Knowledge Encyclopedia Ocean

201 COMPOUND EYE DENTICLES EXOSKELETON FRY A type of eye found in some Tiny scales, shaped like teeth, The hard external skeleton of a Young fish. crustaceans and most insects that covering the skin of a shark. Denticles crustacean or insect. is made up of many separate units, reduce the drag of water, allowing the GASTROPOD each with its own lens. shark to swim fast and silently. EXTINCTION One of a group of molluscs that CONSUMER DIATOM The disappearance from Earth of the includes snails and slugs. last living representative of a species. An animal that consumes other A type of algae made of a single cell, GENERATOR organisms to gain energy, as opposed belonging to the phytoplankton. FAST ICE to producing energy itself. A machine that converts motion into DORSAL FIN Sea ice that is frozen to the shore. electrical energy. CONTINENTAL SHELF A fin on a marine animal’s back. FAULT GEOLOGY The submerged edge of a continent that lies beneath shallow coastal seas. EARTHQUAKE A crack in Earth’s surface where the The study of Earth’s rocks and rocks on either side have shifted in their history. COPEPOD A violent shaking of the Earth relation to each other, either upwards, produced by two tectonic plates downwards, or sideways. This GILL RAKERS Species of small crustacean, many of sliding against each other at a fault. movement can cause earthquakes. which are part of the ocean plankton. Projections from the gills of a fish, ECHOLOCATION FILTER-FEEDING used for trapping food particles. CORE A way of locating nearby objects by A method used by some whales in GILLS The innermost part of a planet. Earth sending out sounds and receiving the which they strain seawater through has a liquid outer core and a solid inner echoes. Used by dolphins and other fringed plates in their mouths to trap The organs used by fish and other core, both made of iron and nickel. marine animals, and by land animals small prey. animals for breathing underwater. such as bats. CORROSION FISH GLACIER ECOSYSTEM The wearing away of an object due to A large group of animals that breathe A moving mass of ice, formed from substances reacting chemically. A community of living organisms through gills and usually have bodies accumulated snow. Some glaciers flow that interact with each other and designed for swimming. There are like rivers. Others are vast ice sheets COUNTERSHADING with their environment. three main classes of fish: bony fish, such as those covering Antarctica. cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays), A pattern of colouration where an EGG and jawless fish (lampreys). GRAVITY animal is darker on top and lighter underneath. This means that seen from The female reproductive cell. Also the FLUKE The force that attracts one object to above the animal blends in with the objects laid by birds, fish, and insects, another and prevents things floating dark water below, but seen from below which contain a developing embryo. The tail fin of a cetacean. off into space. it blends in with the sunlit surface. ENERGY FOOD CHAIN GYRE CRUST What all living things need to live The order in which organisms, from A circular pattern of ocean currents. The rocky outermost layer of Earth. and grow. Most gain this by either microscopic lifeforms to top predators, eating other organisms or from a pass on to each other the energy they HABITAT CRUSTACEAN source such as sunlight. obtain from food. The area where an organism naturally An animal with a hard external EQUATOR FOSSIL makes its home. skeleton and paired, jointed legs, such as a crab or shrimp. The imaginary circle around the The preserved remains or traces of HAEMOGLOBIN middle of Earth, dividing the planet once-living animals and plants. The CURRENT into the Northern and Southern most common fossils are bones that The oxygen-carrying substance found hemispheres (halves). have been buried and changed into inside red blood cells. A continually flowing path of water, stone over millions of years. usually generated by the wind. EROSION HERBIVORE FOSSIL FUEL CYCLONE When particles of sediment produced An animal that feeds on plants. by eroded rock get carried away, for A substance formed from the remains Also known as a hurricane or typhoon, example by water or wind. of ancient organisms that burns easily HOLDFAST a weather phenomenon over the to release energy. Coal, oil, and gas oceans where high-speed winds spin ESTUARY are fossil fuels. The root-like structure used by round and produce heavy rain. seaweeds to attach themselves to The place where a river meets the sea. FRACTURE ZONE a rock or the seabed. DELTA EVOLUTION A long valley in the ocean floor, HOTSPOT The fan-shaped area at the mouth which cuts through an undersea of a river where it meets the sea. The gradual process of change in mountain ridge where the rocks A fixed point beneath Earth’s surface The shape is formed by sediments living things between generations are at different depths. where the mantle is particularly hot. carried and deposited by the river. over millions of years. HYDRAULIC Powered by the pressure of water.

202 glossary HYDROTHERMAL VENT LITHOSPHERE MOULT current. Most plankton are tiny but they exist in large numbers. They are A crack in the ocean floor from which The outer layer of Earth, made The way an animal sheds part of an important source of food for extremely hot and chemical-rich from the solid upper part of the its outer skin, coat, or exoskeleton. bigger animals. water rises. mantle and the brittle outer crust. In crustaceans, the regular shedding of the hard outer skeleton (exoskeleton) POD ICEBERG LURE to allow the animal to grow. A group or school of whales A large floating fragment of ice that A part of an animal’s body used to NUTRIENT or dolphins. has broken off a glacier or ice shelf. attract prey, such as the luminous “fishing rod” of a deep-sea anglerfish. A substance essential for life to exist POLAR OCEANS ICE FLOE and grow. MAGMA The icy oceans in Earth’s cold A slab of floating ice. OCEAN BASIN polar regions. Hot, liquid rock that is found beneath ICE SHEET Earth’s surface. A region lying beneath the ocean POLYP surface, which may include ridges A very large mass of permanent ice MAMMAL and deep-sea trenches. A tiny, tube-shaped animal topped that covers land. with a ring of tentacles. Many types One of a group of warm-blooded ORGAN of polyp attach themselves together ICE SHELF vertebrates, with females that feed in large colonies on the seabed, their young with milk. A collection of living body tissues that where they slowly form coral reefs. Part of an ice sheet that extends over does a particular job. The stomach and the ocean. MANTLE heart are examples of organs. PREDATOR INTERTIDAL ZONE The layer of Earth between the ORGANISM An animal that hunts other animals central core and the outermost layer, for food. The area on a beach between the the crust. Also the muscular, often A living thing, such as a plant, animal, highest and lowest points reached cloak-like cover that protects the fungus, or bacterium. PREHISTORIC by the tide. internal organs of a mollusc. OXYGEN Existing before written records. INVERTEBRATE MARINE A gas that is present in Earth’s PRESSURE An animal without a backbone. Relating to the ocean or sea. atmosphere and is essential to life. Oxygen has no colour or smell. The force that pushes against a KERATIN MICROPLASTICS particular area. In the oceans, the PACK ICE weight of water creates strong A tough material that makes up body Very small pieces of plastic that result pressure, which increases parts such as the baleen plates in from the breakdown of plastic waste. Large masses of floating sea ice not with depth. some whales and hair and fingernails These tiny particles can be very attached to the shore. in humans. harmful to marine life. PARASITE PREVAILING WIND KRILL MID-OCEAN RIDGE An organism that feeds on another, Wind that blows in a particular area Tiny, shrimp-like crustaceans that A large chain of underwater called the host, weakening it, and from a predictable direction. drift in huge numbers in the oceans mountains that stretches around the sometimes eventually killing it. and provide vital food for many globe. It is longer than any mountain PREY marine animals. range on land. PECTORAL FINS An animal that is hunted by other LAGOON MIGRATION The front pair of fins on either side animals for food. of a fish’s body, which are used A stretch of water almost cut off from The regular, usually yearly, journey for steering. PRODUCER the sea. Also refers to the shallow made by an animal to and from water inside a coral atoll. different regions to feed and breed. PHOTOSYNTHESIS An organism that makes its own food using a source of energy, LARVA MINERAL The chemical process by which plants, such as sunlight. algae, and some bacteria use carbon The immature form of animals that A solid material occurring naturally dioxide, water, and the energy from PROPULSION hatches from eggs. in Earth. Most rocks are made from sunlight to make their own food. minerals. Minerals can be found The act of pushing or driving LATERAL LINE dissolved in seawater. PHYTOPLANKTON forwards. A row of sense organs running along MOLLUSC Tiny organisms, for example, bacteria REEF the head and sides of a fish, which and plant-like algae, that drift near allow the fish to detect movement One of a group of animals that the surface of oceans and make their A rocky ridge below the ocean made in the water. includes slugs and snails, bivalves, own food through photosynthesis. by coral, and usually found in sunlit and octopuses and their relatives. waters near the coast. LAVA MOLTEN PLANKTON REPRODUCTION Molten rock from inside Earth, which is forced to the surface Hot and melted (in liquid form). Organisms that drift in the ocean, The process by which organisms during a volcanic eruption. rather than swimming against the produce new offspring.

203 RESPIRATION SOLAR TOXIN WEATHERING The chemical process within living Relating to the Sun. A poisonous substance. When wind, water, or air break down cells that releases energy from stored rock into smaller pieces. food molecules. Most respiration uses SONAR TRANSFORM FAULT oxygen, but a few organisms, such as ZOOPLANKTON some bacteria, can respire without Short for “sound navigation and A zone on the seabed where two using any oxygen at all. ranging”. A method that uses sound adjoining rocky plates slide past one Tiny animals that together with waves to detect objects and measure another horizontally. microscopic plant-like organisms make RETINA distances underwater. up the masses of plankton that float in TROPICAL OCEAN the oceans. The layer of light-sensitive cells at the SPAWN back of the eye. Region of the ocean around the ZOOXANTHELLAE The mass of eggs and sperm released equator. Tropical waters are warm. RIDGE by aquatic animals such as fish when The algae that live inside the they mate. TSUNAMI tissues of corals and some other A section of risen crust formed when marine organisms. two tectonic plates move away from SPECIES An enormous, rapidly rising ocean each other. wave caused by an earthquake or A group of similar organisms that volcanic activity under the sea. RIFT can interbreed and produce Tsunamis travel very fast and can fertile offspring. cause widespread devastation when A place where two tectonic plates are they hit coastlines. pulling apart to create a crack in SPERM Earth’s crust. At rifts, new crust is TURBINE being created. Male cells of animals that fertilize female eggs, enabling them to develop A machine turned by the force of SCAVENGER into a new organism. wind or water to generate energy such as electricity. An animal that feeds on the remains STREAMLINED of dead animals or other organic UPWELLING ZONE waste (waste from living organisms). Having a shape that moves easily through water or air. An area of the sea where strong SCHOOL currents carry cold water from SUBDUCTION the depths of the ocean A large number of fish that swim to the surface. in a coordinated way. Also the name When one tectonic plate moves for a group of dolphins or porpoises. beneath another. In areas where VERTEBRATE subduction is occurring, crust is SEAMOUNT being destroyed. An animal with a backbone. A volcano rising from the ocean SWASH VOLCANO floor that is not high enough to form an island. The movement of water up the beach An opening in Earth’s crust as a wave breaks. The movement of that provides an outlet for SEDIMENT water back down the beach is called magma (hot, molten rock) backwash. when it rises to the surface. Small particles of rock that are deposited by water. TECTONIC PLATE WATER VAPOUR SHOAL One of the large moving sections Water in the form of gas, of Earth’s uppermost layer, the produced during the natural cycle A group of fish. lithosphere. of evaporation. The vapour rises from the oceans and other water SILT TEMPERATE OCEAN sources such as rivers, moving up into the atmosphere where Fine particles of rock carried by water. Region of the ocean between the cold it cools to form clouds and polar seas and the warm tropics. falls again as rain. SIPHON TENTACLE A fleshy tube through which a mollusc can draw in or pump out seawater. In marine animals such as jellyfish and It may be used for breathing or to sea anemones, a flexible extension propel the animal along. of the body. Tentacles are used for feeling and grasping, and may contain SIPHONOPHORE stinging cells to stun or kill prey. A type of animal similar to a jellyfish, TIDAL RANGE but made up of a drifting colony of parts working together. An example The difference between sea level is the Portuguese man o’ war. at high and low tide.

204 index Index Page numbers in bold type avocet, American 133 burrfish, striped 103 changing 111, 114–15 Sally Lightfoot 121 refer to main entries axis, Earth’s 136 butterfly fish, longnose 98 disappearing 111 sand bubbler 120 coccolithophores 36 sand fiddler 120 A B C cockle, common 127 snow 143 cod, Atlantic 91 white vent 65 abalone 113 backwash 25, 111 cables, underwater 165 coelacanths 194 Cretaceous Period 15 abrasion 115 bacteria 33, 36, 58, 64, calcium carbonate 98, 99, West Indian Ocean 49 crocodile, saltwater 124 abyssal plain 16 cold seeps 33 Crozet Islands 199 acid rain 178 65, 125 119 colossal squid 60–1 cruise ships 165, 177 acidification, ocean 165, Baffin Bay 136, 191 Cambrian Explosion 14 comb jelly, iridescent 42 crust, Earth’s 10, 12, 18, Baffin Island 191 Cameron, James 66 communication 182, 183 baitballs 96–7 camouflage 33, 59 coral reefs 73 19, 64 Agulhas current 96, 194 baleen whales 144, 199 dolphins 50 crustaceans 82-3, 84–5, air pollution 178 Baltic Sea 37, 165 cuttlefish 78 narwhal 146 air sacs, walrus 150 Barents Sea 137 flowery flounder 88 orca 149 120-21 aircraft carriers 177 barnacles 28, 29 canyons, submarine 16 sperm whale 60 currents 22–3 albatrosses 137, 199 Capitella worm 126 walrus 150 gooseneck 113 carapaces 121 communications cables 165 Arctic Ocean 191 black-browed 158 barracuda, great 46–7 carbon capture 76 compound eyes 83 and climate 183 wandering 54–5 barreleye fish 59 carbon dioxide 11, 34, 64, conch, queen 76 coral cays 119 algae 36, 37, 121, 137, 199 barrier reefs 18, 73 conservation 165, 184–5 ice-powered 139 blooms 37, 178 basalt 193 75, 76 construction industry 164 Indian Ocean 194, 195 coral reefs 98, 99, 100, battle clam 127 climate change 182–3 container ships 165, 176–7 and migration patterns 96 beaches 118–19 cargo ships 107, 165 continental crust 16, 17, 19 Southern Ocean 199 102, 119 Caribbean 192 continental shelf 16, 72 cuttlefish food chains 34 clean-ups 165, 184 Caribbean Plate 193 continents 10, 12–13 common 78–9 open ocean 32 formation 111 cartilage 15, 93, 94 copepods 36, 137 flamboyant 81 polar oceans 140, 141 Bengal, Bay of 195 catshark, chain 95 Arctic 143 cyanobacteria 36, 37 shallow seas 72 Bengal Fan 195 caves 114 coral 73, 98, 99, 107 cyclones, tropical 26–7, 195 Amazon River 192 Benguela current 96, 193 cays 118–19 coral atolls 18, 73, 118 Amery Ice Shelf 199 benthos 33 cephalofoil 92 coral bleaching 99, 182 D ammonites 15 Bering Strait 190 cetaceans 52–3 coral cays 118–19 Amundsen, Roald 190 bills, wandering albatross Chagos-Laccadive Plateau coral islands 20, 194 Davis Strait 191 anchovies 35 coral reefs 98–9 deep water currents 22 anemone fish, Clark’s 104–5 54 194 atolls 18, 73, 118 Deepsea Challenger 66–7 anemones 107 bioluminescence 43, 58–9, 62 Challenger Deep 66–7 climate change 165, 182–3 defence bubble tip 104–5 birds charr, Arctic 143 coral cays 118–19 Edwardsiella andrillae 141 chemicals 64, 65 life 12, 19, 100, 102–5 bioluminescence 58 giant green 113 coastal birds 132–3 South Pacific 196 camouflage 33, 59, 78, 88 angelfish, regal 98 polar seabirds 137, 158–9 toxic 178 tropical seas 72 clubs 83 angler fish 90 seabird colonies 130–1 chimaera, elephant 48 types 73 ink 81 Anomalocaris 14 black smokers 65, 164, 197 chromis 98 cordgrass 126, 127 spines 75, 90, 94, 99 Antarctic 69, 136, 138, 198–9 blooms, algal 37, 178 clams core, Earth’s 10 spitting 121 Antarctic Circumpolar Current blowholes cormorants, pelagic 132 stings 42 dolphins 50, 51 battle 127 corrosion 115 venom 99 195, 199 narwhal 146 giant white 65 counter-illumination 33, 58 deforestation 182 Antarctic Convergence 199 blubber, narwhal 147 razor 126 countershading 33, 92, 148 depth zones 32 Antarctic Peninsula 198 blue whale 144–5 cleaner shrimp 100 courtship 38 diatoms 37, 137, 141 antifreeze proteins 142 boats see ships cleaner wrasse 100–1 cowrie, tiger 81 dinosaurs 15 aquaculture 170–1 bony fish 47 client species 100–1 crabs diving 106, 107, 165 arches 115 booby, brown 118 cliffs Christmas Island red 120 depths 66 Arcophoca 15 Botanical Beach (Canada) erosion 114–15 coastal 120–1 dolphinfish, common 49 Arctic 69, 136, 138 seabird colonies 130–1 coconut 120 dolphins Arctic Ocean 13, 136, 188–9, 112–13 climate common shore 126 common bottlenose 52 brain coral 98, 99 currents and 22, 193 fiddler 125 hourglass 52 190–1 breakers 24, 25, 110 polar regions 136 hermit 119 long-beaked common 96, Atlantic Ocean 188–9, 192–3 breathing climate change 76, 138, 152, light-blue soldier 120 marine 84-5 97 formation of 12 dolphins 50, 51 155, 165, 182–3, 184 painted ghost 120 orca 148–9 widening of 13, 193 narwhals 146 polar regions 137, 191 purple shore 112 short-beaked common atmosphere 10, 11, 182 seals 140, 155 clingfish atolls 18, 73, 119 breeding colonies 137, 192, emerald 77 50–1 attrition 115 rocksucker 91 drilling for oil 166–7 auk, little 159 198, 199 clouds 9, 11, 26, 27 droughts 195 autonomous underwater breeding grounds 56, 68, 69 coastal crabs 120–1, 126 duck, Fuegian steamer 133 brinicles 140, 141 coastal defences 111 dunes 111 vehicles (AUVs) 185 bristlemouth, tan 63 coastline buoys 185

205 E filefish, harlequin 103 gliding, wandering albatross orca 148 K filter feeding 38, 80, 99, 144 55 peacock mantis shrimp Earth, formation of oceans fish kelp forest 72, 74–5, 197 10–13 gravity 28, 29 82, 83 keratin 123, 144 coral reefs 98–103 Great Barrier Reef 118, 196 penguins 156 Kilauea 19 earthquakes 17, 26, 27, 195 open ocean 48–9 green sea turtle 76, 122–3 polar bear 154–5 kingfisher, belted 132 East African Rift 195 polar oceans 142–3 greenhouse effect 183 walrus 150 kittiwake, black-legged 131 East Pacific Rise 197 prehistoric 14 greenhouse gases 182 hurricanes 26, 165, 183, 192, Kolyma River 191 Echo Voyager 185 seabed 90–1 Greenland 191 krill 137, 144, 199 echolocation 60, 146, 149 fish farming 170–1 groupers 196 ecosystems, pollution of 178 fishing 164 see also cyclones Antarctic 141, 142, 144 eels over-fishing 184 Atlantic goliath 102 hydrothermal vents 33, 64–5 processing 173 tomato 100 hydrozoan, rocket 42 L cusk 65 stilt 174–5 groynes 111 European 69 trawling 172–3 guillemots I Labrador Current 191 gulper 62 fishing nets 179 black 130, 131 Lady Elliot Island, Australia manytooth conger 90 fishing trawlers 172–3 Brünnich’s 159 ibis, Australian 28 moray 99 flippers Guinea, Gulf of 193 ice 8, 10, 136, 165 118 sharptail 76 dolphins 51 Gulf stream 23 Ice Ages 11, 190 lagoons 19 spotted garden 90 manatees 77 gulls ice caps 11, 137, 183, 191 larvae eggs 37, 122–3 narwhal 146 ivory 159 ice floes 138, 148 eider, king 159 sea turtles 123 laughing 133 ice sheets 165, 199 crab 37 electrical sensors 92, 93 walrus 150 silver 29 ice shelves 138, 198, 199 flounder 88 electricity generation 116, floods 183, 195 gyres 22, 23, 56, 193 icebergs 138, 139, 191, 199 jellyfish 40 flowery flounder 88–9 icefish 142 lateral line 97 168–9 flying fish, Atlantic 48 H Iceland 193 lava 10, 18 Emperor Seamount chain 197 food chains 34–5 Indian Ocean 13, 188–9, laver spire shell 127 end-of-life migrations 69 climate change 182 habitats 12 Lena Delta 191 energy hydrothermal vents 64 Arctic Ocean 190 194–5 life polar oceans 137 Atlantic Ocean 192 ink, cuttlefish 78 coral reefs 12, 19, 100, pyramid of food 34 pollution 178, 179 Indian Ocean 195 inland seas 8 sustainable 168–9 sunlit zone 72 loss of 165 intertidal zone 28–9, 112–13, 102–5 ephyra 40 food webs see food chains open ocean 33 first 10, 11 erosion foraminiferans 37 Pacific Ocean 196, 197 120, 127 mass extinction 12 coastal 111, 114–17 fossil fuels 166, 182, 183 polar oceans 136, 137 invertebrates ocean floor 33 volcanic islands 19 fossils 14, 15 shallow seas 73 polar oceans 140–3 estuaries 128–9 freshwater 8, 199 Southern Ocean 199 coral reefs 98, 102 prehistoric 14–15 Eurasian curlew 133 frogfish, striated 91 migration 68 tidal zones 113 evaporation 9 frog, green tree 118 hadal zone 32 open ocean 42–3 lifecycle, jellyfish 40 evolution 14–15 hagfish 34 sandy shores 118 light eyes G halibut, Atlantic 91 islands 16, 18–19 midnight zone 32, 62–3 barreleye fish 59 hammerhead shark, great Arctic 191 open oceans 32 cuttlefish 78 Gakkel Ridge 191 coral 18, 20, 73, 118 penetration 8 eye migration 88, 89 Galápagos Islands 197 92–3 estuaries 128 sunlit zone 32, 72 flowery flounder 88, 89 Ganges Delta 195 Hawaiian Islands 197 fragments of twilight zone 32, 58–9 giant manta ray 38 gannets headlands 114 limestone 37, 115, 164 great barracuda 46 heat mapping 9 supercontinent 20 Limiting Factor, DSV 66 hammerhead shark 93 Cape 97 heliotropium 118 isopods 142 limpets 28, 29 peacock mantis shrimp 82, northern 131 herons lithosphere 16, 18, 19 gas, natural 164, 166 gnathiids 101 living fossils 87, 194 83 gas pipelines 165, 179 black 133 giant 62, 140 lugworm 126 squid 61 Geba estuary 128–9 blue 113 lunar cycles 72 walrus 151 gill rakers 39, 94 herring, Atlantic 49 J lures 58, 62 gills holdfast 75 F giant manta ray 38, 39 horseshoe crab 86-7 jack-up vessels 168 M great barracuda 46 hotspot volcanoes 197 Java Trench 195 factories 178, 183 great hammerhead 93 hotspots 18, 19 jaws macaque, rhesus 125 factory freezer trawlers 173 coastal crabs 121 hovercraft 176 Mackenzie River 191 fast ice 139 glaciers 139, 183 Hudson Bay 136 blue whale 114 mackerel 33 faults 17 global ocean conveyor human impact 13, 164–5 great barracuda 46 magma 12, 16, 17, 18, feeding pollution 178–9 viperfish 58 22–3 hunting jellyfish 64, 197 coral 98, 99 global warming 138 bioluminescence 58 Antarctic 140 Maldives 194 filter 38, 80, 99, 144 hammerhead shark 92 box 44–5 man o’war fish 49 see also hunting narwhal 146, 147 fried egg 42 manatee 77 ferries 179 helmet 63 lion’s mane 143 purple-striped 40–1

206 index manatee grass 77 nekton 33 parasites 38, 100, 101 pyrosomes, giant fire 43 Sargasso Sea 56–7, 69, 192 mandarinfish 103 nests, sea turtles 122 parrotfish 98, 99, 119 python, Indian 124 sargassum 56 mangrove forests 110, 124–5 nets, trawlers 172 pebbles 115 satellites 184, 185 manta ray, giant 38–9 noddy, black 118 pelicans Q sawfish 125 mantis shrimp, peacock 82–3 North Pole 136, 138, 191 sawshark, common 95 mantle, Earth’s 16, 17, 18, 19 nostrils Australian 28 Queen Elizabeth Islands 190, scallop, queen 80 mantles, molluscs 78, 79, 80 Peruvian 132 191 scat 124 mapping, ocean 17 hammerhead shark 93 penguins 137, 156–7, 199 scavengers Mariana Trench 17, 66, 196 walrus 151 Adélie 156–7, 198 R Marine Protected Areas 165 wandering albatross 54 chinstrap 157 coastal crabs 120, 121 marine snow 33 Novaya Zemlya 191 emperor 156, 160–1 radar 173 open ocean 33, 34 mass extinction 12, 15 nuclear submarines 191 gentoo 157 ragworm 127 polar seabirds 159 Mauna Kea 19 nuclear waste 179 jackass 96 rail, buff-banded 119 under the ice 140, 141 Mediterranean Sea 13, 193 nutrients king 156 rain 9, 10, 195 schooling 96–7 Megalodon 15 and currents 22, 23 macaroni 156 ram feeders 38 scuba divers 66 melon 146, 149 Pacific Ocean 197 rockhopper 157 ray, giant manta 38–9 sculpin, tidepool 113 Mesozoic Era 193 polar oceans 137, 199 Peru Current 197 razor clam 126 sea bass 170 metals 164 pollution 178 pesticides 178 Red Sea 195 sea cucumbers 171 Mexico, Gulf of 192 shallow seas 72 petrels reefs pink swimming 43 microplastics 178 giant 158 sea devil, bearded 62 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 193 O snow 158 artificial 107 sea eagle, white-bellied 118, midnight zone 32, 62–3 white-chinned 158 see also coral reefs migration 68–9 oarfish, giant 49 Wilson’s storm 158 research 184–5 124 Ob River 191 photophores 59 ships 177 sea fans 98 Arctic tern 68–9, 159 ocean floor 16–17 photoreceptors 83 Reykjanes Ridge 193 sea ice 136, 138–9, 191, 199 beluga whale 190 photosynthesis 32, 34, 36, ridges, underwater 17, 193, blue whale 145 life on 33 climate change 137 and climate change 182 oceanic crust 16, 17, 19 72, 76 197 predators 154–5 crabs 120 octopuses 106 phytoplankton 34, 36, rivers 8 sea krait, yellow-lipped 102 end-of-life 69 sea lamprey 48 green sea turtles 123 dumbo 63 72, 137 Arctic Ocean 191 sea levels 13 sardines 96–7 giant Pacific 80 pilchards (sardines) 96-7 Atlantic Ocean 192 Antarctica 199 seasonal 72, 92 glass 42 pipefish, alligator 91 estuaries 128–9 rising 114, 165, 183 sharks 92, 184 mimic 81 pipelines 166 Roatán Island 178 sea lion, Steller’s 153 whales 53, 145, 190 oil pipelines 165 plankton 32, 33, 36–7, 68, robots, underwater 184, 185 sea otter 74, 75 minerals 64, 164 oil reserves 164, 166 rock pools 112–13 sea palm 112 mining 178 oil rigs 166–7 69, 144 rockcod, emerald 142 sea pig 63 mobula rays 38 oil spillage 106, 165, 178, plankton-feeders 38 rockfish 74 sea sacs 112 molluscs 78–9, 80–1 plastic pollution 165, 178, rockweed 112 sea slugs 80, 98 monitoring 184–5 179 rocky coasts 110, 114–15 blue dragon 42 monsoons 195 oil tankers 166, 177 179, 180–1, 184 rogue waves 25 sea spider, giant 140 Monterey Bay 74–5 opah 49 pleuston 33 roots sea turtles 121 Moon, and tides 28, 29 orca 148–9 polar bears 137, 154–5 mangrove 124, 125 green 76, 122–3 mountains 16, 17 osprey 133 polar ice caps 11 seagrass 77 prehistoric 15 mouth, blue whale 144 otter trawlers 172 polar seabirds 158–9 shrubs and trees 118 sea urchins 74, 75, 99 movement Ottola 14 polar summers 68, 69 Ross Ice Shelf 138, 141, 198 Antarctic 141 cuttlefish 79 Outer Banks, North Carolina pollution 165, 178–81, 184 cultivation 170, 171 flowery flounder 88 polyps S purple 113 Mozambique Channel 194 106, 107 sea walls 111 mudflats 126–7 overfishing 184 coral 72, 73, 98, 99 sailfish 34 seabirds see birds mudskipper 124 oxygen jellyfish 40 salp, chain 43 seadragon, leafy 90 murre, common 131 porpoises salt 8 seagrass meadows 72, 73, mussels climate change 182 Dall’s 52 salt expulsion California 112 kelp 75 spectacled 52 76–7, 183 common 127 mangroves 125 Portuguese man o’ war 33, crabs 121 seahorses 76 farming 170, 171 open oceans 32 mangroves 125 seals 152–3 New Zealand green-lipped polar seas 142 42 sea ice 139 seagrass 76 Precambrian creatures 14 salt marshes 111, 127 Antarctic fur 153 80 shallow seas 72 prehistoric life 14–15 sampling 67, 184–5 bearded 152 oystercatcher 127 pressure sand Cape fur 96 N pied 28 construction industry 164 coastal colonies 137 oysters 170 coastal erosion 115 coral 119 crabeater 153, 199 nacelles 168, 169 diving 66–7 sand dunes 111 harbour 74 Namib Desert 193 P hydrothermal vents 64 sandbanks 106, 107, 128 harp 152 narwhal 146–7 midnight zone 62 sanderling 132 hooded 152 nautilus, Palau 81 Pacific Ocean 13, 188–9, oil and gas reserves 166 sandy plains 73 kelp forests 74 needlefish 124 196–7 open oceans 32 sandy shores 110, 111, 115, leopard 153 swim bladders 47 ribbon 152 Pacific Ring of Fire 197 tropical cyclones 26, 27 118–19 ringed 152 pack ice 138, 139, 146, 148, pteropod 143 sardine run 96–7 Ross 152 Puerto Rico Trench 193 150, 152, 191 puffins 130 Pangaea 12 purple-striped jellyfish 40–1

207 southern elephant 153 Skeleton Coast 193 sunlit zone 32, 72 tongues, blue whale 144 changing patterns 182 under the ice 140 skimmer, black 133 supercontinent 20 toothfish, Antarctic 141 extreme 114, 165 Weddell 140, 141, 153 skin supertankers 165 Torpedo Alley 107 tropical cyclones 26–7 seamounts 19 surfing 25 tourism 165 weathering 111 search and rescue boats 176 colour-changing 78–9, 88 survey ships 185 Transpolar Drift current 191 wetlands 128 seasons, polar 136 shark 92 surveying, oceanic 167 trawlers, fishing 172–3 whales 74 seaweed 28, 29, 74 skuas sustainable energy 168–9 trenches, ocean 16–17, 32, baleen 144, 199 corallina 113 long-tailed 159 Svalbard 191 beluga 53, 190 cultivation 170, 171 south polar 158 swallower, black 62 193, 195, 196, 198 blue 144–5 sediment 16, 72, 111, smell, sense of 54, 93, 94, swash 25 Trieste 66 Cuvier’s beaked 53, 66 swim bladder 47 triggerfish, Picasso 103 humpback 53 129, 195 155 swimming style tripod fish 63 killer 148–9 sewage, raw 165, 178 snail, black turban 112 tropical cyclones see long-finned pilot 53 Seychelles 20–1 snapper 29 fish movements 47 North Atlantic right 53 sharks 94–5 snow 9 flowery flounder 88 cyclones pygmy right 53 soft-bodied animals 42–3 horseshoe crab 87 trumpetfish, Chinese 102 pygmy sperm 53 angel 95 soldierfish 99 symbiotic relationships 105 tsunamis 26, 27, 195 sperm 60–1 basking 94 sonar 17 tugboats 176 whaling 144 blacktip reef 94 South Pole 136 T tuna, yellow-finned 49 whiskers, walrus 150, 151 bronze whaler 96 South Sandwich Trench 198 turbines 168, 169 wind bull 94 Southern Ocean 13, 136, tall ships 177 turnstone, ruddy 118 beaches 118 chain catshark 95 tectonic plates 12, 16, 17, 19, turtle grass 76 coastal changes 111 common sawshark 95 188–9, 198–9 tusks coastal erosion 114 cookiecutter 95 speed boats 176 27, 195 and currents 22 coral reefs 98 sperm whales 60–1 teeth narwhal 146, 147 monitoring 184 great hammerhead 92–3 spits 111 walrus 150, 151 soaring flight 55 great white 95 sponges 80, 98, 107 fossils 15 twilight zone 32, 58–9 tropical cyclones 26–7 Greenland 143 great barracuda 46 typhoons 26, 165, 196 and waves 25, 110 horn 94 giant volcano 142 hammerhead sharks 93 wind farms 164, 166, 168–9 shipwrecks 107 spy-hopping 148 narwhal 147 U windsurfing 25 tagging 184 squid 34, 140 orca 149 wings tawny nurse 94 sperm whale 61 upwellings, coastal 23, 72 penguins 157 tiger 94 bigfin reef 81 viperfish 58 wandering albatross 54, 55 whitespotted bamboo 95 colossal 61 temperate waters 9, 72 V worms whitetip reef 99 firefly 59 temperatures arrow 36 sharksucker, slender 49 giant warty 54, 142 climate change 182–3 vegetation, polar 137, 191 Christmas tree 102 shells striped pyjama 81 Earth’s 11 venus comb 81 green bomber 43 crustaceans 82–7 vampire 63 hot and cold seas 9 Verde Island Passage, in mudflats 126, 127 hermit crabs 119 squirrelfish 99 water 22, 32, 72, 99, 137, Pompeii 64 and ocean acidification stacks 115 Philippines 180 ribbon 140, 141 starfish 140 182, 184, 185 vertical migration 68, 69 giant tube 65 182, 183 basket star 103 tentacles viperfish 58 zombie 63 sea turtles 123 crown-of thorns 102 volcanic food chain 64 wrasse ships 176–7, 179 purple 112 anemones 105 volcanic islands 18–19, 73, Carpenter’s flasher 102 aircraft carriers 177 red cushion 77 coral polyps 99 cleaner 100–1 container ships 165, 176–7 stargazer, Atlantic 91 cuttlefish 79 193, 197, 198 wrecks see shipwrecks fishing trawlers 172–3 stilt, black-winged 133 jellyfish 40, 41 volcanoes 10, 16, 193, submersibles 66–7 stilt fishing 174–5 squid 60, 61 Y survey 185 storm surges 26, 111 tern, Arctic 68–9, 159 195, 197 shipwrecks 106–7, 179 storms Tethys Ocean 13 yachts, racing 176 shoals 96–7 climate change 183 tidal power 169 W Yenisei River 191 short-beaked common coastal erosion 116 tidal zones young hurricanes 26, 165, 183, erosion 114–15 walrus 150–1 dolphin 50–1 estuaries 128–9 water blue whale 145 shrimps 192, 196 life in 113, 120–3 dolphins 50–1 tropical cyclones 26–7, 196 mangrove forests 124–5 composition of 8 flounders 88 anemone 84 typhoons 26, 165, 196 mudflats 126–7 ocean 8–9 manatees 77 cleaner 100 subduction 16 rock pools 112–13 origin of Earth’s 10 nurseries 72 harlequin 84 submarines 66, 177 sandy shores 118–19 temperatures 72, 99, 184, sea turtles 122–3 mud 126 nuclear 191 seashores 110–11 seabirds 130–1 peacock mantis 82–3 submersibles 66–7 tides 28–9, 118 185 Yukon River 191 snapping 103 Suez Canal 194 estuaries 128 vapour 9, 10, 11 single-celled organisms 14, Sun high and low 110 water cycle 8, 9 Z climate change 137 monitoring 184 water sports 165 36–7 solar energy 136 salt marshes 127 wave power 116, 169 zooplankton 35, 36, 137 siphonophores and tides 29 storm surges 26 waves 24–5 zooxanthellae 99 and water cycle 9 tidal migration 68, 69 beaches 111, 118 dandelion 64 Sundarbans 124 tidewater glaciers 138, 139 breakers 24, 110 giant 43 sunfish, ocean 37 tiger, Bengal 125 coastal erosion 114–17 skates sunlight 8, 34, 36, 72, 76, toadfish, splendid 91 storm surges 26 blue 48 structure 24 thornback 91 99, 140 tsunamis 26, 27 weather

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