A Flag, a Song and a Pinch of Salt Freedom Fighters of India

["abandoned his own principles, divided a people and watched millions die for his goal of a separate Islamic nation. Sadly, Mohammed Ali Jinnah did not live long enough to enjoy the fruits of an office that he had won with such grim determination and will power.","What Happened and When","1857 : The Great Uprising 1885 : 1905 : The Indian National Congress is founded. 1905 : 1907 : Lord Curzon partitions Bengal. Widespread protests follow 1909 : Swadeshi Movement and boycott of foreign goods 1914 : 1914 : Split in the Congress between Moderates and Extremists 1916 : 1916 : Minto\u2013Morley Reforms. Separate Hindu and Muslim electorates for elections 1919 : to the legislative councils of the provinces 1919 : First World War 1919 : Ghadar Movement led by Lala Hardayal 1920 : Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League 1921 : Home Rule Leagues of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1922 : The Rowlatt Act allows the government to arrest and imprison people without 1928 : showing the cause 1930 : 1931 : The massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar 1931 : 1935 : Montagu\u2013Chelmsford Reforms. A few unimportant ministries are transferred to Indian ministers in the provinces. The real power remains with the governor. 1937 : The Khilafat Movement. Protest by Muslims against the treatment of the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire of Turkey after the Allies defeat Turkey in the First World War Non-cooperation Movement. First mass campaign against British rule, led by the Indian National Congress In Chauri Chaura, a town near Gorakhpur in the United Provinces, policemen attack members of a passing nationalist demonstration picketing a liquor shop. The demonstrators chase the policemen, torch the police chowki, killing twenty-two policemen. Gandhi calls off the Non-cooperation Movement. Congress boycotts the Simon Commission. The Dandi March starts the Civil Disobedience movement. Gandhi\u2013Irwin Pact Gandhi goes to London to attend the Round Table Conference. Government of India Act allows elections to be held for provincial governments. Separate electorates for Muslims; very few people get the right to vote Elections to provincial legislatures. Congress sweeps the polls and forms governments in seven provinces.","1939 : The Second World War 1939 : Congress ministries resign after the viceroy includes India in the war. Jinnah 1940 : declares \u2018Day of Deliverance\u2019. 1941 : Muslim League adopts the \u2018Pakistan Resolution\u2019; demands a separate state for 1942 : Muslims 1942 : Individual satyagrahas by Congress leaders 1944 : 1946 : Quit India movement. All Congress leaders are arrested. 1946 : Cripps Mission arrives. Offers Dominion Status that the Congress rejects, demanding independence 1947 : 1947 : Gandhi\u2013Jinnah talks fail. Elections to the Constituent Assembly. Nehru forms government with the Muslim League. \u2018Direct Action Day\u2019 declared by Muslim League. Communal riots start in Bengal and Bihar. Mahatma Gandhi goes to Noakhali and Calcutta to establish peace. Mountbatten concedes demand for Pakistan. Independence and Partition of India","THE BEGINNING Let the conversation begin... Follow the Penguin Twitter.com@PenguinIndia Keep up-to-date with all our stories Youtube.com\/PenguinIndia Like \u2018Penguin Books\u2019 on Facebook.com\/PenguinIndia Find out more about the author and discover more stories like this at Penguinbooksindia.com","PUFFIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 7th Floor, Infinity Tower C, DLF Cyber City, Gurgaon - 122 002, Haryana, India Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen\u2019s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, Block D, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in Puffin by Penguin Books India 2007 This rejacketed edition published 2015 www.penguinbooksindia.com Text copyright \u00a9 Subhadra Sen Gupta 2007 Illustrations copyright \u00a9 Penguin Books India 2007 The views and opinions expressed in this book are the author\u2019s own and the facts are as reported by her which have been verified to the extent possible, and the publishers are not in any way liable for the same. All rights reserved ISBN: 978-0-143-33042-4 This digital edition published in 2015. e-ISBN: 978-9-351-18082-1 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher\u2019s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above- mentioned publisher of this book."]