["A human eye contains Pain more than 125 million We have receptors in our bodies that receptors. let us feel pain. Heat Receptors in the skin let us feel heat. Needing the toilet Other senses Receptors deeper inside our bodies let us know when it\u2019s There are many other kinds time to go to the toilet. of receptor in our bodies, checking what\u2019s happening outside and inside us. Echolocation Hearing Bats have a special sense called echolocation, which Sounds travel into the ears they use to catch flying insects at night. They make and are sensed by receptors calls and listen for echoes as the calls bounce off the in the inner ears, inside our insects. This tells the bats exactly where the insects head. The inner ears also give are. In a similar way, submarines use technology us our sense of balance. called SONAR to find other objects under the sea. Bat Submarine 49","Technology Technology uses science to create inventions. Often the aim of these inventions is to make our lives easier. Engineers use a series of steps to come up with new and exciting products. 1 A problem Tubes make great The first thing to do is to find the linking devices. problem that needs solving. Ask questions to find out as much as This tube looks like it will you can so that you can properly be large enough to pick up understand the whole problem. tiny bits of dirt and big pieces of paper. Hmm, this cat makes so 2 much mess! I wish I had a way of easily cleaning up... 50","3 4 Building Engineers The first thing that you build is use lots of Research called a prototype. You\u2019ll be able different tools. to see your idea coming to life Once you\u2019ve decided and be able to spot anything you on your best idea, it\u2019s can tweak to make it better. time to research. Find out what materials you will need to build your design. Wheels will make it easier to move a heavy object. Building your invention in stages makes it easier. 5 Improving the design After you\u2019ve made your invention, test it over and over again. You might come up with new ideas for how to make an improved version! Ideas Someone could trip Next time we could try over a cord or wire. to design a vacuum Think of as many different ideas as cleaner without a cord. you can at the start. Write or draw them all down so you can see everything in front of you. It\u2019s great to work in a team to come up with as many ideas as possible. 51","Smimaplce hines By pulling down, I lift the weight up! Machines help us to transport, fix, and power things. We have designed lots of Clever, eh? different types of machine to carry out jobs, and many are surprisingly simple. Wheel These round parts help machines to get about. Different wheels are used for different surfaces. Grooved wheels suit slippery ground. The grooves grip the ground. Screw Pointy metal screws hold things together. They are placed inside both parts that you want to join. You use a screwdriver to twist and push them in. The screw turns into place. 52","Pulley Gears This wheel is too heavy to If an object is very move by hand. heavy, you can use a pulley to lift it. A rope is Gears are connected wheels passed over the top of a with sticky-out bits called wheel and attached to spokes. A smaller, lighter the weight. You pull wheel is turned by hand. on the rope to lift The spokes catch the heavier the weight. wheel to push it round. The weight is hooked onto the pulley. You wouldn\u2019t be Lever Wedge able to lift these weights by hand. You use a lever to A triangular wedge is lift things. An example used to split things in two. The wedge is of a lever is a plank swung downwards balanced on a single into the object. point called a fulcrum. An axe is a If I push down type of wedge. here, the weights lift up! The fulcrum is near the middle. A wheeled cart carries the object. Ramp To raise or lower an object that is too heavy to lift, we can push it along smooth ramps that slope upwards or downwards. 53","01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 Time zones The world is divided into 24 different time zones, one hour apart. When you\u2019re having your breakfast, someone else in the world is having their dinner. Russia is so big it has 11 time zones! What\u2019s the time? Well, that Travelling by plane Greenwich Meridian Line depends on where you are on across different time Earth. It can be midnight in one zones can confuse place and midday in another! our bodies and cause tiredness, headaches, Time and problems sleeping. This is called jet lag. We use time to work out when things happen \u2013 from dates in history to The Greenwich what time you have to get up in the Meridian Line morning. We measure time in seconds, is the centre of minutes, hours, days, and years. all time zones. It is where east 54 meets west. Body clock We, and other animals, have a built-in, natural body clock. This tells us when we should be awake and when we should sleep. Our body clock is linked to light and darkness.","13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 If I walk from one time September Months and years zone to another, am I 123456 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 One year on Earth is 365 days time travelling? 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 long. This is the time it takes the 21 22 23 24 25 26 Earth to travel around the Sun. 27 28 29 30 One month is roughly how long it takes for the Moon to travel Calendars help us around the Earth. to keep track of days and months. The International Date The International Date Line Line is an imaginary line in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It separates one day from the next. Day Night Analogue clock How shall I tell the time? Telling time Digital clock Sundials use shadows, analogue People have been telling clocks have faces and hands the time for thousands of that tick, and digital clocks years. But it wasn\u2019t until display the time on a screen. quite recently \u2013 1884 to be exact \u2013 that time Sundial zones were established. 55","Measuring To find out how hot, how big, or how heavy Height something is we have to measure it. Special tools help us to get accurate measurements. How tall are you? Get This is especially important when building someone to measure a house or baking a cake! you with a tape measure. Now measure a friend. Who is the tallest? Water boils at Temperature 100\u00b0C (212\u00b0F ). We measure temperature with thermometers. They Tape measures, tell you exactly how hot rulers, and even something is. digital lasers measure height Chefs must use and distance. precise measurements of temperature and time when cooking. We divide time Time into seconds, minutes, and hours. In the past, people told the time using the Sun and 56 the Moon. Today, we use clocks as our main timekeeping device.","Graphs make it Keep a record easy to see how things are changing. Scientists note down measurements regularly, so they can see how things change over time. They use graphs and charts to compare measurements. Litres and In the USA, millilitres people often are used to use cups to measure liquid. measure volume. Volume Kitchen scales help us weigh Volume is the amount of ingredients space something takes up. for cooking. Volume measures size, not weight. Two objects might have the same volume but very different weights. Weight Weight tells us how heavy something is. If you have some scales at home you can weigh yourself! 57","nUsuinmg bers A B We use numbers to count, measure, and C compare amounts. Scientists and engineers have to be good at maths \u2013 or their experiments and inventions won\u2019t work! Counting Ladybirds\u2019 spots can vary in number. Counting different things A Tally charts allows us to compare them. have been For example, you could used since compare the number of spots the Stone Age! on different ladybirds to see which type is the most common. B C This could take a while... 1st 2nd 3rd 58","Addition This plus sign means add + 4 This is the answer. the two numbers together. Addition is usually the first =6 type of maths we learn. 2 When adding numbers, it doesn\u2019t matter what The equals sign means order they are in, the that the sum and the answer will be the same. answer are the same. The equals sign was first used about 500 years ago. Subtraction 5 This is called the This is the answer. minus sign. To subtract means to take away =2 or make smaller. You have \u22123 to take the second number away from the first number to get the answer. 2nd place The winner of is the silver the race comes medal position. in 1st place. Positions 2nd 1st Ordinal numbers tell you 3rd about the position, order, or sequence of something. 1st, Sports events reward 3rd place, too. 2nd, and 3rd are examples of ordinal numbers. 59","Materials Plastic Everything around us is made of materials. Plastic is a human-made Different materials have different qualities. material that has many Some, such as metals, are hard and strong. different qualities. It is Others, such as plastics, can be easily light, waterproof, and moulded, or shaped. Engineers, scientists, can be hard or soft. and designers create and use materials in lots of different ways. Ceramics Ceramics are hard but break easily. They can cope with really high temperatures \u2013 space shuttles have ceramic tiles to protect them from extreme heat. People have been making Glass ceramic pots and vases for thousands of years. Glass is made from sand. It\u2019s useful in At very high windows because it temperatures, metals can keep the weather become soft and can out but still allow us to see through it. be reshaped. Metal Metals are usually strong and easy to shape when heated. They are conductors, which means electricity and heat can travel through them. Some metals are magnetic. 60","Plastic is easy Fabrics can be Fabric to mould into dyed or patterned lots of different to make beautiful Fabrics can be made shapes. clothes. from natural things, such as sheep\u2019s wool, or be created in a factory. Scientists have created protective fabrics that are waterproof or that block the Sun\u2019s rays. Uh-oh! I\u2019ll be in Carbon fibre pain if I break is a very strong composite used to this pane! make surfboards. Wood Composites Wood is a natural material Combinations of two or more materials that comes from trees. It is are called composites. They have the best used to make homes and qualities of the materials used to make them. furniture. Different types of wood have different colours Wood is used to and grains, or patterns. make paper and toilet roll, too! 61","Bburiliddingg es Cantilever Bridges are designed by engineers to get A cantilever is a structure us from one place to another as quickly that is only supported as possible. They can cross canyons, at one end. To create rivers, roads, and train tracks. a cantilever bridge, lots of these structures are joined together. The cables can make interesting patterns. Cable-stayed Suspension bridges can span A cable-stayed bridge has one great distances. or two towers. Cables fan directly down from these towers to the bridge base, holding it up. Suspension In a suspension bridge, steel wires connect two tall towers that are sunk deep into the ground. The crossing hangs from these towers. Log bridge A log bridge is the most ancient form of bridge. It is made from trees that have fallen or are cut down on purpose. 62","Beam A beam bridge is the simplest sort of bridge, combining a strong plank with supports at either end. Arch These piers support the bridge and go deep into the water. Arch bridges get These bridges Arch bridges became popular stronger over time! take a long during the Roman Empire. The arch time to build. transfers the weight of the bridge to the supports at either end. More than 50 designs were suggested for London\u2019s Tower Bridge. A bascule bridge is sometimes called a drawbridge. Bascule A bascule bridge has one or two parts that can move upwards to allow boats and ships through. 63","Ttakheetoskies In order to fly, you have to overcome the force of gravity pulling you towards the ground. Helicopters and aeroplanes use rotors, wings, and engines to soar through the air. In a hovering helicopter, all the forces balance exactly. Tail rotor Drag Without a tail rotor ards! Drag, or air resistance, is the the helicopter would force that pulls the helicopter backwards. Drag increases as turn in circles! the helicopter moves faster. Forces of flight backw There are four main forces working on a Helicopters can fly helicopter as it flies. Drag tries to slow it down, gravity tries to bring it back to Earth, lift raises it upwards, and thrust propels it forwards. Dreams of flying Da Vinci\u2019s wing design The Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated with flying. He studied birds and drew many imaginary flying devices, such as a wing-flapping machine for humans. 64","Lift Planes use Lift holds the helicopter in the their wings air and is created by its rotors. to create lift. It is the force that is the Main rotor opposite of gravity. Search and rescue Sycamore seeds helicopters have are also called night-vision cameras. \u201chelicopter seeds\u201d because of the way they spin. Thrust Thrust is the force that pushes the helicopter forwards. It is created by the helicopter\u2019s engine. Gravity Cockpit Gravity pulls the The cockpit helicopter in a downward contains all of the direction, towards the instruments and centre of the Earth. controls that allow the pilot to fly the helicopter. 65","The weight of the metal Why does the ship, plus the air inside anchor sink while it, is less than the upward the ship floats? force of the water. Floating The heavy, dense, metal anchor is specially A huge metal ship can designed to sink in water. float because it\u2019s full of air. The amount of Water pushes against The upward force space the ship takes up the weight of the ship. of the water is less weighs less than the The upward force of than the weight equivalent, or same, the water is greater of the anchor. amount of water. than the ship\u2019s weight, so the ship floats. Sinking 66 Scuba divers use inflatable jackets and weights to move Objects sink if their weight is up or down, or stay at the greater than the force of the same depth underwater. water pushing them upwards. Dense materials, such as metal and stone, usually sink, unless they have air inside them.","Fslionatikngianndg Archimedes Why is a massive ship able to float when Archimedes was a scientist a small pebble quickly sinks? It depends in ancient Greece. He noticed on which is greater \u2013 the weight of the that sinking objects push object in the water or the upward force aside water. He worked out of the water pushing against it. that an object will sink if it weighs more than the water it pushes aside. If it weighs less, it will float. Eureka! Submarines can stay Archimedes figured out why things underwater, with people float or sink while having a bath! living on them, for many months! Tanks fill with air to make the submarine rise. At the surface Tanks fill with The largest submarines The submarine\u2019s tanks are filled with water to make the are 175 m (575 ft) long and air when it\u2019s floating at the surface. submarine sink. Going down have 160 crew members. Changing When the submarine takes weight water into its tanks, the extra 67 weight makes the submarine heavier Submarines can change their weight. compared to the water around it. They have tanks that can be filled with The submarine then sinks. water to make the submarine heavier, or filled with air to make it lighter. This way, they can sink or rise.","Friction There\u2019s friction between your clothes and the When two surfaces rub against seat. This stops you each other it creates a force called from falling off! friction. Let\u2019s take a look at a Friction between the brake bicycle to see friction in action. pads and the wheels slows the bike down. Rubbing your hands together creates friction, which produces heat. How friction works The wheel Rubber or metal moves across pedals create friction No surfaces are completely smooth \u2013 the ground. to stop your feet up-close they are covered in tiny from sliding. bumps. When these catch on each Bike chains are other they slow down the moving greased with oil. object, in this case a tyre, helping it to grip the road. Friction with the ground Oil reduces friction so the slows the wheel. chain moves smoothly. 68","As a parachute falls, the air Overcoming pushes back up against it. friction This is a type of friction Skis are flat, smooth, called air resistance. and lightweight. This Handlebars are often allows them to slide over textured to create icy surfaces easily, because friction. This makes less friction occurs when them easy to grip. surfaces are smooth. The lighter the bike, the quicker it moves! Tyres are now often made Mountain bikes have from Kevlar\u00ae to stop punctures. thick, grooved tyres to grip uneven trails. Racing Kevlar\u00ae is a very strong and bikes have thin, smoother light human-made material. tyres to move fast on roads. 69","Electricity Electricity is a type of energy that is used to power many everyday objects, from light bulbs to TVs. Take a look around your home and see how many electrical devices you can spot. Power lines carry Electrical gadgets make my electricity over long life easier at home! Although distances \u2013 from power stations I wish someone else would into our homes. do the hoovering\u2026 Without electricity, vacuum cleaners wouldn\u2019t be able to suck up dirt. Batteries Batteries are small objects that can create their own electricity. They\u2019re often used for remote controls, radios, and torches. 70","During storms, water particles in Solar panels absorb sunlight clouds bump into each other. This to make electricity. This is can create electricity in the form a renewable, or replaceable, of lightning. source of energy. The battery in my toothbrush Switch can be recharged and used many times, so my teeth are Switches control most electrical always sparkling clean! things around the home. Turn them Lights should be on to start the flow of electricity, turned off when or turn them off to stop it. not needed! Wires Light bulb Metal is a conductor. This Can you imagine life means that it lets electricity before the light bulb? pass through it. Wires It wasn\u2019t so long ago that have metal inside them people used candles and and plastic on the outside. oil lamps to work once it got dark. Now we have light The plastic is an insulator with the flick of a switch! that stops electricity from escaping. Tablets, computers, and mobile phones Metal give off light, too. Plastic 71","TIhneternet A smartwatch links to your smartphone using The Internet is a worldwide network of the Internet and lets you computers that are connected together. Using make calls, pay for things, the Internet you can chat with friends in and play music. faraway places, order a new pair of shoes, watch the latest blockbuster, and much more! We can use the Internet to make Smartphones video calls \u2013 even are computers to people in space! that we carry in our pockets. Most smartphones can tell you how long it will take you to get somewhere! Social networking Webcams can be used to Maps video chat with people, Social networking is a way of using or can be set up to Smartphones have clever your computer to talk to other people study areas, like nature systems that can tell exactly all over the world. It\u2019s important to reserves, for a long time. where you are on Earth. stay safe online, so only connect with From this, they can tell you people you know and never give out the best way to get from one personal details, such as your place to another using maps. address or phone number. 72","Speedy parcels Vans drive all over the world with Internet deliveries. paSrpceeeldsy You can buy Shopping You can even get presents and get same-day delivery! them delivered straight to your Lots of people use the Internet to friends and family. buy food, clothes, books, and more without having to leave the house. It can all be ordered, paid for, and delivered straight to your front door! Since its invention, the Internet has completely changed the way we live! Streaming Research Pick a topic and see how much you We can use the Internet to watch The Internet lets can find out about TV shows, films, and funny cat us find out more it online. videos, or listen to music by our information on our favourite singers or bands. favourite subjects and 73 learn more about the things that interest us. Viruses When a computer virus spreads it can slow a computer down or stop it working altogether. One of the main ways a virus spreads is when we download things from the Internet.","Robots Humanoid robots Robots are machines that can do jobs for Some robots are designed to us. They can be programmed by a computer copy the way humans look, to work alone, or they can be controlled move, and feel. These humanoid by humans. Robotics is one of the most robots can do basic tasks and exciting areas of technology, with new keep people company. robots being invented all the time. Entertainment Image courtesy of Softbank Robotics Robots can entertain us. Some robots sing, Body parts dance, or play musical instruments. Pet robots are very popular, and some theme Robotic body parts are attached to parks have huge robot dinosaurs. people with missing arms or legs. This lets them carry out everyday Robotic dogs act like activities that they might not have real dogs. They wag been able to do before. their tail and bark. 74","A drone is a flying robot Mobile robots that can take photographs Robots are perfect for working and videos. in extreme conditions. They can go down cracks in glaciers, Security robots travel to the bottom of the sea, and even work in space! Security robots are fitted with cameras and sensors. They can A robotic vacuum patrol large areas, such as cleaner moves shopping centres, on their own around by itself. at any time of day or night. If this roving security Domestic robots robot detects an intruder, it will alert its owner. Robots can carry out the boring chores we don\u2019t always enjoy doing. They can wash floors, clean windows, iron shirts, and even clean a cat\u2019s litter box! 75","Glossary absorb black hole gills To soak up or take in Object in space with such Organs of fish and some a strong force of gravity amphibians that lets them asteroid that nothing can escape it, breathe underwater not even light Small, rocky object that travels glacier around, or orbits, the Sun calendar Large mass of ice that moves astronaut Chart showing the days, weeks, slowly down a slope and months of a year Someone who is trained to laser travel and work in a spacecraft comet Narrow beam of strong light atoms Object made of dust and ice that orbits the Sun, developing magnetic Tiny particles that make up a tail as it gets near to the Sun everything around us Word used to describe the dwarf planet force created by magnets, which can pull certain metals Small type of planet, such towards them as Pluto magnetic field electrical storm Force field surrounding a Storm with thunder and planet, star, or galaxy lightning marine galaxy Word used to describe Huge group of stars, gas, animals or plants that live and dust in or near the sea axis Imaginary line that passes through the centre of a planet or star, around which the planet or star turns 76","molecule prey space probe Group of atoms stuck together Animal that is hunted Unmanned spacecraft designed for food to study objects in space and moon send information back to receptor the Earth Object made of rock, or rock and ice, that travels around Part of the body that picks star a planet up information Huge glowing ball of gas mould satellite submarine Type of fungus that grows Any object that moves around in damp places the Earth, often a human-made Boat that can sail on top machine that collects scientific of the sea or dive deep online information underwater Connected to the Internet scuba telescope organ Equipment worn by divers that Instrument used to look at lets them breathe underwater distant objects Part of the body that does a particular job, such as the turbine heart or the stomach Wheel or rotor that is turned planet to make power, used in places such as wind farms Huge round object that orbits a star sensor webcam pollution Part of a machine or robot A camera that sends that picks up information photographs or images Waste that has been dumped from the surroundings over the Internet in water, in the air, or on land. Pollution usually harms the environment predator space Animal that lives by hunting Place beyond Earth\u2019s and eating other animals atmosphere 77","Index Aa brain 46\u201347 earthquakes 26 graphs 57 addition 59 breeding 33 echinoderms 29 gravity 64, 65 aeroplanes 16, 64, 65 bridges 62\u201363 echolocation 49 Hh air resistance 69 building 51 eclipses, solar 13 habitats 34\u201339 amphibians 28 Cc ecosystems 36\u201337 hair lice 42 animals 28\u201339 cable-stayed bridges electric cars 41 hearing 49 Apollo spacecraft electricity 70\u201371 height 56 62 energy 13, 70\u201371 helicopters 64\u201365 18\u201319 calendars 55 engineering 6, 50 Hubble Space arachnids 29 cantilever bridges 62 entertainment 74 arch bridges 63 carbon dioxide 40, 41 equator 14 Telescope 9, 17 Archimedes 67 cells 43, 44 evaporation 20, 23 human body 44\u201349 Arctic 34\u201335, 41 ceramics 60 evolution 32\u201333 humanoid robots 74 art 7 climate 14\u201315 exosphere 17 Ii artificial intelligence climate change 40\u201341 Ff ideas 51 clouds 20, 21, 24 fabric 61 insects 29, 31 47 composites 61 farming 30 International Space asteroid belt 10 computers 47, 72\u201373 fish 28 astronauts 18\u201319 condensation 20, 23 flight 64\u201365 Station 17 astronomers 8\u20139 conductors 60, 71 floating 66\u201367 Internet 72\u201373 atmosphere 16\u201317 coral reefs 36\u201337 floods 41 invertebrates 28, 29 atoms 22 counting 58 fog 25 Jj auroras 16 crustaceans 29 food webs 34\u201335 Jupiter 11 axis 14, 15 Dd forces 64\u201369 Kk Bb dams 21 fossil fuels 40, 41 Kuiper belt 11 bacteria 43 Darwin, Charles 32 freezing 23 Ll bascule bridges 63 deserts 36 friction 68\u201369 land 15 bats 49 domestic robots 75 fruit 31 lava 27 batteries 70, 71 drag 64 fungi 31 Leonardo da Vinci 64 beam bridges 63 drones 75 Gg levers 53 bicycles 68\u201369 dust mites 42 galaxies 8, 11 life 13, 14, 28\u201339, Big Bang 8 Ee gases 22\u201323 birds 28 Earth 10, 13, 14\u201317, gears 53 42\u201349 blood 45 glass 60 lift 64, 65 body 44\u201349 20\u201321, 24\u201327, 55 body clock 54 bones 45 78","light 8, 13 Pp skin 45 troposphere 17 light bulbs 71 palaeontologists 33 smartphones 72 tsunamis 26 lightning 24, 71 parachutes 69 smell 48 tyres 69 liquids 22\u201323 planes 16, 64, 65 snow 20, 21, 24 Uu log bridges 62 planets 10\u201311 social networking 72 Universe 8\u20139 Mm plankton 35, 43 solar flares 12 Uranus 11 machines 52\u201353 plants 30\u201331, 32, 36, solar panels 13, 41, Vv magma 27 Venus 10, 17 magnetism 13, 60 37, 38, 41 71 vertebrates 28 mammals 28, 29 plastic 60 solar prominences 13 viruses 43 maps 72 plate tectonics 26 Solar System 9, 10\u201311, viruses (computer) 73 Mars 10 Pluto 11 volcanoes 26, 27 materials 60\u201361 pollution 40 12 volume 57 maths 7, 58\u201359 predators 34, 36, 38 solids 22\u201323 Ww matter 22\u201323 problems 50 SONAR 49 water 66\u201367 measurements 56\u201357 prototypes 51 space 8\u20139, 75 water cycle 20\u201321 melting 23 pulleys 53 stardust 15 weather 24\u201325, 40 memory 46 Rr stars 8 weather balloons 16 Mercury 10 rain 20, 21, 24 stratosphere 17 weather satellites 25 mesosphere 17 rainforests 38\u201339 streaming 73 wedges 53 metal 60, 71 ramps 53 submarines 49, 67 weight 57, 66\u201367 meteorites 16 receptors 48, 49 subtraction 59 whales 32\u201333, 34 microlife 42\u201343 renewable energy the Sun 10, 12\u201313, 20, wheels 52, 68 Milky Way 11 wind 25 molecules 22, 23 41, 71 24, 55 wind farms 41 molluscs 29 reptiles 28 sundials 55 wires 71 months 55 research 51, 73 sunlight 39 wood 61 the Moon 13, 18\u201319, robots 74\u201375 sunshine 14, 15, 25 Xx rockets 19 sunspots 12 X-rays 44 55 Ss surfaces 68\u201369 mountains 37 satellites 25 suspension bridges 62 muscles 45 Saturn 11 switches 71 Nn science 6 Tt Neptune 11 screws 52 tardigrades 42 nervous system 47 sea ice 41 taste 48 numbers 58\u201359 seasons 14 technology 6, 50\u201351 Oo security robots 75 temperature 56 oceans 15, 20, 21, 37 senses 48\u201349 thermosphere 17 orbits 10, 17, 19 shopping, Internet 73 thrust 64, 65 organs 44 sight 48 thunder 24 sinking 66\u201367 time 54\u201355, 56 skiing 69 time zones 54, 75 touch 48 trees 40, 41 79","Acknowledgements DK would like to thank the following: Dave Ball and \/ Romanenkoalexey (bc). 46-47 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 47 Dreamstime. Katie Knutton for design assistance; Yamini Panwar for com: Tuulijumala (cra). 48-49 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 48 123RF.com: Peter hi-res co-ordination; Caroline Hunt for proofreading; Lewis (c). Dreamstime.com: Bj\u00f8rn Hovdal (cra). 49 123RF.com: Evgeny Atamanenko (ca); and Helen Peters for the index. Peter Lewis (cl). Dreamstime.com: Cebas1 (cra). 50-51 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 50 123RF.com: Aleksandr Belugin (cra); Andriy Popov (clb). Dreamstime.com: The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their Petr Jilek (clb\/Mud). 51 Dreamstime.com: Daniel Ryan Burch (ca); Petr Jilek (bc). photographs: 52-53 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 52 123RF.com: Dejan Lazarevic (r). Dorling (Key: a-above; b-below\/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Kindersley: A. Hardesty (cl). 53 Dreamstime.com: Daniela Pelazza (clb); Jannoon028 (clb\/wood); Santos06 (cb). Getty Images: Andrew Harrer \/ Bloomberg (cb\/Object). 1 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski \/ ajt (clb); Mariusz Blach (crb); Imagehit Limited | Exclusive 54-55 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 54 Dreamstime.com: Lars Christensen \/ C-foto Contributor (cb). Alamy Stock Photo: Samyak Kaninde (br). Dorling Kindersley: Wildlife (cra). 55 123RF.com: belchonock (clb\/Clock); yarruta (cla); Tim Markley (bc). Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK (crb\/Leopard). Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov (c); Shakila Depositphotos Inc: tangjans (clb). Dreamstime.com: Georgii Dolgykh (ca); Marilyn Gould Malavige; Santos06 (bl); Okea (crb\/Coffee); Dragoneye (bc). Fotolia: Auris (cla). (cl); Vladvitek (cr). 56-57 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 56 123RF.com: tobi (cl). 2-3 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 4-5 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov (ca); Winai Tepsuttinun (r). 57 Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov 4 Dreamstime.com: Tuulijumala (br). 5 Dreamstime.com: Jaroslaw Grudzinski \/ jarek78 (c); Travelling-light (cla). 58 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (c, crb\/Snail). Dreamstime. (bc, br). 6-7 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 8 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical com: Brad Calkins (crb); Travelling-light (bc); Elena Schweitzer \/ Egal (cra); Olga Popova \/ Picture Archive (clb). 8-9 NASA: ESA; G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch, University of Popovaphoto (cra\/Marker); Jannekespr (br). 58-59 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. California, Santa Cruz; R. Bouwens, Leiden University; and the HUDF09 Team. 9 NASA: 59 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski \/ ajt (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Booth Museum of Natural (ca). 10-11 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 11 NASA: JPL-Caltech (ca). PunchStock: History, Brighton (ca, ftr). Dreamstime.com: Andrey Burmakin \/ Andreyuu (c\/Shield bug); Westend61 \/ Rainer Dittrich (cla). 12-13 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 13 NASA: Svetlana Larina \/ Blair_witch (ca\/Butterfly, ftr\/Butterfly); Cosmin Manci \/ Cosmin (ca\/ Carla Thomas (tr). 14-15 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 15 Dreamstime.com: Beetle, c\/Beetle); Isselee (ca\/Firebug, c\/Firebug); Sutisa Kangvansap \/ Mathisa (cl, cr). Jacglad (clb). NASA: MPIA \/ Calar Alto Observatory (br). 16 Dreamstime.com: Fotolia: Auris (ca\/Flask). 60 123RF.com: Natthapon Ngamnithiporn (cb). 60-61 Clearviewstock (crb); Lars Christensen \/ C-foto (bc). 16-17 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 61 123RF.com: Steve Collender (cr); Antonio Balaguer Malavige. 17 Dorling Kindersley: Andy Crawford (tr). 18 123RF.com: Boris Stromar \/ Soler (fcr). Dreamstime.com: Minaret2010 (bc). 62 Alamy Stock Photo: Maurice Savage astrobobo. Dreamstime.com: Loren File \/ Lffile (Flag). 18-19 Dreamstime.com: Shakila (c); Mihai Andritoiu - Creative (cb); oroch (br). 62-63 Alamy Stock Photo: Arch White (t). Malavige. 19 NASA: (c). 20 123RF.com: luisrsphoto (bl). Dreamstime.com: Melonstone Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 63 Alamy Stock Photo: Clair Dunn (ca); Xinxin Cheng (crb). 20-21 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 21 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski \/ ajt (c); Mark Davidson (crb). 64-65 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige; Zhanghaobeibei (c). (cla); klotz (crb); Vitalii Artiushenko (ca). Dreamstime.com: Terracestudio (ca\/Hat). 64 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (crb). 65 123RF.com: spaxia (c). 22 123RF.com: Imagehit Limited | Exclusive Contributor (cb); Pongsak Polbubpha (cl); Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (cl). Dreamstime.com: Gv1961 (tr); Luis Louro (bc); Mariusz Blach (cb\/Coffee cup). Dreamstime.com: Okea (br); Shakila Malavige (t). Nadezhda1906 (br). 66 Alamy Stock Photo: Dariusz Kuzminski (tl); studiomode (cra). 23 123RF.com: Mariusz Blach (clb). Dreamstime.com: Bigphoto (cb); Grafner (cr). 66-67 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 67 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum 24-25 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 24 123RF.com: Gino Santa Maria \/ (c, br). Dreamstime.com: Chris Brignell (fcra, cra). 68-69 Dreamstime.com: Shakila ginosphotos (cr); lurin (cb). Dreamstime.com: Mangojuicy (bl). 25 123RF.com: Andrew Malavige. 69 Dreamstime.com: Maksym Gorpenyuk \/ Tass (cra); Yudesign (tl). 70-71 Barker (cb); Stanislav Pepeliaev (bl); mreco99 (crb). Getty Images: Erik Simonsen (t). Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 70 123RF.com: Pablo Scapinachis Armstrong (bc). 26 Alamy Stock Photo: Hideo Kurihara (cra). U.S. Geological Survey: (b). 26-27 Dreamstime.com: Kitchner Bain (bc\/TV). 71 123RF.com: Kanoksak Tameeraksa (cla). Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 27 Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (cr). US Dreamstime.com: Dary423 (cr); Juan Moyano (cra); Milkos (crb). 72 Dreamstime.com: Ali Geological Survey. 28 123RF.com: \/ Ermolaev Alexandr Mustafa Pi kin (cra); Tuulijumala (cl); Axstokes (clb, crb); Erol Berberovic (cb). iStockphoto. Alexandrovich \/ photodeti (ca). Alamy Stock Photo: Benny Marty (cl). Dorling Kindersley: com: Luca di Filippo (cr). 72-73 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 73 Dorling Jerry Young (ftl, tc). 29 Dorling Kindersley: Gyuri Csoka Cyorgy (fcr). Dreamstime.com: Kindersley: Peter Minister (cra\/T.Rex). Dreamstime.com: Ali Mustafa Pi kin (tl); Cosmin Manci \/ Cosmin (cr); Johnfoto (tl). 30-31 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Robwilson39 (tc); Angelo Gilardelli (cra); Profyart (cr); Badboo (crb); Axstokes (fcrb). 30 Dreamstime.com: Alisali (c). 31 123RF.com: ccat82 (crb). Dreamstime.com: Alle (clb, c). Fotolia: Maxim Kazmin (tl\/Computer). 74-75 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 74 iStockphoto.com: thawats (cl). 32 Dreamstime.com: Christophe Testi (c); Travelling-light (c\/ 123RF.com: Kanoksak Tameeraksa (c). Dorling Kindersley: John Rigg, The Robot Hut (clb). Pad). 32-33 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 33 Dreamstime.com: Guido Nardacci Getty Images: John B. Carnett \/ Bonnier Corporation (br). Humanoid robot created by (cr). 34 Dreamstime.com: Iakov Filimonov \/ Jackf (cl). Getty Images: Rhinie van Meurs \/ Softbank Robotics: (cra). 75 123RF.com: chris brignell (cb); goodluz (cra); Thomas Hecker NIS \/ Minden Pictures (cr). 34-35 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 35 Dreamstime. (clb, cb\/Frame); Vadym Andrushchenko (fcrb). Dreamstime.com: Alex Scott \/ Alexjpscott com: Jlcst (br); Travelling-light (cb). 36 123RF.com: Steve Byland (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: (clb\/Garden); Nikolai Sorokin (crb). iStockphoto.com: ernie decker (tc). Knightscope, Inc.: B Christopher (cb). 37 123RF.com: Ten Theeralerttham \/ rawangtak (cl, fcra). Alamy Stock (bl). 76 Alamy Stock Photo: Roberto Nistri (bc). Dreamstime.com: Kevin Panizza \/ Photo: blickwinkel (c); imageBROKER (cra); Roberto Nistri (fcl, cr); Samyak Kaninde (br). Kpanizza (br). 76-77 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 77 NASA: JPL-Caltech (tc). Dorling Kindersley: Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK (cb). Dreamstime.com: 78-79 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 80 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige Dragoneye (bl); Kevin Panizza \/ Kpanizza (ca); Fenkie Sumolang \/ Fenkieandreas (tr). Endpaper images: Front: Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige; Back: Dreamstime.com: Getty Images: Paul Kay (c\/Green sponge). 38-39 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Shakila Malavige. 38 Dorling Kindersley: Thomas Marent (cr). Fotolia: Eric Isselee (c). 39 Alamy Stock Cover images: Front and Back: Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov (chef hats); Front: 123RF. Photo: Amazon-Images (bc); Life on White (br). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (crb, bl); com: alisali cl\/ (flowers), Andrzej Tokarski \/ ajt crb\/ (snail), Mariusz Blach br\/ (cup), tobi Natural History Museum, London (cla\/Butterfly); Andrew Beckett (Illustration Ltd) (cl). tr\/ (pot); Alamy Stock Photo: Samyak Kaninde bl\/ (pika); Dorling Kindersley: Booth Dreamstime.com: Travelling-light (c). Getty Images: Gravity Images (cla). 40 123RF.com: Museum of Natural History, Brighton cra\/ (beetle), Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK Ekasit Wangprasert (cl); rawpixel (crb). Dreamstime.com: ArchitectureVIZ (clb); Whilerests bl\/ (leopard); Dreamstime.com: Alle fcl\/ (bees), Andrey Burmakin \/ Andreyuu cra\/ (bug), (cb); Haiyin (fcl); Maksim Toome \/ Mtoome (c). 40-41 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Cosmin Manci \/ Cosmin cr\/ (beetle), Torian Dixon \/ Mrincredible tl\/ (planets), Dragoneye 41 123RF.com: Andrey Kryuchkov \/ varunalight (c); jezper (cb). Dreamstime.com: Radha bl\/ (goat), Isselee cra\/ (firebug), Okea br\/ (coffee splash), Santos06 bc\/ (cart), Shakila Karuppannan \/ Radhuvenki (cla); Jan Martin Will (br). Getty Images: Jeff J Mitchell \/ Staff Malavige br\/ (background), Sutisa Kangvansap \/ Mathisa cr\/ (butterfly), Svetlana Larina \/ (crb); Miles Willis \/ Stringer (cra). 42-43 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Science Blair_witch fclb\/ (butterfly), Travelling-light tr\/ (note pad); NASA: cla\/ (Voyager); Back: Photo Library: Steve Gscmeissner (c\/Dust mite). 42 Dreamstime.com: Sebastian Kaulitzki \/ 123RF.com: tobi cra\/ (pot); Dreamstime.com: Jannoon028 crb\/ (plank), Tommy Schultz \/ Eraxion (cb). Science Photo Library: Steve Gscmeissner (c). 43 Getty Images: Kateryna Tommyschultz clb\/ (coral); iStockphoto.com: thawats fclb\/ (butterfly); Spine: 123RF.com: Kon \/ Science Photo Library (clb); Science Photo Library (b). 44-45 123RF.com: Natallia goodluz b\/ (remote control). Yeumenenka (cb). 45 Depositphotos Inc: chaoss (ca). Dreamstime.com: Alexey Romanenko All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com 80"]
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