Indian Constitution (M. Raja Ram)

["336 Indian Constitution Officially, Republic Day is celebrated all over the country \u2013 National Capital, State Capitals, Municipal Corporations, Panchayats, and other official agencies. At the level of the people, it is observed in homes, housing colonies, schools, colleges and institutions of evert kind. Official Language of the Union India is rich in languages. There are quite a number of languages spoken in India. Some of these languages are accepted nationally while others are accepted as dialects of that particular region. The Indian languages belong to four language families namely, Indo- European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic (Austric) and Sino-Tibetan. Majority of the India\u2019s population are using Indo-European and Dravidian languages. The former was spoken mainly in northern and central regions and the latter in southern India. Some ethnic groups in Assam and other parts of eastern India speak Austric languages. People in the northern Himalayan region and near the Burmese border speak Sino-Tibetan languages. The written forms of language or script come from an ancient Indian script called Brahmi. India has 22 officially recognized languages. The Part that describes the official language of the Indian democracy has to be written to promote a feeling of unity among Indian citizens. As we know that even today anywhere between 300 to 1000 languages are spoken in India, this makes the integral part of the Constitution. The official language of India shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. Notwithstanding anything in Clause (1) for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continued to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement. Sanskrit, the classical language of India, represents the highest achievement of the Indo- Aryan languages. The beginning of Sanskrit literature may be traced back to Rig Vedic period. It is the oldest literary language of India, which is more than 5000 years old and the basis of many modern Indian languages including Hindi and Urdu. Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorize the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union. Regional Languages Article 345: Official language or languages of a State: Subject to the provisions of Articles 346 and 347, the State Legislature may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that State. Provided that, until the State Legislature otherwise provides by law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes within the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of this Constitution. Article 346: Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union: The language for time being authorized for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the official language for communication","Articles of Indian Constitution 337 between one State and another State and between a State and the Union. Provided that if two or more States agree that the Hindi language should be the official language for communication between such States, that language may be used for such communication. Article 347: Special provision relating to language spoken by the section of the population of a State: On a demand being made in that behalf the President may, if he \/ she is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognized by that State, direct that such language shall also be officially recognized throughout that State or any part thereof for such purpose as he \/ she may specify. Article 350: Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances: Every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in the Union or a State, as the case may be. Article 350A: Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage: It shall be the endeavor of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups; and the President may issue such directions to any State as he \/ she considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such facilities. Article 350B: Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities: There shall be a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to be appointed by the President. It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for Linguistic Minorities under this Constitution and report to the President upon those matters at such intervals as the President may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament, and sent to the State Governments concerned. Article 351: Directive for development of the Hindi language: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the 8th Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. Forms of Oaths or Affirmations: [Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3) and 219] {As per Third Schedule} Form of Oath of Office for a Minister for the Union: \u201cI, ABC, do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and solemnly affirm allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will\u201d.","338 Indian Constitution Form of Oath of Secrecy for a Minister for the Union: \u201cI, ABC, do swear in the name of God that I will not directly or indirectly solemnly affirm communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister\u201d. Form of Oath or Affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Parliament: \u201cI, ABC, having been nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Council of States (or House of the People) do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith solemnly affirm and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India\u201d. Form of Oath or Affirmation to be made by a Member of the Parliament: \u201cI, ABC, having been elected (or nominated) a Member of the Council of States (or House of the People) do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith solemnly affirm and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter\u201d. Form of Oath or Affirmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and Comptroller and Auditor General of India: \u201cI, ABC, having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the Supreme Court of India (or Comptroller and Auditor General of India) do swear in the name of God that I solemnly affirm will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws\u201d. Form of Oath of Office for a Minister for a State: \u201cI, ABC, do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and solemnly affirm allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will\u201d. Form of Oath of Secrecy for a Minister for a State: \u201cI, ABC, do swear in the name of God that I will not directly or indirectly solemnly affirm communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Minister for the State of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister\u201d. Form of Oath or Affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a State: \u201cI, ABC, having been nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith","Articles of Indian Constitution 339 solemnly affirm and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India\u201d. Form of Oath or Affirmation to be made by a Member of the Legislature of a State: \u201cI, ABC, having been elected (or nominated) a Member of the Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith solemnly affirm and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter\u201d. Form of Oath or Affirmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court: \u201cI, ABC, having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of a High Court \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and allegiance to solemnly affirm the Constitution of India as by law established, that I uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws\u201d. Presidents of India: (As on 01.12.2007) 26.01.1956 \u2013 13.05.1962 13.05.1962 \u2013 13.05.1967 Dr. Rajendra Prasad 13.05.1967 \u2013 03.05.1969 Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 03.05.1969 \u2013 20.07.1969 Dr. Zakir Hussain 20.07.1969 \u2013 24.08.1969 Sri Varahagiri Venkatagiri (Acting) 24.08.1969 \u2013 24.08.1974 Justice Mohammed Hidayatullah (Acting) 24.08.1974 \u2013 11.02.1977 Sri Varahagiri Venkatagiri 12.02.1977 \u2013 25.07.1977 Sri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 25.07.1977 \u2013 25.07.1982 Sri Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting) 25.07.1982 \u2013 25.07.1987 Sri Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 25.07.1987 \u2013 25.07.1992 Sri Giani Zail Singh 25.07.1992 \u2013 25.07.1997 Sri Ramaswamy Venkataraman 25.07.1997 \u2013 25.07.2002 Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma 25.07.2002 \u2013 25.07.2007 Dr. Kocheril Raman Narayanan 25.07.2007 \u2013 till date Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Smt. Pratibha Patil Vice Presidents of India: (As on 01.12.2007) 13.05.1952 \u2013 12.05.1962 13.05.1962 \u2013 12.05.1967 Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Dr. Zakir Hussain Contd....","340 Indian Constitution Sri Varahagiri Venkatagiri 13.05.1967 \u2013 03.05.1969 Sri Gopal Swarup Pathak 31.08.1969 \u2013 30.08.1974 Sri Basappa Danappa Jatti 31.08.1974 \u2013 30.08.1979 Sri Mohammed Hidayatullah 31.08.1979 \u2013 30.08.1984 Sri Ramaswamy Venkataraman 31.08.1984 \u2013 27.07.1987 Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma 03.09.1987 \u2013 24.07.1992 Dr. Kocheril Raman Narayanan 21.08.1992 \u2013 24.07.1997 Sri Krishan Kant 21.08.1997 \u2013 27.07.2002 Sri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat 19.08.2002 \u2013 21.07.2007 Mohammad Hamid Ansari 11.08.2007 \u2013 till date Prime Ministers of India: (As on 01.12.2007) 15.08.1947 \u2013 27.05.1964 27.05.1964 \u2013 09.06.1964 Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru 09.06.1964 \u2013 11.01.1966 Sri Gulzari Lal Nanda (Interim) 24.01.1966 \u2013 24.03.1977 Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri 24.03.1977 \u2013 28.07.1979 Smt. Indira Gandhi 28.07.1979 \u2013 14.01.1980 Sri Morarji Desai 14.01.1980 \u2013 31.10.1984 Sri Charan Singh 31.10.1984 \u2013 01.12.1989 Smt. Indira Gandhi 02.12.1989 \u2013 10.11.1990 Sri Rajiv Gandhi 10.11.1990 \u2013 21.06.1991 Sri V. P. Singh 21.06.1991 \u2013 10.05.1996 Sri Chandrashekar 16.05.1996 \u2013 01.06.1996 Sri P. V. Narasimha Rao 01.06.1996 \u2013 21.04.1997 Sri Atal Bihari Vajpayee 21.04.1997 \u2013 28.11.1997 Sri H. D. Deve Gowda 19.03.1998 \u2013 22.05.2004 Sri I. K. Gujral 22.05.2004 \u2013 till date Sri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Dr. Manmohan Singh","Articles of Indian Constitution 341 Speakers of the Lok Sabha: (As on 01.12.2007) 1952 \u2013 1956 1956 \u2013 1962 Ganesh V. Maulankar 1962 \u2013 1967 M. Ananthasayanam Ayengar 1967 \u2013 1969 Sardar Hukum Singh 1969 \u2013 1975 Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 1976 \u2013 1977 Gurudayal Singh Dhilon 1977 (March \u2013 July) Bali Ram Bagat 1977 \u2013 1979 Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 1980 \u2013 1989 Kawdoor Sadaranda Hegde 1989 \u2013 1991 Balram Jakhar 1991 \u2013 1996 Rabi Ray 1996 \u2013 1998 Shivaraj Patil 1998 \u2013 2002 P. A. Sangma 2002 \u2013 2004 G. M. C. Balayogi 2004 \u2013 till date Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterji 26.01.1950 \u2013 06.11.1951 07.11.1951 \u2013 03.01.1954 Chief Justices of India: (As on 01.12.2007) 04.01.1954 \u2013 22.12.1954 23.12.1954 \u2013 31.01.1956 Harilal J. Kania 01.02.1956 \u2013 30.09.1959 M. Patanjali Shastri 01.10.1959 \u2013 31.01.1964 Mehar Chand Mahajan 01.02.1964 \u2013 15.02.1966 B. K. Mukherjee 16.03.1966 \u2013 29.06.1966 S. R. Das 30.06.1966 \u2013 11.04.1967 Bhuvaneswar Prasad Sinha 12.04.1967 \u2013 24.02.1968 P. B. Gajendragadhkar A. K. Sarkar Contd.... K. Subba Rao K. N. Wanchoo","342 Indian Constitution M. Hidayatullah 25.02.1968 \u2013 16.12.1970 J. C. Shah 17.12.1970 \u2013 21.01.1971 S. M. Sikri 22.01.1971 \u2013 25.04.1973 A. N. Ray 26.04.1973 \u2013 27.01.1977 M. H. Bag 28.01.1977 \u2013 21.02.1978 Y. V. Chandrachud 22.02.1978 \u2013 11.07.1985 Prafullachandra Natvarlal Bhagwati 12.07.1985 \u2013 20.12.1986 R. S. Pathak 21.12.1986 \u2013 18.06.1989 E. S. Venkataramaiah 19.06.1989 \u2013 17.12.1989 S. Mukherjee 18.12.1989 \u2013 25.09.1990 Ranganath Mishra 25.09.1990 \u2013 24.11.1991 K. N. Singh 25.11.1991 \u2013 12.12.1991 M. H. Kania 13.12.1991 \u2013 17.11.1992 L. M. Sharma 18.11.1992 \u2013 11.02.1993 M. M. Venkatachalaiah 12.02.1993 \u2013 24.10.1994 A. M. Ahmadi 25.10.1994 \u2013 24.03.1997 J. S. Verma 25.03.1997 \u2013 17.01.1998 M. M. Punchhi 18.01.1998 \u2013 09.10.1998 A. S. Anand 10.10.1998 \u2013 31.10.2001 S. P. Barucha 01.11.2001 \u2013 06.05.2002 B. N. Kirpal 07.05.2002 \u2013 07.11.2002 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 08.11.2002 \u2013 18.12.2002 Visveswar Nath Khare 19.12.2002 \u2013 02.05.2004 Rajendra Babu 02.05.2004 \u2013 01.06.2004 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 01.06.2004 \u2013 01.11.2005 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 01.11.2005 \u2013 14.01.2007 K. G. Balakrishnan 14.01.2007 \u2013 till date","Articles of Indian Constitution 343 Governors of Karnataka: (As on 01.12.2007) 1956 \u2013 1964 1964 \u2013 1965 Sri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar 1965 \u2013 1967 Gen. S. M. Srinagesh 1967 \u2013 1969 Sri V. V. Giri 1969 \u2013 1972 Sri G. S. Pathak 1972 \u2013 1976 Sri Dharmaveera 1976 \u2013 1977 Sri Mohanlal Sukhadia 1977 \u2013 1983 Sri Umashankar Dixit 1983 \u2013 1988 Sri M. Govind Narain 1988 \u2013 1990 Sri A. N. Banerji 1990 \u2013 1991 Sri P. Venkatasubbaiah 1991 \u2013 1999 Sri Banu Pratap Singh 1999 \u2013 2002 Sri Khurshid Alam Khan 2002 \u2013 2007 Smt. V. S. Ramadevi 2007 \u2013 till date Sri Trilokinath Chaturvedi Sri Rameshwar Thakur 25.10.1947 \u2013 30.03.1952 30.03.1952 \u2013 19.08.1956 Chief Ministers of Karnataka: (As on 01.12.2007) 19.08.1956 \u2013 31.10.1956 01.11.1956 \u2013 10.04.1957 Sri Chengalaraya Reddy 10.04.1957 \u2013 16.05.1958 Sri Kengal Hanumanthaiah 16.05.1958 \u2013 09.03.1962 Sri Kadidal Manjappa 14.03.1962 \u2013 20.06.1962 Sri S. Nijalingappa 21.06.1962 \u2013 03.03.1967 Sri S. Nijalingappa 03.03.1967 \u2013 29.05.1968 Sri B. D. Jatti 29.05.1968 \u2013 18.03.1971 Sri S. R. Kanthi Sri S. Nijalingappa Contd.... Sri S. Nijalingappa Sri Veerendra Patil","344 Indian Constitution President\u2019s Rule 19.03.1971 \u2013 20.03.1972 Sri D. Devaraj Urs 20.03.1972 \u2013 31.12.1977 President\u2019s Rule 31.12.1977 \u2013 28.02.1978 Sri D. Devaraj Urs 28.02.1978 \u2013 07.01.1980 Sri R. Gundu Rao 12.01.1980 \u2013 06.01.1983 Sri Ramakrishna Hegde 10.01.1983 \u2013 29.12.1984 Sri Ramakrishna Hegde 08.03.1985 \u2013 13.02.1986 Sri Ramakrishna Hegde 16.02.1986 \u2013 10.08.1988 Sri S. R. Bommai 13.08.1988 \u2013 21.04.1989 President\u2019s Rule 21.04.1989 \u2013 30.11.1989 Sri Veerendra Patil 30.11.1989 \u2013 10.10.1990 President\u2019s Rule 10.10.1990 \u2013 17.10.1990 Sri S. Bangarappa 17.10.1990 \u2013 19.11.1992 Sri M. Veerappa Moily 19.11.1992 \u2013 11.12.1994 Sri H. D. Deve Gowda 11.12.1994 \u2013 31.05.1996 Sri J. H. Patel 31.05.1996 \u2013 07.10.1999 Sri S. M. Krishna 11.10.1999 \u2013 28.05.2004 Sri Daram Singh 28.05.2004 \u2013 27.01.2006 Sri H. D. Kumaraswamy 03.02.2006 \u2013 08.10.2007 President\u2019s Rule 09.10.2007 \u2013 08.11.2007 Sri B. S. Yeddyurappa 12.11.2007 \u2013 19.11.2007 President\u2019s Rule 20.11.2007 \u2013 till date Bharat Ratna It is the India\u2019s highest civilian award given for exceptional service towards the advancement of Art, Literature and Science, and in recognition of public service of the highest order. It was established by the President of India, on 2nd January, 1954. The regulations were revised on 8th January, 1955 (to alter the design) and amended on 26th January, 1957 (to alter the depiction of the devices on the obverse and reverse). From 13th July, 1977 to 26th January, 1980, awards of the Bharat Ratna were suspended.","Articles of Indian Constitution 345 The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal, 35 mm in diameter, with the sun and the Hindi legend \u2018Bharat Ratna\u2019 above and a floral wreath below. The reverse was to carry the State Emblem and Motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a 2 inches white ribbon. There is no indication that any specimens of this design were ever produced and one year later the design was altered. Recipients of Bharat Ratna Year Name 1954 \u2022 Sri C. Rajagopalachari (1878 \u2013 1972) \u2022 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1888 \u2013 1975) \u2022 Sir C. V. Raman (1888 \u2013 1970) 1955 \u2022 Sir M. Visvesvaraya (1861 \u2013 1962) \u2022 Dr. Bhagwan Das (1869 \u2013 1958) \u2022 Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 \u2013 1964) 1957 \u2022 Sri Govind Vallab Pant ( 1887 \u2013 1961) 1958 \u2022 Dr. Dhondo Keshave Karve (1858 \u2013 1962) 1961 \u2022 Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy (1882 \u2013 1962) \u2022 Sri Purushottam Das Tandon (1882 \u2013 1962) 1962 \u2022 Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1884 \u2013 1963) 1963 \u2022 Dr. Zakir Hussain (1897 \u2013 1969) \u2022 Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane (1880 \u2013 1972) 1966 \u2022 Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904 \u2013 1966) (Posthumous) 1971 \u2022 Dr. Indira Gandhi (1917 \u2013 1984) 1975 \u2022 Sri Varahagiri Venkatagiri (VV Giri) (1884 \u2013 1980) 1976 \u2022 Sri Kumaraswami Kamraj (1903 \u2013 1975) (Posthumous) 1980 \u2022 Mother Teresa (1910 \u2013 1997) 1983 \u2022 Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1895 \u2013 1982) (Posthumous) 1987 \u2022 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890 \u2013 1988) 1988 \u2022 Marudu Gopalan Ramachandran (1917 \u2013 1987) (Posthumous) 1990 \u2022 Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891 \u2013 1956) (Posthumous) \u2022 Dr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Contd....","346 Indian Constitution 1991 \u2022 Rajiv Gandhi (1944 \u2013 1991) (Posthumous) 1992 \u2022 Sardar Vallabhai Patel (1875 \u2013 1950) (Posthumous) 1997 \u2022 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (1869 \u2013 1995) 1998 \u2022 Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad (1888 \u2013 1958) (Posthumous) 1999 \u2022 Jahangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata (1904 \u2013 1993) 2001 \u2022 Satyajit Ray (1922 \u2013 1992) \u2022 Aruna Asaf Ali (1909 \u2013 1996) (Posthumous) \u2022 Gulzari Lal Nanda (1898 \u2013 1997) (Posthumous) \u2022 Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931 \u2013 ) \u2022 Smt. Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbalakshmi (1916 \u2013 ) \u2022 Chidambaram Subramaniam (1910 \u2013 2000) \u2022 Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan (1902 \u2013 1979) (Posthumous) \u2022 Prof. Amartya Sen (1933 \u2013 ) \u2022 Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi (1890 \u2013 1950) (Posthumous) \u2022 Pandit Ravishankar (1920 \u2013 ) \u2022 Smt. Lata Mangeshkar (1929 \u2013 ) \u2022 Bismillah Khan (1916 \u2013 ) Parliament House, New Delhi It is a massive circular edifice measuring about 170.69 meters (560 feet) in diameter and 536.33 meters (one-third a mile) in circumference. The magnificent building stands unique among the new buildings built later. The continuous open verandah on the first floor, fringed with a colonnade of 144 creamy sandstone columns, each standing 8.23 meters (27 feet), lends an unparalleled grandeur to the building. While India\u2019s new capital was designed by Sir Edward Lutyens, the Parliament House was designed by Sir Herbert Baker. The original plan for New Delhi, prepared in 1911, had not provided for a Legislature building. A decision to build a Legislature building was taken after the First World War and after the introduction of Montague-Chelmsford reforms. The design for the structure was approved 1919 and the foundation stone was laid on 12th February, 1921 by the Duke of Connaught. The work was completed in six years by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) under the supervision of Chief Engineers Sir Hugh Keeling and Sir Alexander Rouse. The construction cost of the project was Rs.83 lakhs. The black marble used in the columns of the Chambers of the two Houses of Parliament came from Gaya in Bihar; the white and hued marble which lines the walls of the present Library Hall came from Makrana in Rajasthan; the teak and other wooden material used for doors from Assam and Burma; and rosewood from South India. The Parliament House covers an area of six acres and has 12 gates.","Articles of Indian Constitution 347 The opening House ceremony of the Parliament House building was performed on 18th January, 1927 by the then Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Lord Irwin (1926\u20131931). Question Hour In the both houses of the legislatures every day the first hour is reserved for asking questions on various burning issues. It is called the \u2018Question Hour\u2019 session. The members of the House ask questions about the problems facing people such as social injustice, corruption and other malpractices in the administration. The questions are divided into three parts: (a) The Starred Questions, (b) The Unstarred Questions, and (c) The Short- notice Questions. The Starred Questions are orally answered in the House. Members can ask sub-questions. The Unstarred Questions are answered by the Ministers in writing. However, this period is restricted to one hour only. Zero Hour It refers to the left over time after the Question hour in Parliament. This is about 12 Noon which is why it is called Zero Hour. During this hour, the members can raise matters of great importance without prior notice. The duration is anything between five and fifteen minutes. Indian Defence The President: He is the supreme Commander of all defence forces. He is the Commander-in-Chief of all three armed forces \u2013 Army, Navy and Air Force. The Political Affairs Committee The Defence Minister: He coordinates the functioning of the armed forces. The Chiefs of Staff of the three forces: (Headquarters: New Delhi) \u2022 The Army \u2013 General \u2022 The Navy \u2013 Admiral \u2022 The Air force \u2013 Air Chief Marshall Indian Army: \u2022 Three divisions \u2013 The Land Army, The Artillery and The Tanks \u2022 Training Centers \u2013 Armed Forces Medical College, Pune; Institute of Armament Technology, Pune; Artillery School, Nasik; Military Engineering College, Pune, Para Training School, Agra; Army Training School, Hyderabad; Armed Training School, Ahmednagar; and Signal Training School, Mahu Indian Navy: \u2022 Four divisions \u2013 The Submarine, The Naval Planning, The Naval Training and The Naval Supplies \u2022 Training Centers \u2013 Submarine Training Center, Vizag; Naval Administrative Training Center, Mumbai; Naval Artillery Training Center, Cochin; Naval Communication Center, Cochin; Naval Engineering Training Center, Pune; and Naval Electrical Engineering Training Center, Jamnagar (Gujarat)","348 Indian Constitution Indian Air Force: \u2022 Training Centers \u2013 Air Force Medical Training Center, Bangalore; Air Force Administrative Training Center, Coimbatore THE INDIAN ARMED FORCES THE PRESIDENT (SUPREME COMMANDER OF THE THREE FORCES) The Army The Navy The Air Force \u2022 Field Marshal \u2022 Admiral of the Fleet \u2022 Marshal of the Air Force \u2022 General \u2022 Admiral \u2022 Air Chief Marshal \u2022 Lieutenant General \u2022 Vice Admiral \u2022 Air Marshal \u2022 Major General \u2022 Rear Admiral \u2022 Air Vice Marshal \u2022 Brigadier \u2022 Commodore \u2022 Air Commodore \u2022 Colonel \u2022 Captain \u2022 Group Captain \u2022 Lieutenant Colonel \u2022 Commander \u2022 Wing Commander \u2022 Major \u2022 Lieutenant Commander \u2022 Squadron Leader \u2022 Captain \u2022 Lieutenant \u2022 Flight Lieutenant \u2022 Lieutenant \u2022 Sub-Lieutenant \u2022 Flying Officer \u2022 Second Lieutenant \u2022 Rear Lieutenant \u2022 Pilot Officer REFERENCES \u2022 Dr. Durga Das Basu, \u201cIntroduction to the Constitution of India\u201d, 19th Edition Reprint, Wadhwa Nagpur, 2005. \u2022 Brij Kishore Sharma, \u201cIntroduction to the Constitution of India\u201d, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall of India. \u2022 M.V. Pytee, \u201cIntroduction to the Constitution of India\u201d, Vikas Publishing, 2002. \u2022 J.C. Johari, \u201cThe Constitution of India\u2014A Politico-Legal Study\u201d, Sterling Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. \u2022 Granville Austin, \u201cThe Indian Constitution\u2014Corner Stone of a Nation\u201d, Oxford, New Delhi, 2000. \u2022 M. Raja Ram, \u201cConstitution of India and Professional Ethics\u201d, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, Reprint 2007."]