BodySystems-SaraBurks (2)

The Human Body By: Sara Burks

Table of Contents 2Integumentary System 4 Functions 4 Key Terms 4 Vocabulary 5 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 5 Related Health Careers 5 Picture of the System 5Musculoskeletal System 6 Functions 6 Key Terms 6 Vocabulary 6 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 7 Related Health Careers 7 Picture of the System 8Nervous System 8 Functions 8 Key Terms 8 Vocabulary 9 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 9 Related Health Careers 9 Picture of the System 9Special Senses System 10 Functions 10 Key Terms 10 Vocabulary 10 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 11 Related Health Careers 11 Picture of the System 11Cardiovascular System 12 Functions 12 Key Terms 12 Vocabulary 12

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 13 Related Health Careers 13 Picture of the System 13Respiratory System 14 Functions 14 Key Terms 14 Vocabulary 14 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 15 Related Health Careers 15 Picture of the System 15Digestive System 16 Functions 16 Key Terms 16 Vocabulary 16 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 17 Picture of the System 17Urinary System 18 Functions 18 Key Terms 18 Vocabulary 18 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 19 Related Health Careers 19 Picture of the System 19Reproductive System 20 Functions 20 Key Terms 20 Vocabulary 20 Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 21 Related Health Careers 21 Picture of the System 21 Bibliography 22

Integumentary SystemFunctions ● This system protects you from ultraviolet rays and pathogens and recognizes sensory perception such as pain, temperature, and touch. It also regulates body temperature, absorbs medications, and produces vitamin D. In addition to those functions its stores fats, sugar, water, vitamins, and salts. It also excretes salt, excess water, and heat.Key Terms 1. derm/o, dermat/o- ​skin 2. kerat/o- ​hard, cornea 3. xer/o- d​ ry 4. xanth/o- ​yellow 5. erythr/o- ​white 6. pedicu/o- l​ ouse, lice 7. onych/o- ​fingernail or toenail 8. myc/o- ​fungus 9. pil/o- ​hair 10. lip/o- f​ at, lipid 11. rhytid/o- w​ rinkle 12. albin/o- ​whiteVocabulary 1. Hair- ​helps control the loss of body heat 2. Nails-​ protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger 3. Keratin- ​is a fibrous, water-repellant protein 4. Melanocytes- ​special cells in the basal cell layer 5. Heparin- ​released in response to injury 6. Cellulite- ​nontechnical term for the subcutaneous deposit of fat 7. Sebum- i​ s released through the ducts opening into the hair follicles 8. Free Edge- i​ s the portion of the nail not attached to the nail bed 9. Hidrosis- ​means the production and excretion of sweat 10. Root- ​fastens the nail to the finger or to by fitting into a groove in the skin

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Acne Vulgaris-​ is an inflammation of the sebacious glands 2. Cancer-​ is a group of abnormal growing cells 3. Eczema-​ is a non contagious inflammatory skin condition 4. Ringworm-​ is a highly contagious fungal infection of the skin or scalpRelated Health Careers 1. Dermatologist- s​ pecializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin 2. Cosmetic surgeon- ​specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structuresPicture of the System

Musculoskeletal SystemFunctions ● This system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It includes all the bones of the skeleton so this system is very important in helping us move around.Key Terms 1. my/o- m​ uscle 2. myel/o- ​spinal cord 3. oste/o- b​ one 4. cost/o- r​ ib 5. crani/o- ​skull 6. -pexy- ​surgical fixation 7. chondr/o- ​cartilage 8. arthr/o- ​joint 9. -plegia- ​paralysis, stroke 10. kinesi/o- ​movementVocabulary 1. Vomer Bone-​ forms the base of the nasal septum 2. Frontal Bone-​ forms the forehead 3. Tarsals-​ the bones that make up the ankles 4. Pubis- ​is the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle 5. Coccyx-​ forms the end of the spine and is made up of four small vertebrae fused together 6. Xiphoid Process-​ is the lower portion of the sternum, which is cartilage 7. Clavicle-​ is the slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula 8. Lamina- ​is the posterior portion of a vertebra 9. Femur-​ is the upper leg bone 10. Tibia-​ is the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Ankylosis-​ is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, an injury, or a surgical procedure 2. Arthritis-​ is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints 3. Lumbago-​ is pain of the lumbar region 4. Lordosis-​ is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumbar spineRelated Health Careers 1. Chiropractor-​ holds a Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine 2. Rheumatologist-​ is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases that are characterized by inflammation in the connective tissuesPicture of the System

Nervous SystemFunctions ● This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of these nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. All of these organs put together are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.Key Terms 1. neur/o- ​nerve 2. encephal/o- h​ ead 3. myel/o- ​spinal cord 4. ambul/o- w​ alk 5. -esthesia- ​sensation, feeling 6. mening/o- m​ embranes 7. psych/p- m​ ind 8. concuss/o- s​ haken togetherVocabulary 1. Cerebral cortex- ​is the outer layer of the brain and is arranged in folds 2. Temporal lobe- c​ ontrols senses of hearing and smell 3. Thalamus- p​ roduces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebral cortex and the sense organs of the body 4. Cerebellum-​ is the second largest part of the brain located at the back of the head 5. Pons- ​are situated at the base of the brain 6. Migraine headache- i​ s a syndrome characterized by sudden, severe, sharp headache

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Alzheimer’s disease- ​group of disorders associated with degenerative changes in the brain structure that lead to characteristic symptoms 2. Encephalitis-​ is an inflammation of the brain 3. Meningocele-​ is the protrusions of the brain or the spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column 4. Meningitis- ​is an inflammation of the meninges or spinal cordRelated Health Careers 1. Neurologist- ​specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system 2. Neurosurgeon- i​ s a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous systemPicture of the System

Special Senses SystemFunctions ● This system is what makes you able to hear, see, smell, taste, and feel. It contributes to your five senses. There are sensory receptors located within this system that allow everything to function properly.Key Terms 1. irid/o- ​iris 2. -cusis- ​hearing 3. -iopia- 4. ot/o- e​ ye 5. tympan/o- ​eardrum 6. opthalm/o- ​eye, vision 7. -metry- t​ o measureVocabulary 1. Extraocular- ​means outside of the eyeball 2. Auditory-​ means pertaining to the sense of hearing 3. Orbit- i​ s the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves 4. Canthus-​ is the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

5. Tarsus-​ is the platelike framework within the upper and lower eyelid that provides stiffness and shape 6. Cornea- ​is the transparent anterior portion of the sclera 7. Lacrimal fluid- ​also known as tears, maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball 8. Choroid-​ is the opaque middle layer of the eyeball 9. Optic disk- ​is the region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve 10. Iris- ​is the pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the pupilDiseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Blepharoptosis- ​is the drooping of the upper eyelid 2. Ectropion- i​ s the eversion of the edge of the eyelid 3. Scleritis- ​is the inflammation of the sclera 4. Corneal ulcer- i​ s the pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injuryRelated Health Careers 1. Audiologist- s​ pecializes in the measurement of hearing function and rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments 2. Optometrist- ​holds a doctor of optometry degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses or eyeglasses are neededPicture of the System

Cardiovascular SystemFunctions ● This system is a pumping system that works together to supply all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients. It also transports cellular waste products to the correct organs for removal from the body.Key Terms 1. cardi/o- h​ eart 2. angi/o- ​vesel 3. hem/o, hemat/o- ​blood, relating to 4. -brady- s​ low 5. Tachy-- ​fast, rapid 6. thromb/o- c​ lot 7. -emia- ​blood, blood condition 8. erythr/o- ​red 9. arteri/o- a​ rteryVocabulary 1. Pericardium- ​is the double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart 2. Epicardium- i​ s the external layer of the heart and also part of the inner layer of the pericardial sac 3. Atria- t​ he two upper chambers of the heart, are the receiving chambers 4. Ventricles- a​ re the lower chambers of the heart 5. Systemic Circulation-​ includes blood flow to all parts of the body except the lungs 6. T wave- ​is the relaxation of the ventricles 7. Venules- ​are small veins that join to form larger veins 8. Aorta- i​ s the main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart 9. Venae Cavae- a​ re the two large veins that enter the heart 10. Diastolic Pressure- i​ s the lowest pressure against the walls of the blood vessels

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Atherosclerosis- i​ s hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaques 2. Atheroma- ​is a plaque within the arterial wall 3. Ischemia- i​ s a deficiency in blood supply due to either constriction or the obstruction of a blood vessel 4. Congestive Heart Failure- i​ s a syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s need for oxygen and nutrientsRelated Health Careers 1. Cardiologist- s​ pecializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart 2. Hematologist- ​specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissuesPicture of the System

Respiratory SystemFunctions ● This system brings oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells. Also it expels waste products (carbon dioxide and water) that have been returned to the lungs by the blood. It also produces the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible.Key Terms 1. bronch/o- ​bronchi 2. cyan/o- 3. laryng/o- l​ arynx 4. -oxia- 5. oxy-- 6. pleur/o- 7. pneum/o- l​ ung 8. pulmon/o- 9. thorac/o- 10. trache/o- t​ racheaVocabulary 1. Tonsils- ​protect the body from invading organisms, form a protective circle around the entrance to the respiratory system 2. Mediastinum- ​is located between the lungs 3. Alveoli- ​are very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole 4. Phrenic Nerve- ​stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract 5. Vocal Cords- ​ located in the larynx, cords are separated to let air pass through 6. Bronchioles- ​are the smallest branches of the bronchi 7. Lobe- ​is the division of the lungs 8. Parietal Pleura- ​is the outer layer of the pleura 9. Pleural Space- ​is the airtight space between the folds of the pleural membranes 10. Pleura- i​ s the multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Asthma- ​is a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing 2. Smoker’s Respiratory Syndrome- ​is a group of symptoms seen in smokers which can include coughing, wheezing, vocal hoarseness, and other things 3. Allergic Rhinitis- i​ s an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus 4. Sinusitis- i​ s an inflammation of the sinusesRelated Health Careers 1. Otolaryngologist- s​ pecializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, and throat 2. Pulmonologist- i​ s a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and disorders of the lungs and associated tissuesPicture of the System

Digestive SystemFunctions ● This system is responsible for the intake and digestion of food. It also is in charge of the absorption of nutrients from digested food. In addition to that it eliminates solid waste products.Key Terms 1. cholecyst/o- ​gallbladder 2. enter/o- ​small intestine 3. col/o, colon/o- l​ arge intestine 4. hepat/o- ​liver 5. gastr/o- s​ tomach 6. or/o- ​mouth, oral cavity 7. -pepsia- d​ igestion 8. chol/e- b​ ile 9. proct/o- a​ nus and rectumVocabulary 1. Palate- t​ his forms the roof of the mouth and consists of hard and soft palates 2. Uvula- t​ his hangs from the free edge of the soft palate and helps in producing sound and speech 3. Dentin- ​makes of the bulk of the tooth and is protected by the enamel and cementum 4. Pylorus- i​ s the narrow passage connecting the stomach with the small intestine 5. Billirubin- a​ pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin 6. Anorectal- r​ efers to the anus and rectum as a single unit 7. Nutrient- i​ s a substance that is necessary for normal function of the body 8. Metabolism- ​is the sum of anabolism and catabolism 9. Defecation- a​ lso known as bowel movement, is the evacuation or emptying of the large intestines 10. Mastication- a​ lso known as chewing, breaks down food into small pieces and mixes it with saliva

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Dental Caries- a​ lso known as tooth decay, is an infectious disease that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth 2. Pyrosis- a​ lso known as heartburn, is the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus 3. Aerophagia- ​ is the spasmodic swallowing of air followed by eructations 4. Emesis- ​also known as vomiting, means to expel the contents of the stomach through the esophagus and out of the mouthRelated Health Careers 1. Dentist- ​ holds a Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Medical Dentistry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity 2. Orthodontist- i​ s a dental specialist in the prevention or correction of abnormalities in the positioning of the teeth and related facial structures

Picture of the SystemUrinary SystemFunctions ● This system maintains the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body fluids by removing excess fluids from the body or reabsorbing water as needed. It also constantly filters the blood to remove urea and other waste materials from the bloodstream. In the end it converts these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body via urinary bladderKey Terms 1. -cele- h​ ernia, tumor 2. -lysis- b​ reakdown 3. cyst/o- u​ rinary bladder

4. nephr/o- ​kidney 5. ren/o- ​kidney 6. -uria- ​urination 7. -pexy- s​ urgical fixation 8. -ectasis- ​stretching 9. pyel/o- r​ enal pelvisVocabulary 1. Nephrons- ​ microscopic units located in the renal cortex 2. Male Urethra- i​ s approximately 8 inches long and is located at the tip of the penis 3. Glomerulus- a​ cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman’s capsule 4. Urine- w​ aste and excess fluids 5. Renal Pelvis- ​each kidney consists of two layers that surround this 6. Urinary Bladder- ​is a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine 7. Urethral Meatus- i​ s the external opening of the urethra 8. Urochrome- ​ is the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color 9. Urea- ​is the major waste product of protein metabolism 10. Ureters- ​are narrow tubes that are each about 10-12 inches longDiseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Anuria- ​also known as anuresis, is the complete suppression of urine formation by the kidneys 2. Acute Renal Failure- ​has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia 3. Glomerulonephritis- ​ is an inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli 4. Nephrectasis- ​is the distention of a kidneyRelated Health Careers 1. Nephrologist- s​ pecializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys 2. Urologist- ​specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

Picture of the SystemReproductive SystemFunctions ● The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce millions of sperm and deliver them to come together with a single ovum and create a new life. The main functions of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs to be fertilized by sperm, have the uterus provide the environment and support for developing a child, and after the birth the breast will be in charge of producing milk for the new child.Key Terms 1. cervic/o- c​ ervix (neck of uterus) 2. salping/o- u​ terine (fallopian) tube, auditory (eustachian) tube 3. ov/o- ​egg, ovum

4. orchid/o- ​vagina 5. oophor/o- ​testicles 6. men/o- ​menstruation 7. mamm/o- b​ reast 8. gynec/o- w​ oman, female 9. colp/o- ​vagina 10. prostat/o- p​ rostate glandVocabulary 1. Genitalia- r​ eferring to the reproductive organs 2. Scrotum- ​encloses, protects, and supports the testicles 3. Seminal Vesicles- ​are glands located at the base of the urinary bladder 4. Glans Penis- ​is a soft sensitive region located at the tip of the penis 5. Urethra- ​passes through the penis to the outside of the body 6. Mons Pubis- ​is a rounded fleshy prominence over the pubis symphysis 7. Bartholin’s Glands-​ are two small rounded glands on either side of the vaginal opening that produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina 8. Follicle- i​ s a fluid filled sac containing a single ovum 9. Ova- a​ re the female gametes 10. Fundus- i​ s the bulging rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubesDiseases/Abnormal Conditions 1. Bacterial Vaginosis- i​ s a sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the vagina 2. Genital Herpes- ​is caused by the herpes simplex virus and is highly contagious 3. Trichomonas- ​also known as trich, is a vaginal inflammation caused by the protozoan parasite ​Trichomonas vaginalis and increases the risk of HIV infection 4. Balanitis- i​ s an inflammation of the glans penis and is often associated with phimosisRelated Health Careers 1. Urologist- s​ pecializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males 2. Gynecologist- ​specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

Picture of the SystemBibliographyEhrlich, Ann, and Carol L. Schroeder. ​Introduction to Medical Terminology. Clifton Park,NY: Thomson/Delmar Learning, 2004. Print.