Time in Indian music rhythm, metre, and form in North Indian rāg performance (Clayton, Martin)

["References ABRAHAM, OTTO, and HORNBOSTEL, ERICH M. VON (1994), 'Suggested Methods for the Transcription of Exotic Music', Ethnomusicology, 38\/3,425-56 (trans. G. and E. List from 'Vorschlage fur die Transkription exotischer Melodien', Sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft, 1909-10, 1-25). AGAWU, V. KOFI (1995a), African Rhythm: A Northern Ewe Perspective, Cambridge. (19956), \\\"The Invention of African Rhythm', Journal of the American Musicological Society, 48\/3, Fall 1995, 380-95. ALKUTKAR, MADHAVARAV SANKARARAV (c. 1960), Mrdang vadan (pt. 1), Durga, Madhya Pradesh. AROM, SIMHA (1989), Time Structure in the Music of Central-Africa: Periodicity, Meter, Rhythm and Polyrhythmics', Leonardo, 22\/1, 91-9. (1991), African Polyphony and Polyrhythm (trans. M. Thorn, B. Tuckett, R. Boyd), Cambridge. BADDELEY, ALAN D. (1990), Human Memory: Theory and Practice,Hove. BAGCHEE, SANDEEP (1998), Nad: Understanding Raga Music, Mumbai. 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ZUCKERKANDL, VICTOR (1956), Sound and Symbol: Music and the External World (trans. W. R. Trask), London.","List of audio examples for companion website (www. oup, com\/us\/timeinindianmusic) No. Ex. Details Catalogue no. 1 Sabri Khan (sdraiigf), dhun in rag mdnd, dddrd tal Audiorec ACCD (extract) 1018 2 6.4 Amir Khan, khyal in rag marva, jhumrd tal (extract) EMI EALP 1253 3 7.2 Amjad Ali Khan (sarod), dldp in rag bildskhdm todT Navras NRCD (extract) 0027 4 7.3 Amjad Ali Khan, jor in rag bildskhdm todT (extract) Navras NRCD 0027 5 8.1 Dagar Brothers, dhrupadin ragjaijaivantT, cautdl EMI EALP 1334 (first line) 6 8.2 Bidur Mallik, dhamdr in rag jaijaivantT, dhamdr tal Museum (first line) Collection Berlin CD 17 7 8.3 Bhimsen Joshi, chotd khyal in rag durgd, tmtdl EMIEASD1513 (first line) 8 8.4 a Shruti Sadolikar, chotd khyal bandis in rag miydn ki Nimbus NI 5346 todT, tmtdl (sthayT only) 9 8.4 b Malikarjun Mansur, chotd khyal bandis in rag Navras NRCD marva, tmtdl (sthayT only) 0040 10 8.4 c Rashid Khan, chotd khyal bandis in rag yaman, India Archive tmtdl (sthayT only) Music IAM CD 11 8.5 Malikarjun Mansur, bard khyal in rag yenienT 1003 EMIPSLP1312 bildval, tmtdl (first line) 12 8.11 Ravi Shankar (sitdr), vilambit gat in rag gaud sdrahg Chhanda Dhara (first line) SNCD 73688 13 8.16 Deepak Choudhury (sitdr), madhya lay gat in rag private tilak kdmod, rupak tal (first line) 14 8.17 Deepak Choudhury (sitdr), mukhra-based gat in rag private puriyd, jhaptdl (first line) 15 8.19 Amjad Ali Khan (sarod), razdkhdmgat in rag EMIEASD 1348 nandkauns, tmtdl (first line) 16 8.20 Manilal Nag (sitdr), razdkhdmgat in rdgjogkauns, HMV02B6189 tmtal (first line) 17 8. 22 a Malikarjun Mansur, bard khyal in rag yenienT EMIPSLP1312 bildval, tmtdl (mukhrd) 18 8.22b Pandit Jasraj, bard khyal in rag miydn ki todT, ektdl Swarashree (mukhrd) PJ0001 19 8.23 Shruti Sadolikar, chotd khyal bandis in rag miydn ki Nimbus NI 5346 todT, tmtdl (sthayT with variations) 20 8.24 Deepak Choudhury (sitdr), madhya lay gat in rag Concord 05-0 11 bdgesrT, jhaptdl","226 List of audio examples for companion website No. Ex. Details Catalogue no. 21 9.1 Malikarjun Mansur, bara khyal in rag yerneni EMI PSLP 1312 bildval, tintdl (extract of bol dldp) 11 9.2 Pandii Jasraj, bard khyal in rag miydn kT todT, ektdl Swarashree (extract of bol dldp) PJ0001 23 9.3 Deepak Choudhury (sitar), vilambit gat in rag Concord 05-021 bhatiydr, tmtal (extract of gat sthayiand vistdr) 24 9.5 K. G. Ginde, sddrd in rag khat, jhaptdl (extract of EMI PSLP 1365 bol bant) 25 9.6 Munawar Ali Khan, thumrTin rag bhairavT, Audiorec ACCD sitdrkhdnT tal (extract of bol bando) 1003-5 26 9.7 Veena Sahasrabuddhe, khyal in rag sn, rupak tal Rhythm House (extract) 240 355 27 9.8 Deepak Choudhury (sitar), madhya lay gat in rag Concord 05-011 bdgesrT, jhaptdl (extract) 28 Amjad Ali Khan (sarod), vilambit gat in rag Navras NRCD brinddbanT sararig, tmtal (extract of tans) 0027 29 Budhaditya Mukherjee (sitar), drut gat in ragpuriyd Audiorec ACCD kalydn, tmtal (extract of tans) 1014 30 10.8 Veena Sahasrabuddhe, khyal in rag sn, rupak tal Rhythm House (extract, bol bant in tigun) 240 355 31 10.9 Dagar Brothers, dhrupad in rag jaijaivanti, cautdl EMI EALP 1334 (bol bant) 32 10.10 Shiv Kumar Sharma (santur), madhya lay gat in rag Navras NRCD miydn kimalhdr, jhaptdl (laykdri) 0032 33 10.12 Deepak Choudhury (sitar), madhya lay gat in rag private tilak kdmod, rupak tal (extract featuring 'gopucchd yatf) 34 10.13 K. G. Ginde, sddrd in rag khat, jhaptdl (tihdi) EMI PSLP 1365 35 10.14 Nikhil Banerjee (sitar), madhya lay gat in rag megh, EMI EASD 1377 jhaptdl (tihdi) 36 10.15 Deepak Choudhury (sitar), vilambit gat \\\\n rag Concord 05-011 bhairavi, tmtal (extract) 37 10.16 Bidur Mallik, dhamdr in rag jaijaivanti, dhamdr tal Museum (nauhdr tihdi) Collection Berlin CD 17 38 10.17 Shiv Kumar Sharma (santur), drut gat in rag bhupdl Music Today todi, tmtal (final tihdi) A91010 39 10.18 Deepak Choudhury (sitar), madhya lay gat in rag private tilak kdmod, rupak tal (extract)","Index acceleration 88-9,108, 174 influence on instrumental gat 180-97 accent 69,160 see also bol bant; lay bant accompaniment style 111-12,182,190-1 dhun 181 adrstaphala 12 episodic organization 93,108, 205 African music 30-2,40-1 farmais 177 \u00e2k\u00e2r 107 \u043f., 138, 146, 149 free rhythm 9, 96-7,203-6, 206-10 ak\u00e2rt\u00e2n 149 gamelan 30 aksak 40 gana 121 aksara 121,157\u043f. g\u00e2ndharva 12 Sl\u00e0p 9, 94-103,203-6 gat 108, 111, 114, 124-31,142-5, 179-97 amad 141-2 madhya lay 128-9, 134-5,180-97 anacrusis 72, 116, 127-32 mas\u00eetkhun\u00ef 125-8, 133, 142-5,157-8, 174-5, an\u00e2gat 172-3 ang 114 180-97 anibaddh 43, 95 raz\u00e2kh\u00e2nl 129-131 miara 113-14, 132-3 gatibheda 157n. attt 172 gatkur\u00ef 142,179 Svart 15,43,81 g\u00e1yakr 142, 179 bakra 160-2 gesture 2,4, 23 bondis 94-5,106,113-36 grouping 154 barhat 138 guru 1214 160-1 bartha 157 havet\u00eesang\u00eft 65 bedam see \u00edit\u00e1f hemiola 135 \u00bft\u00f3v 14 Hinduism 11, 13, 15, 17-18 to 119 hori dhamar, see dhamar bol 43-4, 64, 70, 124, 128, 142-5, 154, 182 iambic pattern 161 bol \u0428\u0430\u0440 138^tl ideology 7,10-13,17-18, 22,26,207, 209 bolban\u00e2o 146-9 instruments: \u00bfo\/t\u00e1n\u00ed 107, 146-7, 162-4, 174, 187 b\u00e2nsun 124, 142 bol tan 146,149 pakhavaj 44, 52, 63, 92, 103, 111, 172, 191 n. cadenee 168 santur 91 \u043f., 142, 165, 172 cakkardar, see tiha\u00ed surangl 124, 142 Camatic, see South Indian music sarod 124, 142 chana 53,156,162 sitar 51, 124,142 cheironomy 12; see also clap pattern tabla 44, 52, 63,92, 111, 177, 191 n. cik\u00e2r\u00ef 102, 104-5 isoperiodicity 31-2 c\u00eez, see bondis j\u00e1ti(o\u00edlay) 77,156-7 clap pattern 46, 61-2, 64-6, 182, 199 jh\u00e2l\u00e0 86,96-7 jor 96-7, 103-6 see also cheironomy Kal\u00e0nidhi 12n. closure 24-5 Karn\u00e0tak, see South Indian music computation 176-7 karvai 160n. cycle length 87 kathak 169 cyclicity 15-26, 47, 71-3 khatt 43, 62, 64-6, 70 damaar, see tih\u00e1l khull(band) bol 44 deceleration 89-90 khy\u00e2l: dhamur 61, 89, 111, 116-17,123, 133, 157-8, ba\u00f1\u00e1is 117-20, 123-4, 127, 131, 133-5 169-72, 174 dh\u00e1tu, see ang dhrupad 50, 88, 94, 95, 109-11, 114-6, 133,159, 169, 172","228 Index khyal: (cont) Banerjee, Nikhil 169-70 development techniques and laykan Berendt, Joachim-Ernst 5 138-142,146, 149,162-3,169, 174 Berry, Wallace 20, 29 formal organization 94-5,109-110 Bhowmick, K. N. 5In. influence on instrumental gat 180-197 Bird, William Hamilton 5 melismatic style in 50-1, 53, 55 Boral, Nimai Chand 157n. tal in bara\/vilambit 62-3, 67, 69, 72, 81 Brailoiu, Constantin 49 tempo 88 Brower, Candace 36 Chattopadhyay, Arup 183n. Korean music 161n. Chaudhary, Subhadra 7n., 12-13, 20, 53, foggf 89n. laghu 121-4 123 n. larant 111 Childs, Barney 23 Choudhury Deepak 103,129, 134-5, 142-3, see also accompaniment style lay 44, 75-92, 188-90 150-1, 168, 170,173, 179-97 Clarke, Eric 31 jati (classes) of 155-7 Clothey, Fred W. 16 lay bant 159,174 Clynes, Manfred and Walker, Janice 38 lay ratio 154, 157, 160, 174,182 Condon, William S. 99, 205 laykan 14, 44, 46, 48-9, 146, 153-78, 187 Cooper, Grosvenor and Meyer, Leonard 69, linearity 21,23-6,208 madhya (ang), see manjha 159n. manjhalU, 135 Dagar Brothers 109, 116, 159, 162-4 marga tola 22 n. Danielou, Alain 172n. masttkhanf, see gat Delvoye, Francoise 121 n. matra 43, 77-82, 91, 121^1,157 n. Deshpande, Vamanrao H. 14-15, 33-4, 51n. melisma 119,125 Deva, B. Chaitanya 15, 75 n. melismatic style 50-2 Dick, Alastair 114n. memory 36,201,205 Dowling, Jay and Harwood, Dane 31, 36 n., metaphor 19,22 metre 28-42,199-203,206-10 82 Durr, Walther and Gerstenberg, complex\/irregular 39-41, 81,180; see also rhythm, additive Walter 36n.,82 Ellis, Catherine J. 10 verse 119-24 Epstein, David 7, 28 n., 34, 82 mind 51, 125 Fox Strangways, Arthur Henry 37 mohra 169n. Fraisse, Paul 71 mukhra 72-3, 116-19,125, 127-32, 135, 138, Frishman, Marcie Lea 157n., 160n. Gabrielsson, Alf 36 141, 168-9, 184 Ghosh, Bikram 188n. muqam 188 GindeK. G. 147, 169 nadai(svara) 157n. Gottlieb, Robert S. 52n., 53 n., 155, 156n., narrativity 23-4 Natyasastra 13, 77 n. 157, 170 n., 172 n. nauhar, see tihaT Gould, Stephen Jay 21 nibaddh 43 Hamilton, James Sadler 114n. nom-tomalap 107 n. Handel, Stephen and Lawson, Gregory R. pad 121 palla 169n. 35 people: Hasty, Christopher 19,33 Hoffman, Stanley Brian 10 Abraham, Otto and Hornbostel, Erich M. Houle, George 82 von 29 Imberty, Michel 23 Inayat Khan, Hazrat 17 Agawu, V. Kofi 30, 32 Jasraj, Pandit 140 Alkutkar, Madhavarav Sankararav 166 Jones, Man Riess and Yee, William 99-100 Arom, Simha 30-1, 40-1, 202, 207 Joshi, Bhimsen 117 Bagchee, Sandeep 98 Khan, Abdul Wahid 51 Balslev, Anindita Niyogi 16 Khan, Afaq Hussain 156n. Bamberger, Jeanne 34, 38, 206 Khan, Ali Akbar 66 n. Khan, Allauddin 180 Khan, Amir 51,55,85,89 Khan, Amjad Ali 100-6, 130, 151","Index 229 Khan, Masit 184 present, psychological 35-7, 103,201, 205 process 13-15 Khan, MunawarAli 147-8 prosody 37, 121-4 Kippen, James R 156 n., 166 n. psychology 30, 160, 200,202, 205, 208 Kolinski, Mieczyslaw 30, 77 n., 200 pulse 97-103, 204 Kramer, Jonathan 24-5, 208 Lee, H. K. 161 n. qavv\u00e4lT 18 Lerdahl, Fred and Jackendoff, Ray 31-3, rag 14 39^11, 47,48 \u043f., 78, 103,200, 206-8 raz\u00e4kh\u00e4m, see gat recurrence 19, 21 London, Justin 41,200 rhythm, additive\/divisive 37-9 Maharaj, Kishan 157 rhythmic density 76, 81, 86-7,91 Mallik, Bidur 86 n., 117, 157-9, 171-2 rubato 145n. Mansur, Malikarjun 119-20,138-9 sadr\u00e1 111, 114, 146-7, 169 sam 20, 22 \u043f., 43,70, 72-3, 81, 135,145,172 Manuel, Peter L 67 Sangttaratn\u00e4kara 12 \u043f., 77 n. sargam tan 149 Martin, James G. 99 s\u00e4thsangat 111, 172, 191 Michon, John A. 35-6 s\u00efdh\u00e2 160-2 Misra, Lalmani 128 n. sibila 152 n. South Indian music 154, 157, 159n., 160n., Mukherjee, Budhaditya 151 Mursell, James L. 160 n. 161 n., 166, 169n., 172 n., 174,187 Nag, Manual 130 srrtkhal\u00e4 152 n. Nijenhuis, Emmie te 22 \u043f., 61 n. sth\u00e4yl 113-4 Sufism 17-18 Pathak, Rameshwar 180 n. syllabic style 48-50, 153 P\u00f6ppel, Ernst 36n. syncopation 135, 154 Powers, Harold 37-8, 72 n. Pressing, Jeffrey 21,99 tactus 487 n. Qureshi, Regula 18 t\u00e4l Ranade, Ashok Damodar 68 \u00e4d\u00e4 co\u00fbtai 58 Ranade, Ganesh Hari 82n. addh\u00e4 35, 59 Ranade, U. and Chavan, K. 75 n. \u00e4di 58 Rowell, Lewis 12-15, 17, 22, 31, 38, 50 brahma 58 Sachs, Curt 37-9, 78, 82 cancar 35 Sadolikar, Shruti 134 cart\u00e4l kl sav\u00e4n, see sav\u00e4rl Sahasrabuddhe, Veena 110,141,149,162-3, cantal 58, 63-4, 67, 69, 116,119, 121-2, 164 dudra 58, 67-70 174-5 dham\u00e4r 58, 65, 68, 117, 123, 158, 171 Sanyal, Ritwik 97,172 n. dlpcand\u00ef 35, 58 Scholes, Percy A. 145 n. ekt\u00e4l 57, 58, 62-3, 65, 67, 69, 80, 140 Sen, Arun Kumar 34 iqv\u00e4i 59 Shankar, L. 161n. jhapt\u00e4l 35, 39, 43-4,47-9, 58, 68, 81; Shankar, Ravi 10,87,103,126,157-8,174-5, examples 128-9, 134-5,146-7, 150-1, 165, 180 169-70, 185; performance chart 192 Sharma, Shiv Kumar 165,172 jhumr\u00e4 58, 62-3, 67-8 Snell, Rupert 152 n. kaharv\u00e4 59, 67, 70 Stewart, Rebecca M. 52-3, 63, 82, 87 malta 57, 59,184 Stone, Ruth 40-1 pa\u00f1cam sav\u00e4n 59 Subramaniam, L. and Viji 87, 128 n., panj\u00e4bt t\u00efnt\u00e2l 59 r\u00fcpak 59, 63-5, 67, 81; examples 129,149, 180 n. 163, 168, 173; performance chart 175 Such, David G. and Jairazbhoy, Nazir sav\u00e4n 59 sitarkh\u00e4m 59, 148 Ali 121 sult\u00e4l 59, 68 van der Meer, Wim 98 lilvad\u00e4 59 Wade, Bonnie \u0421 108 n. Widdess, Richard 38, 61 n., 97, 204-5 Yeston, Maury 159 n. Zuckerkandl, Victor 20 periodicity 100,204 see also cyclicity; isoperiodicity permutation, see prast\u00e4r pitch modulation 46, 67, 70 prast\u00e4r 14, 154, 174 pratyav\u00e4ya 12 n.","230 Index tal (cent) cakkardar\/nauh\u00e4r 170-2 tintai 35, 59, 62, 65, 71-2, 125-7; time-line 40 examples 117-18,120, 130, 134, 139, time measurement 12-13,19, 60-1 143, 158, 170;performance charts 175, toda 150, 186 192-3 tr\u00e1cala 159 n. t\u00efvr\u00e2 59, 67 upaj 94 n., 146 tala dosa pr\u00f4na 166n. t\u00e4tt 43 vakra, see bakra tan 146, 149-151, 154,187 vazan 53 vibh\u00e4g 43, 140 see also bol tan; \u00e4k\u00e4r tan; sargam tan vistor 14, 137-8,142-3, 154, 186-7 tar\u00e4n\u00e4 169, 174 visam 172-3 tempo 75-92, 203 text distribution 119-24 see also yati thapiy\u00e2, see thek\u00e4 vyavasth\u00e4 109 thek\u00e4 18,43,46, 51-6, 57-60, 62-6, 70-2, 162, yati 154, 166-8 202 thumr\u00ee 94-5, 114-15,146-8 zikr 18 tih\u00e4i 168-73, 176-7, 187-8, 192 examples 144-5, 150-1, 165, 168"]