and xi, 115–20, 121, 122– 3, 124; Europe and 124–5; fascism and 292–5; ideology, lack of unifying 176–7; liberalism, as alternative to 11–15, 17, 112; nostalgia and 14–15; nuclear weapons and 112–15, 121–2, 123, 124; origins of 110–12; post- truth and 231–3; religion and 137–8, 305, 307; rituals/sacrifice and 286–8, 292–5; story and meaning of 272, 273–5, 276, 277–8, 280, 286–7, 292–5, 306–8; suffering and 306–8; technology and 120–2, 123–4 National Rifle Association (NRA) 291–2 Native American Indians 79, 147, 185, 186, 191 NATO 175, 177, 231 natural selection 58, 93, 94, 122 Nazi Germany 10, 66, 96, 134, 136, 212, 213, 226, 237, 251, 279, 295 Nepal 103 Netanyahu, Benjamin 173, 179, 221 Netflix 52, 55
Netherlands 10, 14, 38, 186 neuroscience 20 New York Times 243 New Zealand 76, 105 Ngwale, Kinjikitile 239 Nigeria 90, 101, 103, 127, 159, 165 Nile: Basin 113; River 111; Valley 172, 296 9/11 159, 160, 161, 162–3, 166, 168, 195 Nobel Prize 193, 194, 195 North Korea 4, 64, 106, 107–8, 137, 138, 169, 171, 178 Northern Ireland: Troubles 132 nuclear weapons/war 14, 34, 107–8, 112–15, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137, 138, 154, 165, 167–70, 178, 179, 181 Nuda, Yuzu 54 nurses 24, 107 Obama, Barack 4, 12, 15–16, 98, 151, 168 oligarchy 12–13, 15, 76, 176 Olympics: (1016) (Medieval) 103–5; (1980) 103; (1984) 103; (2016) 101–2; (2020) 105; Christian emperors suppress 192 opportunity costs 168 Orthodox Christianity 13, 15, 137, 138, 183, 237, 282, 308 Orwell, George 63, 64; Nineteen Eighty-Four 52, 252 Oscar (chimpanzee) 188 Ottoman Empire 153 Pakistan 102, 153, 159, 200, 286 Palestinians 64–5, 101, 103, 160, 233, 274, 275, 282 Paris terror attacks (November, 2015) 160, 295–6 Parks, Rosa 207, 299 Passover 284 Pasteur, Louis 299 pattern recognition 20 Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 135, 161, 162 Pegu, King of 305 Pentagon 162 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 178 Peter the Great 175 Phelps, Michael 102 Philippines 127, 161 phosphorus 116 Picasso, Pablo 299
Pixar 249–50 Plato 181, 182 Pokémon Go 92 Poland 15, 103, 137, 142, 169, 177, 186, 231, 279–80, 307–8 polar regions, ice melt in 117 post-truth xiii, 230, 231–45; action in face of 242–4; branding/advertising and 238; history of 231–3; Homo Sapiens as post-truth species 233–6; knowledge and belief, line between 240–2; nation states and 236–8; scientific literature and 243–4; truth and power, relationship between 241–2; uniting people and 239–40 Pravda 237, 243 Princeton Theological Seminary 57 Protestants 108, 132, 213 Putin, Vladimir 12, 13, 15, 80, 114, 175, 176, 177, 231, 232, 233, 238 Qatar 142 Qin Dynasty 171 Quran 127, 130, 131, 132, 181, 198, 233, 235, 272, 298 racism 60, 137, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150–2, 154, 182, 185, 190, 226 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 286 rationality 45, 47, 180, 217–18, 219, 220, 282 Reagan, Ronald 44 refugees x, 117, 123, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 155, 205 regulation: AI and 6, 22, 34–5, 61, 77–81, 123; environmental 118, 130, 133, 219, 225 religion xi–xii, xiii, 14, 17, 46, 57, 83, 106, 108, 126, 127–38, 160, 248, 255, 260; authority and 46–7; community and 89, 91; distortions of ancient traditions and 96–8; economics and 33, 106; future of humanity and 127–8; God/gods and see God and gods; humility and 181–96; identity and 128, 133–7; immigration and 141–3, 144, 153; meaning of life stories and see meaning; meditation and 315–16; monotheism, birth of 190–3; nationalism and 15, 17, 137–8, 309; policy problems (economics) and 128, 130–3; post-truth and 233–7, 239, 241; science and 127–30, 193–5; secularism and see secularism; technical problems (agriculture) and 127–30; unemployment and 42–3 see also under individual religion name renewable energy 118, 120, 127, 128–30 robots 249, 250; inequality and 76–7; jobs/work and 19, 22, 24, 29–30, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42; as soldiers 61–8, 76–7, 168; war between humans and 70, 246
Rokia 229 Roman Empire 177, 184, 191, 192, 235, 239, 282 Romania 103, 169 Russia 5, 9, 12–13, 15, 64, 76, 100, 101, 105, 113, 114, 119–20, 122, 134, 135, 137, 137, 138, 139, 168–9, 171, 174–7, 179, 182, 231–2, 236, 237, 238, 242, 248, 251, 260, 277, 294, 307, 308 see also Soviet Union Sabbath, Jewish 188, 189, 290 sacrifice 60–1, 91, 112, 120, 136, 141, 182, 190, 274, 275, 279, 283–91, 302– 3, 305, 307, 308 Sanders, Bernie 292 Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Harari) 183 Saudi Arabia 102, 120, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139, 148 science fiction 51, 61, 68–9, 70, 244, 245–55; Brave New World 251–5; free will, Inside Out and concept of 249–51; intelligence with consciousness, confusion of 68–9, 246; mind’s inability to free itself from manipulation 245–55; ‘self’, definition of and 255; technology used to manipulate/control human beings, outlines dangers of 246–9; The Matrix 245, 246–8, 249, 255; The Truman Show 246–7, 248, 255, 268 scientific literature 243–4 Scientific Revolution 193, 195 Scotland: independence referendum (2014) 124–5 Second World War (1939–45) 3, 10, 11, 100, 123, 124, 179–80, 184, 293 secularism 42, 127, 130, 143, 183, 194, 195, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203–14, 229–30, 290; compassion and 205–6; courage and 207–8; definition of 203; equality and 206–7; freedom and 207; secular ideal/ethics of 204–9; Stalin and 209–10, 212 Serbia 175, 275, 276, 282 sexuality: AI and 50; law and 61; liberalism and 299; religion and 200, 300; secularism and 205–6 Shakespeare, William 25, 55–6, 252; Hamlet 297 Shechtman, Dan 194 Shiite Muslims 131, 134, 137, 138, 288–9 Shinto 135–7, 186 Shulhan Arukh (code of Jewish law) 195 Shwedagon Pagoda, Burma 305 Siam 304–5 Sikhs 186, 284 Silicon Valley 39, 76, 85, 178, 217, 299 skin colour 151, 152 slavery 96, 148, 151, 177, 226
Sloman, Steven 218 smart bomb 136 social media 50 solar energy 119, 120 soldiers, AI and 61–8, 76–7, 168 Somme, Battle of the (1 July, 1916) 160 Song Empire, Chinese 104, 259 South Africa 13, 76 South East Asia 100 South Korea 13, 120 Soviet Union 5, 8, 9, 10, 15, 48, 65, 103, 114, 169, 172, 174–5, 176, 209–10, 237–8, 248, 279, 280, 299 see also Russia Spain 48, 124, 125, 236, 260, 289 Spanish Inquisition 48, 96, 199, 212, 213, 289, 299 speciation (divergence of mankind into biological castes or different species) 76 Spinoza 193 Srebrenica massacre (1995) 62–3 St Paul the Apostle 190 Stalin, Joseph 66, 67, 96, 175, 176, 209–10, 211, 212, 237, 238, 243 Stockfish 8 31 Stone Age 73, 86, 182, 187, 217, 218, 233 stress 32, 57, 264 strongmen 5, 165 Suez Canal 172 suffering: AI and xii, 49; Buddhism and 303–4; fake news and 242; meditation and 309, 313; nation states and 307–8; reality and 242, 286–7, 306–8; sacrifice and 287, 289; secular ethics and 201, 205–9 Sumerian city states 188 Sunni Muslims 104, 131, 134 superhumans 41, 75, 211–12, 246 surveillance systems 63–5 Sweden 101, 105, 112, 141 Syria 13, 29, 93, 94, 106, 114, 139, 141, 147, 148, 159, 171, 173, 175, 176, 223, 228, 261, 295, 296 Taiwan 100, 102, 104, 135 Taliban 30, 101, 153 Talmud 42, 43, 97, 132, 183, 186, 189, 193, 235 Tasmanians, aboriginal 227 tax 6, 37, 40, 90–1, 105, 118, 130, 205, 286, 291 Tea Party 219, 291
technology 87; animal welfare and 118–19; ecological collapse and 118–19, 122–3; education and 266–8; equality and 72–81; human bodies and 88–9; liberal democracy and 6–9, 16, 17–18; liberty and 44–72; nationalism and 120–4; science fiction and 245–55; threat from future xii–xiii, xiv, 1–81, 123, 176, 178–9, 245–55, 259–68; war and 99–100, 123, 176, 178–9; work and 19–43 see also artificial intelligence (AI) and under individual are of technology Tel el-Kebir, Battle of (1882) 172 television, AI and 51–2 Temple of Yahweh, Jerusalem 15 Ten Commandments 186, 187, 199, 291 Tencent (technology company) 40, 41, 77 terrorism: AI and 65, 69; etymology 159; fear of xi, xiii, 93, 155, 159–70, 217, 237, 249; media and 166, 167, 170; nuclear weapons 167–70; numbers killed by 23, 159; state reaction to 163–7; strategy of 159–63; suicide/martyrdom 295–6 Tesla 59, 60–1 Thatcher, Margaret 44–5 Theodosian Decrees (391) 192 Theodosius, Roman Emperor 192 Third World War see war 3-D printers 39 Tibet 232 Tiranga (tricolor) (Indian national flag) 285–6 Tojo, General 180 Torah 190, 194 trolley problems 57, 60 Truman Show, The (movie) 246–7, 248, 255, 268 Trump, Donald xi, 5, 8, 9, 11, 14–15, 40, 114, 150–1, 232, 233, 312 truth 12, 54, 215–55; Google and 54; ignorance and 217–22; justice and 223– 30; meditation and see meditation; nationalism and 277–8, 293; post-truth and xiii, 231–45; reality and 306–8; science fiction and 245–55; secular commitment to 204–14; suffering and 308 Tsuyoshi, Inukai 305 Tunisia xi Turkey 5, 15, 127, 141, 169, 181, 260 Twitter 91, 235, 238 Ukraine 33, 101, 114, 169, 174, 176, 177, 219, 231–2, 238, 242 ultra-Orthodox Jews 42–3, 97, 195 Umayyad caliphs 94
unemployment 8, 18, 19, 21, 30, 32–3, 34, 37, 43 see also jobs United Nations 15, 101; Declaration of Human Rights 211 United States 4, 5, 8, 11, 14–15, 24, 29, 33, 39, 40, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 76, 79, 94, 96, 99–100, 103–4, 106, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 145, 147, 150–1, 152, 159, 161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 182, 185, 191, 194, 200, 219, 227, 230, 231, 236, 242, 275 Universal Basic Income (UBI) 37–43 universe, age of 274 university, deciding what to study at 54–5 University of Oxford 310 US Air Force (USAF) 29, 30 useless class 18, 30, 32, 121 US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 24 US presidential election: (1964) 113, 114; (2016) 8, 85 Vedas 127, 131, 132, 198, 235, 240, 298 Victoria, Queen 15, 178 Vietnam 14, 100, 104, 176, 285 Vietnam War (1955–75) 62, 63, 100, 172, 173 violence: ethics and 200–2; nationalism and 112; number of deaths attributed to 16, 114; terrorism and see terrorism; war and see war Vipassana meditation 310, 312, 315–16 Vishwamitra 181 Wahhabism 137 Waksman, Selman 194 Walt Disney Pictures 249–51, 267, 270 war xi, xiii, 138, 170, 171–80; AI and 61–8, 123–4; economy and 177–9; possibility of 123–4, 138, 170, 171–80; religion and 138; spreads ideas, technology and people 99–100; stupidity/folly and 179–80; successful wars, decline in number of 171–80; technological disruption increases likelihood of 123–4 Warmland (fictional nation) 148–50, 152–4 War on Terror 168 Watson (IBM computer system) 20–1 weapons 123, 136, 212, 224–5; autonomous weapons systems 63; nuclear 14, 34, 107–8, 112–15, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137, 138, 154, 165, 167– 70, 178, 179, 181; terrorism and see terrorism; weapons of mass destruction xiv, 167–70 welfare state xii, 10–11, 76 West Bank 64–5, 224
White Memorial Retreat Center, California 200 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 95, 96 William the Conqueror 178–9 Willow (movie) 298 Wirathu, Ashin 306 work/employment, AI and 18, 19–43 see also jobs World Health Organization (WHO) 22–3 Wright brothers 181, 299 Xi Jinping 12 Yahweh 15, 191, 291 Yemen 173, 195 YouTube 50, 102 Yugoslavia 169 Zakkai, Rabbi Yochanan ben 195 Zen meditation 305–6 Zionism 111, 184, 233, 272, 273–4, 276, 279 Zuckerberg, Mark 80, 81, 85–6, 87, 88, 89–90, 93
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