APJ Abdul Kalam life history

,ej; pahit tsh;ej; ehlhfg; ghhj; j; pUgN; ghk; mhpagy tsqf; Sld; kdpj Mww; y; mutizfF; k; Nkij mg;Jy; fyhNk thop!! tpQQ; hdp neyi; y R.Kj;J ehd; vd; jhan; khopahfpa jkpo; topahfjj; hd; vd; gss; pff; yt; papd; ,WjpahzL; tiu gbjN; jd; fyY; }hpapNy gll; gg; bgG; gbfF; kN; ghJjhd; ehd; Mqf; pynkhop topf; fyt; pia Nkwn; fhzN; ld; vdi; dg; nghWjj; tiu ehd; fyY; }hpfspy; gll; tFgG; fSfF; f; $lj jhan; khop topff; yt; piaf; ifahs KbAk; vd;W ekG; fpNwd; Vnddpy; jhan; khop topff; yt; p khzthf; spd; rpej; idia ntFthf CfF; tpff; thag; G; fs; czL; . ,J xUGwk; ,Uej; hYk; gyN; tW cyfshtpa rKjhaqf; Sld; ruskhfj; njhlhG; nfhss; Mqf; pyk; Nghd;wnjhU xU njhlhG; 51 | P a g e

nkhop mtrpak.; ghuj ujd; h lhfl; h; V.gp.N[ mg;Jy; fyhk…; n[a; `pej; ; 52 | P a g e

njhFg;G S.Jiug;ghz;bad; Ex-CISF Fytzpfh;Guk; ghisaq;Nfhli; l ntspaLP FytzpfhG; uk; Ch; nghJ kff; s; FytzpfhG; uk; ghisaqN; fhli; l 53 | P a g e

nghUslf;fk;….. 1. mgJ; yf; yhkpd; ,sikAk; fyt; pAk; 2. mtUila Kjy; gzp kwW; k; ,dN; fh]g; h; 3. ,ej; pahtpd; Kjy; uhfn; fl; nrYjJ; jy; kwW; k; uhlN; lh 4. v].; vy.; tp.-3fF; gpd; mtUila thof; i; f 5. ,ej; pahtpd; gdd; pnuzl; htJ [dhjpgjp 6. rpy Gjj; fqf; spypUeJ; vLff; gg; ll; njhFgG; fs; 7. tshr; r; p milej; ehL-xU ghhi; t 8. rpwej; jiyik gjptpahsh; 9. IeJ; kpfgn; ghpa jpll; qf; s; 10. lhfl; h; mgJ; y; fyhkpd; fdTj; jpll; qf; s; 11. Xtn; thU ,ej; paDk; mtrpak; gbff; Ntzb; a vOrr; pg; NgUiu 12. mgJ; y; fyhkpd; kdpj Neak; 13. NrJ riP kapd; jtgG; jyt; d; 14. mgJ; y; fyhkpd; ftpijfs; 15. mgJ; y; fyhkpd; kiwT 54 | P a g e

1.mg;Jy;fyhkpd; ,sikf; fy;tp lhfl; h; Mtpy; ngfhP ; n[apDA+yhg; mg;Jy; fyhk; RUff; khf m.ng.n[ mg;Jyf; yhk; vd;W mioff; gg; Lfpwhh.; ,th; ,ej; pahtpd; gdd; pnuzl; htJ [dhjpgjp Mthh.; 1931Mk; MzL; mfN; lhgh; khjk; 15Mk; ehs; ,uhNk]t; ujj; pYss; jD\\N; fhbapy; xU Voi; kahd FLkg; jj; py; gpwej; hh.; ,tUila jei; j n[apDyhgj; dP ; kuhff; hah.; jha; Mrpakk; h Mthh.; jei; j fyt; pawpT ,yy; hjth.; mjwF; vjphk; hwhf jha; kpFjpahf fyt; pawpT ngww; th.; ,tUila jei; j cah;ej; flTs; gfj; p nfhzl; th.; NkYk; jdD; ila ,isa kfdhd fyhKfF; vyy; h kjjj; pd; rKj;Jtji; jAk; fwW; fn; fhLjj; hh.; jei; j nghUshjhujj; py; rpwe;J tpsqf; tpyi; y vd;whYk; gzg; pYk; . kdpj Neajj; pYk; rpwj;J tpsqf; pdhh.; mthf; s; mej; Flb; jtP py; glif thliffF; tplL; mjpy; tUk; tUkhdjj; py; Voi; kahd epiyapy; tho;e;J tej; dh.; fyhk; jd; tlP b; y; filfF; lb; vdg; jhy; Foei; jg; gUtjj; pypUeN; j mtUfF; mjpfkhd nryy; Kk.; rYifAk; nfhLj;J tshj; J; tej; dh.; mthf; Sila toff; gg; b vyN; yhUk; jiuapy; mkhe; ;Jjhd; czg; hhf; s.; ,isa gpsi; sahd fyhk; vgn; ghOJk; jd; jhapy; mUfpy; mkhe; ;Jjhd; czg; hh.; FLkg; k; nghUshjhujj; py; cah;e;J tpsqf; tpyi; y vdg; jhy; .mthf; Sila czTKiwAk; mjwF; Vw;whh; Nghy; mikej; J. gpd; ehlf; spy; fyhk; irt czit klL; Nk Nkwn; fhzl; hh.; jei; japlkpUeJ; gukg; iuahf jahs FzKk; RaflL; ghLk; > jhaplkpUeJ; flTs; gfj; pAk; > jdd; kg; pfi; fAk; ngww; hh.; fyhk; KjdK; jypy; ,uhNk]t; ujj; pYss; rhkpahh; gss; papYk; gpdG; Rthl]; ; Nkye; piygg; ss; papYk; gapdw; hh.; jpUrr; papYss; nrapdl; ; N[hrg; fy;Y}hapy; gll; k; ngw;whh.; gpdG; nrdi; dapy; nklu; h]; ,d]; b; A+l; Mg; nlfd; hyh[papy; VNuhdhlb; f]; ; ( tpkhdji; j tbtikj;J nra;J ,aff; ji; j MuhAk; Jiw) nghwpapaypy; bgs; Nkh ngww; hh.; Foei; j gUtjj; pypUe;J fyhk; ,awi; fia urpgg; jpy; mjpf Mht; k; nfhzl; hh.; NkYk; thdjj; py; gwitfs; gwgg; ij mjpf Neuk; ghhj; J; urpgg; hh.; ,tUila cwtpdUk.; ezg; Ukhd [yhTjDP ld; flwf; iuapYss; mofhd fhlr; pfis urpjJ; nfhzL; nry;YkN; ghJ fyhKfF; ,]y; hkpa kjji; jAk; mjDila nfhsi; fiaAk; Nghjpjj; hh.; [yhTjDP fF; kpFjpahd fyt; p jFjpapyi; y vdw; NghjpYk; ,sk; fyhk; gbgg; pYk.; thof; i; fapYk; ntww; pahshuhf tUtjwF; mjpfkhd Cff; ji; j mspjj; hh.; fyhkpd; tll; hujj; py; [yhTjdP ; klL; Nk Mqf; pyk; NgRgtuhf jpfo;ej; hh.; ,dW; k; fyhk; . [yhTjiP d xU rpwej; topfhlb; ahf fUjp kpff; edw; pAzhN; thL jpfof; pwhh.; ,uhNk]t; ujj; pYss; Mukg; ghlrhiyapy; fyhk; Iej; hk; tFgG; gbj;Jf; nfhzb; Uej; NghJ Fyy; h mzpe;J nfhzL; Kjy; thpirapy; mkh;ej; pUej; hh; mNj 55 | P a g e

tFgi; gr; rhhe; j; ,eJ; kjji; jr; Nrhe; ;J gpuhkzg; igad; ukz rh]j; php G+Z}y; mzpeJ; f; nfhzL; fyhk; mUfpy; mkhe; j; pUej; hh; xU ,]y; hkpa kjji; jr; rhh;ej; igaDk; .,eJ; FUff; spd; igaDk; mUfpy; mUfpy; mkh;e;J ,Ugg; ijg; ghhj; j; Mrphpah; fyhik filrp thpirapy; mkur; nraj; hh.; ,e;epfor; r; p ,sk; gpQR; ss; khd fyhkpwF; mjpfkhd tUjj; ji; j Vwg; Ljj; paJ. kwn; whU epfor; r; p fyhkpd; mdi; g ntspgg; Lj;Jk; tpjkhf mikej; J. xUehs; ,awi; fapd; rwP ;wkhd Gaypd; fhuzkhf ghkg; d; ghyk; cileJ; mjpy; nrd;W nfhzb; Uej; uapy; flypy; %of; paJ. ,jd; tpisthf gyh; gyjj; fhaKk; . capUk; ,oej; dh.; ,e;epfor; r; p fyhkpd; . kdij nghpJk; ghjpjj; J . ,jd; fhuzkhf ,sk; fyhk; Cz; cwff; kpdw; p gy ehlf; s; ghpjtpjj; hh.; kpfTk; tUej; pdhh.; 1939 Mk; MzL; fyhk; fhej; pabfspd; “Rjej; pu ,ej; pah” vd;w nfhsi; fahy; vOrr; pA+ll; gg; ll; hh.; ,uhNk]t; ujj; pYss; gss; pia tplL; ,uhNk]t; ujj; pYss; RthlR; Nkye; piyg; gss; papy; fyhk; fyt; p fwf; tpUkg; paNghJ rhkR; jDP k.; [yhTjDP k; mtiu gss; papy; Nrhf; f; nrd;wdh.; mtUfF; Rww; Kk.; elG; k; gphpe;J thoe; ;J goff; kpyi; ynad;w NghjpYk; fyt; papd; jhfjj; hy; mtiu khtll; Mlr; pj; jiytuhff; ( fnyfl; h); NtzL; k; vdw; Mir. fyhKk; jd; jei; japd; fdit epiwNtw;w mjpfkhd ftdji; jg; gbgg; py; nrYjj; pdhh.; fyhkpd; gjpidej; hk; tajpy; mtUila topfhlb; ahd Mrphpah; IahJiu rhykid rej; pff; Neh;ej; J mth; fyhkplk; cdD; ila kpd; Elg; khd mwpTj; jpwdhy; fyt; papd; Jizfn; fhzL; vijAk; rhjpff; tyy; tdhf jpfot; ha; vd;W $wpdhh.; ,sk; fyhk; jdD; ila xspakakhd vjphf; hyjj; pwf; hf mjpf ekg; pfi; fAld; fhjj; pUej; hh.; fyhk; Rthl]; ; Nky;epiyg; gss; papy; gbfF; k; NghJ jdD; ila ngwN; whhpd; fdit G+hj; j; p nraA; k; Jzprr; yhd kdj; ijhpak; nfhzl; khztdhf jpfo;ej; hh.; 1950 Mk; MzL; jpUrr; puhgg; ss; papYss; nrapdl; ; N[hrg; fy;Y}hapy; ,dl; hk; bP al; Njhi; t vOjpdhh.; mth; filrp tUlk; gapYk; NghJ Mqf; py ,yff; pajj; py; mjpf ehll; k; nfhzl; hh.; “]f; hll; hy; ]l; hg”; kw;Wk; `hhb; Nghdw; thf; spd; vOjJ; ff; is Nerpff; j; njhlqf; pdhh.; gpwF mth; jj;Jtk; gbgg; jpy; Mht; k; nfhzl; hh.; mNj rkak; ,awg; paYk; Mht; k; rkkhf ,Uej; J. nrapdl; ; N[hrg; fyy; }happy; ,awg; pay; Nguhrphpauhd rpdd; JiuAk.; fpU\\z; %hj; j; pAk; fjph; ,aff; jj; hy; mopAk; nghUis mZ ,awg; pay; %ykhf fyhkpwF; vLjJ; iujj; dh.; 56 | P a g e

nrapdl; ; N[hrg; fyY; }happy; gapYk; NghJjhd; jdfF; kw;w ghlqf; spy; mwpTjj; pwd; Fiwthf ,Ugg; ij czh;ej; hh.; gpdd; h; jdfF; nghwpapay; fyt; papy; Mht; k; ,Ugg; ij czuj; njhlqf; pdhh.; Mjdhy; nklu; h]; ,d]; b; A+l; Mg; nlfd; hy[papy; ( vk.; I. b) tpzz; gg; pjj; hh.; jFjpapd; mbgg; ilapy; ; mtUfF; ,lk; fpiljj; J. Mdhy; mjwf; hd nryT jd; rfj; pfF; kPwpajhd vzz; pdhh.; mtUila rNfhjphp N[h`Nu jdD; ila jqf; Mguzqf; is tpw;W mtUfF; cjtp nraj; hh.; ,sk; fyhk; vk.; I.bapy; Kjyhk; MzL; GJikahd ,uzL; ngahplgg; lhj Mfha tpkhdjj; pwF; Kd; mkhe; j; pUej; hh.; Kjyhk; MzL; Kbjj; gpwF mth; Mfha tpkhdji; j tbtikj;J cwg; jj; p nraA; k; mwptpay; Jiwia ( VNuhdbf; ird]; ; ) Njhe; n; jLjj; hh.; 2.mtUila Kjy; gzp kw;Wk; ,dN; fh];gh; fyhk; 1950 Mk; MzL; kjj; papy; %d;whk; tUl gbgG; vk.; I.bapy; ; Kbjj; gpd; ngqf; ShpYss; ,e;J]j; hd; VNuhdlb; f]; ; ypkpnllb; y (HAL) gapwr; p ngWgtuhf Nrh;ej; hh.; mqF; Mfha tpkhdji; jg; gw;wpa njhopy; EZff; g; gFjp mtUfF; njhpa tej; J. 1958Mk; MzL; VNuhdlb; f; nghwpahsuhf gll; k; ngww; hh.; mej; rkak; mtUfF; ,uzL; Ntiyff; hd thag; G; fs; ,Uej; d. Xd;W ghJfhgG; kej; php ,yhfhtpy; njhopy; KdN; dw;wk; kw;Wk; jahhpgg; py; ,afF; dh; (nlfd; pfy; nltygn; kdl; ; mdl; ; gn; uhlf\\; d); DTP & P (Air) kwn; whd;W ,ej; pa tpkhdg; gilapy; mth; ,ej; ,uzL; ,lqf; SfF; k; tpzz; gg; pjj; hh.; ,uzb; ypUeJ; k; NehK; fj; NjhT; fF; mioff; gg; ll; hh.; Mth; tpkhdg; gilapy; Nrht; jwf; hd NehK; fj; NjhT; fF; nlyy; p topahf Nluh^d; nryy; NtzL; k.; mNj ,ljj; py; nlfd; pfy; nltygn; kdl; ; mzl; ; gn; uhf\\; DfF; k; (DTP & P (Air) NehK; fj; NjhT; eilgn; gww; J. Kjypy; nlyy; papYss; nlfd; pfy; nltygn; kdl; ; mzl; ; gn; uhlf\\; d; DTP & P (Air) NehK; fj; NjhT; fF; nrdw; hh.; mqF; fyhk; Njh;en; jLff; gg; ltpyi; y gpdG; . mth; Nluh^dpYss; tpkhdgg; il NjhT; FOtpduhy; epuhfhpff; gg; ll; hh.; Vnddpy; mqF; mwpTj; jpwidtpl mjpfkhf Njhw;wjj; pwN; f Kff; pajJ; tk; mspff; gg; ll; J ,J fyhkpwF; 57 | P a g e

Vkhw;wji; jj; jej; J ,ej; Vkhw;wji; j mtuhy; Vw;Wff; nfhss; Kbatpyi; y tpkhdgg; ilapy; Nrht; jwf; hd mwpFwp vJTk; njdg; ltpyi; y. ,e;epf;or; r; pfF; g; gpwF fyhk; kdjj; shr; r; pailatpyi; y mjwF; gjpyhf mtUfF; Ntiyff; hd epakdk; tUkt; iu DTP & P (Air) apy; tpzz; gg; pj;Jf; nfhzN; lapUej; hh.; mtUfF; %jj; tpQQ; hd cjtpahsuhf ( rdP pah; irdb; gpf; m]p]n; ldl; ); khjk; &. 250/- mbgg; il rkg; sjj; pwF; Ntiy fpiljj; J. gpdG; mth; tpQQ; hd ikajj; pwF; ( nlfd; pff; y; nrdl; h); khw;wgg; ll; hh.; mtUfF; Mfha tpkhdjj; py; gwff; NtzL; k; vdg; J fdthf ,Uej; NghjpYk; mJ epiwNtwhj glr; jj; py; mij flL; tjwf; hd gzpapy; jdi; z <LgLjj; pf; nfhzl; NghJ kll; w;w kfpor; r; pailej; hh.; fyhkpd; Elg; mwpTjj; pwd; fzl; wpagg; lL; lhhl; ; ,yfF; fF; ntF tpiutpy; tbtikff; gg; Lk; FOtpy; Nrhf; f; gg; ll; hh.; Mjd; gpwF mth; (DTP& P (Air) ypUe;J tbtikff; gg; Lk; FOtpy; Nrhj; ;Jfn; fhss; gg; ll; hh.; %d;W tUljj; pwF; gpd; fyhk; Gjpjhf jpwff; gg; ll; ngqf; @h; ikajj; pwF; khww; gg; ll; hh.; fyhkpd; Elg; khd mwpTjj; pwd; edF; mwpagg; ll; jhy; edF; ifahst; hh; vdg; jhy; fpuTzl; ; vdA; +gn; kdl; ; kp\\pd; (GEM ) cjhuzjj; pwF; `hth; tpkhdk; ( ehP pYk; epyjj; pYk.; thA glyk; xd;wpd; kJP nryy; f$; ba thfdk); jpll; f; FOtpdh; tbtikjj; dh.; ,jwF; ehdF; tpQQ; hdpfs; cjtpahsuhf gzpahw;wpdh.; ,it %d;W MzL; fhyfll; jj; py; epiwNtw;wgg; ll; J. jp `hthf; puhgl; ; “ eej; pdp” vdW; mioff; gg; ll; J ‘ rpth]; Gy’; fF; gpd; mtUfF; guhlL; fs; Ftpej; tzz; khf ,UeJ; gpwF eej; pdpia Nrhjid nraA; kN; ghJ ghJfhgG; mikrr; h; tp.Nf. nkNdhd; mjpy; fyeJ; f; nfhzl; hh.; ,sk; tpQQ; hdpahd fyhik kpfTk; ghuhlb; dh.; Rpy ehlf; SfF; gpwF `hthf; puhgl; ; gwgg; jwF; jahuhfptpll; J. mij xU mofhd caukhd kdpjh; xlb; rn; rdw; hh.; mth; ahnudpy; Nguhrphpah; vk.; [p.Nf. nkdhd; mthf; s.; ,th; Kki; gapYss; lhlh ,d]; b; lA; +l; Mg; hprhr; r; pd; ,afF; dh; Mthh.; ,th; fyhkpd; Ntiyahy; Nguhdej; k; milej; hh.; xNu thujj; py; fyhk; uhfn; fl; ,dQ; Q; pdpah; gu; k; jp ]N; g]; hprhr; r; py; ( ,dN; fh]g; h); Ntiyff; hf mioff; gg; ll; hh.; fyhk; MW khjk; topKiwj; njhFgG; (gN; uhfpuhk); gapwr; pahsuhf A.v]; Yss; uhfn; fl; yhdr; pq; nlfd; pfy; ml; jp Ne\\dy; VNuhdbf]; ; mdl; ; ]N; g]; ml;kpdp]l; N; u\\d; > ehrhtpy; gzpahww; tpiutpy; mDgg; p itff; gg; ll; hh.; mqF; gazpgg; jwF; Kd; fyhk; ,uhNk]t; uk; nrd;W mqF; ss; jd; FLkg; jj; pdiu ghhj; ;JtplL; r; nrd;whh.; 58 | P a g e

3.,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; uhf;nfl; nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; uhl;Nlh fyhk; ehrhtpy; gzpiaj; njhlqf; pdhh.; mqF; i`ld; > nth;[pdpahtpYss; yhd;[pyP Muhar; r; p $ljj; py; gzpahww; pdhh.; mqf; pUe;J mth; fphdP ; Ngyl; >; Nkhpyhzb; Yss; tpzn; tsp gwfF; k; ikajj; pwF; nrdw; hh.; gpwF mth; nth;[pdpahtpYss; fpofF; fiuNahu thyy; hg]; ; jtP pYss; thyy; hg]; ; /gisl; /NgrpypbfF; r; nrd;whh.; 1963 Mk; MzL; ,ej; pahtpd; Kjy; uhfn; fl; tpzz; py; nrYjj; gg; ll; J. mnkhpff; htpypUe;J jpUkg; pa gpd; mth; midjJ; uhfn; flL; fF; k; ghJfhgg; hsuhfTk>; nghWgg; hsuhfTk; epakpff; gg; ll; hh.; vej; jilAkpd;wp Kjy; uhfn; fl; nrYjj; gg; ll; J. ,dN; fh]g; hpy; (Incospar) gzpahw;wpa mjpfhhpfs; jqf; Sila Kjy; uhfn; fl; ntww; pfukhf nrYjj; gg; ll; jpy; kfpor; r; pAw;wdh.; NkYk; vjphf; hyjj; py; v]; vy.; tp-3ff; hf jpll; kplj; njhlqf; pdh>; mth; Jkg; h ikajj; pYss; uhfn; fl; tpzf; y epiyajj; py>; uhfn; fl; tpzf; yji; j tphpTgg; Ljj; epakpff; gg; ll; hh.; Nuhfpdp rTzb; q; uhfn; fl; >,ej; pa tpdn; tspfyjj; ij njhlqf; fhuzkhfapUeJ; > ,jwF; lhfl; h; fyhk; $Ljy; RikNahL xU tpQQ; hdpahf epakpff; gg; ll; hh.; Jkg; h ikajj; py; > uhfn; fl; jahhpfF; k; gzpapy; vyy; h tifapYk; mthj; di; d <LgLjj; pf; nfhzl; hh.; mJ rkg; ej; gg; ll; jiygg; py; vJthfapUej; hYk; midji; jAk; gbfF; k; Mht; k; nfhzl; hh.; Fwpgg; hf fzz; hb kw;Wk; fhhg; id gygg; LjJ; k; ,zff; khd fyitiag; gw;wp mjpfkhd ftdk; nrYjj; p gbjj; hh.; 1969Mk; MzL; gpgu; thp khjk; gpujkh; ,ej; puhfhej; p Jkg; hitg; ghhi; taplL; mij ntspehlL; tpzn; tsp tpQQ; hd $lL; hpikfF; nfhLgg; jwf; hfr; nrd;whh.; mqF; ,uzL; uhfn; flL; fs; NuhfpzpAk>; NkdfhTk; >tpdn; tspapy; nrYjJ; tjwF; jahuhf epWjj; p itff; gg; ll; J. lhfl; h; rhuhgha; ,khyag; gFjpapy; ,uhZt ghJfhgg; pwf; hf kw;Wk; uhfn; fl; gwgg; jwf; hd flL; khd mikgG; (uhfn; fl; m]p]n; ll; Nlf; Mg; rp]l; k); uhlN; lh epWt tpUkg; pdhh.; mdW; khiyNa ,jj; pll; jj; pwF; gpujkuhy; ifnahgg; kpll; J gjpndlN; l khjqf; spy; lhfl; h; fyhk; ,jj; pll; jj; pwF; jiyik VwW; Kbj;Jf; nfhLjj; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhk; ehh; fzz; hbia ,aej; pujj; pwF; j; Njhe; n; jLjj; hh.; rhjhuz epiyia tpl ntgg; epiy ,Uklqf; hf caUkN; ghJ mit ntbff; hky; ,UfF; k; tifapy; KOikahf Rth; mikgG; Nghd;w ghJfhgG; eltbfi; fAk; vLjj; hh.; 59 | P a g e

uhlN; lhtpy; ,uzl; hk; fll; Ntiy> ghJfhgG; ,yhfhtpy; fiz gyifaikgg; J mgg; zpfF; lhfl; h; fyhKk; jiyik tfpjj; hh.; rpy rhkhdf; s; ,wfF; kjp nraa; Ntzb; ajhf ,Uej; J. Mdhy; lhfl; h; fyhk; mtUila cjtpahshf; splk; mit ek; ehlb; NyNa nrat; jwf; hd topiaf; fzl; wpa nrhdd; hh.; mth; ,gg; zpff; hf rpy cjtpfs; Nflg; hh.; mit 1. epjp cjtp xNu mikgg; pypUeJ; toqf; gg; l NtzL; k; 2. ,jj; plj; j; pYss; midtUk; gwff; mDkjp Nfll; hh.; 3. GhpeJ; nfhss; f$; ba xUth; klL; Nk ,jwf; hd Nkyhsuhf ,Uff; NtzL; k.; 4. rufi; f Vw;wprn; ryY; k; Mfha tpkhdk>; murhqf; k; NkwF; wpgg; pll; vijAk; mtUfF; mspff; tpyi; y .Mdhy; ,dN; fh]g; hpy; mij epiwNtw;wpdh.; ,jj; pll; k; xU tUljj; pwF; s; Kbtilej; J uhlN; lhtpd; Kjy; epiyahd NrhjidAk; eilngw;wJ. 1968Mk; MzL; ,ej; pa uhfn; fl; ,aff; k; cUthff; gg; ll; J. ,ej; pa Njrpa tpQQ; hd ,aff; Kk>; mZ rfj; p JiwfF; fNP o cUthff; gg; ll; J. mjpy; ,dN; fh]g; h; kzP L; k; ,izff; gg; ll; J ,ej; pa tpzn; tsp Mukg; rhjd epfor; r; pfF; FOj; jiytuhf lhfl; h; fyhk; epakpff; gg; ll; hh.; v].; vy.; tp-3 fF; ehdf; htJ epiyia tbtikgg; jwf; hd nghWgG; lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; nfhLff; gg; ll; J. ,J %d;W epiyfistpl ,ff; ll; dhJ. ,jpy; gy khww; qf; is nraa; Ntzb; ajhapUej; J. jtWfSff; hd ghpR xOqF; Kiwapy; nrat; Nj’ vdg; J lhfl; h; fyhkpd; vzz; k.; xU ehs; gn; uQr; ; Nguhrphpah; FNud>; rp. vd.; ,. v]; Dila jiyth; ( nrdl; h; Ne\\dy; b vbAl]; ; ]n; g\\pay]); lhfl; h; fyhik > lhfl; h; rhuhghAld; rej; pjj; hh.; mth; lhfl; h; rhuhghaplk; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; jpwikia ntspgg; Lj;Jk; tifapy; mjpfkhd thag; i; gf; nfhLfF; khW $wpdhh.; ‘lakzl; ; jpll; jj; py’ mtUfF; xU thag; i; g Vwg; Ljj; p nfhLjj; hh.; lakzL; k>; v].; vy.; tp-3k; xjj; puhj tifapypUe;J mjwF; kpFjpahd Ntiy nraa; Ntzb; ajhapUej; J. INuhgg; pa FO %d;W tUlqf; s; Kbff; Kbahj fhhpaji; j lhfl; h; fyhk; xNu tUljj; py; ntww; pfukhf Kbj;Jf; nfhLjj; hh.; ,uzL; tUl fbd ciogg; pwF; gpd; rp. vd.; v]; wF; nfhLff; Ntzb; a rkajj; py; jpBnud ,jj; pll; ji; j uj;J nraj; dh.; ,dpNky; ,jwF; mtrpakpyi; y vdw; NghJ lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; kpFej; mjphr; r; pia Vwg; Ljj; paJ. KjdK; jypy; ngqf; @hpYss; tpkhdg; gilff; hf Nluh^d; nrd;W NehK; f Njht; py; epuhfhpff; gg; ll; NghJk; ‘eej; pdp jpll; ji; j’ mopjj; NghJk; Vwg; ll; Vkhw;wji; j Nghy ,JTk; kdjpy; Qhgf%lL; k; tifapy; mikej; J. 1971 Mk; MzL; brkg; h; 30Mk; Njjp lhfl; h; rhuhgha; caph; ejP j; hh.; ehL xU rpwej; tpQQ; hdpia ,oej; J. lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; kpfTk; NtjidahapUej; J. mth; lhfl; h; rhuhghia ‘,ej; pa tpQQ; hdjj; pd; jei; j’vdf; $wpdhh.; 1972Mk; MzL; mfN; lhgh; khjk; Nguyy; p tpkhdgg; il epiyajj; py; uhlN; lhtpd; flL; khd mikgG; ntww; pfukhf epiwNtwp >nrYjj; gg; ll; J. lhfl; h; fyhk; 66tJ uhlN; lh ,aej; puji; j NrhjidfF; gadg; Ljj; pdhh.; ,jd; fhuzkhf Vwjj; ho &. 40 kpyy; pad; 60 | P a g e

Nrkpff; Kbej; J. ,ej; pad; uhlN; lh ,wfF; kjp nraa; gg; Ltijtpl tpiy FiwthfapUej; J. tpfu; k; rhuhgha; tpzn; tsp ikak; v].; vy.; tp -3ff; hf ciojJ; v].; vy.; tp-3 tbtikgg; pYk; > nraK; iwapYk; > mjd; tshr; r; papYk; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; gqF; Kjdi; kahdJ gqF; 40 fpNyh vilf; nfhzl; nrawi; f Nfhis 400 fpNyh klP l; h; G+kpia Rww; p tUkhW mikff; gg; ll; ij > v].; vy.; tp vLjJ; r; nry;Yk; ,jj; pll; k; KOikahf 1973 khhrr; py; Kbtilej; J. lhfl; h; fyhk; ,jj; pll; jj; pwF; 275 nghwpahshf; isAk; tpQQ; hdpfisAk; Nfll; hh.; Mdhy; mtUfF; 50 Nghf; s; klL; Nk nfhLff; gg; ll; dh.; mthf; spy; xtn; thUtUk; xtn; thU Jiwapy; rpwej; Njhr; r; pg; ngww; thf; shf jpfo;ej; dh.; lhfl; h; fyhk; jdD; ila rfhff; splk; %dN; w %dN; w klL; k; filgg; pbff; r; nrhdd; hh.; 1. Tbtikgg; jpy; xOqF; Kiw 2. FwpfN; fhis ephz; apj;J mij Nehff; pr; nryY; jy; 3. Jujph\\; l; ji; j jpwkg; l rkhspj;J mlfF; jy.; v].; vy.; tp-3 jpBnud;W ntspgg; LkN; ghJ mjpypUe;J ntspahFk; mOjj; k; CLUtpr; nryY; k; tpir > mjphT; > KLff; k; Nghd;wtwi; w msff; gy rfj; pia ntspahfF; kN; ghJ msff; gg; Lk; ,aej; puk; nfhzL; tugg; ll; J. ,jd; fhuzkhf Kjypy; ,ej; pahtpy; jahhpff; gg; lhj Nfln; fl; ,qF; jahhpff; gg; ll; J. ,ij jahhpff; v].; vy.; tp-3 apy; gzpahwW; k; Kjpuhj Mdhy; jpwikkpff; tpQQ; hdpfshNy jhd; KbAk; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; $wpdhh.; v].; vy.; tp -3iag; Nghd;w ghJfhgG; Muhar; r; p tshr; r; p ikak; jiuapypUe;J jiufF; Vtgg; Lk; VTfizia jahhpjj; J. [dthp 1> 1975Mk; MzL; > lhfl; h; fyhk; lhlN; uhtpwF; rpwej; uhfn; fl; tpQQ; hdpahf epakpff; gl; l; hh.; mth; Fwpgg; hf > thD}hj; p mikgG; kwW; k; VTfizapd; ,aff; k; Nghd;wtww; pd; tshr; r; pia RkeJ; ftdpff; r; nrhdd; hh.; [dthp 1>2 Njjpapy; 1975Mk; MzL; ,uzL; mikgG; fSk; ghJfhgG; Muhar; r; p kwW; k; tshr; r; pf; $ljj; py; rej; pjJ; > 1975Mk; MzL; khhr; ; khjk; jpUtdej; Gujj; py; KbTfF; nfhzL; tugg; ll; J. rf Copahf; spd; mtrpaKk; jhuhskhd epjpAk; lhfl; h; fyhk; mikgg; plkpUeJ; Nfll; hh.; kWehs; fhiyNa mit epiwNtw;wgg; ll; J. 1975Mk; MzL; I.v].; Mh.; X muRfF; foP ; tej; J. mgN; ghJ mtUfF; b.vd.; Nr\\Dld; goff; k; Vwg; ll; J. nghJthf murpayt; hjpfsplk; mtUfF; ehll; kpUff; hJ. mgg; hhi; tia Nr\\d; khww; pdhh.; v].; vy.; tp-3 jpll; jj; py; Kjy; %d;W tUlk; lhfl; h; fyhk; gy ,dd; yf; is rej; pjj; hh.; ,J mthplk; tpQQ; hd njhopy; Elg; jj; py; tpopgG; zhi; t Vwg; Ljj; paJ. 61 | P a g e

=`hp Nfhll; htpy; tbtikff; gg; ll; v].; vy.; tp-3apy; gzpahw;wpa tp.v].; v].; rp Ntiyahlf; s; vej; Neujj; pYk; mNj Nghd;w uhfn; fli; l tbtikfF; k; jpwd; ngw;wdh.; 1975Mk; MzL; mff; lL; khda; ikgi; g epiwTfF; nfhzL; tu vzz; pdh.; 1976apy; rgM; hg; ply; tpkhdji; jAk; 1978apy; igdy; Mhg; ply; tpkhdji; jAk; nraJ; Kbjj; dh.; mitaidjJ; k; ntww; paileJ; 1976Mk; MzL; Kjy; Mhg; ply; tpkhdk; ,ej; pa mll; tizapy; ,l; k; ngw;wJ. 62 | P a g e

4. v];.vy;.tp.3f;F gpd; mtUila tho;f;if tp-2 VTfiz flL; tjpYk; ehrhtpd; uhfn; fl; tpjpKiwj; njhFgg; pYk; n[h;kd; VTfiz Muhar; r; pf; $ljj; py; tpQQ; hd,afF; duhf gzpahww; pa nthd; ht; d; gu; hDld; lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; goff; k; Vwg; ll; J. lhfl; h; fyhk; v].; vy.; tp-3 Nrhjid nrat; jwf; hf nrdi; dapype;J Jkg; h Gwgg; lL; r; nrdw; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhkplk; nfhzl; ghpajj; hy; nthd; ht; d; “vjj; id Njhyt; pfisf; fzl; hYk; cqf; s; Nrhjidiaj; njhlh;e;J nfhzN; l nry;Yqf; s”; vd;W $wpdhh.; gpdG; lhfl; h; fyhk; ,ej; pa gpujkUfF; tpQQ; hd njhopyE; lg; MNyhruhf epakpff; gl; l; hh.; VTfizapd; %yk; gy ehLfSff; pilapy; ,ej; pahtpd; juji; j cahj; j; path.; ,ej; pa ,isQhf; is Mff; G+ht; khf cUthfF; tjwF; jdD; ila Ntiyia uh[pdkh nra;J Mrphpah; gzpia Vww; hh.; ,ej; pahitg; gw;wpa nghaa; hd ,lL; flL; jiy tpirapd; Ntfji; jtpl Ntfkhf vwpa NtzL; k; vdW; k; > “,ej; pah 2020apy; Gyy; pd; EdpNthpypUe;J tUk; Gulr; pahdJ> ,ej; pah xU Nkkg; ll; rfj; pthae; j; ehL” vd cuff; $Wk; ehSk; ntF njhiytpypyi; y vd $wpdhh.; ngz; kw;Wk; Mz; tpQQ; hdpfs; nghJthf fbdkhdthf; s; ,thf; isg; gw;wpa nghJthd thjk; vdd; ntdpy; >tpQQ; hdk; kwW; k; njhopy; Elg; jj; py; klL; nK ruji; jAss; thf; s>; kdpj cahT; fF; k>; kdntOrr; pfF; k; mgg; hwg; ll; thf; s.; Mdhy; lhflh; fyhk; vspikahd >mdg; hd kdpjh>; ,th; kdpjDila ,dd; yf; is NghfF; tjwf; hf ghLgLgth.; b.Mh.; b.xtpy; gjJ; tUlkpUej; gpd; mth; ghJfhgG; mikrr; UfF; tpQQ; hd MNyhrfh; gzpia Vw;W nlyy; pfF; r; nrdw; hh.; Fwpgg; hf Ajj; lhqf; p (vk.; gp.b) mh;[{d; kwW; k; Mfhatpkhdk; tej; pUfF; k; Ajj; fhyk; ( vy.; rp.v) Nghd;w jpll; qf; is tpiutpy; nrayg; Ljj; pdhh.; 1963-64Mk; MzL; ehrh tpzn; tsp Muhar; r; p epiyak; lhfl; h; fyhik ehdF; khjk; A.v].; apYss; ntyhg]; ; jtP pYss; uhfn; fli; kajjpsF; kw;Wk; yhd;[pyp Muhar; r; p $ljj; py; gzpahww; mioff; gg; ll; hh.; ,J mthpd; jpwikia ntspfhlL; k; tpjkhd mikej; J. 63 | P a g e

Mth; ghJfhgG; kw;Wk; Muhar; r; p KdN; dww; ,aff; jj; pwF; jdD; ila gzpia khw;wpf; nfhzl; hh.; <ej; pahtpd; VTfiz topKiwj; njhFgg; py; kw;Wk; Njrpa ghJfhgg; py; Neubahd Kff; pa gqF; mtUfF; ss; J. VTfiz jahhjpgg; jpYk; Nrhjid nrat; jpYk; kw;Wk; ehlb; d; ghJfhgi; g gygg; Lj;JtJk; ,thpd; vjphf; hy ghhi; tahFk.; rpwej; xUkpjj; fUji; j nfhzl; kdpjuhfpa khflh; fyhk; ,ej; pahitg; gw;wp jd;kg; pfi; fAld; jdJ Gjj; fk; (lhfll; h; it.v]; . uh[h Jiz vOjj; hsh); “,ej; ah 2020apy; v.tp\\d; ghh; jp epA+ kpyy; padpak”; (Gjpa nghwf; hyji; jg; gww; pa xU ghhi; t) ntspaplL; ss; hh.; ,eE; }ypy; ,ej; pahtpd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytdP k; NkYk; ,ej; pah gykhd ehlhf jpfot; jwf; hd topfisAk; mth; tiueJ; ss; hh.; ehL kzP L; k; fpshe; n; jo Kff; pa ,U J}zf; s; ehlb; d; ghJfhgG; kwW; k; nghUshjhu gyk; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; ekg; pfi; fAld; $wpAss; hh.; mth; ehlb; d; ghJfhgg; pwf; hf gy cjptpfs; nraj; pUff; pwhh.; mth; xUNghJk; kw;wthf; s; jdi; d vrr; hpfF; k; tifahd thag; i; g jej; jpyi; y. 64 | P a g e

5. ,e;jpahtpd; gdpnud;lhtJ [dhjpgjpahf ,ej; pa NjraP tpQQ; hd fofk; >,ej; pa tpzn; tsp fofk; kw;Wk; gy njhopy; rkg; ej; khd mikgG; fspy; lhfl; h; fyhk; mqf; jj; pduhfTss; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; 1981 Mk; MzL; ‘gj;k G+\\d’; 1990Mk; MzL; ‘gjk; tpG+\\d’; kw;Wk; ,ej; pahtpd; cah;ej; tpUjhd ‘ghuj ujd; h’tpUJ 1997 Mk; MzL; toqf; gg; ll; J . lhfl; h; igud; uha; ]N; g]; tpUJ’ tpQQ; hdk; kw;Wk; njhopy; Elg; jj; pwf; hf ‘xk; gpufh\\; Ngrd; tpUJ’ Ne\\dy; NeU tpUJ’ Mhpagll; h tpUJ> ,dD; k; gy tpUJfs; lhfl; h; M.ng.n[ mg;Jy; fyhkpwF; toqf; gg; ll; J.,Ugjj; pnalL; gyf; iyf; fofqf; s; lhfl; h; M.ng.n[. mg;Jy; fyhkpwF; lhfl; h; Mg; ird]; ; ( D.Sc. Honoris Causa) gll; k; nfhLjJ; nfsutgg; Ljj; pAss; J. lhfl; h; fyhk; xU gpuk;krr; hhp mth; rh]j; h; aP rqf; jP k; Nflg; jpy; kpFej; Mht; k; nfhzl; th.; xaT; Neuqf; spy; ‘tiP zia’ klP L; thh.; jhan; khopahd jkpopy; gy ftpijfis vOjpAss; hh.; ,tUila gjpNdO ftpijfs; jkpopypUeJ; Mqf; pyjj; pwF; nkhop ngahf; f; gg; lL; > ‘ik n[hd; p’vdw; Gjj; fjj; py; 1994Mk; MzL; ntspaplgg; lL; ss; J. ‘FNuhd’; kw;Wk; ‘gftj; fiP jia’ xNu fzN; zhll; jN; jhLk; > gfj; pAzhN; thLk; gbgg; th.; 1998Mk; MzL; lhfl; h; it.v].; uh[NdhL ( Jizahrphpah); Nrh;e;J ‘,ej; pah 2020 v tp\\d; ghh; jp epA+ kpyy; pdpak”; (Gjpa nghwf; hyjj; pwf; hd xU ghhi; t) “tpqf; ]; ; Mg; gah”; ‘mfd; pr; rpwFfs’; Rarhpij Nghd;w jiygg; py; vOjpAss; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhk; ehlb; d; KdN; dww; jj; pwf; hf jdJ thof; i; fia KOikahf mhg; g; zpjJ; ss; hh.; ciogg; hYk; tplhKawr; pahYk; 2020apy; edF; tshr; r; p milej; ehlhf jpfOk; vdg; Nj lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; ,ej; pag; ghhi; tahFk.; Cyf ehLfspy; ,ej; pah %d;whtJ ,lji; jahtJ gpbff; NtzL; k; vdg; Nj mtUila Kjy; fdT. 1982Mk; MzL; gpgu; thp khjk; lhfl; h; fyhk; b.Mh.; b.xtpy; ,afF; duhf epakpff; gg; ll; hh.; ,ej; pahtpd; ghJfhgG; Muhar; r; p njhFgg; py; ntww; pfuhkf jpll; kpLgth; vdg; jhy; kpf ekg; pfi; fNahL lhfl; h; fyhik VTfiz KdN; dww; j; njhFgg; py; xd;W Nrh;e;J epakpjj; dh.; IeJ; kpfgn; ghpa jpll; qf; s; %yk; VTfiz njhopyE; lg; ji; j kWgbAk; tphpTgLjj; jpll; kpll; hh.; Ie;J jpll; qf; Sk; gjj; hzL; fF; s; epiwNtWk; tifapy; mll; tiz jahh; nraj; hh.; mit. gU; jt; p- Ajj; fhyjj; py; Nkwg; ugg; py; gadg; Ljj; gg; Lk; VTfiz. jphp#y-; fhw;wpy; Ntfkhf rpwpa gFjpfF; s; nryy; f$; ba VTfiz 65 | P a g e

mfd; p- eLjj; u gFjpfF; clg; ll; guP qf; p ehf-; lhqf; pfF; vjpuhd VTfiz Mfh]-; jiuapypUe;J Mfhajj; pwF; Jhpj kw;Wk; eLjj; ukhf Vtgg; Lk; VTfiz. 1985Mk; MzL; nrgl; kg; h; khjk; 16e; Njjp = `hpNfhll; htpypUeJ; jphp#y; Vtgg; ll; J. mgN; ghJ VTfiz topKiwj; njhFgG; Kjd; Kjypy; eilngww; J. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J 1989Mk; MzL; kpfgn; ghpa ‘mfd; p’Nrhjid ntw;wpfukhf eilngw;wJ.[dhjpgjp clg; l gy %iyfspypUeJ; lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; ghuhlL; fs; Ftpej; tzz; khfapUej; J. ntww; pfukhd ‘Mfh\\;’ NrhjidfF; gpd; ‘gj;k tpG+\\d’; 1990Mk; MzL; nfhLj;J nfsutpff; gg; ll; hh.; 1991Mk; MzL; VTfiz MNyhrid FO> ,ej; tUlk; b. Mh.; b. xff; hd tUlk; vd mwptpjj; J. mNj Mzb; y; uhZtjj; pNyNa NeUfF; Neuhf vjphpfsplk; NghhpLk; tifapy; mtt; pljj; py; ghJfhgg; hfTk; jpwikahfTk; ruP w;wtwi; w gOJghhf; f; NtzL; k; vd xjj; fUjJ; ld; ntspapll; dh.; ,ej; Gjpa jpll; jj; pwF; lhfl; h; fyhk; KO cjN; tfjJ; ld; %of; pdhh.; ,ej; pa ghJfhgG; JiwapdUfF; cjtpaij mqf; fP hpfF; k; tifapy; 1997Mk; MzL; ‘ghuj ujd; h tpUJ’ lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; toqf; gg; ll; J.1998 MkM; zL; mZNrhjidfF; g; gpd; lhfl; h; fyhk; gpujhd NrhjidfF; g; gpd; lhfl; h; fyhk; gpujhd tpQQ; hd MNyhrfuhfTk; > 1999-2001 tiu kej; php rigapy; kej; php gjtp nfhLj;J nfsutpff; gg; ll; hh.; mzz; h gyf; iyf; fofjj; pYk; Nguhrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhh.; ,d;Wk; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; Nritfs; mjpfstpYss; J. mth; ,ej; pa Njrpa nghwpapay; fofjj; pYk; ngwf; @hpYss; ,ej; pa tpQQ; hd fofjj; pYk; >,ej; pa tpzn; tsp fofjj; py; cgjiytuhfTk; > ,ej; pahtpYss; Njrpa kUjJ; t tpQQ; hd ,aff; jj; pYk; kpdd; Ztpay; kwW; k; njhiyj; njhlhg; hd nghwpapay; fofjj; pYk; I.v].; Mh.; xtpy; Nkdi; kahd NguhrphpauhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh.; lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; ,ej; pahitg; gww; p IeJ; rpwgg; hd ghhi; tfs; 1. ,ej; pah 350>000>000 ld; czTjhdpa tiffs; cwg; jj; p nraj; y.; 2. jpwdhd ekg; pfi; fahd jahhpgG; fs.; 3. jiyrpwej; kUjJ; tk; kw;Wk; fyt; p trjp mspjj; y.; 4. vyy; htpj KdN; dww; jj; pwF; k; jfty; njhlhG; njhopy; Elg; ji; j cgNahfpjj; y.; 5. ghJfhgG; >mZ kwW; k; tpzn; tsp njhopy; Elg; jj; py; mfyff; hy; itjj; y.; jiyrpwej; rhjidfs; nraj; NghjpYk; lhfl; h; fyhk; ,dW; k; vspikahf thof; i; f elj;Jk; vspikahd kdpjh.; czi; kapy; ntw;wpfukhf VTfizia VtpajwF; gpd; mth; ,ej; pa gpujkh; ,ej; puh fhej; pia tpUgg; kpyy; hky; rej; pjj; hh.; ,eN; eujj; pwF; ,J 66 | P a g e

Njitaww; J vd vzz; pdhh.; fiP jia jpdKk; gbgg; hh.; ftpij gbgg; jpYk; Mht; k; nfhzl; th.; rpy ftpijfisAk; vOjpAss; hh.; xaT; Neuqf; spy; ‘Uju; tiP z klP L; tJ mtUila nghOJNghfF; > ,d;wstpYk; khzthf; is mjpfkhf Nerpj;J nfhzb; ff; pwhh.; ,isQhf; s; jdd; kg; pfi; fAlDk; > ,ej; pahit rpfu tshr; r; pfF; nfhzL; nryt; jwF; k; lhfl; h; fyhk; cWJizahf ,Uej; hh.; 6. rpy Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l njhFgG; fs; lhfl; h; fyhk; ,]y; hkpah; vdg; jhy; ,uzL; jilt njhOif nrat; hh.; ,Uej; NghjpYk; mth; kww; kjqf; isAk; mNj msT tpUkg; pdhh.; ,th; jhan; khopahd jkpio mjpfkhf Nerpjj; hh.; gy ghlyf; is jkpopy; vOjpAss; hh.; ,Uej; NghjpYk; xU ehlb; d; KdN; dw;wjj; pwF; njhopy; Elg; f; fiyia MuhAk; tpQQ; hdk; NtzL; k; vdg; jpy; ekg; pfi; f nfhzl; th.; ,th; xU njspthd czhT; kpff; > Mff; G+ht; khd Njrgg; w;Wf; nfhzl; nkdi; kahf NgRk; Mww; y; nfhzl; kdpjh.; Gjpa nghwf; hyjj; pwf; hd lhfl; h; fyhkpd; fUjJ; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; Kjy; ghhi; t ‘Rjej; puk; 1857k; MzL; Nghuhll; k; njhlqf; paJ. Rjej; puji; j Ngh\\pj;J kjpff; NtzL; k; vd $wpAss; hh.; mtUila ,uzl; hk; ghhi; t ‘ehlb; d; tshr; r; p’ flej; Ikg; jhzL; fshf ,ej; pah tsUk; ehlhf ,Uff; pwJ. IeJ; tsUk; ehLfspy; ,ej; pahTk; xdW; ,di; wa fhyfll; jj; py; ehk; tWik Nfhlb; ypUeJ; xUgb NkNy teJ; ss; Nshk; . ,ej; pahit eyy; tskhd ehlhf fhzNtzL; k; vdg; J mtUila fdT. cyfjj; py; ,ej; pah jdpapljj; py; ,lkn; gw NtzL; k; vdg; J mtUila tpUgg; k.; mgg; b eilngwtpyi; ynadpy; xUtUk; ,ej; pahit kjpff; khll; hhf; s; .,ej; cyfjj; py; gak; vdg; jwF; ,lNkapyi; y. ,di; wa fhyfll; jj; py; gzgyKk; > Nghh; gyKk; > vej; xU vjphi; gAk; rkhspfF; k; jpwDk; mtrpak.; lhf;lh; fyhk; tho;fi; fapy; Vw;gll; Kff; pa rk;gtqf; s;. 67 | P a g e

1. Kjy; ,UgJ MzL; fhyk>; Kjy; nrawi; fNfhs; v].; vy.; tp.3 kwW; k; I.v].; Mh.; X tpwF; jpll; ,afF; duhf gzpahww; paNghJk; > ,it gpujhd tpQQ; hdpff; hd mbjj; skhf mikej; J. 2. I.v].; Mh.; X tpy; Ntiy nraj; gpd; ghJfhgG; Muhar; r; p kw;Wk; tshr; r; p fofjj; py; Nrhe; j; hh.; 1994Mk; MzL; ‘mfd; p VTfiz’ jpll; ji; j ntww; pfukhf Kbgg; jwf; hd thag; G; fpiljj; J. 3. nghfu; hd; Nrhjiapy; mtUila gqF; Kff; pakhdJ. ,J mtUila %d;whtJ Nguhdej; k.; mZ MAjk; itjj; pUfF; k; ehLfspy; ,ej; pahTk; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. ,J lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; jhd; xU ,ej; pad; vdg; jpy; ngUkpjk; nfhss; r; nraj; J. 4. mfd; p VTfiz jahhpfF; kN; ghJ mjpypUe;J ntspgg; Lk; fhhg; d; gpdd; hspy; eprhk; ,d]; b; A+l; Mg; nkbff; y; ird]; ; ( i`juhghj; ) fhy; CdKww; thf; SfF; Njitahd fhyf; s; ftuhak; ( NfygP h]; ); nraa; gadg; Ljj; paJ. ,ej; Gjpa fhyf; s; ftuhak; %ykhf Foei; jfs; Ntfkhf elff; Kbej; J. ,J lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; kpFej; reN; jh\\ji; j Vwg; Ljj; paJ. lhfl; h; fyhk; gpukk; rr; hhpahfNt jdD; ila tho;ehs; KOtJk; ehlL; eyDff; hf mhg; g; zpjJ; ss; hh.; Foei; jfSfF; njhzL; nrat; jpy; mjpf Mht; k; nfhzL; ss; hh.; 5. ftpijapYk; > ,irapYk; mtUfF; Mht; Kk; <LghLk; ,Uej; J. mthplk; fh;ehlf ,irj; njhFgG; fs; kpFjpahf ,Uff; pwJ. kpyl; d>; thyl; ; tpln; kd>; ,ugPej; uehj; jh$h; Nghdw; thf; s; ,tUfF; gpbjj; khd ftpQhf; s; ‘vdJ gazk’; vdw; Gjj; fji; j vOjpAss; hh.; ,J Mqf; pyjj; py; ‘ik n[hd; p’vd;W nkhop ngahf; f; gg; lL; ss; J. mth; ‘=’ uhfji; j urpjJ; Nflg; hh.; “,ej; $ll; jj; pNy ahnuyy; hk; flTSfF; KdG; cahe; j; thf; Nsh mthf; SfF; ehd; jiy tzqF; fpNwd”; vdw; fhP j; j; idia yapj;J Nflg; hh.; 68 | P a g e

7. tsh;r;rp mile;j ehL – xU ghh;it Kjy; ghh;it 1857 Mk; MzL; ,ej; pahtpy; Rjej; pu Nghuhll; k; njhlqf; paJ. 90 tUlqf; SfF; gpwNf kff; SfF; Rjej; pu ,ej; pah fpiljj; J. Nguhrphpah; n[. r.Ngh]; > rp.tp. uhkd; Nk`ej; rh`h> rdP pthr uhkD[k; >Rgg; pukzpak>; rej; puNrfh; Nghd;w Rjej; pu Nghuhll; tuP hf; s; jqf; s; thof; i; fia jpahfk; nraJ; fpiljj; Rjej; puji; j kff; s; kjpjJ; Nghw;wp NgzNtzL; k; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; typAWjJ; fpwhh.; ,Wjpapy; ,ej; pah 1947Mk; MzL; ‘tsUk; ehL’ vd;w Kjj; piuAld; Rjej; puk; milej; J. mjhtJ ,dD; k; > gzjj; pwf; hf kw;w ehLfis vjphg; hhf; F; k; epiyapYss; J. tshr; r; pailej; ehLfSld; ,ej; pahit xgg; pLkN; ghJ ,dD; k; gpdj; qf; pa epiyapNyNaAss; J. ,ej; pah ,dW; k; tshr; r; p ghijapNyNa css; J. jdd; kg; pfi; fahd ehlhf jpfot; jwF; kpf fbd ciogi; g Nghl NtzL; k; . ,dD; k; ,UgjhzL; fspy; lhfl; h; fyhk; ,ej; pahit tshr; r; p milej; ehlhf fhz tpUkg; pdhh.; mtUila Kjy; fdT KbAk; jUthapy; ,uzl; hk; ghhi; t njhlqF; fpwJ. mJ vdd; ntdpy; nghUshjhujj; pYk; > r%fjj; pYkhd tshr; r; p. xU tsUk; ehlb; wF; gy jilfs; tUk.; mtwi; wnayy; hk; flej; gpd; tshr; r; p milfpwJ. tsUk; ehlhd ,ej; pah re;jpf;Fk; gpur;ridfs;. 1. Ntshzi; k kwW; k; czit gjgg; LjJ; jy.; 2. ehlb; d; vyy; haplqf; SfF; k; ekg; fkhd kw;Wk; jukhd kpd; trjpia Vwg; Ljj; pj; jUjy.; 3. fyt; pAk; MNuhff; paKk; 4. jfty; njhopyE; lg; k.; 5. Ajj; jej; pu Jiw. ,it midjJ; k; xdW; fn; fhd;W njhlhG; ilait xdW; fF; Njhyt; p Vwg; ll; hYk; kww; twi; w ghjpfF; k.; Xd;W $ba nray;. kff; s; midtUk; ehlb; d; KdN; dw;wjj; pwf; hf ghLgl NtzL; k; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; typAWj;Jfpwhh.; nghUshjhu rh]j; pu epGzh.; Tptrha epGzh>; nttN; tW JiwapYss; njhopy; Elg; epGzh>; njhopwr; hiy> murhqf; k>; gyJiwapy; css; epht; hfpfs>; jdpahh; epWtdjj; py; Ntiy ghhg; g; thf; s>; nghJ [d njhlhG; ila kff; s>; murpayt; hjpfs; Mfpa nttN; tW Jiwia Nrhe; j; thf; s; xd;W$b ehlb; d; tshr; r; pff; hf ghLgl NtzL; k; 69 | P a g e

ehlL; kff; sidtUk; xjj; kdJld; xd;W $b ciojj; hy; ek; fdT epiwNtWk; ehs; ntF njhiytpypyi; y vd lhfl; h; fyhk; ekg; pfi; fAld; njhptpjJ; ss; hh.; jilfSk; mjwf; hd tpilfisAk; edF; myrp Muhae; ;JtplN; lhk.; lhfl; h; fyhk; ehlb; d; Ajj; jej; puji; j Kde; pWjj; p mjd; %yk; ehlb; d; tshr; r; pia ntF caujj; pwF; nfhzL; nrd;Wtplyhk; vd njhptpjJ; ss; hh.; Ntshzi; k kw;Wk; czT gjgg; LjJ; jy;. ,di; wa fhyfll; jj; py; ; E}W Nfhb kff; spd; Njitia G+hj; j; p nrat; J kpf mtrpakhFk.; NjitfF; Vwg; czT jhdpa tiffs; ,yi; ynadpy; mee; hlb; Yss; kff; is nrOikahf fhz KbahJ. ,ej; pah ,dD; k; ,UgJ tUlqf; spy; Fiwej; J 360 kpyy; pad; ld; czT jhdpa cwg; jj; p nraa; NtzL; k; . ,ej; msT ehlL; kff; s; midtUfF; k; NghJkhdjhfTk; > vQr; pait VwW; kjp nraJ; gzk; rkg; hjpfF; k; topahfTk; ,UfF; k.; vdpDk; tshr; r; p ,di; wa mtrpa NjitahFk.; kpdr; huk; xU ehlb; d; nghUshjhujj; pwF; kpf ,dw; paikahj xdw; hFk.; ,it tlP b; wF; klL; kdw; p nghwpapay; cwg; jj; papYk>; Ntjpay; kwW; k; %ygn; ghUlf; is gjgg; Lj;Jk; njhopwr; hiyfF; k; NghfF; tujj; pwF; k; Kff; pakhf Njitgg; LfpwJ. 85>000 nk`h thl; nkhjj; kpd; cwg; jj; p jahhpff; gg; LfpwJ. Mdhy; 32>000 nk`h thl; klL; k; gadg; Lj;Jgthf; SfF; nrd;wilfpwJ. crr; Neujj; py; 15 rjtjP k; NjitfF; FiwthfTss; J. kw;w Jiwfs; tshr; r; pailAk; NghJ ,jd; NjitAk; mjpfhpfF; k; ehP .; mZ> epyff; hp> fhw;W Nghdw; tw;wpypYUe;J kpd; cwg; jj; p jahhpff; gg; LtJ ,di; wa mtrpa NjitahFk.; ,di; wa fhyfll; jj; py; kw;wtww; pypUe;J kpdr; huk; jahhpff; top fzL; gpbgg; J mtrpaNk. jahhpgg; J klL; kpdw; p kpdr; huji; j tepNahfpgg; Jk; kpf Kff; pakhdjhFk; .kff; s; jtwhd topapy; cgNahfpff; hky; ghhj; J; f; nfhst; J kpf mtrpaNk> kpdt; prpwp> tpsfF; > tlP b; y; cgNahfpfF; k; nghUlf; s; > Ntshzi; k Nghdw; tw;wpwF; Njitahd mstpwF; klL; Nk cgNahfpjJ; kw;wtwi; w jpwikahd rhjdjj; py; Nrkpff; NtzL; k; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; jpwkg; l rpf; f; dkhf kpdr; huji; j cgNahfpff; r; nrhyf; pwhh.; fy;tpAk; MNuhff; paKk; kw;Wk; xU tshr; r; pff; hd Jiw fyt; p gzpahww; Fiwthd kff; Sk; ,yi; y. jpdKk; mthf; Sila Njitia G+hj; j; p nraJ; nfhsS; k; mstpwF; gzpff; hd thag; G; k; Fiwthf ,yi; y. ehL tshr; r; paile;J nfhzb; Ugg; jhy; NtiyfF; Mlf; s; Njitgg; Lfpwhhf; s.; mtN; tiyfF; jpwikahd Mlf; s; ,yy; hjjhy; jukhd mtN; tiyia mthf; SfF; mspff; Kbatpyi; y. rhpahd Kiwapy; fyt; p mspff; gg; lhjNj ,jwF; Kff; pa fhuzk; kff; s; jqf; s; Foei; jfspd; Njitia G+hj; j; p nraa; ,ayhjjhy; 70 | P a g e

mthf; s; tshr; r; paila Kbahj epiyfF; jss; gg; Lfpwhhf; s; . ,jd; tpisthf xlL; nkhjj; ehLk; ghjpgg; ilfpwJ. kw;Wk; xU Kff; pa Njit MNuhff; pak>; fpuhkgG; wj; j; py; Fiwthf MNuhff; pa trjp fhzgg; LfpwJ. nkhjj; fpuhkjj; pwF; k; jukhd fyt; pAk; > MNuhff; pa trjpAk; nfhLj;J cjt NtzL; k.; vqF; fyt; pNah > kUjJ; t trjpNah toqf; Kbahj epiyAss; Njh mqF; eyy; rhiy mikgg; jd; %yk; mthf; s; ,gg; purr; idapypue;J tpLgLth.; lhfl; h; fyhk; ehisa ,ej; pahit eyy; jukhd fyt; pAlDk; kUjJ; t trjpAlDk; fhzf; pwhh.; jfty; njhopy;Elg; k; jfty; njhopy; Elg; k; ehlb; d; tshr; r; pfF; kpfgn; ghpa gqf; hw;WfpwJ. Vwf; dNt > ,j;Jiwapy; ,ej; pah rpwe;J tpsqf; NtzL; nkd jpll; kplgg; lL; ss; J. ,jpy; ,uzL; jilfSss; d. fzpdp ,afF; tjwF; Njitahd topKiwr; nray; ( rhgl; N; th); FiwthfTk; > mjpfstpy; Nghlb; ANk> ,ej; pah kww; ehLfSld; rej; pfF; k; gpurr; id. rhgl; N; th; tpahghuji; j KdN; dww; p cyfstpy; ,ej; pahtpwn; fd;W xU ,lji; j gpbgg; J kpf mtrpak; kw;Wk; xU gpurr; id I.b mdw; hl tpahghuk; . ,ej; pa kff; s; ,d;Wk; gioa KiwNa filgg; pbff; pd;wdh.; gy Gjpa Kiwfis ifahst; jd; %yk; cwg; jj; pia ,uzL; klqf; hf ngUff; yhk.; Aj;j je;jpug; gFjp tsUk; ehlhd ,ej; pahtpwF; Njrpa ghJfhgG; kpf mtrpak; . ,gN; ghJss; fhyfll; jj; py; Ajj; jej; pujj; py; tshr; r; p kpfTk; mtrpakhdJ. xU ehlb; d; tshr; r; p tpQQ; hdjj; pYk; mjd; ntsp gyjj; pYNk mikAk.; xU ,yfF; ephz; apj;Jtpll; hy; ,ej; pah eprr; ak; mij Nehff; p nrd;W ntww; pailtij ehk; fhzyhk.; cahe; j; tpzn; tsp nrYj;Jk; njhopy;Elg; k; > cahe; j; kpdd; Ztpay; > cah;ej; juk; tha;ej; nghUlf; s; jahhpfF; k; nghpa njhopwr; hiyfs; kzP L; k; cUthff; NtzL; k.; mk; khngUk; jpll; jj; pwF; cyfthj; j; fr; rei; japy; ,ej; pahtpwn; fdW; xU ,lk; NtzL; k.; rpwpa n[l; tplhdjj; pwF; ntspehlL; r; rei; japy; > ,ej; pahtpwn; dW; xU ,lji; j gpbff; NtzL; k.; mJTk; ,d;W ,ej; pah jpwkg; l nrawi; fNfhs; tpahghuk; nrat; JNghy; tpzn; tsp fyji; j tpahghuk; nra;J >Mfha tpkhdk; flL; khd mikgi; g rpwej; Kiwapy; tbtikj;J nfhLj;J cyfstpYss; thbfi; fahshf; SfF; j; guhkhpgG; r; Nritia mspjJ; > cah;ej; njhopy; Elg; jJ; ld; > jukhd nghUlf; is tpahghuk; nraa; NtzL; k.; Fwpgg; hf Ajj; lhqf; p> Jgg; hff; p vy.; rp.v Nghdw; Mfhatpkhdk; kw;Wk; rpy tifahd VTfiz mZ gzp KOtrP R; ld; nra;J mtwi; w tpahghuk; nraa; yhk.; 71 | P a g e

Gy tshe; j; ehLfisg; Nghy ,ej; pahTk; cyfr; rei; japy; ,lk; ngw NtzL; k.; gy ehLfSff; pilNa ,ej; pahtpwn; fdW; xU ,lji; j cUthff; NtzL; k.; tshr; r; ;pailej; ,ej; pahtpwF; ,J xU Kff; pa jpll; khfapUff; NtzL; k.; 2020 tiu mjwf; hf jdd; kg; pfi; fAld; eilNghl NtzL; k.; ,tt; pyfi; failtjwF; ghJfhgG; ,yhfh jdpahh; JiwAld; gzpahw;w jpll; kplL; ss; J. mJNghy kw;w JiwapdUk; ehlb; d; tshr; r; pff; hf gzpahwW; fpdw; dh.; mKyhf;Fjy; NkNy tpthjpff; gg; ll; jpll; qf; s; xNu ehsputpy; KOikailar; nraa; KbahJ. kpfgn; ghpa jpll; k; vdg; jhy; mjpfNeuk; vLjJ; cioff; Ntzb; ajpUfF; k; . mjj; pll; ji; jaila vgN; ghJk; mij Nehff; p cioj;J nfhzb; Ugg; J kpf mtrpak.; ek; ehL tshr; r; pailej; ehlhf jpfot; jwF; ehk; gzpahw;Wk; topia khww; pf; nfhst; J kpf mtrpak.; vtt; ifapYk; vijAk; tzP hff; hky; mij jpwkg; l nra;J Kbgg; J mtrpak.; rpy Neuqf; spy; muR Njitaww; nraYfF; epjpAjtp msTff; jpkhf nraf; pwJ. ,J Njitaww; J. mjwF; khwhf Njtiahd JiwfF; epjpAjtpaspj;J eyy; Kiwapy; gadg; Ljj; yhk.; Nghlb; fspdhy; jpll; qf; is KOikahf epiwNtww; KbfpwJ. NkYk>; xUth; ifapYss; mjpfhuji; j vLff; Tk; cjTfpwJ. vdNt jdpahh; Jiwapd; gqf; spgG; k; NjitahfTss; J.,jdhy; Nghlb; ff; hd thag; G; fs; $Ljyhf css; d. ,jd; tpisT fhyjj; pwN; fw;wthW GJikahf mikAk.; mNj Neujj; py; muRk; Njitahd vyy; h cjtpAk; mspfF; k.; Kjy; ghhi; t KbAkN; ghJ ,uzl; hk; ghhi; tahd ‘tshr; r; p’ GJ ghijapy; njhlqf; gg; Lk.; jpwikahd GJ jiyKiwapdUfF; NkYk; cjtpfs; toqF; tjd; %ykhf ,ej; pahit xU gb NkNy nrdW; ‘tshe; j; ehlhf’ fhzyhk.; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f KbT ‘xUtdplk; gy fdTfs; ,Uff; pd;wd. mjpy; mtd; rpytwi; w klL; Nk nraYfF; nfhzL; tUfpdw; hd’; . vd lhfl; h; fyhk; $Wfpwhh.; ,isa jiyKiwapdhf; s; kpfg; nghpa mstpy; fdT fhz NtzL; k; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; Cff; kspff; pwhh.; NkYk; mthf; SfF; Kd; nghpa FwpfN; fhis itj;J mij mwg; khf epidj;Jtplf; $lhJ vdg; ijAk; typAWj;Jfpwhh.; ‘FwpfN; fhis mila Kawr; p nra; . mit ntw;wpailAk; tiu tshr; r; p nra’; vd $wp fyhk; ,isQhf; SfF; Cff; kspff; pwhh.; vej; xU ehlb; wF; k; jpUgG; Kidahf miktJ mthf; s; ifapy; jhDss; J. ,isa jiyKiwapdh; edF; tsu NtzL; k; vdg; J lhfl; h; fyhkpd; tpUgg; k.; mth; ehlb; d; KdN; dw;wjj; pwf; hf njhopy; Elg; NtiyfF; mjpf Kff; paj;Jtk; mspff; pwhh.; 72 | P a g e

,di; wa ,ej; pah >vgN; ghJk; Nghiug; gww; p gae;J nfhzL; k; >NkYk; vgN; ghJk; fh\\k; hP pypUeJ; fdd; pahFkhp tiu rkg; tpjJ; f; nfhzN; lapUff; pwJ. “xNu Neujj; py; ehlb; wF; sS; k; ntspNaAk; css; vyy; hk; gpurr; idfisAk; rkhspfF; k; jpwd; xU rpwej; jiythf; SfF; kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk”; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; xU nrhwn; ghoptpy; $wpapUff; pwhh.; ,ej; pa FbauR jiyth; gjtpfF; lhfl; h; fyhk; edF; jFjpahdth; vdg; ij ep&gpj;Jtpll; hh.; rpff; ypypUeJ; tpLtpfF; k; ghij ‘vgN; ghJk; cah;ej; FwpfN; fhis nfhzb; Ugg; J mtrpaNk’ jhot; hf vzZ; tJ $l Fw;wNk’ vd lhfl; h; fyhk; kwff; Kbahj ,dD; nkhU nrhwn; ghoptpy; $wpAss; hh.; cah;ej; vzz; k; vgN; ghJk; NtzL; k.; FwpfN; fhis miltjwf; hf kff; s; fbd ciogi; g NghLthhf; s.; mjd; tpisthf VjhtnjhU yhgfukhd tpisit rej; pjj; pUgg; hhf; s.; mjdhy; ylr; pak; epiwNtwhj glr; jj; pYk; mthf; s; kd cWjpAld; ,Ugg; hhf; s.; mth; kff; splk; nghWikiaAk>; ekg; pfi; fiaAk; filgg; pbff; r; nrhyf; pwhh.; 73 | P a g e

8. rpwe;j jiyikg; gjptpahsh; 1947 Mk; MzL; ,ej; pah Rjej; puk; milej; NghJ ,e;ehlb; y; mjpfkhd kff; s; tpQQ; hdjj; pYk; njhopy; Elg; jj; pYk; rpwe;J tpsqf; pdhhf; s; vd;W lhfl; h; fyhk; njhptpj;Jss; hh.; 1857 Mk; Mzb; ypUeJ; Nghuhb Rjej; puji; jg; ngwW; ,uzl; hk; ghhi; tahd tshr; r; pia Nehff; p nrd;W nfhzb; Uff; pNwhk.; ,ej; pahtpwF; Rjej; puk; fpiljj; NghJ lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; rpW taJ mgN; ghJ mth; Iej; hk; tFgG; gbj;J nfhzb; Uej; hh.; fhej; p[papd; m`pki; r ,aff; k>; nghWik kww; thf; shy; mth; nfhzl; mdG; Mfpait ,tiu kpfTk; fth;ej; J. NkYk; fhej; p[papd; topia gpdg; w;WkhW ,isQhf; SfF; typAWjj; p tej; hh.; ehlL; fF; jiytuhfapUgg; J tpl ehlL; kff; SfF; jiytuhf ,Uff; NtzL; k; vdg; ij ,di; wa jiythf; s; fhej; p[paplkpUeJ; fwW; f; nfhss; NtzL; k; vd typAWjj; p tej; hh.; jplkhd jjJ; tk; ,sk; ngzf; s; kw;Wk; Mzf; s; jqf; s; ylr; paqf; is milAk; tiu kdk; jsuhky; epiwNtWk; tiu Kawr; pj;Jf; nfhzN; lapUff; NtzL; k; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; mwpTWjj; p tej; hh.; vej; NtiyahfapUej; hYk; KOikahf fvd ciogG; ld; gy jilfisj; jhzb; r; nrd;W FwpfN; fhisailAk; NghNj ntw;wp fplL; fpwJ vdf; pwhh.; NkYk; > ,ej; pahtpy; jpwikkpff; thf; s; kpFjpahfTsd; h.; mthf; s; cyf ehLfspy; vej; ehlb; wF; k; gpd; jqf; pathf; s; myy; . Mdhy; tshr; r; p milej; ehlL; kff; is xgg; pLkN; ghJ jhqf; s; mthf; stpwF; jpwikkpff; thf; s; myy; vd jqf; SfF; xU czhi; t Vwg; Ljj; p nfhzL; ss; dh.; NkYk; ,ej; pahf; s; vej; tifapYk; mthf; is tpl risjj; thf; s; myy; . mthf; isg; NghyNt ehKk; rkkhdthf; s; vdw; ekg; pfi; f nfhss; NtzL; k.; khzthf; s; > jqf; s; cah;ej; ,ylr; paji; j miltjwF; > Mrphpahf; s; mthf; is Cff; gg; Ljj; NtzL; k.; mthf; s; vej; gpurr; idia rej; pjj; hYk; mij rkhspfF; k; tpjjj; py; mthf; SfF; topfhlb; ahf jpfo NtzL; k.; tpz;ntsp tpQQ; hdk; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gk; “ehd; ,ee; pfor; r; piag; gww; p epidT $WkN; ghJ Qhdkilej; Md;kfP thjpfs; >tpQQ; hd jiythf; s; midtUk; xNu Ftpayhf kdpj thof; i; ffF; khpahij nfhLgg; ij ghhf; f; NeUfpwJ. xU fhyfll; jj; py; Gjpjhf Njthyhak; kw;Wk; gss; pfs; Jtff; gg; ll; J. b.,.Mh.; vy.; tp.v].; v].; rp ADila gpwgG; tbtikfF; k; jpwid ntspff; hlb; w;W cyfjujj; py; ek; ehL kpfg; nghpa uhfn; fl; nrat; jpy; tshr; r; paile;Jss; J. xh; 74 | P a g e

,ljj; pypUeJ; ,aff; $ba nrawi; fNfhs; %ykhf thA kzl; yjj; py; epfOk; khw;wqf; s; > ehP t; sk; Nghdw; twi; w mwpe;J nfhss; yhk.; Nghuhrphpah; tpfu; k; rhuhgha; > lhfl; h; glP l; h; nghd; hhl; >; nghNuuh Nghdw; thf; s; ,d;W capNuhbyi; y> Mdhy; mthf; spd; Mff; gG; +ht; khd nrayhy; mthf; Sfn; fd jdpg; ghijia cUthff; pAss; dh.; Ftpayhd kdKk>; gpugQr; ji; jg; gww; p mwpTk; NtzL; k; vdw; mwG; jkhd nraj; pia vyy; h jiyKiwapdUfF; k; Vwg; njhptpjJ; ss; hhf; s.; jiy rpwej; gjptpahshf; s; > Md;k gyKilathf; s; > gpugQr; wpT cilathf; Sila jplkhd ghukg; hpa mDgtji; j ,isQhf; s; ehlL; tshr; r; p gzpff; hf rthyhf vLjJ; f; nfhzL; nrayg; Ljj; NtzL; k.; Njrj;jpw;fhd Kjy; ghh;it kWgbAk; mth; Rjej; pujj; pwF; KdD; ss; ,ej; pahitg; gww; p NgRfpwhh.; Rjej; pu Nghuhll; jj; pwF; k; > tshr; r; pfF; khd tpfpjji; jg; ghhf; f; pwhh.; yhyh y[g; lu; ha>; Nyhf;khdpa jpyf>; k`hj;kh fhej; p> gzb; j; [t`hy; hy; NeU> rhj; hh; tyy; gg; ha; glN; ly; > mGy; fyhk; Mrhj>; gff; pk; rej; pu rll; h[; p > thP ; rthhf; h; Nghd;wthf; is Rjej; pu Nghuhll; k; ntspf; nfhzh;ej; J. ehL tpLjiyff; hf Nghuhbf; nfhzb; Uej; NghJ mjpfkhd jpwikkpff; tpQQ; hdpfSk>; njhopyE; lg; f; fiyQhf; Sk; meN; eujj; py; fhzgg; ll; hhf; s.; Rjej; pujj; pwF; k>; tshr; r; pfF; khd Neubahd rkg; ej; k; ,Uff; pwJ vd lhfl; h; fyhk; njhptpjJ; ss; hh.; vdNt ek; ehli; l kjpjJ; gpurr; idfs; jh;P t; jwf; hf ghLgl NtzL; k; vdf; pwhh.; Mqf; py muR tpQQ; hdk; kwW; k; njhopy; Elg; tshr; r; pfF; vjpuhf nrayg; ll; J. vdpDk; > ek; ehlL; j; jiythf; s; mthf; splkpUeJ; Nghuhb Mlr; piaj; jpUkg; ngww; dh.; ,ej; pah xU mbikgg; Ljj; gg; ll; ehL. vdpDk; tpQQ; hdk; >fiy> Fwpgg; hf tpQQ; hdjj; py; NkwF; ehll; thf; SfF; ,ej; pahf; s; vtt; ifapYk; risjj; thf; s; myy; > rkkhdthf; s; vd ntspgg; Ljj; NtzL; k; . fbd ciogg; pdw; p tshr; r; p vdg; J ,ayhj fhhpak; vdg; ij lhfl; h; fyhk; ntspgg; LjJ; fpwhh.; NkYk; > mth; lhlh njhopwr; hiyia cjhuzkhf jUfpwhh.; lhlh F&g; epWtdjj; py; jiyth; [hkn; rl[; p ErhN; td;[p fbd ciogg; hy; mee; pWtdji; j KdD; fF; nfhzL; tej; hh.; mNj Nghy; Rjej; pujj; pwF; KdD; ss; fhyfll; jj; py; > gy nghpa epWtdqf; s; Jtqf; gg; lL; ss; J.mitfspy; ngqf; @hpy; n[.vd.; lhlhthy; ,ej; pad; ,d]; l; lb; A+l; Mg; rapd]; >; gzb; j kjd; Nkhfd; khyt; pahyhy; ngdu]; `pe;J gyf; iyf; fofk>; rh; iraj; m`kj; fhdhy; mypfh; K]y; pk; gyf; iyf; fofk; Jtqf; gg; ll; J. kww; it uh[hff; shy; Jtqf; gg; ll; it. mitfspy; gNuhlh gyf; iyff; ofKk; xd;W ,dD; k; gy cjhuzqf; is nfhLjJ; ,ej; pahf; s; ahUfF; k; gpd; jqf; pathf; s; myy; vdg; ij ep&gpff; yhk.; 75 | P a g e

Njrj;jpw;fhd ,uzl; hk; ghh;it Rjej; pujj; pwF; g; gpd; mtUila ghhi; t tshr; r; piag; gww; paJ . ,ej; pah Rjej; puk; ngww; gpd; ,uzl; htJ epiyahd tshr; r; pia Nehff; pr; nryf; pwJ. ,gn; ghOJ > ,ej; pahit tshe; j; ehLfspilNa ek; ciogg; hy; cahj; j; NtzL; k.; mjwF; Kd; Kff; pakhf ehk; nghUshjhujj; pYk>; tpahghujj; pYk; rfj; pAss; thf; shf NtzL; k.; tsUk; ehLfSff; pilapy; Fiwej; J Kjy; Iej; pljj; pyhtJ ,lk; ngw NtzL; k.; xU tUljj; pwF; 10% -11% tiu ehlb; d; tshr; r; pff; hd ,yfF; ephz; apff; gg; l NtzL; k.; Fiwej; J 10% kff; s; tWikfN; fhlb; ypUeJ; Fiwa NtzL; k.; ,ej; pah jdD; ila cwg; jj; pia ngUfF; tjd; %ykhfTk; > ,di; wa jpdk; tiuapyhd mZ kw;Wk; VTfiz Nghdw; MAjqf; is mjpf mstpy; ; thqF; tjd; %ykhfTk; jplkhd ehlhf jpfor; nraa; yhk.; cyfr; rei; japy; ,ej; pahtpwF; xU ,lk; mtrpaNk> Ntshzi; k kw; Wk; czT > Rfhjhuk; > tshr; r; pff; hd Mjhu mikgG; > Ajj; MAjqf; is cwg; jj; p nraA; k; njhopwr; hiy Mfpait jtphf; ; Kbahj kpf Kff; pa NjitfshFk.; b.I.vg.; v.rp vd;w mikgg; py; 500 epGzhf; s; gyN; tW fpisfspy; ,uzL; tUlqf; shf gzpahw;wp ehlb; d; tshr; r; pff; hf 35 Mtzqf; s; kff; spd; eyDff; hfTk; > ehlb; d; tsji; j ngUfF; tjwf; hd tptuji; jAk; mjwf; hf vLff; Ntzb; a eltbfi; fiaAk; rkhg; pjj; dh.; njhopy; Elg; k; ,ylr; paji; j miltjjwf; hd Kff; pa jpwTNfhy; Ntshzi; k czT cwg; jj; pia gjg; g; Lj;Jjy>; tptrhak; > Rfhjhuk>; kpdr; huk; > cs;ehlL; tpkhdk>; ehP ;epiyaqf; s>; nghwpapay; njhopwr; hiyfs>; tpQQ; hdk; kw;Wk; caphpay; njhopy; Elg; k; Ajj; MAjqf; is cwg; jj; p nraA; k; njhopwr; hiyfs>; frr; hg; nghUlf; s>; gjgg; Lj;Jjy; Nghdw; Jiwapy; ghhi; tia nrYjj; NtzL; k.; xtn; thU njhopy; Elg; Kk; xd;Wfn; fhd;W kpf nghpa njhlhG; ilait. 76 | P a g e

9. Ie;J kpfg;nghpa jpl;lq;fs; jpwikahf kjpElg; jJ; ld; xd;Wf$; b ,ej; pahit Ie;J ,ljj; py; tp]j; uP zk; nraa; gg; l NtzL; k; vd milahsk; fhzgg; ll; J. 1. Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; czit gjg;gLjJ; jy; ,UgJ tUl fhyff; ll; jj; py; 360 kpyy; pad; ld; czT jhdpa tiffis cwg; jj; p nraa; NtzL; k; vd ,yfF; ephz; apff; NtzL; k.; kw;w ,lqf; spy; tpisAk; Ntshzi; k kwW; k; czTg; nghUlf; isg; gjgg; Lj;JtJ fpuhk kff; SfF; ntw;wpiaAk; ehlb; wF; nghUshjhu KdN; dw;wji; jAk; Njbj; jUk; .,J NkYk; fpuhk kw;Wk; efu kff; SfF; thof; i; fj; juji; j cahj; J; k.; 2. ekg; fkhd kw;Wk; jukhd kpdD; w;gj;jp kpd; cwg; jj; papYk>; jujj; pYk; ftdk; nrYjj; gg; lL; ss; J. 3. fy;tp kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; ftdk; fyt; p kw;Wk; MNuhff; pak; xd;Wfn; fhd;W njhlhG; ilaJ vdg; jhy; lhfl; h; fyhk; xU cjhuzji; j Kd; epWjJ; fpwhh.; mjhtJ Nfushtpy; kff; s; njhif mjfkhf ,Uej; NghjpYk; mthf; Sila fyt; p kwW; k; MNuhff; paji; j ghJfhgg; jd; %yk; jukhd thof; i; fia mikjJ; fn; fhss; Kbej; J. jopo;ehlb; y; ‘kjpa czTj; jpll; jj; pd’; Nehff; ji; j Nghjpjj; jpd; tpisthf kff; sn; jhif Fiwe;Jss; J. Mej; pu gpuNjrk; gw;wp mwpAkN; ghJ tpjj; pahrkhd edK; iwapy; mwpagg; LfpwJ. ,ej; mDgtqf; is g`P hh>; cjj; pu gpuNjrk; Nghdw; khepyqf; spy; gugg; NtzL; k.; ,ej; khepyqf; s; Mukg; fhyjj; pypUeN; j mjpf kf#iy jUtpgg; jhy; ,J NkYk; mthf; SfF; cjtpahfapUfF; k.; 4. jfty; njhopyEl;gk; ,ej; pah jfty; njhopy; Elg; tpahghujj; py; kpfTk; jpwikahf tpsqF; fpwJ njhiy J}u ,lqf; SfF; fyt; p toqF; tjpYk; > Njrpa nryt; ji; j cUthfF; tjpYk; cjtpahf ,UfF; k; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; ekg; pfi; f njhptpjJ; ss; hh.; 77 | P a g e

5. Aj;j je;jpug; gFjpapd; Kf;fpak; ,it ehL kw;Wk; MAj tshr; r; p rkg; ej; gg; ll; it ,ej; pah ftdpff; jff; tifapy; mghpjkhd tshr; r; pia ,j;Jiwapy; mile;Jss; J. NkwF; wpgg; pll; IeJ; JiwfSk; czT> nghUshjhuk; kwW; k; ghJfhgG; MfpatwW; ld; xd;Wfn; fhd;W rkg; ej; gg; ll; it. mtuJ ghhi; t KOikailtjwF; Muhar; r; p kwW; k; tshr; r; pf; fofKk; >njhopwr; hiy kw;Wk; murhqf; $lL; hpik ,yhfhTk; mtww; pd; jplkhd $lL; jn; jhopy; %yNk epiwNtWk.; rpwe;j Cf;fkspf;f$ba Fwpf;Nfhs; ehlb; d; tshr; r; pfF; j; Njitahd vzz; pylqf; h tp\\aqf; is lhfl; h; fyhk; vLjJ; iuff; pwhh.; “,ej; pahtpd; kdpj tsKk; ,awi; f tsKk; mjpfhkfTss; J” vd;Wk; “,ee; hlb; d; rpwej; tshr; r; pfF; Njitahd khww; qf; isf; nfhzL; tUk; ,dk; jiythf; s; mtrukhf Njitgg; Lfpwhhf; s”; vdW; k; ‘rpwej; jiythf; s; fhej; jj; ijg; Nghd;wthf; s; mthf; s; tpghjP Jzprr; y; kpff; thf; shfTk; jdpkdpjDila myy; J mikgg; pD; ila Njhyt; piaf; fzL; gagg; lhjthf; shfTk>; kff; is ftUk; tzz; k; Cff; kpff; jiyikahshuhfTk; jpfot; h’; vdW; lhfl; h; fyhk; $wpAss; hh.; ehd; Mff; gG; +ht; khd ghhi; tiaAk; FwpfN; fhisAk; nfhzl; thf; Sld; gzpahww; pAsN; sd; vd $Wk; fyhk; > mthf; spy; Fwpgg; hf vd; kdij fth;ej; thf; s; ,isQhf; Ns vdf; pwhh.; mth; I.v].; Mh.; x kwW; k; b.Mh.; b.xtpwF; jyh ,UgJ MzL; fs; Ntiy nraj; pUff; pwhh.; ‘xU rpwej; jiytNu xU topfhlb; ahfTk; ntww; papd; ghijapy; nryy; f$; batuhfTk; ,Ugg; hh’; vd mth; $Wfpwhh.; gpdG; . mtt; opfhlb; apd; cjtpahy; jpll; qf; is mKYfF; nfhzL; tUth.; cjhuzjj; pwF; lhfl; h; fyhk; Kjy; nrawi; fNfhs; Vtpaijg; gw;wp myy; J I.Mh.; gp.vk; ikg; gw;wp Fwpgg; pLkN; ghJ rpy fzqf; s; jtWfs; Vwg; ll; d. Mdhy; rpy Neuqf; spy; Njhyt; pfs; Vwg; ll; jd; tpisNt jukhd nghUis cUthff; Kbej; J vdf; pwhh.; NkYk>; njhopyE; lg; Kk>; epht; hfKNk xU rfj; pthae; j; jtP pu ,aff; ji; j cUthff; KbAk.; ntww; pfF; Kff; pa fhuzk; vdd; ntdpy; jpwikkpff; kff; is cUthfF; fpd;wdh.; mjhtJ mej; mikgG; mthf; is <dn; wLff; pwJ.Njrpa mikgG; fs; xU ,yfF; ld; ciojj; hy; ehL nrOikahf tshr; r; p milAk.; 78 | P a g e

Kjypy; mtUila fdT ,ej; pah 2020apy; tshr; r; pailej; ehlhf jpfot; J Kjy; ghhi; t KbAk; jUthapy; ,uzl; hk; ghhi; t njhlqf; p ,ej; pah cyfehLfSfF; ,ilapy; ntw;wpfukhf tshr; r; p milej; ehlhf jpfOk; vd ekg; pfi; fAld; njhptpj;Jss; hh.; fyy; hikAk; rKjhajj; py; Vw;wj; jhoT; kpd;wp midtUk; rkk; vd;w czhN; thL thot; ij lhfl; h; fyhk; jdD; ila kdf; zz; py; fhzf; pwhh.; mjpy; mth; Gjpa ,ej; pahitg; ghhf; f; pwhh.; ,ej; ,UgJ MzL; fspy; fbd ciogi; gg; Nghll; hy; mgN; ghJss; ,ej; pa Foei; jfs; ‘gzff; hu ,ej; pa ehL’ vd ghLitijf; Nflf; yhk; vd fdT fhzf; pwhh.; ,dW; kff; Sila kdjpYk; mtUila ,uzl; hk; ghhi; t nfhOe;JtplL; vhpa NtzL; k.; G+kpapy; kpf rfj; ptha;ej; tsk; G+kpfF; mbapNyh myy; J NkNyNah myy; . mit kdpjdpd; nfhOeJ; tpln; lhpAk; kdNk. ,Wjpahf lhfl; h; fyhk; ehli; k tsgg; Ljj; Tk; > Gjpa Nfhzjj; pwF; ehli; l topeljj; Tk; ,ej; pa ,sqF; oei; jfSfF; ghuhlL; fis njhptpff; pwhh.; 79 | P a g e

10. lhf;lh; mg;Jy; fyhkpd; fdTj; jpl;lq;fs; %jj; tpQQ; hdpahd>ghJfhgG; Muhar; r; p tshr; r; p fofjj; pd; jiytUkhd> Iff; pa ghJfhgG; mikrr; UfF; tpQQ; hd MNyhrfUkhd> ,di; wa FbauR jiyth; m.ng.n[ mg;Jy; fyhkpd; fdTjj; pll; qf; s; ‘jp rpqf; ps; ]N; l[-; ^-Mhg; pl-; yhdr; ; Nt`pfy; myy; J i`gh; tpkhd tpzn; tspapy; tpkhdjj; pwf; hd Gjpa jpll; k; $ba tpiutpy; czi; kahFk.; ,ej; pahtpd; kpfgn; ghpa fhyjj; pll; k’; vd tpQQ; hdpfs; fUJfpd;wdh.; i`gh; tpkhdk; tUif cyf tpzn; tsp njhopy; Elg; jj; pwF; xU Ajj; jej; pujj; pwf; hdj; NjhT; NkYk>; mjpf Rik Vw;wp mjwf; hd nryit Fiwgg; jwf; hd rhjj; pa$W css; d vd MNyhrdij; njhptpj;Jss; dh.; ,dW; tiu > ekg; fkhd fll; zk; jpwikahd tbtikgg; py; ehll; kpyy; hjjhy; cyfjj; pYss; mjpfkhd ehLfs; uhfn; fl; nrYj;Jtjwf; hd ghijia Njh;en; jLj;Jss; dh.; mthf; spd; nraYfF; clg; ll; tiu KOikahf tpopgG; zhT; ld; nrayg; lL; f; nfhzb; Uff; pd;wdh.; ,ej; ylr; pa jpll; jj; pwF; KdN; g KOikahf Mo;ej; Nahrid nfhLff; gg; lL; ss; J. ntspehlL; ]j; hgdqf; s; jpll; kpLtjpy; Mht; k; fhlL; fpdw; dh.; Mdhy; mjj; pll; jj; pwf; hf Nrhf; g; g; Lk; $lL; g; nghUlf; s>; mjwf; hd Kawr; pg; Nghdw; ,ufrpa tpguji; j ntspgLjj; kWff; pwhhf; s; vd tpQQ; hdpfs; $Wfpwhhf; s.; i`gh; tpkhdk; G+kpfF; NkNy 200 fp.kP tiu nrYjj; KbAk; . NkYk; rpwpa ce;Jif flL; khd mikgg; pd; %ykhf VTfizia vjphpfspd; vej; tpj ,ilkwpjj; Ykpd;wp Nehff; pr; nrYjj; KbAk.; ,it vjphpfSfF; tpkhdf; FzL; fspd; ,yfi; f njhpe;Jnfhss; ,ayhj mstpwF; epiwNtww; KbAk.; xU i`gh; tpkhdk; Rkhh; Iej; pypUeJ; gj;J VTfizia jfhf; F; k; kpf Kff; pakhf #hpa rfj; pia kpdr; hukhf khw;WtjwF; gpwf; hyjj; py; ,aej; puji; jg; gadg; Ljj; yhk; vd vjphg; hhff; gg; LfpwJ. tpkhdjj; py; #hpa gyif nghUjJ; tjd; %yk; #hpa rfj; pia kpdr; hukhf khw;wyhk; vd tpQQ; hdpfs; $Wfpdw; dh.; ,fF; wpfN; fhis miltjwF; ,ej; pahtpwF; Nkkg; lL; nrYjJ; k; epiyapyi; y. Mf]; p[dpd; ]j; pukpyy; hj gpsT ntspahFk; . Gjpa jpll; ji; j ikaf; fUthf nfhzL; i`gh; gN; sd; nrayg; Ljj; gg; lL; ss; J. tpQQ; hdpfisg; nghWjj; tiuapy; ,J xU Kff; pakhd khjphpahff; fUjgg; LfpwJ. Kjypy; fhwW; Nrkpgg; pyy; hky; uhfn; fl; epiyfF; Njitgg; Lk; jput epiyapYss; Mf]; p[d; fzfn; fLff; gg; LfpwJ. ,yfi; f milej; gpd; vtt; sT Njitgg; ll; J vdg; J fzfn; fLff; gg; LfpwJ. 80 | P a g e

Mfha tpkhdk; kwW; k; uhfn; flb; d; fyitNt ]pqf; s-; ]N; l; [-; ^-Mhg; pl-; Nt`pff; y; ( xU epiyapypUeJ; Rww; ptUk; ,aej; puk); njspthf $wNtzL; nkdpy; mit xU gytifgg; ll; nrqF; jj; hd uhfn; fl; nrYj;Jk; flL; khd mikgG; tpkhd miwfF; s; nryY; k; ghij> jpwikahfTk; rhjfkhfTk; tbtikff; gg; lL; ss; J . ika NehfF; tpiriag; gadg; Ljj; p uhfn; fl; ghijapy; $Ljy; edi; kailayhk; vd tpQQ; hdpfs; $wfpdw; dh.; fhwW; jputkhff; f; $ba nfhsi; fia tbtikff; gg; lL; ntspgg; ilahf Muhaf; pd;wdh.; jwN; ghJ 125 ld; jput Mf]; p[d; filrpfll; uhfn; flb; y; adg; Ljg; g; lL; ss; J.kw;wit thaT; kzl; yjj; pYss; FU]p epiyapypUeJ; vLff; gg; ll; J. FU]p tpkhdk; 1400 tpdhbfs; mjhtJ 900 [p xU tpehbfF; i`gg; h; tpkhdk; ,uzL; tifahf Rthrpff; pwJ. xd;W ce;Jifapd; NghJ Neubahf .kwn; whdW; tpkhdjj; py; Vwf; dNt Nrfhpff; gl; l; fhww; pdhy; FU]p epiyapy; tpkhdjj; pd; cauji; jAk; Ntfji; jAk; flL; gg; LjJ; k; tpjjj; py; me;epiyia milAk; tiu jpll; kplgg; lL; ss; J. uhfn; fl; nrYjJ; jYfF; MFk; nryit tpl i`gh; tpkhdjj; pwF; gjp%d;wpy; xU ghfNk nrythFnkd %jj; tpQQ; hdpfs; Fwpgg; pLfpd;wdh; . Kff; pakhf uhfn; fl; nrYj;JjYfF; gjpyhf ,uzL; Kjy; IeJ; tiuahd i`gh; tplhdk; jhuhskhfr; nraa; yhk.; mJklL; kpd;wp mtw;wpd; ghfqf; s; kWgbAk; flL; khdg; gzpfF; gadg; Ljj; yhk; . ,it rpff; dkhf ,Ugg; jhy; Jzpe;J ,ij tphpTgg; Ljj; yhk.; Aidll; l; rp]l; k; A.v]; ,uzL; Nk tpzn; tspff; yk; nrYj;Jk; njhopy; Elg; jj; py; ‘`hNlhy; v]; -30’ vd.; v. v].; gp Nghd;wtww; pd; gzpiag; gw;wp mwpfi; fia rkhg; pjJ; ss; dh.; ,jwF; k; i`gh; gN; sDfF; Kss; tpjj; pahrk; vdd; ntdpy; ce;Jifapd; NghJ Neubahf fhwi; w RthrprF; k; > NkYk; fhwi; wAk; NrfhpfF; k>; i`hNlhy; xU ce;Jjyhy; nry;Yk; uhfn; fl; ,U xU Fwpgg; pll; msT tiujhd; fhwi; wnaLfF; k> tpQQ; hdp xUth; vd.; v.v].; gp fhwi; w RthrpfF; k; ,aej; puk; klL; Nkad;wp mit fhwi; w vLff; hJ vd fUjJ; njhptpj;Jss; dh.; i`gh; tpkhdk; ceJ; jypdN; ghJ> fhwi; w RthrpfF; k; kwW; k; fhwi; w NrfhpfF; k; tifapy; tbtikff; gg; ll; J. ,tt; puzb; wf; hd thag; G; ld; tpzn; tspapy; mjpf RikAlDk; Fiwej; tpiyAlDk; tyk; te;J > ,tT; yfpy; jpwikahf xU rfhgj; k; gilff; pwJ. ,ej; pa tpQQ; hdp xUth; ntww; pfukhf tlNkwF; ghiytdjj; py; Ie;J mZ ghpNrhjid nraj; hh.; mth; ahnudpy; mgN; ghJ GJnlyy; papypUej; lhfl; h; M.ng.n[ mg;Jy; fyhkj; hd; > jpwikahd kwW; k; Nehj; j; papyy; hj jiyKbia nfhzl; gpuk;krhhpahf ,ej; pahtpd; rpwej; kdpjuhf Njhw;wkspjj; th.; 81 | P a g e

lhfl; h; fyhk; rpWtajpy; jopoe; hlb; Yss; flNyhug; gFjpapy; Viof; FLkg; jj; py; gpwe;J tshe; j; hh.; mtUila kdJ ,ej; pah vd;Wk; rfj; p tha;ej; ehlhf jpfo NtzL; k; vd;w Miria kiwjj; jpyi; y. xtn; thU NrhjidapYk; fyhKld; gzpahw;wpa rf Copahf; s; ,rN; rhjid ngUk; Jdg; jj; pwN; f vd thoj; ;J njhptpjj; dh.; uh[]j; hdpy; css; ngfu; hdpy; mZ Nrhjid nraj; gpd; mtt; hujj; py; GJ nlyy; pfF; jpUkg; pa NghJjhd; xU Njrpa ehafd; vd jdfF; s; fUjpdhh.; kff; s; MuthujN; jhL mtiu Kw;WiaplL; mthplk; ifnahgg; k; Nfll; dh.; ,jj; idfF; k; mrN; rhjid cyfk; KOtJk; gutp J}rpjj; YfF; MshdJ. rpy tUlqf; SfF; KdG; tiu njhlhr; r; pahf xNuauR ebP jj; ikahy; mZ ghpNrhjizff; hd mjpfhuk; nfhLff; gg; lhky; Kwpabff; gg; ll; J.gpdG; > mth; gpujhd tpQQ; hd MNyhrfuhfapUe;J NghJ ntspNaw epidjJ; nrdi; d gyf; iyff; ofjj; pwF; JizNtej; uhf tej; hh.; ,ej; pahtpYss; mZ ghpNrhjid $ljj; py; > murpaypd; rurkhLk; jdi; kia lhfl; h; fyhk; ntspgg; ilahf Ngrpa NghJ ahUk; mjphr; r; pailatpyi; y. gpukpff; r; nraA; k; mZfU rpijTzl; mjph; ntb kw;Wk; kpdd; Ztpay; MAjqf; is ,izj;J Jiz flL; khdg; gzpia Muhaf; pd;wdh.; vgg; b mZ MAjqf; s; ,ej; pahit Rjej; pukhfTk; > ntspehll; thf; splkpUe;J gakpdw; p itjj; pUfF; k; vdg; ij jdfF; gpbjj; murpay; jiygg; py; lhfl; h; fyhk; vOjpAss; hh.; goqf; hyjj; py; ,e;J ehfhpfk; css; NghJ tlfN; f khrpNlhdpad]; ; ghurfP hf; s>; Mgf; hd]P j; hf; s; kw;Wk; gphpll; d; Nghdw; thf; s; ek; ehlL; fF; s; MAjqf; Sld; CLUtpdhhf; s.; mjpfkhd ,ej; pahf; s; ,]y; hkpahf; spd; gilnaLgG; k; Mff; pukpgi; gAk; kdjpy; nfhzL; lhfl; h; fyhk; xU ,]y; hkpah; vdg; jhy; NfhblL; xgg; pLfpd;wdh.; rpyUila mG+ht; khd thof; i; f tuyhW Fwpgg; plgg; lL; ss; J. ,ej; pa fphpfn; fl; FOtpd; jiytiug; Nghy > ,ej; pahtpd; rpwej; jsgjpiag; Nghy> nraj; pjj; hs; gjpgg; hsh; kwW; k; ,uh[ jej; pu epGzhf; s; Nghy rpwej; gljj; ahhpgg; hshf; s; kw;Wk; fiyQhf; isg; Nghy > 700 kpyy; pad; `pe;Jfs; css; ehlb; y; 120 kpyy; pad; ,]y; hkpahf; spy; lhfl; h; fyhKk; xUth.; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; mZ MAj ghpNrhjidia ,ej; pah nfhzl; hba NghJ> rpyh; ,ej; pahtpYss; ‘,]y; hkpa ntbFzL; ’ vd `pe;J kj rhhpaflr; p Mzl; NghJ mtiu mgg; bf; Fwpgg; pll; dh.; xU gpyy; pad; ,]y; hkpa kff; s; jqf; spd; ,]y; hkpa ehlb; wf; hf mZ MAj KdN; dw;wjj; pwf; hf ciojj; dh.; Fwpgg; hf ,ej; pah mZ ghpNrhjid nraj; gpd; ghfp]j; hd; clNd xdi; w Nrhjpjj; J Nghy.; lhfl; h; fyhk; xU ,]y; hkpauhf ,Uej; NghJk; mtUila NgrR; k; > kNdhghtKk; ‘jhd; xU ,ej; pad’; vdw; czhi; t ntspgg; Lj;Jk.; lhfl; h; fyhk; ,e;J Ntj E}yf; is gbgg; jpy; mjpf Mht; k; nfhzl; th.; mthpd; Kjy; nkhopahd jkpopy; gy ghlyf; is ntspaplL; ss; hh.; GJnlyy; papy; mtUila nghOJNghfF; tiP zia klP L; tJ> tiP zapy; ,UGwqf; spy; css; cUis MfF; jiyAk>; mopjj; iyAk; Fwpff; pwJ. mjhtJ ,eJ; flTs; rptid xgg; plL; myy; J xgg; plf$; ba tifapYss; J. 82 | P a g e

,ej; pahtpd; [tP rhpjj; puk; kw;Wk; ,eJ; ff; spd; Gdpj E}yhd ‘gftj; fiP jia’ kpfTk; urpj;Jg; gbgg; hh; Kjd; Kjyhf mnkhpff; htpy; mZFzL; Muhar; r; p nkfr; pNfhtpYss; ghiytdjj; py; [_iy 16k; ehs; 1945k; MzL; uhghl; ; xgg; d`; pkh>; ,awg; pay; ty;Yeuhy; ghpNrhjid nraa; gg; ll; J. uhghl; ; mZ Mzb; d; gpwgi; g gftj; fiP japy; tUk; rptngUkhNdhL xgg; plL; xU nraj; pia njhptpff; pwhh.; mZit rptNdhL fhuzk; fwg; pff; pwhh.; “ ehd; ,gN; ghJ ,weJ; tplN; ld; cyfji; j mopgg; td”; . lhfl; h; fyhkpd; ghlypy; mth; xgg; d`; pkiu Nghy jd; gzpff; hd fUji; j xgG; fn; fhsf; pwhh.; gpujhd tpQQ; hd MNyhrfh; kw;Wk; mZ MAjf; FOtpd; jiyth; MtjwF; Kd; lhfl; h; fyhk; xU rpwej; VTfizg; nghwpahsh.; ,ej; pahtpd; Kjy; tpzn; tsp nrawi; fNfhs; nrYj;Jtjwf; hd topKiwj; njhFgg; py; mth; gzpahw;wpAss; hh.; gpdG; VTfiz ghpNrhjpjJ; mjid KdN; dwW; tjwf; hd FOtpy; jiyik gjtpahsuhf gzpahw;wpdhh.; Mqf; py nkhopgn; gahg; G; ghlypy; Fogg; khd kdepiyapy; “ehd; tpzn; tsp tpQQ; hdji; j kpifgg; Ljj; p Muhar; r; p nraJ; ss; Ndh? myy; J ehd; MAjqf; is mopTff; hfg; gadg; Ljj; pAsN; sNd? vd lhfl; h; fyhk; vOjpAss; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhk; jdD; ila rpW tajpy; ,uzl; hk; cyfgN; ghiug; gw;wp jopo; nraj; pjj; hspy; Kjyg; ff; jiygG; r; nraj; papy; gbjJ; ss; hh.; mjpy; flwg; ilapy; Nkkg; ll; Ajj; tpkhdk; gw;wp lhfl; h; fyhk; gbff; Nehe; j; NghJ mth; kdjpy; mijg; gww; pa xU ylr; paji; j Vwg; Ljj; paJ. gpdd; hspy; mth; vk.; I.b fy;Y}hpapy; VNuhdhlb; f; nghwpapay; gapd;whh.; Mdhy; lhfl; Nul; gll; k; ngwtpyi; y. 1960k; MzL; lhfl; h; fyhkpwF; A.v].; rpYss; ; tpzn; tsp Muhar; r; p ikajj; py; gzpahw;w ,ej; pa FO Ithpy; ,tUk; xUtuhf KjdK; iwahf ntspehlL; fF; gazpjj; hh.; ,ej; pa tpQQ; hdpfs; mjpfkhNdhh; A.v].; rpYss; mZ Nrhjidf; FOtpYss; dh.; mthf; spy; lhfl; h; uh[Nfhghy; rpjkg; uKk; xUth.; mth; A.v].; rpy; KJfiy gll; k; ngww; th.; Epiwa tpQQ; hdpfs; ghfp]j; hd; mZ topKiwj; njhFgg; py; gzpahww; pAss; dh.; ,ej; pa VTfizapy; ntww; pfukhf tshr; r; paile;Jss; J vdTk; mZFzb; y; czi; kapy; ahUila Jizapyy; hky; rpwe;Jss; J vdTk; > Mukg; fhyjj; py; A.v].; rpYk; Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpYk; uhfn; fl; rkg; ej; gg; ll; itfF; cjtpfs; ngwN; whk; vd lhfl; h; fyhk; njhptpj;Jfss; hh.; lhfl; h; mg;Jy; fyhk; vjphf; hy ntw;wpff; hd mwpFwpfis ntspgg; Lj;Jfpwhh.; mth; mzz; h fyf; iyff; ofj; py; Nguhrphpauhf gzpahww; paNghJ nrdi; dapYss; vk.; I.b fy;Y}hpapy; VNuhdhlb; f; nghwpahshf; s; Vwg; hL nraj; Nguhrphpah; v].; vd; .jh]pd; 60jhtJ gpwej; ehsdW; rpwej; gyf; iy khzthf; splk; nrhwn; ghopthw;wpdhh.; mjpy; mth; tpzn; tsp njhopyE; lg; k; kwW; k; flL; khdg; gzpiaAk>; ,uzl; hk; ghhi; tahd ‘tshr; r; papy’; ,ej; pah eprr; akhf 2020apy; cah;ej; pUfF; k; vd ciuahw;wpdhh.; 83 | P a g e

lhfl; h; fyhkpd; ghh;itapy; rpy tpNr\\ Fwpg;Gfs; tpzn; tsp njhopyE; lg; jj; pd; %ykhf 100 kpyy; pad; kff; s; njhiyNgrp njhlhi; g ngw;Wss; dh.; nraj; p njhlhG; rhjdjj; pd; %yk; xU Gjpa Nfhzkhd ‘VNuh nlypfhk; Ntiy’ mNefkhf mikAk.; ikfN; uh vyfl; u; hdpf]; ; xU Kff; pa gqF; tfpfF; k; . ,it fyt; p tpahghuk; kw;Wk; nghOJNghfF; gadg; Ljj; gg; LfpwJ. i`gh; tpkhdqf; spd; fdT 15 rjtjP k; cUgn; gwW; tpll; J. guP qf; p FzL; fis jfhf; F; k; > nrawi; f Nfhsf; spd; ,izgG; kw;Wk; mZ MAjqf; is mopgg; J Nghd;wit ehlb; d; ghJfhgg; py; xU gqF; tfpff; pwJ. ,uhZtg; Nghiug; gww; pa nraj; pfs; gpwf; hyjj; py; mZ MAjqf; shy; capUfF; MgjJ; tpistpff; f; $Lk; vd ekg; gg; LfpwJ. lhfl; h; fyhk; mth; kdjpy; ,ej; pahitg; gww; p %d;W fdTfis tshj; ;J tej; hh.; [p.v].; vy.; tp kwW; k; vy.; rp.v ntww; pfF; g; gpd; mit xU ntspgg; ilahd cUtk; vLjJ; ss; jhf mth; $Wfpwhh.; ehk; midtUk; 2020apy; tshr; r; p milej; ,ej; pah vdw; fditg; gfphe; J; f; nfhss; NtzL; k; . lhfl; h; fyhk; ‘rpej; idNa KdN; dw;wjj; pwf; hd topnad;Wk; mitaw;wJ jdp kdpjd>; mikgG; kwW; k; Njrjj; pwF; moptiNaj; jUk”; vdf; pwhh.; vyy; h ehfhfP Kk; njhopy; Elg; jj; pypUeJ; cUthfpwJ. mbgg; il Njitahd neUgG; > Ntshzi; k> rff; uk>; ehP g; g; hrdk>; nghUlf; isg; gww; pa Qhdk; > cNyhfk; Nghd;wtwi; w fzl; wpe;J cgNahfpjj; dh.; tpQQ; hdKk>; njhopy;Elg; Kk; ,izeJ; ,uhZt kWkyhr; r; papy; Kff; pa gqF; tfpff; pwJ.,it xd;Wfn; fhd;W njhlhG; ilait. Nkwf; jj; pa ehLfisj; jtpu > cjhuzjj; pwF; ,ej; pah kpfTk; gpdj; qf; pAss; J. ehrh yhd;[pyp Muhar; r; p ikajj; py; lhfl; h; fyhk; uhfn; fl; nghwpahsuhf gzpahww; mioff; gg; ll; NghJ ,U Fjpiuiag; G+lb; a Njhpy; gazpgg; J Nghy xd;W tpQQ; hd Muhar; r; p> kwn; whd;W njhopyE; lg; Muhar; r; p vd cUtfgg; Ljj; p Muhar; r; p kw;Wk; tshr; r; pff; hd rkg; ej; ji; j njspthff; $Wfpwhh.; tpQQ; hdKk; njhopyE; lg; Kk; kw;Wk; Muhar; r; pAk>; tshr; r; pff; hd tpjj; pahrji; j gbgg; bahf mth; tpopgG; zhT; lDk; kpfgn; ghpa csS; zhT; lDk; vOJfpwhh.; tpQQ; hdk>; ,awi; fahf jhuhskhf tpsff; ji; jf; nfhLff; $bait . tshr; r; p ‘xU %ba fapw;W tisaji; jg; Nghd;wJ’. tpQQ; hdk; xU Mht; k; . mjDila gpuahzk; Kbtilahky; rhjj; pa $WfSld; Nkdi; kahd vjphf; hyji; jj; Njhw;WtpfF; k.; Rjej; puk; ngw;wjpypUe;J ,ej; pah tpQQ; hd njhopy; Elg; jj; py; gyN; tW tifapy; kff; SfF; ghJfhgG; mspfF; k; tifapYk; ehli; l KdN; dwW; tjpYk; gakpdw; p Rfkhf thoTk; gadg; LfpwJ. rpwej; 84 | P a g e

kdpjd>; njhopypy; Nghuhll; k; > jdi; dj; jhNd czUjy>; mjph\\; l; k; > ntw;wp Nghdw; itNa fbdg; gazjj; py; fplL; git vd lhfl; h; fyhk; $Wfpwhh.; mtUila RarhuP k; rkgP fhykhf kpfTk; czhr; r; pA+lL; k; tifapYss; J. mtUila thof; i; f Raeykww; J ehlL; fF; jdi; d mhg; g; zpj;Jf; nfhzl; hh.; mtUfF; cahe; j; tpUjhd ‘ghuj ujd; h tpUJ’ toqf; gg; ll; J.xU kdpjDfF; ntw;wpAk; epiwthd thof; i; ffF; topAk; >czhT; +lL; k; tifapy; ; mwG; jhkhd topfhlb; ahf ,gG; jj; fk; css; J. mth; jdi; dg; gww; pf; $WkN; ghJ ‘ehd; xU jjJ; t Qhdpayy; ’vdf; $Wfpwhh.; mth; jd; thof; i; fapy; mjpfkhf uhfn; fl; rkg; ej; gg; ll; itia gbgg; jpNyNa fopjj; hh.; kff; is rkhspgg; J nghUlf; s; ehlb; d; ghJfhgG; > tpzn; tsp kw;Wk; mZitg; gw;wpa njhopy; Elg; k; kw;Wk; tpiyAah;ej; thof; f; ifg; ghlji; jAk; edF; mwpthh.; lhfl; h; fyhk; jdD; ila Ra rhpjji; j ehdF; gphpthf gphpj;Jss; hh.; mit Kidjy; > rpU\\b; jj; py>; flhlr; ji; j rkg; hjpjj; y>; jpll; kpLjy; > ,tw;wpy; mth; Kjy; 32 tUlk; ( 1931-1963 ) mLjJ; 17 tUlk; (1963- 1980) kw;w 10tUlk; (1981-1991)mjwF; gpwF vd jpll; kplL; thoe; J; tej; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; thof; i; fapy; jpll; kpLjy; gFjpfF; nrd;why; mtUila edw; pAzhT; k; > ehlL; gg; w;Wk; mjwf; hd cahe; j; tpUJk; >tpQQ; hdk; ghJfhgG; njhopy; kwW; k; Elg; jj; py; mtUff; hd nghWgG; ,twi; wNa fhzyhk.; mtUila ntw;wpfukhf gazjj; pwF; jdi; d jahh; gLjj; pa Fwpgg; hf > Nguhrphpah; rhuhgha>; jthd; kwW; k; gpNuhk; gpufh\\; Nghdw; thf; SfF; ed;wpAzhT; kpff; tuhf jpfof; pwhh.; ehL jplkhfTk; > nrOikahfTk; tshr; r; pAlDk; tuNtzL; k; vd;w juP hj MirAld; tzqf; p ,e;E}iy Kbff; pwhh.; 11. xt;nthU ,e;jpaDk; mtrpak; gbf;f Ntz;ba vOr;rpg; Ng&iu (,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Fbkfdhfj; jpfOk; mZ tQp ;Qhdp> NkjF FbauRj; jiyth;. ghuj uj;dh lhf;lh; m.ng.n[. mg;Jy; fyhk; mth;fs; . i`juhghj; efhpy; Mw;wpa ciu) ,ej; pahtpd; tshr; r; pff; hf ehd; %d;W njhiyNehfF; g; ghhi; tfisf; nfhzb; Uff; pNwd.; flej; 3000 MzL; fhy ekJ rhpjj; pu tuyhw;wpy; > cyfjj; pYss; kw;w ehll; thf; sj; hd>; ekJ ,ej; pahitf; ifgg; w;wp eki; kAk; ekJ kdqf; isAk; MzL; tej; dh.; mnyfr; hzl; h; Kjy; > fpNuff; hf; s>; JUff; pahf; s>; Kfyahhf; s>; Nghhr; R; ff; rP pahf; s>; Mqf; pNyahf; s>; gpnuQR; ff; huhf; s>; lrR; ff; huhf; s; tiu> vyN; yhUk; ekJ ehlb; d; kPJ gilnaLj;J > ekJ nryt; qf; isnayy; hk; nfhsi; sabjJ; r; nrd;W tpll; dh.; vdpDk; > ,Nj nraiy> ehk; ,Jtiu > vej; xU ehlb; wF; k; nraj; jpyi; y. ehk; vej; ehli; lAk; 85 | P a g e

mbikg; gLjj; tpyi; y> vej; ehli; lAk; ehk; ifgg; w;wp > mthf; sJ fyhrr; huk>; gzg; hLfis fgsfP uk; nra;J> ekK; ila fyhrr; huji; j mthf; s; kPJ jpzpff; tpyi; y. Vd;? ehk; > kww; thf; spd; Rjej; puji; j kjpjJ; > khpahij mspff; pNwhk.; vdNt jhd; > vdD; ila Kjy; ghhi; tNa ‘ Rjej; puk’; vdg; jhFk.; 1857Mk; Mzb; y; Rjej; pug; Nghiu ehk; Mukg; pjj; NghJ jhd; > ekJ ,ej; pah> ,ej; Kjy; ‘ Rjej; pug; ghhi; tiag; ngww; J vd ekG; fpNwd.; ,Nj Rjej; pug; ghhi; tiajj; hd; ehk; mtrpak; fhgg; hw;wpg; Nghww; p tshf; f; NtzL; k; vd $WfpNwd.; ekfF; r; Rjej; puk; ,yi; y vdw; hy; eki; k ahUk; kjpff; khll; hhf; s.; vdD; ila ,uzl; htJ ,ej; pagg; hhi; t “tshr; r; p” vdg; jhFk; flej; 50MzL; fshf ehk; ,dd; Kk; ‘tshe; ;J tUk; ehlhfNt ,Uff; pNwhk.; Mdhy; > jwN; ghJ ekJ ehli; l xU ‘tsh;e;J tpll; ” ehlhfg; ghhf; f; Ntzb; a jUzk; teJ; tpll; J . GDP (Growth Domestic Product) – Ig; nghWjj; tiu> cyfjj; py; css; 5 Kdd; zp ehLfspy; ehKk; csN; shk.; . ekJ ehlb; d; ngUkg; hyhd Jiwfspy; 10 rjtjP tshr; r; p tpfpjji; jg; ngw;WsN; shk.; ehlb; d; tWikfN; fhL FWfp tUfpwJ. cyf mstpy; ekJ rhjidfs; mqf; fP hpff; gg; Lfpdw; d. ,tt; sT ,Ue;Jk; ehk>; ekJ ehli; l tshe; j; ehlhf > Ra ekg; pfi; fAila ehlhf RarhhG; giljj; ehlhf VwW; fn; fhss; kWff; pNwhk.; ,jwF; f; fhuzk; ekfF; jdd; kg; pfi; f ,yy; hjNjahFk.; ,J rhpjhNd? vdJ %d;whtJ ghhi; tiaf; $WfpNwd.; Mfpy cyfpy; midjj; pYk; ,ej; pah Kdd; zp ngw;W rpwe;J tpsqf; NtzL; k; . Vnddpy; cyfjj; pd; Kd>; ,ej; pah jiyekph;e;J epwf; tpyi; ynad;why>; eki; k ahUk; kjpff; khll; hhf; s.; xUtUila gykj; hd.; xUtUfF; khpahijiag; ngwW; j; jUk.; ,uhZtg; gyjj; py; klL; kpdw; p > nghUshjhug; gyjj; pYk; > ehk; Mw;wpy; ngw NtzL; k; . ,ej; ,uzL; k; xdN; whnlhd;W Nrh;eN; j tsu NtzL; k.; khngUk; %d;W mwpthspfshd mZ tpQQ; hdpfs; lhfl; h; tpfu; k; rhuhgha; > Nguhrphpah; rj\\P ; jthd>; lhfl; h; gpNukh gpufh\\; Nghdw; thf; NshL ,izeJ; ehd; gzpahw;wpaij > kpfgn; ghpa ghff; pakhff; fUJfpNwd.; ,ej; %tNuhL kpf neUqf; pg; gzpahw;wpaij> vdJ thot; py; fpiljj; kpfgn; ghpa thag; g; hfNt vzZ; fpNwd.; ekJ ehlb; d; nraj; pj; Jiw> Vd; fUgG; g; ghhi; tiaNa ghhj; ;Jf; nfhzb; Uff; pwJ vd;W vdfF; g; Ghpatpyi; y? ekJ ehlb; d; Mw;wyf; isAk; rhjidfisAk; mqf; fP hpff; ntlf; gg; LtJ Vd?; 86 | P a g e

ekJ ehL xU kpfg; nghpa ehL > gpukpff; jj; ff; gy ntww; pr; rhjidfis ehk; gilej; pUej; hYk; > mtwi; w xj;Jfn; fhss; kWgg; J Vd;? ghyt; s cwg; jj; papy; ehk; Kdd; zpapy; csN; shk.; njhiyJ}u nrawi; ff; Nfhsf; spd; flL; gg; hL Elg; jj; py; ehk; Kjyhtjhf csN; shk.; NfhJik cwg; jj; papy; ehk; cyfpy; ,uzl; htjhf csN; shk.; mhprp cwg; jj; papy; cyfpy; ehk; ,uzl; htjhf csN; shk.; lhfl; h; Rjhr; dji; jg; ghUqf; s!; xU goqF; bapdhpd; fpuhkji; jNa jdJ nrhej; ff; hypy; epwF; k>; jdd; piwTg; ngw;w Ra rhhG; rfj; p giljj; fpuhkkhf khww; p mikjJ; ss; hh.; ,J Nghdw; Nfhbff; zff; hd rhjidfs; ek; ehlb; y; ,Uej; hYk; >,twi; wf; jtphj; ;J> nfll; nraj; pfisAk; > Njhyt; pfisAk; mopTfisAk; klL; Nk> ekJ ehlb; d; nraj; p epWtdqf; s; gpugygg; Lj;Jfpdw; d. ehd; xU Kiw Telaviv efujj; py; ,Uej; NghJ mdi; wa Njjpapy; ntsptej; nraj; pjj; hisg; gbjN; jd; . mdi; wa ehsj; hd>; fLk; guP qf; pj; jhfF; jyf; shy; > rhTfs; Vwg; ll; kWehhshFk.; Mdhy; mej; g; gjj; phpfi; fapd; jiygG; r; nraj; pff; hf Kjy; gff; jj; py; ntspahd nraj; p vdd; njhpAkh? xU A+j ezg; h; 5 MzL; fhykhfg; ghLglL; jdJ ghiytd epyji; jg; gRikr; NrhiyahfTk>; kyhj; N; jhll; khfTk; khw;wpAss; nraj; papd; tptukj; hd; mJ! ,ijg; Nghd;w cwr; hfgg; Lj;Jk; epfoT; jhd; > xtn; thUtUfF; k; mtrpak; Njit. rzi; lapd; mopTfs>; rhTfs>; nfhiyfs; vyy; hk; > gjj; phpfi; fapd; kw;wg; gff; qf; spy; gpuRhpff; gg; lL; > kw;w nraj; pfSff; bapy; Gijff; g; glb; Uej; d. Mdhy; > ekJ ,ej; pahtpy; > rhT jtP puthjk>; Neha>; Fw;wqf; s-; Mfpatwi; wg; gw;wp ntsptUfpdw; nraj; pfisjj; hd; ehk; vgN; ghJk; gbj;Jf; nfhzb; Uff; pNwhk.; Vd; ,ej; g; gpwN; ghfF; j; jdi; k? ,dn; dhU Nfst; p ekJ ehL > mee; pag; nghUsf; Sff; hfNt>Vd; mbgzpfpwJ? ntspehlL; b.tp. ntspehlL; j; Jzpfs>; ntspehlL; njhopy;Elg; k; ,twi; wjj; hd; ehk; tpUkG; fpNwhk.; ,wfF; kjp nghUsf; Sff; hf Vd; ,ej; epiyik? RarhhG; ldj; hd; jd;khdk; tUfpwJ vdW; Vd; ek; mwpe;J nfhst; jpyi; y. i`jughjj; efhpy; ,ej; r; nrhwn; ghopT eljJ; k; NghJ 14taJ rpWkp xUjj; p vdd; plk; MlN; lhfpuhg; Nfll; hs; . ehd; mtis Nehff; p ‘cdD; ila ,ylr; pak; vdd; ? vd;W NflN; ld; . mts; nrhdd; hs; > tshr; r; pailej; ,ej; pahtpy; tho ehd; tpUkG; fpNwd; vd;W” 87 | P a g e

mej; r; rpWkp > eqP f; s; > ehd; Mfpa ehk; vyN; yhUNk ,ej; “tshr; r; pailej; ” ,ej; pahit cUthff; p tpl KbAk.; ehk; xqf; p xypff; Ntzb; aJ vdd; ntdw; hy; > “ ,ej; pah xU tsUfpw Njrk; myy; > ,J kpfg; gpukhzl; khf tsh;eJ; tpll; Njrk”; vdW; ,gN; ghJ ehd; fLikahd tpkhr; dj;JfF; tUfpNwd.; xU gjJ; ekplk; cqf; s; Njrjj; pwf; hf! eqP f; s; $Wqf; s!; ekJ murhqf; k; jpwikaww; J > eqP f; s; $WfpwhP f; s!; ekJ rll; qf; s; vyy; hk; kpfg; goikahdit eqP f; s; $WfpwhP f; s!; efuhlr; p epht; hfkhdJ Fgi; gfis msS; tjpyi; y> eqP f; s; $WfpwhP f; s.; njhiyNgrp Ntiy nrat; jpyi; y> ,uapyN; t vdg; J xU jkh\\; > cyfpNyNa Nkhrkhd tpkhdk; > jghyf; s; Nghf Ntzb; a ,ljj; pwF; r; nryt; jpyi; y! eqP f; s; $WfpwhP f; s; $WfpwhP f; s; $wpfn; fhzN; l ,Uff; pwhP f; s!; ,jwF; eqP f; s; vdd; nra;Jss; hP f; s;? rpqf; gG; +UfF; rr; nryy; > xU egiu mioj;Jr; nryY; qf; s!; mej; egUfF; xU ngaiur; #lL; qf; s!; cqf; s; ngaiur; #lL; qf; s!; mtUfF; cqf; s; Kfji; jf; nfhLqf; s!; tpkhd epiyajj; pypUe;J ntspNa tUfpwhP f; s; cyfjj; pd; rpwej; tpkhdk; epiyajj; pypUeJ; ! rpqf; gG; +hpy; eqP f; s; rpfnul; JzL; fisr; rhiyapy; trP khlB; hf; s!; eqP f; s>; mej; ehlb; y; css; ghjhs ,uapy; jpll; k; gw;wp ngUik nfhst; hP f; s!; eqP f; s; 5 lhyh; nfhLjJ; > khiy 5 kzpapypUe;J 8 kzpfF; s; Mrn; rhL; NuhL ghijapy; gazk; nrat; hP f; s!; nrd;w ,ljj; py; > fhyjhkjhfptpll; hNyh eqP f; s; jpUkg; p te;J> fhh; epWj;Jkpljj; pwF; eqP f; Ns nrd;W fTutk; ghhf; f; hky; bfn; fli; lg; gQr; ; nra;J nfhsf; pwhP f; s!; nkhjj; jj; py>; eqP f; s; rpqf; gG; +hpy; vej; f; FiwAk; nrhyt; jpyi; y! czi; kjhNd- Mdhy;? Jgha; ehlb; y; uk[; hd; epfot; pd; NghJ njUtpy; epd;W nfhzL; rhgg; pl gagg; Lfpwhhf; s!; ,yzl; d; efhpd; nlypNghd; vf]; N; rQr; py; Ntiygg; hhF; k; CopaUfF; khjk; 10 gTzL; ( 650 &gha); nfhLjJ; trgg; Ljj; pf; nfhzL; cqf; Sila njhiyNgrpf; fll; zqf; is kw;wthf; s; ngaUfF; khw;wptpl > nrhyy; g; gagg; LthP f; s.; th\\pql; d; efhpy; 88 fpNyhklP l; UfF; Nky; fhhpy; Ntfkhfr; nryy; khlB; hf; s!; “ehd; ahh; njhpAkh? ehd; ,dd; huj kfd>; Ghpe;J nfhs; … ,ej; h ,uzL; &gha; Nghat; pL “ vd;W nrhyy; gagg; LthP f; s!; M]j; pNuypah/ epArpNyzl; ; flwf; iuapy>; eqP f; s; ,seiP uf; 88 | P a g e

Fbj;JtplL; Njqf; ha; kli; liaf; fzl; gb trP p vwpahky; mjwn; fd itjj; pUfF; k; Fgi; gj; njhlb; iaj; Njbr; nrdW; NghLfpwhP f; s.; Nlhff; pNah efhpd; NuhLfspy>; ntww; piyia nkd;WtplL; eqP f; s; fzl; gb Vd; JgG; tjpyi; y? gh]l; d; efhpy; Njht; py; ntw;wp ngw Mis mkhj; pf; nfhss; Tk; Nghypr; rhdw; pjof; is thqf; Tk; eqP f; s; Vd; Kwg; Ltjpyi; y? ehd; ,dD; k; cqf; is- Mk!; cqf; isg; gww; pj; jhd; Ngrpf; nfhzb; Uff; pNwd!; eqP f; s; ntspehli; l kjpff; pwhP f; s!; ntspehlL; KiwfSfF; khpahij je;J flL; gg; LfpwhP f; s!; Mdhy; cs@; hpNyh- nrhej; ehlb; Nyh Vd; kjpgG; jUtjpyi; y? ntspehlb; ypUe;J jpUkg; p te;J ,ej; pa kzi; zj; njhll; kWtpehbNa > njUtpy; Fgi; gfisAk; rpfnul; JzL; fis tRP tJk; eqP f; sj; hd.; ! ntspehlb; y; ,UfF; kN; ghJ ntspehlL; FbkfdhfNt jqf; is ghtpj;Jf; nfhzL; > ntspehlL; eilKiwfis <LghlN; lhL MjhpfF; k; eqP f; s>; Vd; > mNj khjphp ,ej; pa ehlb; y; ,Uff; epidgg; jpyi; y? gkg; ha; khefu Kdd; hs; fkp\\dh; jpU. jpdfh; vdg; th; xU Nglb; apy; xU fUji; jf; $wpapUej; hh.; gkg; ha; khefuj; njUff; spy cyhtUkN; ghJ gzff; huhf; spd; ehaf; s; njUff; py; fopTfis ntspNaww; p mRjj; gg; LjJ; fpdw; d. gpwF > mNj ehaf; spd; nrhej; ff; huhf; sj; hd; > khefuhlr; piaf Fiw $Wfpdw; dh.; fhhg; g; Nu\\d; mjpfhhpfs; ,jpy; vdd; nraa; KbAk;? eha; xtn; thU jlitAk; mRjj; k; nraA; k; NghJ Jilgg; k; vLjJ; fn; fhzL; mjd; gpdd; hy; mjpfhhpfs; xl NtzL; kh? Mdhy; mnkhpff; ehlb; Nyh > xU eha; nraA; k; mRjj; jj; pwF; mjd; nrhej; ff; huNu nghWgN; gw;W > Rjj; gg; Lj;Jfpd;wdh!; ,Nj epiyjhd; [gg; hd; ehlb; Yk!; ekJ ,ej; paf; Fbkfd; ,ijr; nraa; j; Jzpthuh? - ,gg; bf; $wpa mej; f; fkp\\dhpd; fUj;J rhpjhNd! ehk; xlL; ff; isg; NghlL; murhqf; ji; jj; Njh;en; jLjJ; tpLfpNwhk>; mjN; jhL ekJ nghWgG; > jhP e; J; tpll; J vd epidjJ; tpLfpNwhk>; ekK; ila Njitfs; vyy; htwi; wANk murhqf; k; nraa; NtzL; k; vdW; vjphg; g; hhj; ;J ekJ ehlb; wF; ehk; vJTNk nraa; hky>; rhtfhrkhf > ehwf; hypapy; ifiaf; flb; fn; fhzL; rhae; J; nfhzb; Uff; pNwhk.; murhqf; Nk Fgi; giar; Rjj; k; nraa; NtzL; k; vd vjphg; hhf; F; k; ehk>; Fgi; giaf; fzl; gb vwpgtiuj; jLjJ; epWjj; papUff; pNwhNkh? myy; J> fNP o fplej; xU fhfpjj; Jzi; lahtJ vLj;J Fgi; gj; njhlb; apy; Nghlb; Uff; pNwhNkh? uapyN; t epht; hfk>; ekfF; r; Rjj; khd fopgg; iwfisj; jutpyi; yNa vd mqf; yhaf; F; k; ehk>; mej; f; fopgg; iwfis Kiwahf > Rjj; khfg; gadg; LjJ; fpNwhkh? 89 | P a g e

Vhi; yd]; ; kwW; k; Vh;,ej; pah epWtdqf; s>; ekfF; mUkahd czitAk>; fopgi; wfisAk; Vwg; hL nraa; tpyi; y vd Fiw $WfpNwhk.; Mdhy; mit nfLtijj; jLff; ehk; Kawr; p nrat; jpyi; y. tptuk; njhpej; Copahf; s; $l > ,ij kw;wthf; SfF; j; njspTgLjJ; tjpyi; y. Mdhy; ngzf; s; gpurr; id> tujlr; id> ngzF; oei; j Nghdw; vhpAk; r%fg; gpurr; idfspy>; ehk; fhlL; f; $rr; y; NghlL; vjphg; G; fisAk; > MlN; rgizfisAk; ntspapy; nraf; pNwhk.; Mdhy; mjwF; khwhf > nrhej; f; FLkg; j;py; ele;J nfhsf; pNwhNkh! ,jwF; ehk; vdd; rkhjhdk; $WfpNwhk…; ? “rKjhak; KOtJk; Kjypy; khw NtzL; k; ehd; klL; k; khwp vd; kfDfF; tUk; tujlr; iziaf; Nflf; hky; ,Ue;J tpll; hy>; rKjhak; khwptpLkh? .. vd;W $wp tUfpNwhk.; ,jpypUeJ; vdd; njhpfpwJ? “ahh; ,ej; r; rKjha khww; jj; ijf; nfhzL; tug; Nghfpwhhf; s?; vdg; J jhd.; rKjhak; vdg; Jjhd; vdd; ? ,jwF; ehk; ntFRygkhff; $Wk; gjpy; ,Jjhd…; “ rKjhak; vdw; hNy > mLjj; tlP L; ff; huh; kw;w FLkg; jj; pdh>; kw;w efuqf; s; > kw;w ,dqf; s>; muRfs; MfpaitNa! Mdhy; eprr; akhf mjpy; ehd; ,yi; y”- vdW; jhd.; ekJ rKjhajj; pwF; xU eyy; Rgplr; ji; jf; nfhzL; tu NtzL; k; vdw; vzz; k; ekfF; Vwg; LkN; ghJ ehk; vdd; nraf; pNwhk; vdw; hy>; xU J}uj;J ehLfspypUeJ; xU ‘J}ath’; te;J jdJ kej; pur; rff; jpia gpuNahfpj;J> jUthh; vd vjphg; hhj; J; topNky; tpop itjJ; f; fhjJ; f; nfhzb; Uff; pNwhk!; mgg; b Vwg; ltpyi; y vd;why; > ehk; ekJ ehli; ltplN; l NtW ehlb; wF; xbtpLfpNwhk!; gajj; hy; eL eLqf; pg; Nghd NfhiofisgN; ghy> mnkhpff; hTfF; xbr; nrd;W > mnkhpff; hitg; Gfoe; ;J nfhzL; k; mthf; spd; rKjha mikgi; gg; ghuhlb; f; nfhzL; k; fhyji; j xlL; fpNwhk.; epA+ahhf; ; efhpy; ghJfhgG; ,yi; ynadw; hy; ,qf; pyhe;J ehlb; wF; xbtpLfpNwhk.; ,qf; pyheJ; ehlb; y; Ntiy ,yy; hj; jpzl; hll; k; Vwg; ll; hy; > kW tpehb mLjj; tpkhdji; jg; gpbj;J muG ehLfSfF; g; gweJ; tpLfpNwhk; . muG ehLfspy; Nghh; %zl; hy; > eki; k > ekJ ,ej; pa murhqf; k; jhd; xNlhb teJ; > ekfF; g; ghJfhgG; mspjJ; > klP L; > kzP L; k; ,ej; a kzz; pwN; f jpUkg; p tUk; Vwg; hli; lr; nraa; NtzL; k; vd;W cuff; r; NfhUfpNwhk.; ehk; xtn; thUtUk; kw;wtiuAk; ehli; lAk; mtJ}W nra;J ,opTgLj;JfpNwhk.; rKjhak; ruP ila ehk; vijAk; nraa; epidgg; jpyi; y. vjwf; hf?... vyy; hk; gzjj; pwf; hf!!. 90 | P a g e

12. lhf;lh; mg;Jy; fyhkpd; kdpj Neak; lhfl; h; mg;Jy; fyhk; mthf; s; NfushtpYss; tpfu; k; rhuhgha; ]N; g]; nrdl; hpy; 21 MzL; fs; gzpGhpeJ; tej; Ntisapy; mtUfF; epakpff; gg; ll; fhh; biuth; xUth; ngah; ntsaP pl tpUkg; tpyi; y. Vnddpy; fyhk; mthf; s; vej; xU tpskg; ujj; pwf; hfTk; nraa; hjJ kwW; k; vej; xU vjphg; hhg; G; k; ,yy; hky; nraA; k; kdpj Neak; . mth; gbjj; Njh ntWk; vll; hk; tFgG; > lhfl; h; fyhk; mthf; s; mtiu fll; hagg; Ljj; p gjj; hk; tFgG; vOj itjj; hh.; gjj; hk; tFgg; py; Njhr; r; p ngww; mtiu kWgbAk; gdd; pnudl; hk; tFgG; NjhT; vOj itjj; hh; lhfl; h; fyhk; . Mrr; ha; k; biuth; gdd; pnudl; hk; tFgG; Njhr; r; p ngww; hh.; gpdd; h; lhfl; h; fyhk; mtiu xUNghJk; iftpltpyi; y. kzP L; k; mtiu gp.V vOj nrhyy; p mtUfF; Ntzb; a mjj; id cjtpfisAk; nra;J tej; hh.; gyd; fplb; aJ biuth; gp.V gh]; nra;J tpll; hh.; mjd; gpdG; biutUfF; gjtp cahT; thqf; p nfhLjj; hh.; gbgi; g njhle;J tej; hh; mth.; mjd; gydhf vk.; V NjhT; vOj MAjj; k; nraJ; tej; hh; . mjwF; k; fyhk; mthf; s; mtUfF; Ntzb; a mjj; id cjtpfisAk; nra;J nfhLjj; hh.; kzP L; k; kwn; whU Mrr; ha; k; vk.; V gh]; nra;J tpll; hh.; xU rhjhuz biuth; vdW; epidff; hky; lhfl; h; fyhk; mthf; s; jdD; ld; gzpGhpAk; xUtiu vjj; id <LghLk; kdpj Neak; ,Uej; hy; mtt; hW nraj; pUgg; hh.; lhfl; h; fyhk; mj;Jld; mtiu kzP L; k; tpltpyi; y kzP L; k; gp.vl; gbff; NtzL; k; vd;Wiuff; > mtNuh mijAk; Kbjj; hh>; ,dW; mtNuh kdNdhd;kdpak; Rej; udhh; gyf; iyfojj; py; gzpGhpe;J tUfpwhh.; tphpTiuahsuhf. ,gg; b xtn; thUila thoi; fapYk; tpsfN; fww; p itj;J tplL; nrdw; kfhd; ekK; ila fyhk; mthf; s.; ,dD; k; nrhyy; pfn; fhzN; l Nghfyhk; . cyfjj; pwF; tuhj gy czi; kfs; mth; nraj; rhjidfs; epiwa ,Uff; pwJ. lhfl; h; fyhk; vej; xU tpskg; ujj; pwf; hTk; mth; nraj; jpyi; y. ,dD; k; nrhyy; gN; ghdhy; mth; nraj; nghJeydf; s; > midjJ; kff; SfF; k; njhpatu NtzL; k; vdw; eyn; yzz; mbgg; ilapy; ,ej; czi; kfis jqf; SfF; njspT gLjj; tpUkg; p gy czi; k rkg; tqf; s; njhpagLjj; tpUkG; fpNwhk.; mth; kff; SfF; Mw;wpa gy edi; kfis nrhyy; pfn; fhzN; l Nghfyhk.; fhyk; mtUfF; tpil nfhLjj; hYk; fyhKfF; ehk; tpil nfhLff; tpyi; y. ,dW; k; mitUila kdjpYk; eqP f; hxspahf Rlh; tplL; vhpeJ; nfhzb; Uff; pwhh.; Iah lhfl; h; fyhk; . ehk; mtUfF; nraa; $baJ xd;Wjhd; mth; epidjj; khjphp tpQQ; hd tshr; r; papy; gqF; nfhss; Kbahtpll; hYk; ehk; xtn; thU tlP b; Yk; kuff; d;whtJ eLqf; s; fyhk; Iah ngahpy…; . kuqf; s; ekK; ila fuqf; s; >mJNt ek; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; fpufqf; s.; fpuqf; isjj; hd; lhfl; h; fyhk; mthf; s; topglL; tej; hh; vd;w czi; k vtUfF; k; njhpa thag; g; pyi; y vd epidff; pNwhk.; 91 | P a g e

13. NrJ rPikapd; jtg;Gjyt; d; xU khztd; Nflf; pwhd; . maa; h ,ej; mfd; p VTfiz mnkhpff; hit jhfF; kh? ek; ,ej; pah vej; ehlb; wF; k; vjphp myy; . midtUlDk; mdg; ha; ,UgN; ghk.; ! ehk; ahhplKk; rzi; lfF; Nghf khlN; lhk.; vej; ehli; lAk; Kjypy; jhff; khlN; lhk; vd;W cWjp G+zL; ss; Nshk.; goqf; hy tuyhW kzP L; k; tuhky; jLff; Nt jahhpjN; jhk.; ,Uej; hYk; $l nrhyf; pNwd.; ek; gyk; vdd; ntdw; hy; . ,ej; cyfNk ,ej; pahit jhff; pdhYk>; mthf; is vjphj; ;J 7 ehlf; s; tiu NghuhLk; rfj; p ekfF; css; J! ekJ mfd; p VTfiz cyfpd; vej; %iyAk; jhfF; k; vdw; huhk.; ekJ Kdd; hs; FbauR jiyth; V.gp.N[ mg;Jy; fyhk; mthf; s.; ,ej; pahtpd; %iy KLff; spy; css; midjJ; khzthf; SfF; k; xU ceJ; rfj; pahf tpsqf; p tej; hh.; cyfpy; gpugykhdthf; spy; Foei; jfs; Nerpjj; rhhy; p rhgs; pDfF; xU jdp ,lk; czL; . Mdhy; ekJ fyhk; IahTfN; fh Foei; jfs; > ,isQhf; s; > nghpathf; s; vd midjJ; jugg; pduhYk; Nerpfg; g; ll; th>; mjd; ntspgg; hLjhd; ylr; ff; zff; hd kff; is mtuJ ,WjprlqF; elej; NghJ NrJ riP kapd; Kff; pa efujj; py; ( ,uhNk]t; uk); $bl itjj; pUff; pwJ. khzthf; Sff; pilNa NgRk; NghJ fyhk; $Wthh.; “thof; i; fapy; kpfgn; ghpa ylrpak; NtzL; k; . mwpitj; Njb ngw NtzL; k.; ylr; paji; j mila> fLikahf cioff; NtzL; k.; ,Wjpahf > tplhKawr; r; p NtzL; k.; Njhyt; p kdgg; hdi; kfF; > Njhyt; p nfhLj;J> ntww; p ngw NtzL; k.; ,ej; ehdF; k; ,Uej; hy; > eP vzz; pa ylr; paji; j milayhk; . vdNt eP ahuhf ,Uej; hYk; guthapyi; y. eP vzZ; tJ >tpzk; dP hf ,Uej; hYk; > cd; ciogg; hy; eP vzz; paJ cdi; d te;J NrUk; . ehk; ehlb; y; 75Nfhb kff; s; 6 ylr; k; fpuhkqf; spy; thof; pwhhf; s.; ,isa rKjhak; vqf; pUej; hYk>; fpuhkjj; py; ,Uej; hYk>; efujj; py; ,Uej; hYk>; gbjj; FLkg; jj; py; ,Ue;J tej; hYk; cqf; shy; ntww; pila KbAk.; khzt ezg; hf; Ns> cqf; s; thof; i; fapd; ylr; pak; vdd; ? vjj; id Ngh; vd;[pdpah>; lhfl; h>; fnyfl; h>; Mrphpah>; njhopy; mjpguhf fdT fhzf; pwhP f; s;? vjj; id Ngh; tpzn; tspapy; elff; Tk>; rej; pudpYk>; nrtt; ha; fpufjj; pYk; elff; tUkG; fpwhP f; s;? flej; 12 MzL; fspy; ,J tiu ehd; 1.2Nfhb ,isQhf; is rej; pjJ; ciuahbapUff; pNwd.; mthf; spd; czhT; fis GhpeJ; nfhzL; ,Uff; pNwd.; mthf; spd; fdTfis mwpe;J itjj; pUff; pNwd”; vd;W $wpdhh.; 92 | P a g e

ehd; lhfl; h; MNtd>; fnyfl; h; MNtd>; ,d[; pdpah; MNtd; vdw; fdTfspy; ,Uej; khzthf; spd; vzz; qf; is khw;wp ehd; tpQQ; hdp MNtd; vdw; vzz; k; cUthf fhuzkhf ,Uej; th.; mg;Jy; fyhkpd; mdG; fF; ghjj; pudkhd ebfh; tpNtf; $WkN; ghJ > fyhk; mthf; s; clyhy; eki; k tplL; gphpej; pUff; pwhNu jtpu > mtuJ fUjJ; fshy>; vzz; qf; shy; > nrayf; shy; ,di; wfF; k; ekK; lNd ,Ue;J nfhzb; Uff; pwhh.; mtUfF; ntWk; kyh; mQr; yp nrYjJ; tjpdhNyh> tUjj; gg; LtjpdhNyh vej; gaDk; ,yi; y. ,J mtUfF; nrYj;Jk; czi; kahd mQr; ypAk; ,yi; y. mtUila fdit edthfF; tJjhd; mtUfF; ehk; nrYjJ; k; czi; kahd mQr; ypahf ,Uff; KbAk.; fyhk; Iah ehk; xtn; thUtUfF; k; xU ,yfi; f nfhLjj; pUff; pwhh.; mtUila fdTfspy; ek;khy; vij epiwNtww; j KbANkh mij ekfF; mth; nfhLjj; ,yff; hf vLj;Jf; nfhss; NtzL; k; . vdfF; xU Nfhb kuff; dW; fis el NtzL; k; vdw; ,yfi; f nfhLjj; pUff; pwhh.; mjpy; fpll; jj; ll; 50 ylr; k; kuff; d;Wfis elL; tplN; ld.; vdi; wfF; xU Nfhb kuff; d;Wfis elL; Kbff; pNwNdh mdW; jhd; fyhk; IahtpwF; ehd; nrYj;Jk; czi; kahd mQr; ypahf ,Uff; KbAk.; ,U Nghd;W ehk; xtn; thUtUk; mtuJ vspikiag; gpdg; w;w Kay NtzL; k.; ,ej; pah tyy; urhFk; NghJjhd; mtuJ fdT epiwNtWk; vdf; pwhh; ebfh; tpNtf; NkYk; mth; $Wifapy; rhjp>rkakw;w midtuhYk; Vw;Wfn; fhzL; ss; Iah mg;Jy; fyhk; mthf; s; vdn; wd;Wk; ekK; lNd ,Ugg; hh; vd;whh.; ,tiug; Nghy; kwn; whU tpQQ; hdp xUth; ghisaqN; fhli; l jhYfh >FytzpfhG; uk; fpuhkjj; ijr; Nrh;ej; njat; jj; pU. jiygg; hflL; Rliy KjJ; Njthpd; kfd; njat; jj; pU. R. rqf; ughzb; j; Njthpd; kfd; topg; NguDkhfpa jpU. r. n[auhkdpd; mdG; Gjyt; Dkhfpa jpU. n[. rqf; h; Fkhh; ( ,ej; pa uhZt Muahrr; p kw;Wk; Nkkg; hlL; Jiw) vdg; th; jwn; ghOJ gzp Ghpe;J tUfpwhh.; mth; Iah lhfl; h; fyhKld; neUqf; pa njhlhG; nfhzl; th.; mtUld; ,ize;J gy Muhar; r; p flL; iufs; kw;Wk; gy Muhar; r; p rhh;ej; rhjidfis Vwg; Ljj; path.; mjd; gydhf 2012 Mk; MzL; mtUfF; ,ej; pahtpd; Kjdi; k ,sk; tpQQ; hdp vd;w gll; ji; j ngw;wpl top tFjJ; nfhLjj; th; mjd; tpisthf flej; 2013Mk; MzL; ,qf; pyheJ; ,sturpahh; tpfN; lhhpa; h khfhuzp jpUff; uqf; shYk; NkYk; gll; k; ntd;whh; tpQQ; hdp rhjidahsh; tpUJ ,jwF; tpjj; pll; th; ekJ lhfl; h; fyhk; mthf; s; vdg; jpy; vtt; pj Iakpyi; y. gss; papy; gbfF; k; eqP f; Sk; ,jj; ifa rhjidfis giljj; pl NtzL; k; vdg; Jjhd; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; fdTjj; pll; qf; s.; lhfl; h; fyhkpd; gpwej; ehs; mfN; lhgh; 15 md;W ,isQh; vOrr; p ehshf nfhzl; hlgg; Lk; vd;W jkpof muR mwptpj;Jss; J ghuhlL; FwpaJ. mtuJ ngahpy; muR tpUJ mwptpjJ; ss; J NkYk; kfpor; r; pia mspff; pwJ vd;whh.; Kawr; r; p nghpajhf ,Ugg; pd; > ciogG; mij tpl nghpajhf ,Uff; NtzL; k; vdg; hh; fyhk.; mff; Ujj; pd; thhj; i; jfs; klL; Nk khw;wgg; lL; Kbej; tiu Kawr; pff; hky…; KbAkt; iu Kawr; r; pgN; ghk; ! vdW; thof; i; f ghijapy; gazpgN; ghk!; .. 93 | P a g e

14. mg;Jy;fyhkpd; ftpijfs; mg;Jy; fyhk; jd; kdjpy; vOk; fUjJ; ff; is vyy; hk; ftpijfshf mtt; gN; ghJ vOjpaJ czL; . mej; f; ftpijfs; rpytwi; wg; ghhf; f; yhk.; “kjk’; gww; p mg;Jy; fyhk; ehspjo; xdw; py; vOjpa ftpij. gj;jhapuk; ,eJ; f;fs; nrj;Jg; Nghdhhf; s; gj;jhapuk; K];yPk;fs; nrj;Jg; Nghdhhf; s; ePqf; s; FjhTf;fhfTk; gfthDf;fhfTk; caph; tpLfpdw; Ph; vd;W mth;fsplk; nrhy;ygg; ll; J mth;fsJ ekg; pf;iffspd; kPJ gpzfF; tpay; Md;khff; s; tpLjiy mileJ; ,iwtidj; NjLfpd;wd ,Ugjhapuk; caph;fs; miyfpdw; d Mzl; tidj; Njb- “thof; i; f tpUlr; k’; vdw; mgJ; y; fyhkpd; ftpij. ePqf; s; vk;gilg;Gfspy; cd;dJ kdpj ,dk; ePqf; s; vd;nwd;iwf;Fk; thoe; ;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gPh;fs; xw;Wikaha; ,UfF; k; tiu fhyk; fhykha;f; 94 | P a g e

nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gPhf; s; kfpo;r;rpapYk; J}f;fj;jpYk; vd; Mde;jk; cq;fspy; Jsph;fpwJ md;G xd;Nw ,ilawhJ njhlUk; Mde;jk; khdplj;jpd; yl;rpa Nehf;F mJNt! tho;f;if tpUl;rj;jpy; epj;jKk; ePq;fs; gbAqf; s; gilAq;fs; cd;djg; gilg;GfNs! vd;fpwhh;. kpfgg; y rhjidfisAk; gilj;Jk; > kpfr; rhjhuzkhf tyk; tej; th; khkdpjh; mg;Jy; fyhk; ,ej; pah tyy; uR MFk; vd;W cuff; r; nrhyy; p ,isQhf; isAk; cwr; hfg; gLjj; path.; 95 | P a g e

15. mg;Jy;fyhkpd; kiwT Dr.A.P.J mg;Jyf; yhk; mthf; s; 27-07-2015 mdW; khiy Nkfyah khepy jiyefuhd \\pyy; hq;fpy; ,ej; pa Nkyhzi; k fyt; p epWtdjj; py; khzthf; spilNa ( I.I.M Mangement ) ciwahww; pf; nfhzb; UfF; k; NghJ Rkhh; 6.30 kzpastpy; kaqf; p tpOej; hh.; jdpahh; kUj;Jtkidapy; mDkpjpff; gg; lL; rpfpri; r gydpd;wp mtuJ caph; gphpej; J. clNd mtuJ cly; mth; gpwej; Cuhd ,uhNk]t; ujj; pwF; nfhzL; tugg; lL; gyN; tW Jiw rhhe; j; jiythf; s>; khzthf; s>; nghJkff; s; mtUila jpUTlYfF; mQr; yp nrYjj; pdh.; mdd; hhpd; kiwtpwF; cyfNk ,uqf; y; njhptpjj; J. 2015 [_iy khjk; 30Mk; Njjp mtUila cly; ,uhNk]t; ujj; pYss; Ngff; UkG; vdD; k; ,ljj; py; eyy; lff; k; nraa; gg; ll; J. eyy; lff; epfot; py; gpujkh; eNuej; pu Nkhb > fhqf; pu]; nghJr; nrayhsh; uhFy; fhej; p css; pll; Kff; pa murpay; jiythf; s; fyeJ; nfhzl; dh.; ekJ jkpof Kjyt; h; nryt; p n[ayypjh mthf; s.; mgJ; y; fyhkpwF; epidthyak; vOgg; ,uhNk]t; ujj; py; 18 Vff; h; epyji; j xJff; pAss; hh.; kjj; pa muR epidthyak; vOgG; k; gzpapy; <LglL; ss; J itajJ; s; thot; hq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk; nja;tj;Js; itff; g; gLk;. vdg; J jpUfF; ws.; ,tT; yfpy; thOk; newpKiwfspd; gb thog; td>; thdpy; ciwAk; njat; khf itj;J tzqf; gg; Lthd.; vdg; J ,fF; wspd; fUjj; hFk.; ,fF; wspd; fUJgg; bNa > kzZ; yfpy; epiwthd thof; i; f tho;eJ; > ,dW; thdpy; njat; khf ciwfpwhh; ek; mg;Jy; fyhk; mthf; s.; ek; fyhk; mthf; s; kiwtpwF; g; gpdd; Uk; gy rpwgG; fisg; ngw;wth; vdg; J Fwpgg; pljj; ff; nraj; pahFk.; gfP hh; khepyk; ghld; htpy; fp\\hd; fQr; py; css; Ntshzi; k fyY; }hp kw;Wk; mwptpay; ejujJ; fF; mg;Jy; fyhk; ngah; #ll; gg; Lk; vd;W mej; khepy muR mwptpjj; J. mg;Jy; fyhk; gpwej; ehis mfN; lhgh; 15 Mk; Njjp thrpgG; ehshf nfhzl; hlgg; Lk; vd;W kfhuh\\b; u muR mwptpjj; J. 96 | P a g e

cjj; pugg; pNjr khepyj; njhopy; Elg; g; gyf; iyff; ofjj; pwF; mgJ; y; fyhk; ngah; #ll; gg; Lk; vd;W mej; khepy Kjyikrr; h; mfpNy\\; ahjt; mwptpjj; hh.; mg;Jy; fyhk; gpwej; ehshd mfN; lhgh; 15 mdW; jopoe; hlb; y; ,isQh; vOrr; p ehshfj; jkpo; ehL muR rhhg; py; nfhzl; hlgL; k; vdTk; > xtn; thU MzL; k; ,ej; pa tpLjiy ehshd Mf]L; 15 Njjpad;W mwptpay; tshr; r; p khzth; eyd; kw;Wk; kdpjtpaypy; rpwgg; hf nrayg; l xUtUfF; ‘lhfl; h; V gp N[ mgJ; y; fyhk; tpUJ’ toqf; gg; Lk; vd;Wk; jkpof Kjyikrr; h; nryt; p n[ayypjh mwptpjj; pUej; hh.; mjdg; b 2015 Mf]L; 15Mk; Njjpad;W jkpof murpd; rhhg; py; mwptpff; gg; lL; ss; mg;Jy; fyhkpd; tpUjpid Kjyhtjhfg; ngw;w egh; vd;w ngUikia jkpofji; jr; Nrh;ej; ngz; tpQQ; hdp vd.; tshk; jp ngw;Wss; hh.; lhfl; h; mgJ; y; fyhk; mthf; isg; gpdg; ww; p ehKk; epiw kdpjuhf tho Kawr; p Nkwn; fhsN; thkhf. kzZ; yfpy; tpzZ; yfpy; 15.10.1931 27.07.2015 Jai hind 97 | P a g e