History of Bengali Script by Abu Sayed Tulu

n¨v݇Rb‡mb Zuvi ÔmvBb, wm¤^j GÛ wµÞÕ Mª‡š’ c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg eY©wjwc‡K 12wU fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK n¨v݇Rb‡mb cÖvPxb AÂj †f‡` G wjwci web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK cwÐZMY Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ib wb| Zuviv mvZwU wjwc‡K c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg wjwc wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv- 1) my‡gixq wjwc 2) wgmixq nvqv‡ivwMøwdK wjwc 3) wµU Øxcevmxi wjwc 4) wnwË wjwc 5) Pxbv wjwc 6) Gjvgevmxi wjwc 7) wmÜzwjwc m‡y giæ RvwZ †Mvôxi mf¨Zvq †h wjwc e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q ZvB my‡gixq wjwc| G m‡y gixq wjwci bvg KxjKwjwc (Cuniform)| big Kv`vgvwUi PvKwU ev dj‡Ki Dci AMÖfv‡Mi b¨vq wewfbœ `vM †K‡U ev Qwe G‡u K G wjwc DrKxY© n‡Zv| m‡y gixq mf¨Zvq G wjwci e¨envi nq g~jZ wgkixq bMiiv‡óª e¨eüZ wPÎwjwci AbyKi‡Y| cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zvq nvqv‡ivwMøwdK bv‡g GK ai‡bi wPÎwjwci cÖPjb wQj| cÖ_g hy‡M G wjwci e¨envi †Kej wgmixq c‡y ivwnZ‡`i g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| †mRb¨B G wjwci bvgKiY Kiv nq nvqv‡ivwMøwdK A_©vr cweÎ wjwc| 51

G QvovI cieZ©x‡Z wgk‡i †W‡gwUK bv‡g Av‡iKwU wjwci D‡b¥l N‡UwQj| hvi cÖgvY Ô†iv‡RUvÕ cv_‡i cvIqv hvq| cwÐZiv g‡b K‡ib, c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg me wjwcB G‡Ki m‡½ A‡b¨i wgkª‡Y m„wó n‡qwQj| AvR‡Ki c„w_exi me wjwcB c~‡e©v³ wjwc‡Mvôxi eskai| 52

cÖvPxb fviZxq mf¨Zv c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi g‡Zv wmÜz b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡VwQj wmÜz mf¨Zv| cieZ©x‡Z Gi we¯Ívi N‡U D‡b¥wlZ nq cÖvPxb fviZxq mf¨Zvi| AvR †_‡K cÖvq `yB †_‡K Pvi jÿ eQi c~‡e© cÖvPxb gvby‡li emev‡mi wPý fviZxq Dcgnv‡`i cÖvq meLv‡bB Kg-†ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| `wÿY fvi‡Z, Kvk¥x‡i, Ges evsjv I Avmvg A‡j b‡evcjxq K…wl ms¯‹… wZi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| cwÐZiv Abygvb K‡ib, ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K Kvk¥x‡i Ges `wÿY Pxb †_‡K Avmv‡g b‡evcjxq ms¯‹…wZi we¯Ívi N‡UwQj| cyivZË¡we`iv g‡b K‡ib, b‡evcjxq mgv‡Ri gva¨‡g wgki ev †g‡mvcUgxq mf¨Zvq hLb †eªvÄhy‡Mi bMimf¨Zvi D™¢e N‡UwQj fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡kI †miƒc bMi mf¨Zvi D`q N‡UwQj wLª÷c~e© 3000 A‡ãi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q| wmÜz mf¨Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb wQj AZ¨šÍ ˆewPΨc~Y©| mvMi, ce©Z, eb, mgf~wg, giæf~wgi mgš^‡q fviZe‡l© GKwU eûavivi †fŠ‡MvwjK cwigÐj M‡o D‡VwQj| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki ga¨ `wÿ‡Y fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb| G mf¨Zvq wZb w`K wN‡i Av‡Q wekvj mgy`ª Avi Dˇi `Ðvqgvb c„w_exi D”PZg ce©Zgvjv wngvjq| cÖvPxb Kv‡j hLb mg`y ª hvÎv mxwgZ wQj ZLb fvi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki cÖavb c_ wQ‡jv wd_©i I my‡jgvb ce©Zgvjvi wekvj wMwic_| GB wMwic_ DËi cwð‡gi LvBevi wMwic_ bv‡g L¨vZ| GB c_ w`‡qB G wekvj Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q mk¯¿ AvµgYKvix wewfbœ DcRvwZ, ewYK Ges cwieªvRKMY| wmÜzi mf¨Zvi `ywU bMi Qvov Avi †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Z_¨ Avwe®K…Z nq wb| d‡j wmÜz mf¨Zv m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †Kvb Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq bv| we®§qKi n‡jI mwZ¨ †h, wmÜz mf¨Zvq e¨eüZ wjwci GLbI cv‡Vv×vi Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| 53

wmÜz mf¨Zvi Qwe 54

wmÜz mf¨Zvi A‡ji AvqZb wekvj| wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k wmÜz AeevwnKvq cÖvq 950 gvBj R‡y o DËi †_‡K Avie mvM‡ii DcK‚j ch©šÍ wQj GB AÂj| GB A‡ji AvqZb cÖvPxb wgk‡ii cyivZb ivRes‡ki mvgªv‡R¨i wظY Ges my‡giæ I Av°v‡`i cÖvq Pvi¸Y| niàv I g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv bv‡g `ywU wekvj bMixi mÜvb cvIqvq AbyavweZ nq| G A‡ji ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰ bwZK cÖvY‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e wmÜz mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj| niàv I g‡n‡Äv`v‡ii `~iZ¡ wQj 350 gvBj| G‡ZB †evSv hvq wmÜz mf¨Zvq eû bMi M‡o D‡VwQj hv GL‡bv Avwe®‹v‡ii A‡cÿvq| cÖvPxb fviZxq mf¨Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vb wePv‡i wZbwU e„nrfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cÖ_g fvM n‡”Q-bg©`v b`xi DËivsk mvaviYfv‡e Ôwn›`y¯’vbÕ wn‡m‡e cwiPwZ wQj| K…òv b`xi `wÿ‡Yi AÂj cwiwPZ wQj `vwÿYvZ¨ bv‡g Ges fvi‡Zi me© `wÿ‡Y AÂj Zvwgj f~wg wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| 55

gvby‡li µgweKv‡ki avivq Palaeolithic-hy‡Mi Avw` gvbyl wmÜz mf¨Zvq evm Ki‡Zv e‡j cÖZ¥ZvwË¡‡Kiv g‡b K‡ib| cÖvPxbZg gvby‡li †`nve‡kl cvIqv hvq `vwÿYv‡Z¨| GQvovI Aaby v ga¨ cÖ‡`‡ki bg©`v b`xi DcZ¨Kvq cv_i hy‡Mi nvwZqvi cvIqv †M‡Q| ZvQvov wgki I †g‡mvcUgxq mf¨Zvq †hme `iKvwi wRwb‡mi Avwe®‹vi N‡UwQj Zv fviZxq mf¨ZvqI cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| †hgb- †evÄ h‡y Mi KvwiMwi, BU, IRb, I gvcbx, wjwc| G mKj RwUj Avwe®‹vi †h GKevi †g‡mvcUgxqvi NU‡e Avevi fvi‡Z NU‡e Ggb n‡Z cv‡i bv| wjLb c×wZ I †ev‡Äi `ªe¨vw` Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ `xN© mg‡qi GK mvgvwRK cUf~wg `iKvi nq| ZvB mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq, wmÜz b`xi AeevwnKvq 56

†eªvÄ hy‡Mi mf¨Zvi †h D`q N‡UwQj Zv wgki ev †g‡mvcUgxq mf¨Zvq AbyKi‡Y ev cÖfv‡e| AZGe Abygvb Kiv hvq, mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z wLª÷ c~e©vã 8000-6000 A‡ãi g‡a¨ b‡evcjxq ms¯‹…wZi weKvk N‡U wQj| hvi g~j †K›`ª wQj †g‡mvc‡Ugxq I wgki| Gici wLª÷ c~e© 6000-2000 A‡ãi g‡a¨ G mf¨Zv؇qi ms¯‹… wZ BD‡ivc, Pxb I fviZ e‡l© Qwo‡q c‡o| e„wUk cÖZ¥ZvwË¡K gwU©gvi ûBjvi Ges MW©b PvBì g‡b K‡ib †g‡mvcUgxq I m‡y gixq bMi¸‡jv †_‡K GK mgq AwfevmbKvixiv G‡m wmÜz b`xi AeevwnKvq evm Kiv ïiæ K‡i| GivB Kv‡ji †mªv‡Z ¯’vb-Kv‡ji cÖev‡n wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ, mf¨Zv‡eva M‡o Zz‡j| GUvB g~jZ wmÜz mf¨Zv bv‡g L¨vZ| Kvjµ‡g Avh©iv G‡m G mf¨Zvi cyix aŸsm K‡i w`‡q mg¯Í bMi¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq| d‡j ïiæ nq ksKi ms¯‹…wZi| Gici Avg©vwbq, wdwbkxq wewfbœ RvwZi m‡½ G‡`i evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM n‡Z 57

_v‡K| d‡j wmÜz mf¨Zvq m„wó nq k¼i fvlv, k¼i wjwc| Avh©iv G‡mB g~jZ wmÜz mf¨Zv‡K bó K‡i w`‡j Gmf¨Zvq emevmiZ wewfbœ gvbyl Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q wQwU‡q c‡o e‡j BwZnvm‡eËvMY g‡b K‡i _v‡Kb| cieZ©x‡Z wmÜz AeevwnKv †Kw›`ªK mf¨Zvi we‡jvc n‡j Pviw`‡K wewfbœ AÂj †Kw›`ªK mf¨Zvi MwZ GwM‡q hvq| hvi d‡j ïiæ nq fviZxq mf¨Zvi| Gmgq Avh©iv iPbv K‡ib †e`, mswnZv, eªvþY, AviY¨K, Dcwbl`, m~Î BZ¨vw` MÖš’| ˆew`K ag© I mvwnZ¨ PP©v wLª÷c~e© 1200 Aã †_‡K 500 Aã e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| G¸‡jvi †Kvb wjwLZ iƒc D×vi nq wb| Z‡_¨i Afv‡e A‡bK cwÐZB G wm×v‡šÍ GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h, ˆew`K mvwnZ¨ gvby‡li gy‡L g‡y L cÖPjb wQj; wjwLZ †Kvb iƒc wQj bv| g¨v·gyjvi e‡jb, ÔFM‡e`Õ m„wói mgq Avh©iv wjL‡Z †k‡L wb| g~jZ Zviv wLª÷c~e© 700 kZ‡Ki w`‡K eªvþx wjwc‡Z wjL‡Z wk‡L‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡Z wdwbkxq eY©gvjvi A‡bK eY© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq| ˆew`K hy‡Mi cieZ©x ch©v‡q ïiæ nq †cŠivwYK mf¨Zv| Avh©‡`i cÖfve 58

Kvjµ‡g K‡g Av‡m| ZLb Avh©‡`i ag©xq bxwZ Abymi‡Y gvb‡y li g‡a¨ m„wó nq eY©‰elg¨| ˆew`K hy‡Mi ag©xq me ÿgZv _v‡K †`eivR B‡›`ªi nv‡Z| BwZnvm e‡j, Avm‡j B›`ª †Kvb †`eZv bq, g~jZ B›`ª wQ‡jb Avh©‡`i ivRv| Avh©iv fviZxq mf¨Zvi †jvK‡`i mvg‡b †`eZv wn‡m‡e ivRv B›`ª‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †cŠivwYK hy‡M G‡m †mUv cwiewZ©Z n‡q weòzi 59

nv‡Z P‡j hvq| G mgq iPbv nq ivgvqY, gnvfviZ cÖf„wZ gnvKve¨| 60

G¸‡jviI †Kvb ZrKvjxb wjwLZ iƒc cvIqv hvq wb| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki gvby‡li g‡y L gy‡L `xN©w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ wQj Gme gnvKve¨¸‡jv| wmÜz mf¨Zvi †kªYxf~³ RvwZ‡Mvôx n‡”Q †Kvj, fxj, MÐ Ges muvIZvj, g‡½vjxq, `ªvweo, Avh©| Avh©iv fvi‡Z G‡m †Kvj, fxj, MÐ G‡`i‡K Abvh© ev Amf¨ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| G RvwZ‡Mvôx‡K b„ZË¡we`iv AwóªK e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Ges Avh©iv wb‡R‡`i‡K e‡jb Avh© A_©vr mf¨| A‡bK cwÐZ g‡b K‡ib, `ªvweo wmÜz mf¨Zvi g~j RvwZ| 1921 wLª÷v‡ã cvÄv‡ei g‡›Uv‡Mvgvix †Rjvi niàv A‡j Ges 1922 wLª÷v‡ã wmÜz jviKvbv †Rjvi g‡nb‡Rv`v‡iv A‡j cÖZœZvwË¡K LbbKvh© Pvwj‡q wmÜz mf¨Zvi wewfbœ wb`k©‡bi D×vi K‡ib| wmÜz mf¨Zvq cÖvß wb`k©bvewj‡Z †ek wKQz wmj (Seal) cvIqv hvq| Zv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq, c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ mf¨Zvi g‡Zv wmÜz mf¨ZvqI wjLb c×wZ wQj| g~jZ G wjLb c×wZB fviZxq wewfbœ fvlvi wjLb c×wZ| weL¨vZ cªZœZvwË¡K m¨vi Rb gvk©vj g‡b K‡ib, wmÜz mf¨Zvi me©v‡cÿv †MŠiegq Aa¨vq wQj wLª÷c~e© 3250 †_‡K 2750 A‡ãi g‡a¨| HwZnvwmK AvBfvi wmRbv‡ii (The Living Past) g‡Z, wmÜz mf¨Zvi DrmKvj 3600 wLª÷- c~e©vã| wmÜz mf¨Zvi L¨vwZgvb cÖZœZvwË¡K m¨vi giwUgvi ûBjvi GB mf¨Zvi DrmKvj wn‡m‡e 2500 wLª÷ c~e©vã wb‡`©k K‡ib| 61

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cwÐZM‡Yi g‡a¨ wmÜz mf¨Zvi cÖvPxbZ¡, mg„w× I mf¨Zvi weKvk wb‡qI gZv‰bK¨ †`Lv hvq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, wmÜz mf¨Zvq wPÎwjwc wQj Ges G wPÎwjwc †_‡K fve wjwc; cieZ©x‡Z eY©wjwci D™¢e nq| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, wmÜz wjwc Avh©iv Avmvi ci myMwVZ n‡q‡Q| hv †nvK mxj wb‡q M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, wmÜz mf¨Zvq cÖ_gw`‡K †jLvi Rb¨ 360wU wPý e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| cieZx©‡Z G¸‡jvi wejyß n‡Z _v‡K| eûRvwZ wgkª‡Yi d‡j G wPü¸‡jv K‡g eY©wjwc‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| wmÜz mf¨Zvi †kl mg‡q (niàvi AwšÍg hy‡M) wP‡ýi msL¨v G‡m `uvwo‡qwQj 20wU‡Z| 63

G wPý¸‡jvI Avevi wmÜzwjwci †gŠwjK †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| G 20wU wP‡ýi g‡a¨ Avi 14wUB cÖvPxb K¨vbvbxq A_ev c¨v‡j÷vBbxq Ges wdwbkxq wPý| Abygvb Kiv nq, ewnivMg‡bi d‡j Gme msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| Kv‡ji †mªv‡Z Zv cwieZ©b I cwiea©‡bi gva¨‡g eªvþx wjwc‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| eªvþx wjwci h_v_© cÖgvY cvIqv hvq mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki Abykvmbwjwc‡Z| 64

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¯’v‡b Mgb K‡ib; d‡j wdwbkxq‡`i eY©gvjvi cÖfve cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡bB Qwo‡q c‡o| cwÐZMY GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h, ewnM©gbxq wewfbœ wjwci mswgkª‡Y fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g eY©gvjv MwVZ nq| eªvþx wjwci weeZ©b AwmZKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq e‡jb, eªvþx wjwc n‡”Q fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki wbR¯^ m¤ú`| A‡kv‡Ki Abykvm‡bi A‡bK c~e© †_‡KB fviZxq mf¨Zvq eªvþx wjwci cÖPjb wQj Ges †mB wjwcB cieZ©xKv‡j A‡kvK wjwci myMwVZ iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgq cÖPwjZ eªvþx wjwci weewZ©Z iƒc KzwUj wjwc †_‡K evsjv wjwci D™¢e n‡q‡Q e‡j cwÐZMY g‡b K‡ib| g‡nvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x 1327 e½v‡ãi mvwnZ¨ cwil` cwÎKvq Ôevsjvi cyivY AÿiÕ cÖe‡Ü wjwc weeZ©‡bi QK Zz‡j a‡i †`Lvb Kvjµ‡g Kxfv‡e eªvþx wjwc †_‡K cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv wjwci AvKvi jvf Kij, Zvi mswÿß cwiPqI †`Iqv Av‡Q| Zvi QKwUi gva¨‡g †`Lv †h, eªvþx wjwc PviwU ch©v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q weewZ©Z n‡q cÂg ¯Í‡i evsjv Aÿ‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| eªvþx wjwci weeZ©‡bi BwZnv‡m cieZx© `ywU cÖavb ¯Í‡ii bvg KzlvY wjwc (100-300 wLª÷vã) Ges ¸ß wjwc (wLª÷xq 4_© †_‡K 5g kZK)| 76

KzlvY wjwc ¯Íi †gŠ‡h©vËi Kv‡j ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K BD wP bv‡g GK RvwZi †jvK fviZe‡l© G‡m Av¯Ívbv †d‡j| GB RvwZ cuvP fv‡M wef³ n‡q wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| Kvjµ‡g GB cuvP kvLvi g‡a¨ GK AbybœZ hvhvei kvLv gv_v Z‡z j Gwkqv †_‡K evivYmx ch©šÍ mvgªvR¨ M‡o Z‡z j| GivB KzlvY RvwZ bv‡g BwZnv‡m L¨vZ| G KzlvY RvwZi e¨eüZ wjwcB KzlvY wjwc| wLª÷xq cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq kZK ch©šÍ KzlvY ivRv‡`i Avg‡j KzlvY wjwc cÖPwjZ wQj| KzlvY ivRv‡`i bvgvbymv‡i eªvþx wjwc weewZ©Z n‡q KzlvY wjwc‡Z iƒc †bq| KzRyj K`wdm (Kadphises) bv‡g GK `jcwZ evwK Pvi kvLv‡K civwRZ 77

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iwPZ n‡qwQj| Kvwj`v‡mi ÔkKzšjÍ vÕ Ô†gN`~ZÕ ÔiNyeskÕ FZzmsnviÕ, ï`ª‡Ki Ôg„”QKwUKÕ wekvL `‡Ëi Ôgy`ªvivÿmÕ G ¸ß hy‡Mi iPbv| m¤¢eZ ¸ß hy‡MB ÔfiZbvU¨kv¯¿Õ †jLv n‡qwQj e‡j cwÐZiv Abygvb K‡ib| Aby- gvb Kiv nq Gme iPbv ms¯‹…Z fvlvq n‡jI cÖ_‡g ¸ß wjwc‡Z †jLv n‡qwQj| cieZ©x‡Z AÂj‡f‡` †m wjwci cwieZ©b nq| evsjv wjwci m~ÎcvZ B‡Zvg‡a¨ DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q, wLª÷xq PZz_© I cÂg kZK ch©šÍ ¸ß ivRviv eªvþx wjwc wKQzUv cwieZ©b K‡i wbR¯^ ÷vB‡j ivR¨kvmb I ag©xq cÖPviYvi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Zb| ¸ß ivRv‡`i bvgvbymv‡iB G wjwci bvgKiY n‡qwQj ¸ß wjwc| A‡bK fvlv weÁvbx Abygvb K‡ib, ¸ß bvgKi‡Yi mv‡_ G wjwci wKQzUv mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv G ¸ß wjwc ¯‡Í i mswÿß gvÎvi AwaK e¨envi †`Lv hvq| cieZ©x‡Z ¸ß wjwc weewZ©Z n‡q iƒc †bq KzwUj wjwc‡Z| †`Lv hvq, wjwc me©`v ivRv‡`i bvgvbymv‡i cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G KzwUj wjwcB †Kvb ivRes‡ki cÖfve QvovB lô †_‡K beg wLª÷vã ch©šÍ fviZe‡l© cÖPwjZ wQj| G wjwci Aÿi I ¯^‡ii gvÎv A‡bKUv KzwUjvK…wZi e‡jB m¤¢eZ Gi bvgKiY KzwUj wjwc Kiv n‡q‡Q| 79

¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi cieZx©‡Z ¯^vaxb, mve©‡fŠg bicwZ kkv¼ evsjvi wmsnv‡mb AwawôZ n‡j wjwc ivRKxq cÖfve †_‡K gyw³ jvf K‡i| d‡j ivRv‡`i bvgvbymv‡i ev esk Abymv‡i wjwc cwieZ©‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvq| cÖK…wZi gvb‡y li Ici P‡j Av‡m Zvi cwieZ©b| Gici cvj es‡ki wbe©vY mvabv †Kw›`ªK wPšÍvq ivRcÖvavb¨ †`q wb e‡jB G KzwUjvK…wZi wjwc wbR¯^ ÷vB‡j cÖK…wZi DÌvb-cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GwM‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z †mb ivRv‡`i cÖvavb¨ G‡j ms¯‹…wZ mvwnZ¨ PP©vi c_ w`MšÍ we¯…ÍZ nq| wKš‘ KzwUj wjwci µgweKvk GwM‡qB †h‡Z _v‡K| evsjv wjwci weeZ©b ¯^vaxb wKš‘ cÖK„wZ kvmbvaxb KzwUj wjwc fviZe‡l©I wewfbœ A‡j cÖvq `yBÕk eQi a‡i cÖPwjZ wQj| KzwUj wjwci weeZ©‡bi ch©v‡q cieZ©x av‡c `ywU iƒc `vuovq- &DËi fviZxq I `wÿY fviZxq| DËi fviZxq KzwUj wjwci cwðgvÂjxq iƒc †_‡K †`ebvMix Ges c~e©vÂjxq iƒc †_‡K A_©vr A‡ji KzwUj wjwci †_‡K evsjv wjwci DrcwË nq| G wjwci cÖ_g mv_©K e¨envi †`Lv hvq, `kg kZ‡K webvqK cv‡ji Zvgªdj‡K| G Zvgªdj‡KB cÖ_g evsjv wjwc e¨envi nq| wKš‘ †m evsjv 80

wjwci eY©¸‡jv AvR‡Ki w`‡bi g‡Zv cwic° bq| Gfv‡e Zv ¸R©i kvmbvg‡j Avgv‡`i e½ GjvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j GB eY©gvjv ¯^vaxbfv‡e eû weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q `kg kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M g~j evsjv eY©gvjvq cwiYZ nq| W. ivLvj`vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv`kvmªx, AwPšÍ¨ wek¦vm, `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi cÖe‡Üi fvl¨ Abymv‡i evsjv eY©gvjvi Rb¥µg cÖm‡½ GKwU QK ˆZwi Kiv hvq Gfv‡e- Aóg kZvãx : ag©cv‡ji ÔLvwjkcyiÕ Zvgªkvmb beg kZvãx : bvivqY cv‡ji Ôev`vjÕ ¯Í¤¢wjwc `kg kZvãx : cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji ÔevYMoÕ Zvgªkvmb GKv`k kZvãx : Z…Zxq weMÖncv‡ji ÔAvgMvwQÕ Zvgªkvmb Øv`k kZvãx : weRq †m‡bi Ô †`IqvcvovÕ wkjvwjwc| wjwc weeZ©‡bi G ch©v‡q G‡m `uvovq evsjv wjwc‡Z| wLª÷xq lô kZK †_‡K c~e©vÂjxq KzwUj wjwci weeZ©b ïiæ K‡i `kg kZ‡K G‡m AvaywbK evsjv e‡Y©i AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| evsjv wjwc mvwn‡Z¨i †ÿ‡Î ZLbI c‡y iv`¯Íi cÖPwjZ n‡q I‡V wb| wKš‘ G wjwci cÖ_g mv_©K e¨envi †`Lv hvq, `kg kZ‡K webvqK cv‡ji Zvgªdj‡K| G Zvgªdj‡KB cÖ_g evsjv wjwc e¨envi nq| wKš‘ †m evsjv wjwci eY©¸‡jv AvR‡Ki w`‡bi g‡Zv cwic° bq| Gfv‡e Zv ¸R©i kvmbvg‡j Avgv‡`i e½ GjvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j GB eY©gvjv ¯^vaxbfv‡e eû weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q `kg kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M g~j evsjv eY©gvjvq cwiYZ nq| W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡jb, cvj mvgªv‡Ri Awafy³Zvi mgqUv‡ZB gvMax cÖvK…Z AenU‡Vi m‡`¨vwb‡g©vK gy³ iƒ‡c Rb¥ †bq evsjv fvlvi| Avðh© n‡jI mZ¨ †h, evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g wb`©kb evsjv wjwc‡Z 81

cvIqv hvq wb| evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g wb`©kb ÔPh©vc`Õ cvIqv †M‡Q †bcv‡ji †bIqvix wjwc‡Z| Abygvb Kiv nq wjwci AvÂwjK cÖfveRwbZ Kvi‡Y Zv †bIqvix fvlvq cvIqv †M‡Q| evsjv eY©gvjvi cÖ_g wb`©kb cvIqv hvq cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji (980-1036 wLª.) evYMo `vbc‡Î Ges K‡¤^v‡Ri ivRv bqcvj †`‡ei (1036-1053 wLª.) B`©vi `vbc‡Î| G mgq DËi-c~e© fvi‡Z bvMix wjwc Ges c‡~ e© evsjv wjwci cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| cyivZb evsjvi hveZxq ms¯‹…Z I evsjv cyuw_ meB e½vÿ‡iB †jLv| KviY G‡`‡k ZLbI bvMix wjwci cÖPjb nq wb| Z‡e †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôvi ci ms¯‹…Z cuyw_‡Z µ‡g µ‡g evsjv wjwci e`‡j bvMix wjwci cÖPjb †`Lv †M‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Abygvb Kiv hvq, G K‡j‡Ri ms¯‹Z… wefv‡M wenvi I DËi cª‡`‡ki cwÐZiv wbhy³ wQ‡jb e‡j Zviv bvMix Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb wjwc †evS‡Zb bv| ZvB Gme cyuw_ bvMix wjwc‡Z †jLv n‡qwQj| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m Gi cieZ©x mgqUv‡K AÜKvi hMy wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv nq| KviY G mgq evsjv fvlvq †Kvb mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b cvIqv hvq bv| wKš‘ gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L †eŠ× Mvb, †`vnv, Wv‡Ki ePb, bv_ MxwZKv, cvjMxwZ cÖf„wZi cÖPjb wQj| Avi G¸‡jv gy‡L gy‡LB iwPZ I cÖPwjZ wQj e‡jB wQj †jLvi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb Abyf~Z nq wb| Z‡e cwÐZMY Abygvb K‡ib, G mgqUv‡Z gj~ Z ms¯‹Z… fvlvi PP©v n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i c‡ÿ hyw³ n‡”Q †Kvb RvwZi ms¯‹…wZ GKw`‡b †hgb M‡o I‡V bv †Zgwb GKw`‡b Zv eÜI n‡Z cv‡i bv| G mgq weRq †m‡bi (1098-1160 wLª.) †`Icvovi †Lvw`Z wjwc‡Z GB g~j evsjv eY©gvjvi AviI DrKl© cwijwÿZ nq| wKš‘ gymjgvb kvmK‡`i cÖfv‡ei `iæY mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi aviv e‡Üi Kvi‡Y eY©gvjvi weeZ©bI cÖvq ¯’wei n‡q _v‡K| cÂ`k kZ‡K ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i Aby‡cÖiYvq cybivq mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi PP©v kyiæ n‡j Avevi wjwci cwiea©b n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e evsjv wjwci AvK…wZMZ †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b nq wb| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †evwaPh©veZvi MÖ‡š’ evsjv wjwci c~Y© weKvk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G mgq RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V kªxK…òKxZ©b| 82

15k-16k kZvãxi kªxK… òKxZ©‡bi wjwc‡K c~Y© evsjv wjwc‡Z †jLv e‡j MªnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| kªxK… òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i wjwcKi wQ‡jb K…òcÂvbb| 1909 wLª÷v‡ã emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf cwðg e‡½i euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g ˆeòe gnvšÍ kªxwbevm AvPv‡h©i †`ŠwnÎ-eskRvZ †`‡e›`ªbv_ g‡y Lvcva¨v‡qi ZË¡vewaZ cyuw_wU †MvqvjNi †_‡K Ah‡Zœ iwÿZ Ae¯’vq Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Abygvb Kiv nq, mvwn‡Z¨i †ÿ‡Î evsjv wjwc kªxK…òKxZ©‡bB cÖ_g mv_©Kfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ivav K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv welqK G Kve¨wU ZrKvjxb mgv‡R †ek RbwcÖq n‡q I‡VwQj| c‡i 1916 wLª÷v‡ã emšÍiÄb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq MÖš’wU e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| 83

84

D‡jøL¨ †h, 1200 †_‡K 1350 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM e‡j cwÐZiv AwfwnZ Ki‡jI G mgqI DrK…ó gv‡bi ms¯‹…Z fvlv-mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó n‡q‡Q| we`¨vcwZi eªReywj fvlvq ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ G mg‡qi †kªô Kve¨| c‡i gymwjg kvmK‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq c‡bi kZ‡Ki w`‡K Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i †ek wnwoK c‡o hvq| wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn (1389-1410) Gi c„ô‡cvlKZvq kvn gyn¤§` mMxi Abyev` K‡ib BDmyd -†Rv‡jLv, RvjvjywÏb gyn¤§` kvn (1418-31) c„ô‡cvlKZvq K…wËevm Abyev` K‡ib ÔivgvqYÕ, iæKbDwÏb evieK kvn (1459-74) Gi c„ô‡cvlKZvq gvjvai emy iPbv K‡ib ÔkªxK…òweRqÕ kvgmywÏb BDmyd kvn (1474-1481) Gi c„ô‡cvlKZvq ˆRbywÏb iPbv K‡ib Ôimyj weRqÕ AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn 85

(1493-1519) Gi cô„ ‡cvlKZvq evsjv g½jKv‡e¨i avivi weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| d‡j evsjv fvlv I wjwc‡Z wfbœZi gvÎv m„wó nq| Abyev` I wKQz †gŠwjK iPbvi Rb¨ GKvwaK cvÐwjwc ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| G mg‡q evsjv mvwnZ¨ wewfbœ avivq mg„× n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j evsjv wjwci hyM Dc‡hvMx cwieZ©b NU‡Z _v‡K| GKwU cvÐywjwc †_‡K GKvwaK cÖwZwjwc Kivq evsjv wjwc weeZ©‡bi MwZ e„w× cvq| AvivKvb ivRmfv †Kw›`ªK Abyev` I †gŠwjK iPbvi cÖfve evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ GK †`¨vZbvi m„wó K‡i| †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb ÔjvBjx-gRbyÕ †`ŠjZ KvRxi ÔmZx gqbv-†jviP›`ªvbxÕ AvjvI‡ji ÔcÙveZxÕ, ÔmßcqKiÕ, †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKz‡ii ÔP›`ªveZxÕ D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨| †lvok kZ‡Ki w`‡K evsjvq cvjv-KxZ©b cÖf„wZi cÖvavb¨ †`Lv hvq| wewfbœ g½jKve¨, eªZK_v, MxwZKv, Abyev`, cuyw_ cvV cÖf„wZ wel‡qi cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z me©Î| Z‡e 86

†lvok, mß`k I Aóv`k kZ‡K evsjv wjwci †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq bv| G KviY wn‡m‡e Abygvb Kiv hvq, G mgq mvwnZ¨ eY©bvZ¥KixwZ‡Z †ewk cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj e‡j wjwci D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b N‡U wb| 87

cvÐywjwc hy‡Mi Aemvb c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ cvÐywjwci Aemv‡b m„wó nq be h‡y Mi| cÖvPxbKv‡j GKwU mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Rb¨ c¨vwcivm, gvwUi djK, cvP©‡g›U, †fjvg, K‡W©·, ZvjcvZv, †Z‡iU cvZv, ZzjU KvMR, f~R¨© cÎ, Kvco, cv_i BZ¨vw` wj‡L ivLvi DcKiY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv| G cvÐywjwc ˆZwi †Kw›`ªK mvwnZ¨ iPbvi mgqKvj‡K cvÐywjwci hyM wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| KviY ZLb mvwn‡Z¨i GKgvÎ evnb wQj cvÐywjwc| c‡~ e©B DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi †jv‡Kiv GKwU mvwnZ¨ Kg©‡K wj‡L ivLvi Rb¨ A_©vr cvÐywjwci msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU Ni ev Ni mgcwigvY ¯’vb e¨envi Ki‡Zv| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K e¨envi n‡q AvmwQj f~R©cÎ, KvcR ev Kvc©vwmK cU, Kvô-djK, ZvjcvZv, †Z‡iU cvZv, cïPg©, avZe cvZ, wkjv, BU, KvMR cÖf„wZ| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k wjLb c×wZi cÖPj‡bi m‡½ m‡½ KwÂ, ki, LvMov, gqyi ev kKz‡bi cvjK, †jvnv cÖf„wZi ˆZwi †jLbx D™¢e n‡q‡Q| cwÐZiv Abygvb K‡ib, wjLvi Rb¨ Kvwji e¨enviI wQj cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB| g‡nv‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z cÖvß GKwU †`vqvZvK…wZi cvÎ †`‡L Abygvb Kiv nq, †m hy‡M Kvwji e¨envi wQj| ZvQvovI ˆRb MÖš’vw`‡Z jvj wn½yjvi i‡Oi e¨envi †`Lv hvq| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB wÎdjv, wkgyj Mv‡Qi Qvj, QvM‡ji `ya, †jvnvi ¸ov, jvÿv ev jvnv, Rvevi Kzuwo, Mv‡ei dj, nwiZKx, f„½vR¾©yb, Mv‡Qi Qvj, AvgjKx, evejv Mv‡Qj Qvj, Rv‡Vi im, Wvwj‡gi im, KvV-Kqjv BZ¨vw`i ˆZwi Kvwj e¨envi nw”Qj| cÖZœZË¡we` m¨vi Rb gvk©v‡ji e‡jb ÔgvwUi djK ev mxj‡gvn‡ii evB‡i wmÜywjwci e¨env‡ii we‡kl wb`k©b cvIqv bv †M‡jI Avgiv Abygvb Ki‡Z cvwi †h, f~R©cÎ, ZvjcvZv, Pvgov, KvV ev Kvc‡o wmÜz wjwc wjwLZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘ †m DcKiY¸wj A‡cÿvK…Z Kg †UKmB nIqvq Zv Kv‡ji AZ‡j nvwi‡q †M‡Q|Õ cvÐywjwc hy‡Mi Kwe ev †jLK †h MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡Zb, Zv cvÐywjwci gva¨‡gB cÖPvi jvf Ki‡Zv| 88

ag©xq evYx¸‡jv A‡bK mgq wkjv wjwc‡Z DrKxY© n‡Zv| Avevi †jL‡Ki g~j cvÐywjwc †_‡K nq‡Zv GK ev GKvwaK cÖwZwjwc †jLv n‡Zv Ges cieZx©Kv‡j †m cÖwZwjwc¸‡jv †_‡KB AviI A‡bK cvÐywjwci D™¢e nZ| Gfv‡eB cvÐywjwc m„wói gva¨‡g †`k-†`kvš‡Í i Qwo‡q co‡Zv Kwei iPbv| ïay mvwn‡Z¨i evnb wn‡m‡e bq-ag©Kvh©, ivR¨kvmb Ges ˆ`bw›`b wewfbœ Kv‡R GB cvÐywjwci e¨envi `jy ©ÿ¨ bq| †mKv‡j ag©-A_©-†gvÿ mvabvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K N‡iB cvÐywjwc ev nv‡Z †jLv cyuw_ mh‡Zœ msiwÿZ n‡Zv| gy`ªYhš¿ cÖwZôvi Av‡M cvÐywjwc kãwUi e¨envi wQj bv| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji me mvwnZ¨B cyuw_ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf Ki‡Zv| c‡i g`y ªYhš¿ Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j cvÐwjwc hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U | Abygvb Kiv nq beg wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K Px‡b cÖ_g gy`ªY h‡š¿i cÖPjb nq| Z‡e Zv AvaywbK gy`ªY h‡š¿i g‡Zv wQj bv| GKai‡bi Aÿi ˆZwi Ki‡Zv cvZ‡K `xN©ÿY Mig K‡i †Kvb e¯‘i Dci †QuKv w`‡q QuvP ˆZwi K‡i| c‡i Zv‡Z is jvwM‡q †P‡c a‡i Qvcv‡Zv| Px‡bi G cÖvK-gy`ªY cªwµqvq †cvovgvwUi djK, †fjvg, cv_i, fu~R©¨cÎ, avZzi cvZ BZ¨vw`i e¨envi n‡Zv| Abygvb Kiv nq, 1448 wLª÷v‡ã Rvg©vbxi †gÄ kn‡i g`y ªY hš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib †Rvnvb ¸‡UbevM©, †Rvqvb dv÷ bvgK GK abx ¯^Y©Kv‡ii Kv‡Q †_‡K A_© FY K‡i j¨vwUb fvlvq fvj‡MU evB‡ej bv‡g GKwU MÖš’ gyw`ªZ K‡ib| GwUB wQj 1456 wLª÷v‡ã BD‡iv‡c cÖ_g gyw`ªZ MÖš’| Gi cÖwZ cô„ vq 42wU jvBb wQj weavq 42 jvB‡bi evB‡ej bv‡gI GUv cwiwPZ| Rvg©vbxi c‡i gy`ª‡Yi cÖmvi N‡U BZvwj‡Z| `yÕRb Rvg©vb gy`ªK †iv‡gi c‡_ GKwU MÖv‡g 1465 wLª÷v‡ã GKUv gy`ªY hš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1462 wLª÷v‡ãi BZvwji myweqvb bvgK ¯’v‡b Kbivì †mv‡qb‡ng Ges Avb©Û c¨vbvR© bv‡g GB gy`ªKØq GKwU MÖv‡gi MxR©vq Avkªq wb‡qwQj| G‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wQj Ck¦‡ii evYx‡K gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`Iqv| GB `yB gy`ªK 1467 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ 4 Lvbv cy¯ÍK cÖKvk K‡ib| dªv‡Ý ¯’vqxfv‡e g`y ªY hš¿ ¯’vwcZ nq 1470 wLª÷v‡ã| 1458 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv mßg Pvj©m Zvi UvKkv‡ji Aa¨ÿ wb‡Kvjvm †Rb‡mb‡K Pzwc Pzwc †gÄ kn‡i gy`ªY †KŠkj †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ 89

cvVvb| wKš‘ AwZ `yt‡Li welq †h, Aa¨ÿ wb‡Kvjvm d«vÝ †_‡K wd‡i G‡m †`‡Lb †h ivRv mßg Pvj©m gviv †M‡Qb| gy`ªY hš¿ Avi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv bv| †kl ch©šÍ Ruv †nbwjb I ¸Bjvm wd‡PU bv‡g †mvi‡evb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi cÿ †_‡K gy`ªY hš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib| ïiæ nq cvÐwjwci hy‡Mi P~ovšÍ Aemvb| `yB Aa¨vcK wewfbœ cÖvwZôvwbK eBcÎI Qv‡cb| GmgqB †ejwRqvg I †¯ú‡b 1473 wLª÷v‡ã, †Wbgv‡K© 1482 wLª÷v‡ã, myB‡W‡b 1483 wLª÷v‡ã Ges cyZ©Mv‡j 1489 wLª÷v‡ã gy`ªY hš¿ ¯’vwcZ nq| Gmgq Bsj¨v‡Ûi DBwjqvg K¨v·Ub bv‡g GK gy`ªvKi 1475 †_‡K 1491 ch©šÍ 16 eQ‡i 100wU eB Qvwc‡q †iKW© K‡ib| Zvi cÖ_g gyw`ªZ eB divwm I Bs‡iwR fvlvi| hvi bvg Ôeyw×gv‡bi ePbÕ| Zvici 1640 wLª÷v‡ã Av‡gwiKvq cÖ_g eB gyw`ªZ nq| 1876 wLª÷v‡ã evg©vi mveweqvb kn‡i cÖ_g QvcvLvbv cÖwZwôZ nq| 1730 wLª÷v‡ã kªxjsKv, 1870 wLª÷v‡ã Rvcv‡b gy`ªhš¿ ¯’vwcZ nq| Gfv‡eB mviv c„w_ex e¨vcx gy`ªY h‡š¿i e¨envi ïiæ nq| d‡j nv‡Z cvÐwjwci cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ n‡Z _v‡K Qvcvi Aÿi; eÜ n‡q hvq wjwci weeZ©b| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g gy`ªY hš¿ Avg`vbx K‡ib cZz©MxRiv| cZz©MxRiv 1498 wLª÷v‡ã †Rwiqv‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb Kivi ci †mLv‡b `ywU QvcvLvbvI ¯’vcb K‡ib| †Mvqvq gyw`ªZ cÖ_g eBwU cZz©MxR fvlvq iwPZ hvi bvg ÔKbyK‡mvRÕ| 1800 mv‡j Bs‡iRiv hLb AvMÖv `Lj K‡i ZLb †mLv‡b GKwU gy`ªY hš¿ cvIqv hvq| †gRj Bqby bv‡g R‰bK Bs‡iR †mbva‡ÿ¨i weeiYx‡Z Rvbv hvq, †gvMj mgªvU wØZxq kvn& Avjg GB QvcvLvbv ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx kvmbvaxb n‡j cvðvZ¨ †_‡K wmwfwjqvbiv G‡`k kvmb Kivi Rb¨ Av‡m| wKš‘ fvlvMZ Kvi‡Y kvmb KZ©„Z¡ ch©`¯Í bv bq †mRb¨ wmwfwjqvb‡`i evsjv fvlv wkÿv `v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| G m~Î a‡iB eªvwm b¨v_vwb‡qj n¨vj‡nW iPbv K‡ib A Grammar of the Bengal Language | G iPbvi evsjv Ask Qvcv‡bvi Rb¨ Zvi eÜz wmwfwjqvb I cÖvP¨ ZË¡we` Pvj©m DBwK݇K `vwqZ¡ †`b evsjv UvBc ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨| Pvj©m DBjwK‡Ýi Rb¥ 1749 wLª÷v‡ã †d«v‡g| gvÎ 21 ermi eq‡mB wZwb fvi‡Z P‡j Av‡mb| we‡`kx‡`i g‡a¨ 90

ms¯‹…ZÁ cwÐZ wn‡m‡e wZwb †ek cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wZwb cÖvP¨ we`¨v welqK A‡bK MÖ‡š’i cÖ‡YZvI| Pvj©m DBwKÝ evsjv cÖvPxb cvÐywjwci eY©‡K AbymiY K‡i evsjv Aÿ‡ii bKmv I Zv‡Z cÖ_g cvÄ †Lv`vB K‡ib| 1778 wLª÷v‡ã wjmeb kni †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq n¨vj‡n‡Wi A Grammar of the Bengal Language| G‡ZB cÖ_g evsjv eY© Qvcv nq| Qvcvi d‡j evsjv wjwc Aÿq iƒc aviY K‡i| Zvici ax‡i ax‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K gy`ªY wk‡íi| c‡i kªxivgcyi wgkbvix KZ©„K QvcvLvbv cÖwZwôZ n‡j RvZ wjwcKi cÂvbb Kg©Kvi evsjv Aÿi‡K web¨vm I gy`ªY Dc‡hvMx K‡ib| DBwjqvg †Kixi ZË¡veav‡b G QvcvLvbvi g~j jÿ¨ wQj hxïi cÖPvwiZ evYx‡K gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`Iqv| cÖm½ D‡jøL¨ †h, G cÂvbb Kg©Kv‡ii cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B evsjv nid ˆZwi Z_v QvcvLvbvi Kv‡R cÖvq 70 eQi cÖvavb¨ wQj| eskvbyµ‡g cÂvb‡bi cyÎ K…òP›`ª Kg©Kvi Ges Zvi cyÎ ivgP›`ª Kg©Kvi evsjv Qvcvwk‡íi e¨vcK cÖmvi NUvb| 91

cÂvbb Kg©Kv‡ii †Lv`vBK…Z eY© AvaywbK g`y ªYcÖwµqv Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j c„w_exi mg¯Í †jL¨ wk‡íi ïiæ nq be c_ Pjv| cÖvPxb nv‡Z wjwLZ cvÐwjwc e`‡j me©Î evnb n‡q I‡V Qvcvi Aÿi| d‡j eY© GKwU wbw`©ó Aÿq gvÎv aviY K‡i| Aa~bv evsjv eY©gvjv 92

93

Ôevsjv‡`kÕ ¯^vaxb f~L‡Ði cÖwZôv cÖm‡½ wmÜz mf¨Zv‡Kw›`ªK fviZxq mf¨Zvi weKvk| cÖvPxb mvwn‡Z¨ fvi‡Zi cuvPwU AÂj‡Kw›`ªK gvbe mgv‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq| wmÜz Mv‡½q AÂjwU Ôgnv‡`kÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| mi¯^Zx b`x †_‡K ivRgnj ch©šÍ G AÂj we¯…ÍZ wQj| gnv‡`‡ki cwðgvsk eªþwl© †`k bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| ga¨‡`‡ki Dˇi we¯ÍxY© AÂjwU DËivc_ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gi cwðg, `wÿY I c~e©vÂj¸‡jv h_vµ‡g ÔcÖZxP¨Õ Ô`wÿYvc_Õ I ÔcÖvP¨Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| GK mgq DËivc_ mgMÖ Avh©veZ©‡K †evSvZ Ges K…òb`xi DËivsk `wÿYvc_ bv‡g wPwýZ wQj| my`~i `wÿY ÔZvwgj‡`kÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| cyiv‡Y GB cuvPwU AÂj wefvR‡bi m‡½ AviI GKwU wefv‡Mi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| h_vÑ ce©ZvkªwqY A_©vr wngvjq I weܨ AÂj| Avh©iv BD‡ivc †_‡K G‡m mg¯Í cyix aŸsm K‡i w`‡q ÿgZv wb‡Z †M‡j wmÜz b`x AeevwnKv‡Kw›`ªK mf¨Zv evB‡ii w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| ZLb bZzb bZzb ¯’v‡b emevm ïiæ nq| ïiæ nq ˆew`K mf¨Zvi| G mgqKvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AÂj¸‡jv n‡”QÑ we`f©, AÜ«, Ak¦K, cvÂvjv, †Kvgj, cywj›`, Zÿkxjv, MvÜvi, `ÐK, †Kvkj BZ¨vw`| G AÂj‡Kw›`ªK fvlvi weeZ©b I wbR¯^ wjwc c×wZI Pvjy wQj| c‡~ e©B ejv n‡q‡Q G mgq eªvþx wjwc, L‡iôx wjwc QvovI wfbœ wfbœ bMi‡Kw›`ªK wfbœ wfbœ wjwci cÖPjb wQj| Avh© mf¨Zv ev ˆew`K mf¨Zvi †kŠh©-ex‡h©i fvUv co‡j ïiæ nq †cŠivwYK mf¨Zvi| ZLY wewfbœ ¯^vaxb Rbc`¸‡jv µgk we¯Í…Z n‡Z _v‡K| bZzb bZzb Rbc‡` bZzb bZzb fvlvi m„wó I wjwci weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| G mgq G †QvU †QvU Rbc`¸‡jv ¯^vaxb bc„ wZ Øviv kvwmZ n‡Zv| cÖ_g ¯^vaxb kvmK nb kkv¼| gvÎ 25 eQi wQj Zvi ivR¯^ Kvj| kkv‡¼i Aemv‡bi ci m„wó nq AivRK cwiw¯’wZi| mg¯Í Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÿgZvev`b I m¤ú`kvjxiv Zzjbvg~jK KgÿgZvai‡`i MÖvm Ki‡Z _v‡K| HwZnvwmKMY G mgq‡K gv‡m¨vb¨vq hMy wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| gv‡m¨vb¨vq hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U 94

†Mvcvj‡K wmsnvm‡b emv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡bq| ïiæ nq cvj kvm‡bi| cvj kvmb fvi‡Z c~e©vÂj †Kw›`ªK wQj| cvj es‡ki Aejywßi ci mwµh †hv×vi RvZ †mb eskxqiv kvmb ÿgZvq AwawôZ nq| †mb eskxqivB cÖ_g fvi‡Zi c~e©v‡j evB‡i †_‡K G‡m kvmb K‡ib| 1204 mv‡j eLwZqvi wLjRx KZ…©K b`xqv `Lj n‡j ïiæ nq fvi‡Z gymwjg kvmb| µgk gymjgvbiv `Lj Ki‡Z _v‡K wewfbœ Rbc`| gymjgvb kvmK kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn (1342-1356) mg¯Í Rbc`‡K GKÎ K‡i GKB kvm‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| G ALÐ Rbc`¸‡jvi mgwš^Z bvg †`b evs‡Mjv| wZwb †MŠo A‡j Gi ivRavbx cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z mgZU, nwi‡Kj `Lj Ki‡j fvi‡Zi mgMÖ c~e©vÂj Zvi Aaxb¯’ nq| Zvi kvmb- vaxb AÂj¸‡jv wQj eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k, fAi‡Zi cwðg evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨v, Avmvg I †gNvjq Ges wÎcyiv| BwZnvm‡eËvMY kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn‡K ga¨h‡y Mi evsjv RvZxqZvev`xi RbK wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| 1526 mv‡j evs‡Mjvq †gvNj kvmb ïiæ nq| †gvNj mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zz¨i ci fviZe‡l© †gvNj kw³i `vcU K‡g hvq| †gvNj ivR¨ cwiPvjbv n‡Zv †`Iqvbx I m‡y e`vi wfwˇZ| wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki cÖavb‡K my‡ev`b ejv n‡Zv| G mgq gywk©`Kjz x Luv evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki †`Iqvb wefv‡Mi cÖavb wQ‡jb| †gvNj kw³i ÿxY Ae¯’v ch©‡eÿY K‡i gywk©`Kzjx Luv †gvNj‡`i cÖwZnZ K‡i evsjv wenvi Dwol¨v †Kw›`ªK ¯^vaxbZv †NvlvYv K‡i ¯^vaxb bevex kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| gywk©`Kzjx Luvi AÂj wQj evsjv wenvi Dwol¨v| 1717 †`Iqvbx `ßi ¯’vcb K‡i gvK`y` c‡i| gvK`cy‡ii bvg gywk©`Kzjx Luvi bvg Abymv‡i cieZ©x‡Z n‡q‡Q gywk©`vev`| ivRavbx gywk©v`vev`‡Kw›`ªK evs‡Mjvi kvmb wbqwš¿Z n‡Z _v‡K| †gvNj Avg‡j evsjv Ômy‡en evsjvÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| 1578 mv‡j cyZ©yMxRiv evsjvq Av‡m| 1612 mv‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx evsjv gvwU‡Z NvwU ¯’vcb K‡i| 1757 mv‡j cjvkx h‡y ×i civR‡qi gva¨‡g evsjv wenvi I Dwol¨vq ïiæ nq B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb kvmb| B÷ BwÛqv 95

†Kv¤úvwb µgk evsjvi wewfbœ AÂj¸‡iv‡K Aaxb¯Í Ki‡Z _v‡K| me©‡kl gnxk~‡ii wUcy myjZvb‡K civwRZ K‡i B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb mgMÖ fviZ‡K kvm‡b Av‡bb| 1793 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi f~wg e¨e¯’vi Av`‡j jW© Kb©Iqvwjm evsjvq wPi¯’vqx f~wg e‡›`ve¯Í K‡ib| 1857 mv‡j ïiæ nq wmcvnx we‡`ªvn| G we‡`ªvn `g‡b B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb‡K †ek †eM †c‡Z nq| 1857 mv‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb ÿgZvi wbqš¿YnxbZvq Bsj¨vÛ mivmwi kvmb ÿgZv MÖnY K‡ib| ïiæ nq †`‡k cvðvZ¨ †Kw›`ªK wkí-mvwnZ¨ PP©v| fviZ e‡l©i cÖvq me©ÎB e„wUk we‡ivax LÐ LÐ Av‡›`vjb Pj‡Z _v‡K| 1905 mv‡j kvm‡bi myweav‡_© e„wUkiv evsjv‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM K‡i| fviZxq RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡y L Zv 1911 mv‡j i` K‡i †bq| wewfbœ mgq a‡i †hme Av‡›`vjb Pj‡Z _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Invex Av‡›`vjb, div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb, †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb, mš¿vmev`x Av‡›`vjb, Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb, mbœ¨vm we‡`ªvn, dwKi we‡`ªvn BZ¨vw`| 1937 mv‡j me© cÖ_g esMxq cwil` wbe©vPb AbywóZ nq| 1940 mv‡j jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb RvwZivóª MV‡bi cwiKíbv †ck Kiv nq| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve‡K ms‡kvab K‡i 1946 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯Íve cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wewfbœ Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z 1947 mv‡j Bsj¨vÛ ÿgZv †Q‡o fviZxq‡`i ¯^vaxbfA‡e ivóª cwiPvjbv Kivi ÿgZv †`b| Bsj¨vÛ kvm‡bi me©‡kl kvmK jW© gvDÛ e¨v‡Ub f~wg wefv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q RvwZMZ ؇›Øi m~ÎcvZ NUvb| Bsj¨vÛ miKvi wn›`y‡`i Rb¨ fviZ I gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb bvg ¯^Zš¿ ivóª ÿgZv †`b| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ywU fvM nq c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívb| 1952 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi msL¨vMwi‡ôi gvZ…fvlv evsjv ivóªfvi `vwe‡Z mvjvg, iwdK, eiKZ I A‡b‡K cÖvY wemR©b| G fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †Ri wn‡m‡eB ïiæ nq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi msMÖvg| 1962 mv‡j ÔwbDwK¬qvmÕ bv‡g GK †Mvcb msMVb MwVZ nq| 1966 mvj 6 `dv `vex †ck Kiv Tq| Ges 1970 mv‡ji 12 AvM÷ ¯^vaxb mgvRZvwš¿K evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve †`Iqv nq| me©‡kl 1971 mv‡ji GK i³ÿqx msN‡l©i gva¨‡g cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbqš¿Y †_‡K gy³ n‡q ¯^vaxb mve‡fŠg Ôevsjv‡`kÕ bvgK ivóª I ¯^vaxb fL~ ‡Ði cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 96

evsjv wjwci cwiYZ ch©vq gy`ªY hš¿ e¨env‡ii d‡j wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q hvq evsjv wjwci weeZ©b| evsjv wjwc‡Z gy`ªY hš¿ e¨env‡ii d‡j evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ Av‡m GK hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b| evsjv fvlvi wjLb c×wZ GK AcwieZ©bxq Ae¯’vq `uvovq| G AcwieZ©bxq wjLb c×wZ Qvov AvaywbK Rxeb cÖvq APj| AvR‡Ki Rxe‡b AvaywbK wjLb c×wZ Qvov AvaywbK Rxeb Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| KviY mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡Z¨K KvVv‡gv‡ZB GK I Awfbœ eY©web¨vm Aem¤¢vex| cÖ‡Z¨K hy‡Mi gvbylB Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Rxeb, K…wó-KvjPvi I wPšÍv-aviv‡K cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ wjLb c×wZ‡K evnb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i G‡m‡Q| G wjLb c×wZ hw` Awfbœ nq Z‡e mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡M †h gvÎv DbœxZ nq Zv e‡j †kl Kiv hvq bv| G Awfbœ wjLb c×wZi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i ü`‡qi MfxiZg cÖ‡`‡ki kZgLy x fveaviv mevi Kv‡QB gyKzwjZ n‡q I‡V| gy`ªY h‡š¿i e¨env‡ii d‡j wkÿv e¨e¯’v mnR n‡q I‡V d‡j wkÿvi mve©RbxbZv e„w× cvq| wkí-e¨emv-evwYR¨ Ggb Kx ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡ÎI GK I Awfbœ †jL¨ web¨vm AvaywbK mgv‡R h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| eZ©gvb weÁvb I cÖhyw³i hy‡M mnRmva¨ wjLb c×wZ‡Z †hgb me©Î Dbœqb NU‡Q †Zgwb mvwnZ¨-wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i NU‡Q `ªæZ m¤cÖmviY| wjLb c×wZ Qvov AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~PbvB n‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ me©Î Qwo‡q co‡Q gy`ªYh‡š¿i e¨envi| eZ©gv‡b gy`ªY hš¿ evsjv wjwc †ÿ‡Î me©ÎB e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Gi d‡j GKwU mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i Rb¨ †h cwikªg wQj Zv K‡g Av‡m b~¨bZg ch©v‡q| eZ©gv‡b weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y evsjv wjwci cÖK…Ziƒc AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L µgvMZ wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆkwíK iƒc cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| evsjv eY© Awfbœ †i‡L ˆkwíKZvi w`K †_‡K n‡q‡Q wfbœ Ges MVb n‡”Q wfbœ wfbœ wjwcmylgv| eZ©gv‡b myZzbœwb, †mnix, weRq, hgybv, eªþcyÎ cÖf„wZ bv‡g ˆkwíK eY© ˆZwi n‡”Q| 97

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V– myZzbœx K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V– Dgx K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V– ‰fie K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V– eywiM½v K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V– ‡mv‡gki¦ x K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V– P›`ªveZx gy`ªYhš¿ µgk AvaywbK †_‡K AvaywbKZi n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡bi nv‡Z †jLv cvÐywjwc cVb-cvV‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi nq bv| wewfbœ ˆkwíK mylgvi Qvcvi Aÿi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wKQzw`b Av‡MI RbwcÖq gy`ªYhš¿ ¸‡jv wQj- KW©, nvB‡WjevM© BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b wWwRUvj wcÖw›Us gy`ªY Kv‡Ri †cøU †gwKs, cÖ‡mwms I Ad‡mU gy`ª‡Yi Sv‡gjvi `~i K‡i w`‡q‡Q| nqZ wKQzw`b c‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ev gvbyl gy‡L K_v ej‡jB m‡½ m‡½ Zv Qvcvi Aÿ‡i †ei Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| cÖhyw³MZ hZ Dbœqb n‡”Q evsjv wjwci g~j KvVv‡gv AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L ˆkwíK weKv‡ki w`‡KB µgk GwM‡q hv‡”Q| 98

mnvqK MÖš’vewj 1| fvlvi BwZe„Ë-myKzgvi †mb 2| evOvwj I evOjv mvwnZ¨-Avn¤§` kixd 3| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë (1-7 LÐ) AwmZKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 4| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm - kªxmyKzgvi †mb 5| evOvjxi BwZnvm (Avw` ce©)- bxnviÄb ivq 6| fvlv weÁv‡bi BwZnvm-Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` byiæj nK 7| BwZe„Ë-wn‡iv‡WvUvm, Bs‡iwR Abyev` AvD‡eª `¨ wmwjb‡KvU©, evsjv Abyev` kv‡n` Avjx 8| gvby‡li BwZnvm- Ave`yj nvwjg/b~iæb bvnvi †eMg 9| fvlv cÖKvk evsjv e¨vKiY-mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 10| evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i iƒc‡iLv- †Mvjvc nvj`vi 11| cÖvPxb c„w_ex- G. †K. Gg. kvnbvIqvR 12| wek¦ mf¨Zv- G. †K. Gg. kvnbvIqvR 13| wek¦ mf¨Zv I wkíKjv- iwdKjz Avjg 14| cvÐywjwc cvV I cvV-mgv‡jvPbv-†gvnv¤§` Avãyj KvBDg 15| cvÐywjwc cVb mnvwqKv-Kíbv †fŠwgK 16| evsjv cvÐwjwc cvV mgxÿv-gyn¤§` kvnRvnvb wgqv 17| evsjv wcwWqv-GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU 18| GbKvU&iv GbmvB‡K¬vwcwWqv-B›Uvi‡bU fvimb 19| MÖš’vMvi I Z_¨weÁvb cwiwPZ- †gv. wgRvbyi ingvb 99

20| evsjvi BwZnvm (cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K 1765 mvj ch©šÍ)- W. ˆmq` gvngy`yj nvmvb 21| fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm (cÖ_g LÐ)- nx‡i›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq 22| c„w_exi BwZnvm- †`excÖmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq/ igvK…ò ˆgÎ 23| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`i BwZnvm (cÖvPxb hyM) G †K Gg kvnbvIqvR 24| eY©gvjvi D™¢eweKvk I wjwcmf¨Zvi BwZe„Ë- †`Iqvb †Mvjvg †gvZ©vRv 25| Avw`g mgvR-jyBm †nbwi gM©vb Abyev` eyjeyb Imgvb 26| mgvR I mf¨Zvi µgweKvk- †ieZx eg©Y 100