ELAR Himalayas

WEEKLY LAUNCH: PRIMARY SOURCE INTERACTIVITY Preserving BIODIVERSITY The national parks of the United States contain some extreme environments. From animals in frosty landscapes to microorganisms in blistering hot springs, life makes its way in extreme environments. from “Preserving Biodiversity” by the National Park Service The National Park Service began because people—explorers, artists, politicians, and everyday citizens—recognized something valuable in the vast wildlands of undeveloped America. Today, we recognize the value of not only our lands, but the biodiversity that thrives upon them, as well. Biological diversity (or biodiversity) includes all the living organisms on earth. . . . To preserve biodiversity in parks for future generations, we must first discover the breadth of life forms that exist. In the past decade, numerous parks have teamed up with professional scientists, university students, school groups, volunteers and park partners for the purpose of biodiversity discovery. These efforts have identified species new to science, located species that have not been seen in parks in hundreds of years, and documented species that are able to survive in extreme conditions. 542

4WEEK Weekly Question What makes an extreme location a place to both protect and explore? TURN an dTALK   What kinds of extreme environments do you know about? With a partner, make a plan to find answers to your questions in print or digital resources. TEKS 4.1.D Work collaboratively with others to develop a plan of shared responsibilities; 4.13.C Identify and gather relevant information from a variety 543 of sources.

GENRE: INFORMATIONAL TEXT Learning Goal Spotlight on Genre I can learn more Informational Text about informational text by explaining Authors of informational texts use text structure to ideas from a text. organize ideas. When reading informational texts, look for: • Signal words, such as first, next, because, solution, such as, and like • Topics • Text features, such as headings and subheadings Informational texts commonly have one main text structure, but longer or more complex texts may incorporate more than one. Authors choose one or more text structures to support their purpose for writing. Use text structure TURN an dTALK   Think about another informational to build your text you have read. What was its text structure? Use the anchor chart to discuss text structure with a understanding! partner. Take notes to reinforce your understanding of how authors use text structure. My NOTES 544 TEKS 4.9.D Recognize characteristics and structures of informational text; 4.10.B Explain how the use of text structure contributes to the author’s purpose.

READING WORKSHOP 545

Meet the Author The Himalayas Charles W. Preview Vocabulary Maynard believes in the importance As you read The Himalayas, pay attention to these of wilderness. His vocabulary words. Notice how they help you more than forty understand ideas related to Earth’s features. publications include a series of books for survey subcontinent young readers about plateau the great mountain altitude erosion ranges of the world and a guide to Read hiking as a family. Preview the headings and photographs to establish a “frame” as you read this text. Active readers of informational texts follow these strategies when they read a text the first time. Notice Generate Questions how text features help as you read and mark organize ideas and parts of the text that details. are confusing. Connect First Respond Read facts in this text to by discussing the text what you already with a partner as you know about Earth’s read. features. 546 TEKS 4.6.A Establish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts; 4.6.B Generate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information; 4.6.E Make connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society.

Genre Informational Text HThe imalayas by Charles W. Maynard AUDIO  ANNOTATE 547

CLOSE READ Rooftop of the World Vocabulary in 1 The Himalayan mountain range includes the Context highest peaks in the world. Fourteen of the peaks rise more than 26,247 feet (8,000 m) above sea level. The To determine the Himalayas stretch for 1,550 miles (2,494 km) in central meaning of an Asia. From China’s border, they travel through Burma, unknown word, look Nepal, Tibet, and Bhutan, dip south to India, and for context clues such spread west, ending in Afghanistan. These mountains as restatements or form the boundaries between many countries on the definitions given by continent of Asia. Charles W. Maynard. Underline a context clue 2 The highest peak in the Himalayas, and thus in that helps you determine the world, is Mount Everest at 29,028 feet (8,848 m). the meaning of abode. Mt. Everest, on the border of Nepal and China, is named for Sir George Everest of Great Britain. Everest survey measurement of (1790–1866) led the survey of India from 1830 to an area of land 1843. 3 The name “Himalaya” comes from Sanskrit words that mean abode, or house, of snow. Sanskrit is an ancient language that was spoken in India. Because the highest mountains on Earth are in the Himalayas, these amazing mountains are also called the Rooftop of the World. 548 TEKS 4.3.B  Use context within and beyond a sentence to determine the relevant meaning of unfamiliar words or multiple-meaning words.

When Continents Collide CLOSE READ 4 The Himalayas are young compared to other Explain Ideas mountain ranges in the world. The Himalayas began forming from 60 to 65 million years ago. The Underline the result Appalachian range in the eastern United States is of the movement of from 250 to 300 million years old. tectonic plates that you would include in 5 The surface of Earth, called the crust, is made of an explanation of the huge slabs of rock called plates. These plates have height of the Himalayas. moved slowly over millions of years, sometimes bumping into each other. When the plates bump subcontinent large together, the crust is pushed up and it forms region that is part of mountains. Scientists call the movement of Earth’s a continent crust plate tectonics. About 50 million years ago, the Indian subcontinent began to bump into a land 549 mass called Eurasia, which formed Europe and Asia. That event caused part of the Eurasian land mass to wrinkle, forming the Himalayas. These huge wrinkles are called fold mountains. The Himalayan mountains are part of the land in many countries, from China to Afghanistan. Mountain Fact Even today, the tectonic plates are still moving, and the Himalayas are still growing. The Himalayas are getting taller by about 1 inch (2.5 cm) every five years. TEKS 4.6.G  Evaluate details read to determine key ideas.

This picture of a huge, Over time, this snakelike glacier in glacier on the Tibet the H­ imalayas was side of Mt. ­Everest has carved out the large taken from the space valley shown in this shuttle Atlantis. photograph. The Ganges River in India was formed by a glacier, high in the Himalayas. The Ganges is sacred for people of the Hindu religion. 550

Mountains Build Up CLOSE READ   and Wear Away Make 6 The peaks of the Himalayas were part of the ocean Inferences floor millions of years ago. Plate tectonic forces pushed the sea floors into high mountains. Some How are the bottoms rocks near the highest peaks of the Himalayas are of oceans and the tops limestone. Limestone is a kind of rock that is made of mountains related? up of the fossils of sea creatures that lived and died Highlight details you millions of years ago. can use to make an inference. 7 As the Himalayas rise, other forces are working to wear them down. Over millions of years, gigantic plateau large, high, flat glaciers slowly carve large valleys through the high area of land mountains. As the snow and ice of the peaks melt, they form rivers. India’s great Ganges River begins in the Himalayas. 8 India’s and Nepal’s great plains lie south of the range. The high Tibetan plateau lies to the north. In between, the Himalayas have three different climate zones. The highest snow-covered peaks lie in the Great Himalayas. The Lesser Himalayas have peaks between 6,000 and 15,000 feet (1,829–4,572 m) tall and are covered with forests and fertile valleys. The lowest, southernmost peaks are the Outer Himalayas. They are called foothills, and they have wide valleys and rivers. TEKS 4.6.F  Make inferences and use evidence to support understanding. 551

CLOSE READ A Land of Contrasts Explain Ideas 9 Wide differences of altitude in the Himalayas create the many climates found there. The valleys of the Underline at least three Outer Himalayas, such as those in India and Burma, examples of domain- are subtropical with hot days and plenty of rain. The specific vocabulary you valleys of the Lesser Himalayas have a temperate might use to determine climate. Average summer day temperatures there are and explain the ideas in from 60°F to 77°F (16°C–25°C). Winters are cooler. paragraphs 9 and 10. The Kathmandu valley of Nepal, in the temperate zone, is populated with many farms and several cities. altitude height or distance above sea level 10 Most of the year’s rainfall of 60 inches (152 cm) or Earth’s surface comes with monsoon winds from June through September. The eastern Himalayas receive more rain. The Himalayas affect the climate of central Asia by blocking cold weather from the north and humid weather from the south. The high Plateau of Tibet, to the north in China, is dry and dusty. The winters there are cold and long. Mountain Fact The Highest Peaks in the Great Himalayas are frozen worlds. Snow and ice stay on the ground year-round. Even the valleys are cold and desertlike, with no trees and few plants. Atop Mt. Everest the oxygen in the air is only one‑third of that at sea level. It is difficult for plants, animals, and humans to live there. 552 TEKS 4.6.G  Evaluate details read to determine key ideas.

Varied Vegetation CLOSE READ 11 The altitudes and climates in the Himalayas support Explain Ideas many types of plant life. Rainfall, temperatures, and oxygen all affect the species of trees and plants Underline details that that live in the mountains and in the valleys. The would allow you to Outer Himalayas, once covered with a rich, tropical explain key ideas about forest, have been harvested. The land is now either erosion to someone. farmed or used to graze goats and other livestock. erosion process of Pine, oak, and poplar trees grow in the Lesser wearing away or Himalayas. People have cut down breaking down land many of these trees, which has over time caused erosion. Tree roots are necessary for keeping soil in 553 place on steep mountainsides. They keep the soil from washing away in rain or blowing away in high winds. Even though many of the steep slopes no longer have trees, beautiful wildflowers color the mountainsides. Orchids, lilies, anemones, poppies, and rhododendron flowers flourish among the mountains and valleys of the Lesser Himalayas. The tree line in the Great Himalayas is about 16,000 feet (4,877 m). Trees will not grow above this level because of the high altitude and the cold. The snowcapped peak Annapurna is seen in the distance from this fertile valley in Nepal. TEKS 4.6.G  Evaluate details read to determine key ideas.

CLOSE READ Amazing Animals Make 12 Leopards, tigers, deer, and Indian rhinoceroses were Inferences once plentiful in the forests of the Outer Himalayas. When people cut down the trees for lumber, the Highlight details that forests changed and so did the types and numbers of support an inference you animals that lived in them. Black bears, leopards and can make about humans other cats, and the muntjac, a deer known for making and the animals of the a barking sound, now live in the few existing forests. Himalayas. 13 The Great Himalayas, a land of few people, are home to wolves, snow leopards, small, bushy-tailed marmots, and musk deer. A kind of tiny black spider lives as high as 22,500 feet (6,858 m). 14 The yak is a Tibetan ox that lives on high plateaus and in the mountains. It likes the cold, dry climate. People raise yaks to carry heavy loads and to pull carts. Yaks are a source of milk and meat. Yak hair is woven to make rope and cloth, and yak skin is used for leather. Mountain A yak, shown here with Fact The wild yak a Tibetan family, is a common sight in the is a huge animal with Himalayas. long, brown-black hair forming a thick coat. Male yaks can be 6 ½ feet (2 m) tall at the shoulders. They can weigh more than 2,000 pounds (907 kg). 554 TEKS 4.6.F  Make inferences and use evidence to support understanding.

Many Mountain Cultures CLOSE READ 15 About 40 million people live in the Himalayas. Make The Himalayas pass through the Indian states. The Inferences Himalayas also lie in the kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, as well as in Tibet. Highlight details you can use to make an inference 16 Many of the people who live in the southern about climbing the countries of the Outer Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas. Himalayas are of Indian origin and practice the Hindu religion. North of India, most Tibetan people are Buddhist. Nepal has 35 separate ethnic groups. 17 Most people of the Himalayas are farmers who grow fruits and grains and who herd livestock. The Sherpa people live in Nepal’s Great Himalayas. The Sherpas are tribespeople who came from Tibet and settled in the steep-sided valleys of the Himalayas. Sherpas are known as the best guides for climbers of these mountains. TEKS 4.6.F  Make inferences and use evidence to support understanding. 555

CLOSE READ On Top of the World Make 18 The Himalayas were some of the last mountains Inferences on Earth to be explored. Ancient spice and silk trade routes between China and India wound through the What inference can high mountain passes between India and Tibet. A you make about the Spanish priest drew one of the first maps of the area difficulties of climbing in 1590. In 1852, British surveyors claimed that Peak and studying the XV was the highest peak in the world. It was later Himalayas? named Mt. Everest. Highlight details that 19 After several attempts, George Mallory and Andrew support your inference. Irvine set out to climb Mt. Everest on June 8, 1924. They never returned. On May 29, 1953, Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa, and Edmund Hillary, of New Zealand, became the first to reach Everest’s peak. Since then, many climbers who have tried to scale this mountain have died from the freezing temperatures and the low oxygen. However, hundreds have reached Everest’s peak, the top of the high Himalayas. Mountain Top: Mallory and Irvine Fact In 1999, an are photographed at the beginning of their attempt expedition searched for clues to the 1924 to climb Everest. disappearance of George Bottom: A woman Mallory and Andrew Irvine. climbs a frozen waterfall The team found George Mallory’s in the Khumbu range body at more than 25,000 feet of the Himalayas. (7,620 m). After removing a few articles from his pockets, the team buried Mallory on the north face of Mt. Everest. 556 TEKS 4.6.F  Make inferences and use evidence to support understanding.

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CLOSE READ Mapping and Protecting the Himalayas Explain Ideas 20 One early challenge to exploring the Himalayas was Underline details in mapping its many high, snow-covered peaks. Today paragraph 20 that help aircraft and satellites make exact maps possible. you explain why and Geologists, geographers, and other scientists are how the Himalayas are still working to understand the Rooftop of the World being protected. better. Some areas of the Himalayas are being protected by several governments so that endangered plants and animals will be saved. The Sagarmatha National Park of Nepal is one example of this effort. The entire park is located above 9,700 feet (2,957 m). Edmund Hillary (left) and Tenzing Norgay (right) were eating breakfast before setting out to climb Mt. Everest. 558 TEKS 4.6.G  Evaluate details read to determine key ideas.

The government of Nepal set aside this special place CLOSE READ to protect animals, plants, and mountain scenery. The Sherpa people are allowed to live in the national Explain Ideas park. Although only a few people will ever climb the mountains, people come from all over the world to Underline an idea in look with wonder at these mysterious high peaks and paragraphs 21–23 that their steep valleys, large glaciers, and swift rivers. The you can explain using Himalayas remain among Earth’s most wonderful details from the text. places. 559 The Abominable Snowman 21 People who follow the Hindu and Buddhist religions in the Himalayas consider these mountains to be sacred. The Ganges, a sacred river to the Hindu people, begins from the snows of the Himalayas. The mountains were the “abode of the gods” to people who believed that the most powerful gods lived on the snowy peaks. 22 The Sherpas and Tibetans tell legends, or tales, about the yeti, who is also known as the Abominable Snowman. It is said that the name “yeti” comes from the Sherpa words yah, meaning rock, and teh, meaning animal. The yeti is believed to be a large, hairy creature that is bigger and stronger than a human. 23 There are no photographs or other proof to show that the yeti lives in the Himalayas. However, stories are told of yeti that attack and kill yaks in the high meadows. The religious beliefs and the stories about the yeti show that many people consider the Himalayas to be special mountains with many mysteries yet to be solved. TEKS 4.6.G  Evaluate details read to determine key ideas.

VOCABULARY Develop Vocabulary Concrete words refer to things a person can sense or measure, such as a book. Abstract words name things that cannot be touched, such as ideas. Many concrete nouns can be used in figurative language or as verbs. For example, you can use the noun pencil as a verb: I will pencil that in on my calendar. My TURN   Use each concrete word from the word bank either as a verb or in a figurative or abstract way. You may add an ending to a word you are using as a verb. Then define the word the way you used it. Word Bank survey   subcontinent   plateau   altitude   erosion 1. Sentence  Bethany surveyed the crowded gymnasium. Definition  looked around 2. Sentence  Definition  3. Sentence  Definition  4. Sentence  Definition  5. Sentence  Definition  560 TEKS 4.7.F Respond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate.

COMPREHENSION READING WORKSHOP Check for Understanding My TURN   Look back at the text to answer the questions. 1. Is The Himalayas informational text or argumentative text? How can you tell? 2. Charles W. Maynard refers to the Himalayas as “young compared to other mountain ranges in the world.” How does this explain the fact that the tallest mountain in the world is in the Himalayas? 3. If you were a scientist, what experiment could you conduct to learn more about the environment of the Himalayas? What question would your experiment answer, and how could you find the answer? 4. How do the photographs and diagrams in The Himalayas help explain why people around the world are interested in learning more about these mountains? TEKS 4.6.G Evaluate details read to determine key ideas; 4.6.H Synthesize information to create new 561 understanding; 4.9.D Recognize characteristics and structures of informational text; 4.10.C Analyze the author’s use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes.

CLOSE READ Explain Ideas Explaining key ideas means making them clear by giving examples and defining vocabulary. You can use specific details from a text to explain ideas, such as what happens and why. 1. My TURN   Go to the Close Read notes in The Himalayas and underline details that help you determine key ideas. 2. Text Evidence  Imagine that you are being asked to explain ideas based on specific details in the text. Use your evidence to complete the diagram. To explain I would include how the Himalayas are changing the detail that they grow about today, an inch taller every five years. 562 TEKS 4.6.G Evaluate details read to determine key ideas.

READING WORKSHOP Make Inferences To make inferences, put evidence from a text together with what you already know to develop a deeper understanding of an idea or a concept. 1. My TURN   Go back to the Close Read notes and highlight evidence that helps you make inferences about the Himalayas. 2. Text Evidence  Paraphrase your highlighted text to support an inference about climbing and studying the Great Himalayas. Use evidence to support your understanding of the text. What I read in the text: What I already know My inference about climbing and studying the Great Himalayas TEKS 4.6.F Make inferences and use evidence to support understanding. 563

RESPOND TO TEXT Reflect and Share Write to Sources  The Himalayas are one set of mountains on Earth. Every continent on the planet has mountains that formed due to tectonic forces. Exploring and studying mountains can be dangerous. Why do some people take the risks involved to explore the landforms of Earth? Use evidence from the texts you have read this week to write and support an appropriate response. Use Text Evidence  As you gather evidence from your reading, record facts, examples, and quotations on note cards. Then follow these steps. 1. Lay out your notes. Put related ideas in groups. 2. Decide which ideas you want to include in your written response. 3. Put your groups of notes in the order you wish to use for your response. Write your response, using evidence from your notes to support each idea. Weekly Question What makes an extreme location a place to both protect and explore? 564 TEKS 4.7.C Use text evidence to support an appropriate response; 4.7.E Interact with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating.

VOCABULARY READING-WRITING BRIDGE Academic Vocabulary Learning Goal Figurative Language  A simile is a kind of figurative I can use language language that compares two unlike things using to make connections the words like or as. You may use similes to draw between reading and attention to ideas you want to express. For example, a writing. park ranger might say, “Antelopes flood this valley like boats coming into harbor before a storm.” This simile goldfish compares two unlike things, antelopes and boats, and draws attention to how antelopes move. Word Bank umbrella dandelion crayons My TURN   For each numbered word,   1. Choose a word from the word bank.   2. Write a sentence with a simile that uses both the numbered academic vocabulary word and the word you chose.   3. Identify the idea the simile expresses. 1. label The label “Fluffy” is as scary as a dandelion. Idea: “Fluffy” is not a scary name. 2. border Idea: 3. consequences 565 Idea: TEKS 4.7.F Respond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate.

WORD STUDY Prefixes dis-, over-, non-, under- The prefixes dis- and non- both mean “opposite of.” The prefix over- may mean “on top of,” “use more of,” or “too much.” The prefix under- may mean “beneath” or “less of.” Word with Prefix Meaning Prefix Adds Meaning of Word discover opposite of cover find overpower use more power defeat nonfiction opposite of fiction factual text underfoot below the feet on the floor My TURN   Decode each bold word and write its definition. Then use a prefix to make and define a word that has the opposite definition. Word Definition Make and Define Its Opposite overcharge charge too much undercharge—charge too little competitive agree undersize High-Frequency Words High-frequency words  are words you will see in many different texts. Read these high-frequency words: wonder, bottom, exactly, trouble, symbols, engine. Try to identify them in your independent reading. 566 TEKS 4.2.A.iv Decode words using knowledge of prefixes; 4.2.A.vi Identify and read high-frequency words from a research-based list. ELPS 2.C.iii Listening; ELPS 4.C.i Reading

ANALYZE AUTHOR’S CRAFT READING-WRITING BRIDGE Read Like a Writer Authors use print features such as headings and subheadings to help readers find information. Model Read this text from The Himalayas. Many Mountain Cultures heading About 40 million people live in the Himalayas. 1. Identify  Charles W. Maynard uses the heading “Many Mountain Cultures.” 2. Question  What will I learn about in the text under this heading? 3. Conclude  I will learn about the different cultures to which 40 million people belong. Read this text. Mapping and Protecting the Himalayas One early challenge to exploring the Himalayas was mapping its many high, snow-covered peaks. My TURN   Follow the steps to analyze a heading. 1. Identify  Charles W. Maynard uses the heading 2. Question  What will I learn about in the text under this heading? 3. Conclude  I will learn about TEKS 4.10.C Analyze the author’s use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes. 567

DEVELOP AUTHOR’S CRAFT What am I about to Write for a Reader read? Print features such as contents lists, chapter titles, headings, and subheadings help readers understand a text’s structure. They tell readers what sections of the text are about. My TURN   Think about how headings in The Himalayas by Charles W. Maynard help you know what you will be reading. Now think how you can use headings in your own writing to let readers know what they will be reading. 1. For a section you are writing about the flavors of vegetables, what heading could you use that will help readers? 2. Write a short passage about the best sandwich you have ever eaten. After you write the passage, write a heading that will tell readers what the passage is about. Heading: 568 TEKS 4.12.B Compose informational texts, including brief compositions that convey information about a topic, using a clear central idea and genre characteristics and craft.

SPELLING READING-WRITING BRIDGE Spell Words with Prefixes Adding a prefix, such as dis-, over-, non-, or under-, to a base word does not change the spelling of the base word. My TURN   Read the words. Then sort and spell the words in alphabetical order. SPELLING WORDS disobey disconnect disinfect disembark disappoint nonexistent nonsense nonrenewable nonverbal nonliving overreact overachieve overwhelm overcast overcharge underachieve understatement underarm underdog underline TEKS 4.2.B.v Spell words using knowledge of prefixes. 569

LANGUAGE AND CONVENTIONS Comma Rules A compound sentence is made by joining two or more sentences. A comma follows the content of the first sentence. Next comes a coordinating conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so. Last comes the content of the second sentence. The entire compound sentence ends with a period. First Sentence Coordinating Second Sentence and Comma Conjunction so we will stay overnight in San Laredo is too far Antonio. away, and they came back to the lunch Adnan found Dina, table. My TURN   Edit the paragraph by deleting two commas where they do not belong and adding three commas that are missing in compound sentences. West Texas has more than forty mountain ranges and, you can explore parts of seven of them. The ranges formed in different ways. For example, the Guadalupe Mountains look like other mountains but, they are the remains of an ocean reef. You can visit the Hueco Mountains that formed when Earth’s crust stretched or you can visit the Davis Mountains that formed when a volcano collapsed. 570 TEKS 4.11.D Edit drafts using standard English conventions, including: 4.11.D.x punctuation marks, including apostrophes in possessives, commas in compound sentences, and quotation marks in dialogue.

POETRY WRITING WORKSHOP Use Verbs Learning Goal Progressive verb tenses  show actions in progress. I can use knowledge of the elements and • The past progressive tense shows an action that structure of poetry to was happening in the past: We were hiking. write a poem. • The present progressive tense shows an action that is happening right now: We are hiking. • The future progressive tense shows an action that will be happening in the future: We will be hiking. Some helping verbs, called modal verbs, help writers express attitudes. These verbs always come before another verb. Here are some examples. He can eat peaches. Attitude: He is able We may buy oranges. to eat peaches. Attitude: It is possible we will buy oranges. You must have brought a jacket! These verbs always come first in a verb phrase. They could be arriving today. These verbs are the same in every tense and with singular Common modal verbs include can, could, may, and plural subjects. might, must, should, will, and would. My TURN   Choose a verb from the box to correctly complete each sentence. gliding can Verbs will must resting should may hearing 1. The swans were on the pond. 2. We finish by the due date. TEKS 4.11.D Edit drafts using standard English conventions. 571

POETRY Revise for Structure Changing the structure of a poem changes its effect on readers. The change might involve • putting ideas in a different order • adding or removing rhymes • adding, deleting, or rearranging concrete words • making rhythms more obvious First Structure: Unrhymed quatrain, four lines with similar rhythms Beware of kittens! They have tiny teeth that are sharp, like needles, and will make you leap up! Second Structure: Haiku, three lines with 5, 7, and 5 syllables Tiny kitten teeth sharp, startling as needles. Get ready to jump! My TURN   Revise this poem so that it has the structure of an unrhymed quatrain, a rhymed quatrain, or a haiku. Listen to that wind, playing with the crack in the window. A whistle, an oboe, flute, horn, oboe again, and then the strings climb the scale to a shriek. Here comes the storm! My TURN   Revise for structure when you revisit drafts of your own poems. 572 TEKS 4.11.B Develop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by: 4.11.B.i organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, and a conclusion. See also 4.12.A.

WRITING WORKSHOP Revise for Word Choice Choosing new words for a poem clarifies its ideas. It also changes the poem’s effect on readers. Revising for word choice might involve • adding and deleting concrete words • rearranging sensory details for coherence • using new words to create clear rhythm and images • adding or removing rhymes Original Poem We are third from the sun, a ball of rock. Venus and Mars come from similar stock. Our air is different. It keeps us alive. It’s why we have oceans, with whales that dive. Poem Revised for Word Choice This stony planet, the third from the sun, is, unlike near others, a lively one with air, with water, with animals too that scurry and dive under skies so blue. This change makes the poem sound more formal and less personal. Ideas have been rearranged. “Unlike near others” refers to Venus and Mars. “Lively” is a short way of referring to life. The image of animals “that scurry and dive” says more about life on Earth than the original poem because it alludes to animals that live on land as well as in water. My TURN   In your writer’s notebook, revise for word choice to create coherence and clarity in one of your own poems. TEKS 4.11.C Revise drafts to improve sentence structure and word choice by adding, deleting, combining, 573 and rearranging ideas for coherence and clarity; 4.12.A Compose literary texts such as personal narratives and poetry using genre characteristics and craft.

POETRY Edit for Adjectives An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. A comparative adjective compares two nouns. A superlative adjective compares three or more nouns. Rule Comparative Superlative Examples longer longest Add -er A week is longer than a and -est more most day. In North America, to short adventuresome adventuresome the longest day is in adjectives June. Use more Andre is more and most adventuresome with long than Lim. This year adjectives Dinara is the most adventuresome camper. Adjectives usually come before the word they describe. When you use two or more adjectives to describe one thing, you can put the adjectives in order according to the example below that shows where they often appear before a noun. closest to noun color red box next closest shape square red box next closest age old square red box next closest size tiny old square red box farthest opinion beautiful tiny old square red box My TURN   Edit drafts of your own poems Adjectives give useful details. for adjectives. Follow the rule for adding -er and -est to spell adjectives correctly. 574 TEKS 4.11.D Edit drafts using standard English conventions, including: 4.11.D.iv adjectives, including their comparative and superlative forms. See also 4.11.D.xi.

WRITING WORKSHOP Edit for Prepositional Phrases A preposition is the first word in a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition. The prepositional phrase tells about another word in the sentence. Mother strolls to the window and looks at the trees, then asks, “After the game, would you work with me please?” To the window tells where Mother is going. At the trees says what Mother sees. After the game says when the two people would work. With me reveals who will work together. Review the meanings of several prepositions. Preposition Sample Meanings Preposition Sample Meanings of coming from; being between with one on either side one member or part with over across; above; on top having; in the before company of to in the direction of after in in front of within the area of; by without means of behind in order not having during while something is through happening at in a particular place; to or toward; in the in one side and out field of the other; by way of into to the inside or middle among surrounded by My TURN   Edit drafts of your own poems for prepositional phrases. Share some of your favorite prepositional phrases with your Writing Club. TEKS 4.11.D Edit drafts using standard English conventions, including: 4.11.D.vi prepositions and 575 prepositional phrases.