Artiola Gryka-Simply Bread

UNIVERSITETI I ARTEVE FAKULTETI I ARTEVE TE BUKURA PUNIM DIPLOME MASTER ARTIOLA GRYKA 0

UNIVERSITETI I ARTEVE FAKULTETI I ARTEVE TË BUKURA DEGA PIKTURË GRAFIKE DHE MËSUESI PUNIM DIPLOME MASTER Autori: ARTIOLA GRYKA Tema: BUKA LARG PAMËS Mentori: Prof. Ass. Dr. Ardian Isufi Studente: Artiola Gryka Korrik 2023 UNIVERSITY OF ARTS FACULTY OF FINE ARTS DIPLOMA THESIS 1

Subject: GRAPHIC PAINTING Title of the Paper: \"BREAD BREADING\" CONCEPT: ARTIOLA GRYKA Student status: regular Registration number (Registered): AA211B100004 Level of Studies: Two-year full-time Master's cycle Department: Applied Arts Study Program: Graphic Painting and teacher Thesis Mentor: Prof.Ass.Dr. Ardian Isufi Approved by the Commission: 1. The mentor Name/Surname/Title __________________________________________ 2. Member Name/Surname/Title _________________________________________ 3. Member Name/Surname/Title _________________________________________Data e Aprovimit Acknowledgments The thesis of the master's degree requires great effort and dedication which could not be realized without the support of my dearest people, therefore I am grateful to you and thank all 2

those who have supported me not only now but throughout my entire journey student, for five years at the University of Arts It is very difficult to find the right words to express my thanks and gratitude to my honorable mentor Prof.Ass.Dr.ARDIAN ISUFI who continuously guided me step by step towards the study of the thesis with his support, encouragement, and valuable instructions aimed at raising the level of work. A special thanks goes to all the other professors who contributed their knowledge throughout the study period and the faculty team, as well as to the colleagues (students) who support me with their thoughts and suggestions. And at the very end, a very sincere thanks is dedicated to my family who support me during my studies with their love, patience and courage as well as giving me strength to successfully complete this work. DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY /AUTORESIS 3

This Master's Thesis is my original work respecting the authorship of information sources and the rules for a genuine scientific paper, and has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any degree at this or any other university. To the best of my knowledge, the paper does not contain any material published or written by any other person, except as stated within the text. She, I declare that in writing the paper I respected the ethical rules of scientific and academic work of UMIB. Emer Mbiemër ___________________ ABSTARKTI 4

Synimi i kë tij punimi diplome master eshte konceptimi I bukes jo vetem ashtu sic është një ushqim kryesor i përgatitur nga një brumë I bere nga mielli dhe uji, dhe baza e nje piramide ushqimore , por pertej saj buka si filozofi jetesore, psikologjike dhe kulturore e vendit tone dhe gjate gjithë historisë së regjistruar në mbarë botën, ajo ka qenë një pjesë e rëndësishme e dietës së shumë kulturave dhe menyres se ndryshme si e trajtojnë buken Në pë rgjithë si ky punim ka pë r synim zberthimin e nje kulture bazuar ne traditen e vendit tone duke e pare buken si nje object filozofik dhe artistik ABSTRACT The aim of this master's degree thesis is the conception of bread not only as a staple food prepared from a dough made of flour and water, and the base of a food pyramid, but beyond that bread as a vital, psychological and cultural philosophy of the country ours and throughout recorded history around the world, it has been an important part of the diet of many cultures and the different way they treat bread In general, this work aims to analyze a culture based on the tradition of our country, seeing bread as a philosophical and artistic object. Contents 5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Declaration of originality / Authorship. entry Research Methodology bread Bread expressed in ancient Albanian codes The Holy Mill of Skanderbeg Museum of bread Bread consumption. Bread as food value. Arbëreshët Cugliaccio or (baked cake) Byzantium and the Church of St. Constantine (the village of bread) Bread in ancient Egypt Bread in the era of antiquity Bread in the 2nd century Bread as a symbol of faith Bread as symbolism Why do you dream about bread? Authors and their explanation. How bread was used as a talisman Artists and their works with bread Conception of the work \"Simple Bread\" 6

Entry The knowledge you will receive based on this study of bread is the one derived from research, reading, observation and analysis of phenomena, of course seen by the eye which the artist wears and visual and conceptual philosophy. In this way, it is responsible for the generation of new ideas, also many expressions are motivating, this connects the product \"Bread\" with the form of observation of specific events and the analysis of texts and conclusions given by philosophers, writers and others previously in history. Knowledge is inherent in the human race and is derived from observing their behavior. In this way, it is said that the tools an artist uses to produce knowledge are analysis and criticism. The analysis allows the artist to understand how the ideas and reasoning are raised and structured. In this way it is possible to identify the possible flaws and contradictions present in the philosophical discourse. Criticism, on the other hand, makes it possible to refute the flaws and contradictions found in the reasoning. In this way, it is possible to propose alternatives to overcome these changes. Criticism is the way artists cover the phenomena of the study, in my case the study of bread, not in a general way, but specifically with the aim of understanding the relationships that exist with bread as an object, as a philosophy, as an individual, as a future, as a gone as happiness, as sadness, the two ends of the pyramid, the food base, bread, survival and spiritual bread, the top of the pyramid, fulfillment, between them and to be able to release new knowledge, new sensations, emotions and the enrichment of the vocabulary with expressions of a the over 500- year-old caliber of a country like Albania, small but with a lot of weight, where time does not move due to circumstances. 7

Bread mean life. The name of a table product made of flour can be synonymous with the word \"life\", sometimes it is equivalent to the concept of \"income\", or even \"salary\".Even just geographically, bread can be called products that are very far from each other.The history of bread goes back thousands of years, although the introduction of people to this most important nation was gradual. Bread was inextricably linked to the formation and spread of early human societies. From the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, where wheat was domesticated, cultivation then spread north and west, into Europe and North Africa, and east into East Asia. This in turn led to the formation of cities, in opposition to the nomadic lifestyle, and gave rise to increasingly sophisticated forms of social organization. Emblematic of food in all cultures, bread has long been a subject of interest for artists throughout history. From Vermeer and van Gogh to Jasper Johns and Andy Warhol, bread in its many variations has been commemorated on canvas time and time again. In recent years, contemporary artists have explored the material's physical potential as a sculptural medium, pouring and baking dough to create unexpected shapes, using sliced bread as structural bricks, and even creating appendages clad in familiar bread. To learn more, Together we will enjoy a closer look at the entire history of bread through the centuries until now. Baked bread was eaten somewhere thousands of years ago, and the Scots defeated the English army again in the 17th century simply because they were full - they baked their oatcakes on hot stones, and the English lords starved to death, waiting for the surrender of baked bread. A special attitude to bread in Russia, which was rarely well-fed. Its essence is the saying \"There will be bread and a song!\" There will be bread, the Russians will take everything else. There will be no bread - the victims, as shown by the cases of starvation and the blockade of Leningrad, can be counted in the millions. Fortunately, in recent years, bread, except in the poorest countries, has ceased to be an indicator of well-being , just as in many poor countries it is indicative, but just as the rich deal with the logic of bread as economy and the poor as survival. Bread is now interesting not for its presence, but for its variety, quality, variety and even its history, philosophy and as a unique and philosophical cult object. But just like colors, diversity loses its value if there is no quality, I have always thought that quality things in life are achievedin a time frame where principles, values, information must be very accurate. 8

Bread inside Kanun Albania, a small country with a big nation, has different cultures, a country which is surrounded by theology, tradition and inheritance of thousands of years, just as in different periods of time it has left its traces, the bread expressed in the codes that the Albanians have used in certain years in the form of a law as in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Tetova, and a part of Montenegro. The term Kanun, where bread is mentioned as a value in many expressions, is thought to denote the totality of the norms of Albanian customary law based on several written codes of laws which were established in different provinces during at least the last five centuries until today. unwritten customary laws were passed down from generation to generation by tribal elders only orally. The first edition of the compendium was made in the 19th century, by the Ottoman administration, the key words were Besa, manhood and honor are of primary importance in customary law as the cornerstone of personal and social behavior. Over time, canon documents have undergone their historical development, have been amended and supplemented with new norms, in accordance with the specific requirements of economic and social development. The canon guided all aspects of the pre-modern Albanian society in its non-urban periphery, in the territories where today our nationals lie together, Kosovo, parts of North Macedonia and Montenegro. The canonical worldview continued to be practiced among these countries, as well as in the Albanian-speaking territories. In the years of the communist regime, the Albanian state suppressed customary practices by force of law, dismissing them as \"backward customs\". The exercise of canonical norms returned after the 90s in Albanian countries after the state institutions collapsed; in Albania, the exercise of customary law was observed especially in matters related to property rights, blood feuds, marriages, also in many areas of Albania, there are laws that work even today, Albania, just as it has had written things, has always had an underground history that the people know and no one else can present the history, culture and values of that country better than the people of that country. Get to know some uses of bread as a philosophy and added value in performing an act according to the canon; Damage done to someone, according to the canon, has a price and the price is paid in gold, silver, grosh (a type of silver coin), bread, life and breath as well as land and house. According to the canon, blood is not taken when the friend is in your house at your table eating your bread, without leaving the village, and the tribe is killed the next day. Blood is not taken without giving bread to the person who is going to be killed for blood feud. When the bride gets married, she must place two loaves of bread above her ribs to inherit abundance and wealth. In the cradle, bread is placed under the child's head, symbolizing peace. When a parent dies and may leave one or two orphaned children, each of the children must put a piece of bread in the parent's grave, the orphaned child symbolizes that he will be hungry all his life with this act, the parent's soul will give him spiritual bread whenever he is hungry. The old tables where the bread is laid are divided into hierarchies, the first table sits the oldest and wisest of those who have something to learn, the uncle sits first in every family and the most distant friend in a northern family sits at the head of the table one from the south and vice versa, the children sit on the third table. Each friend should be given bread that he eats himself. 9

A friend is honored with bread and salt and heart, bread and salt and heart, the sound of the log and the firewood to lay down will be ready for a friend at any time of the day or night. The bread left the dam made He did something bad, the friend in your bread, the reason begs from you. The abused and injured person has the duty to follow the one who abused and harmed him, but begs at the door to the one who kept him in the house and gave him bread. Bread honors you, but so does work. If your friend violated your bread, you will be given reasons according to the canon for the broken stables, for the stolen herds or other claims (since he was your friend and raised your bread) A piece of bread saved him (bread you give to someone, God will reward you, give bread to receive from God) The godmother of the boy's or daughter's hair will be cut off, they will prepare the bread as best as possible to honor the godmother or the nun. Bread of meaning in Albania The bread of the Albanian tradition as a name derives from the Latin: bucca (bread): \"mouth\", 10

\"swollen cheek\", \"bulèshia\", but with the meaning \"bite\", i.e.: \"a piece of bread\", as it can be put in the mouth, Close to it is the word farmer from the Latin bubulcus (bubulkus), where does the word agriculture come from in Albanian. We have quite a few toponyms and anthroponyms that come to us from the Middle Ages or earlier, derived from the word farmer - bulk or from the word bulk or agriculture, and from the word bread, or from names related to the production of grains and milling such as : Bulçize - Bulçize in Diber and Rubik (Mirditë), Mokra - Mokrena (Pogradec), Kodra e Lamit - in Lajë t Lëgjin (Mirditë) and in many other places, Bukmirë village named in Mirditë - Bukmirë neighborhood of Shkoder village; Shkodra cadastre: Pali Bulko, bukanec - name of a small but very fruitful land (M. Sirdani, Skënderbeu according to promises, Lami i Madh - village in Selitë Mat, Qafeçerepi - Plateau of the Mountain For thousands and thousands of years, man has felt it necessary for this dwelling to have clothing, according to different levels of development, of civilizations, as protection, from the simplest to today's modernity. But, as the most basic, as the necessity of life, has been daily food, eating, just as it happened with all the non-human creatures in the world. A higher level of development led to the flouring of plant seeds, that is, cereals, to soaking in water, roasting and boiling in fire for a while. Later, it was possible to format the porridge (dough) and bake it in the fire, from which the bread came out. So, as has happened with other peoples, bread has been made for a long time, among the Parailians, among the Protoilians, among the Liras, among the Arbers, among the Albanians, a representative meal in the nutrition and production organization, where does it (bread) come from. The long history of grain production, of different ways of making its bread, with or without other foods, is a reflection of the path of Albanian civilization, it is, in a special sense, taken in the complex of different phenomena social, history of Albanian ethnoculture, from the lowest levels to the highest, as ethnic features of this people. Bread as production and as food is a reflection of inventions technical, of social organization step by step, from the lowest to the highest forms. 11

Bread with other accompanying meals, as an important component of Albanian ethnoculture, with it its appearance in the docks and traditions, speaks a lot about the distant and recent past of this people, with special ethnic characteristics and compactness, with roots from a distant past, since Antiquity and even in several centuries first. In that historical past, the symbols and different meanings of bread, the tools with which it is made, should be sought. It must be well understood in the social context, that with the symbolism of bread, the tools with which the grains are made are essentially related, the different grains themselves and the soil that makes them: fields, wheat, corn, ox, mill, mill blades , mill water, flour, oven, bread barn, flour sieve, kamazt (pirustia), gerepi, bread magic, bread oven and hearth, bread table, baking fire, toad (lēkura) holder of grain and me turn. These objects that were mentioned and others like this, in most cases are mentioned in function of the symbolism of bread, but not always. There are cases that express other meanings in different material or ritual actions. The bread of the Albanian tradition has as a name the derivation from the Latin: bucca (bread): \"mouth\", \"swollen cheek\", \"bloated\", but with the meaning \"bite\", i.e.: \"a piece of bread\", as it can be put in the mouth. Close to it is the word farmer from the Latin bubulcus (bubulkus), which is where the word agriculture comes from in Albanian. We have non-eponyms and anthroponyms that come to us since the Middle Ages or earlier, derived from the word farmer - bulk or from bulk or agriculture, and from the word bread, or from names related to the production of grains and the grinding of three such as: Bukëmire - Mirdite, Bulçizë - B (E. Çabej, \"Studime\", Tirane, 1976, vell. II, fq.357). (Haxhihasani, Tregime dhe .p. për Skënderbeun,) 1967, f.136-143). 12

Bread mean life The holy mill of Skenderbeu Kurbin. Published in Faik Konice's ALBANIA Newspaper 1905 on page 226-227 Published in London IX year 9 N12, writes; Oral traditions of the people of Kurbin and Kruja Falla Mill in Hurdhasa (Kurbin) Once, Skënderbeu went with some soldiers and two mules loaded with grain to grind at a mill in Hurdhasa (in Kurbin). And after the shingle had fallen uphill in all the mills that he encountered, none was found working. Except for the threshers and with those soldiers he had with him, he set out faster and hit another mill, but he hit it and let it go and grinded the grain that he had brought, for this purpose. After finishing the grinding, before going to his work, he left this word; \"May other mills remain and never remain.\" I did it and went. It is close to my mind that the \"Falë Mill\" as they call it, the mill of Skenderbeu and in our days it grinds, and if it breaks down, it can be fixed, but to remain completely it has not happened. The word of the people is that even today the stone of that mill is still the same stone that Skënderbeu left behind. It should be known that the mill does not belong to anyone and belongs to everyone, he will tell me that everyone who grinds here from the 16 old villages of Kurbin does not give water to anyone, but each of them grinds for himself, and when someone appears thing, the 16 villages will hit him brotherly. Clarification by the author The 16 districts are the word for the 16 Villagers and the 16 members of the ancient old age of Kurbin, the sixteen areas included as follows: Skuraj, Nuaje, Vinjolle, Milot, Malbardhë, Shullaz, Selitë, Gjonë, Laç, D'aula-Lugapaj, Mafsheqi, Shëmri, Galatë, Skrete, Delbnisht, Zheja, The newspaper follows After that, my mind tells me that over the years, the people of Kurbin will have transformed the word \"forgive\" into \"forgive\", as they testify, and they themselves, when Skënderbeu hit that mill, gave forgiveness to those people. And they will have the word \"Forgive\" turned into \"Blessed\" because it seems to you with all your heart an item that keeps well, a miracle that after hundreds of years the blessing of Skënderbeu has preserved that mill. Fragment i marrë nga gazeta Albania 1905 , viti 9-të No.12. 13

Signs of bread Pagan Belief Signs for the house, the threshold was identified with a portal to another dimension, the border between the world of spirits and known reality, giving it the appearance to express itself as a sign of bread. This is where the superstitions about treating babies take their roots. The patient is allegedly surrendered forever to the witch through the threshold, then thrown out the window, meeting him as a new addition to the family. The wedding omen advises the groom to carry the bride over the threshold with bread. If she stumbles at the entrance to the house, a happy life cannot be expected. It is impossible to talk and pass things (especially money and bread) over the threshold of the house - in a quarrel. To level the mark, you have to cross it with a foot of bread in hand. Road superstition recommends saying the last words before leaving the threshold, so that there are no delays on the road, always take a loaf of bread. Do not sit on the doorstep with bread - because you attract bad rumors about yourself. Single faith promises difficulties in love affairs. Do not stay for a long time at the entrance, through the door leave happiness and well-being. Elders say that he who stands on the threshold of money and happiness blocks the way home. Pregnant women are at risk in the form of evil spirits, so expectant mothers were forbidden to stand at the entrance of the house and sit in the doorway. Going into business, cross the threshold with your right foot to attract good luck. Do not eat bread at this time, you risk taking a demon to your neighbors. To drive away an unwanted guest, sit him with his back to the exit. Soon he will remember urgent matters and say goodbye to you. Lammas, also known as Lughnasad, or Lughnassadh, is a pagan holiday and one of eight Wiccan sabbats during the year. Each Sabbath marks a seasonal turning point. The Sabbath occurs on August 1, which is about halfway between the summer solstice (Litha) and the autumnal equinox (Mabon). This holiday celebrates the wheat harvest. Cereals are a very important crop for most civilizations. If grain was left in the fields for too long, or if bread made from grain was not baked in time, families could starve. In early Ireland, it was not good to harvest grain before Lammas. If you harvested before, this meant that the previous year's crop was gone before the next crop was ready. This meant that the farmers would have failed to provide for their community. At Lammas, the first sheaves of wheat were cut and that night the first loaves of the season would have been baked. The word Lammas comes from an old English phrase that translates to \"loaf\". In early Christianity, the first loaves of the season were blessed by the church during Mass. In some traditions, this day honors the Celtic god, Lugh. This festival of God. Lugh is the god of craftsmanship; he is skilled at many things, including blacksmithing, wheel-making, and combat. Modern-day Pagans bake bread and cakes to celebrate the historic grain harvest (and subsequent bread-making). Some observers celebrate with a harvest ritual. This ritual usually involves decorating an altar with the symbols of the season. Some of these symbols include scythes (because they are used to cut grain), corn, grapes, apples, and/or any other crops that may be harvested at this time. Some of these rituals include casting a circle and saying some words that symbolize their thanks to t he earth for the harvest. After the ritual, everyone there eats some bread together, and may also drink wine to wash it down. To honor Lugh, people make crafts and decorations for their home to represent his skills in those areas. And as with most Sabbaths, there is feasting. This feast is usually prepared with one's harvest at this time (if they have their own garden). 14

Museum of Bread According to research, the most visited dmuzets are very popular and known and exist in many countries of the world. They usually feature exhibits that illustrate the development of kilns in the region. There are also curiosities. In particular, M. Veren, the owner of his private bread museum in Zurich, Switzerland, claimed that one of the flatbreads displayed in his museum was 6,000 years old. It is not clear how the production date of this truly eternal bread was determined. Equally unclear is the manner in which a piece of flatbread at the Bread Museum in New York was given an age of 3,400 years. The European Bread Museum, in Ebergötzen in Southern Lower Saxony, Germany, is a rural museum dedicated to the historical development of bread production and related topics in Europe. Through exhibits and demonstrations, the museum tells the history of grain farming in Europe. , grain processing, milling, baking, art bread and other topics. Gardens, reconstructed working ovens (starting from the Neolithic), a windmill and a water mill, bread wagons, agricultural machinery, documents and bread- making tools and equipment are among the oldest objects that together show and the history. Photo The second part of the permanent collection shows the relationship between man and bread, because bread is of vital importance to human existence, culture and civilization; it is a symbol of life itself. It is no coincidence that the image of bread is central to the Judeo-Christian faith, a fact made evident by the valuable paintings and illustrations of scenes from the Old and New Testaments, as well as the ceremonial objects used in the observance of the Sabbath and Passover. . In contrast, lack of bread – as synonymous with food in general – for a long time meant famine. Crop failures due to climate were not the only cause of famine; from time to time people have endured famine caused by war and migration. The exhibition traces the history of hunger from the days of Ancient Egypt to the current world food insecurity. Another dimension is provided by artwork related to bread. The list of artists ranges from Georg Flegel and Franz Francken to Ernst Barlach, Max Beckmann and Käthe Kollwitz to Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Man Ray and Markus Lüpertz, among many others. BREAD CULTURE in the biggest museum is probably not something that many people consider. It is a central part of people's diets in almost all cultures of the world. It's so central that it's part of many staple food clichés, along with butter. In Germany, a pair of men decided that their cereal and yeast needed a special place dedicated to their breakfast friend. They were Willy Eiselen (1896-1981) and his son Hermann Eiselen (born 1926). Together they started the choir business in 1955 as an association, and then in 1960 as an exhibition. The first of its kind, it remained a private institution until 1991 when it was taken over by a charitable foundation named after the father-son team. The museum houses 16,000 artifacts related to the history of bread, but not actual bread. The museum's website says: The bread itself is not part of the collection, reflecting the firm belief of the museum's founders that bread is not a museum artifact, but a food, freshly baked every day. However, there are books - 6,000 pieces of The written works give a fairly complete description of bread in its many forms. Art is also part of the collection with a number of impressive pieces, including work by Picasso. Counting art and equipment, the museum contains the largest known collection revolving around the cultural history of bread. 15

Bread consumption by country is usually calculated using various indirect indicators and is approximate. As a daily consumption product and as the base of the pyramid, 70 percent of which is composed of carbohydrates. The statistics cover a wider range of goods - bread, cereals and pasta. According to these statistics; Italy is at the top of the developed countries - 129 kg per person per year. Russia, with an indicator of 118 kg, is in second place, ahead of the United States (112 kg), Poland (106 kg) and Germany (103 kg). Bread has been a staple food around the world for thousands of years. People continue to consume it because of its convenience, portability, nutrition and taste. There are many different types of bread, which people make in different ways, using a variety of ingredients. Examples include whole grain bread, sweet bread, corn bread, yeast and unleavened bread, flat bread, sourdough, sprouted grain bread, soda bread, and many more. Some types of bread are more nutritious than others, but how do people make a healthy choice? This article examines some aspects of bread that can make one type of bread more or less healthy than another. Carbohydrates are the main nutrient in bread. Carbohydrates provide the body with fuel. Fruits, vegetables, beans and minimally processed grains contain the healthiest dietary sources of carbohydrates. These foods also provide vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants. People make packaged and sliced white bread out of a highly processed simple carbohydrate. It is quickly and easily digested, but has little nutritional value. Foods made from highly processed grains cause blood sugar to rise immediately after eating. Frequent spikes in blood sugar can eventually contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Processed carbohydrates also lack fiber. As a result, a person will not feel full after eating them. They'll want more food again soon, especially when their blood sugar drops. When manufacturers process foods, it often results in a loss of nutrients. Manufacturers often add vitamins and minerals to white bread to replace these missing nutrients. However, they cannot replace fiber, which is essential for digestive and cardiovascular health. A high intake of simple carbohydrates, such as premade white bread, can lead to weight gain and a higher risk for diabetes, heart disease and other lifestyle-related chronic conditions. 16

What are cereals? Whole grains in whole grain bread have many benefits. They can improve overall health and help reduce the risk of obesity and various other complications and diseases. The Whole Grains Council defines whole foods as follows: Whole grains or foods made from them contain all the essential parts and natural nutrients of the whole grain seed in their original proportions. If the grain has been processed (eg, cracked, crushed, rolled, extruded, or cooked), the food product should provide the same rich balance of nutrients found in the original wheat seed. This definition means that 100% of the original kernel—all bran, germ, and endosperm—must be present to qualify as a whole grain. The American Heart Association (AHA) Trusted Source notes that whole grains are a good source of: B vitamins, including folic acid, iron, magnesium, and selenium. Dietary Fiber The AHA recommends consuming at least 25 grams (g) of fiber per day for a person on a 2,000-calorie-a-day diet. At least half of the grains a person consumes should be whole grains. Fiber can reduce the risk of: cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or high blood pressure, colon cancer, obesity, whole grains also provide protein. How to tell if they are whole grains. When choosing store-bought bread, the word \"whole\" should be the first word in the ingredients list. The word \"whole\" ensures that all three parts of the grain - the bran, germ and endosperm - are present in the product. The following labels do not guarantee a whole grain product: multigrain, wheat bread, organic flour, wheat germ bran, unbleached wheat flour, 100% wheat. The list of ingredients will give a better idea of what the product contains. Whole grain bread is available in grocery stores and online. What is refined flour? To make white bread or white flour, manufacturers process wheat to remove the bran and germ, leaving only the endosperm. products. 17

Egypt Bread, there was a developed complex baking culture. Egyptian bakers produced up to 50 types of different bakery products, differing not only in shape or size, but also in dough recipe, filling and preparation method. Apparently, the first special ovens for bread also appeared in Ancient Egypt. Archaeologists have found many images of ovens in two compartments. The lower half served as a firebox, in the upper part, when the walls were well and evenly heated, the bread was baked. The Egyptians did not eat unleavened cakes, but bread, similar to ours, for which the dough undergoes a fermentation process. The famous historian Herodotus wrote about this. He blamed the barbarians of the south that all civilized peoples preserve food from spoilage and the Egyptians specifically let the dough rot. I wonder how Herodotus himself felt about rotten grape juice Like many other important and ancient foods, the first examples of bread are murky at best. Most experts agree that the earliest cultivated cereals, mainly wheat and barley, were of wild varieties. Cultivation may not even be the right term; In fact, it is believed that roaming groups of people would spot concentrations of wild grains and use them locally. Over time, they may have established seasonal settlements near these wild grain fields, eventually playing a more active role in their growth cycle and interbreeding with better species and, ultimately, returning in a domestic, agrarian society. Perhaps the best example of how important grains were to some of the most successful and advanced societies comes from Egypt. Bread has been a way of life for thousands of years. In many ways, bread was the common thread of ancient Egyptian culture; pharaohs and peasants ate the same bread, often with the same recipe. Workers often relied almost entirely on bread for their meals, occasionally mixed with vegetables, other grains, olive oil, spices and herbs, and a rare portion of meat. Wheat was so important that it served as currency in urban centers for thousands of years. It wasn't just an ingredient; it was a national concern, with community leaders seeking long-term supplies of grain to avoid starvation in the event of natural disasters or drought. Like everything else, the success of the crops relied heavily on the annual flooding of the Nile; the waters would leave behind nutrient-rich silt that would be replenished by excellent irrigation systems and water crops, across a narrow slice of desert into a rich, green and abundant oasis. An ancient variety of bread in Egypt it is called aish baladi. This bread was made from an ancient type of wheat called emmer or, less commonly, barley. The loaves would be made in clay ovens made from the clay of the Nile; in Egypt, everything goes back to the Nile. Aish ballad was the great unifier in a nation of extraordinary wealth and extraordinary poverty. For many working-class Egyptians, bread may be the only meal of the day; farmers working in the fields often brought their own bread with them and tore off pieces to eat. An evening meal can consist of more bread coated with honey, spices or olive oil, with a cup of tea. Making your own aish baladi is a relatively easy and interesting way to go back through the ages, but it's something that modern Egyptians still eat at home and in the crowded markets of Cairo to this day!Here it's about as close to an authentic recipe as you'll get away from the banks of the Nile! Kuriozitet Egjiptianët e lashtë përdornin bukën e mykur për të trajtuar infeksionet që lindnin nga papastërtitë në plagët e djegura. Në fillim të shekullit të 20-të, penicilina u izolua nga myku që rritej në bukë dhe u bë një nga antibiotikët më të rëndësishëm në përdorim. 18

Greece, the use of baked bread in food was a completely clear marker that separated civilized people (according to the ancient Greeks and Romans) from barbarians. If the Greek youth took an oath in which it was mentioned that the borders of Attica were marked with wheat, then the Germanic tribes, even growing cereals, did not bake bread, content with barley cakes and cereals. Of course, the Germans also considered their southern sister bread-eaters to be inferior people. Bread in Ancient Greece More than a basic breakfast A day in the life of the ancient Greeks began in the early morning with barley bread soaked in wine and, perhaps, a few figs or olives. This may sound 'spartan' compared to today's full breakfast, but Athenaeus, grammarian of the 2nd-3rd century AD, names a long list of different breads in The Deipnosophistae (philosophers of the dinner table), sometimes called the oldest surviving cookbook, emphasizing the importance of bread. in ancient Greek life. Bread played a vital role at the table for nutrition and health (there were three meals a day). There were special breads and cakes for all occasions, such as feasts, entertainments and holy days. Among the variety of breads, bread, coarse black wheat and barley bread, fine white bread, bakery bread, ash-baked bread and wafer bread, as well as soft cakes, such as sesame cakes, grew. and barley cakes. Bread was at the heart of the table and was served with meat, fish, vegetables and fruit. The ancient Greek word for bread \"artos\" means taste and bread was named according to its ingredients, shape, baking methods and origin, as well as judged on quality; numbered color, white was preferred. Athens was, by now, in the winner's circle, with the famous Athenian baker, Thearion, often mentioned in ancient literature and described as one of the wonderful guardians of the body. Baking bread was a major household chore involving the women of the house and a process that took up to five hours a day. However, by the 5th century BC, commercial ovens became popular and fresh bread could be bought in the market. White bread, enjoyed by the Athenian upper classes, was expensive because bread wheat was imported, mainly from Egypt, since growing wheat in Mediterranean climates was difficult. The ancient Greeks revered Demeter, the Olympian goddess of agriculture, grain and life-giving bread. The Greek tradition of making a delicious variety of freshly baked bread stretches back centuries and, today, this beloved custom is yours to experience at the Greek breakfast table. Freshly baked breads include country style, white and brown bread, corn bread, barley bread, white bread, herb bread, 'simmikto' (mixed) bread with three types of flour and yeast, plus many more to t was enjoyed. Egyptian book named Book of the dead , Egyptology book 19

In 19th century, during the next reconstruction of Rome, an impressive tomb was found inside the gate at Porta Maggiore. The magnificent inscription on it said that in the tomb lies Mark Virgil Euryzac, a baker and grocer. A bas-relief found nearby testified that the baker was resting next to his wife's ashes. Each ash is placed in an urn made in the shape of a bread basket. In the upper part of the tomb, drawings depict the process of making bread, the middle one looks like the storage of grain at that time, and the holes in its lower part are like dough mixers. The unusual combination of the baker's names indicates that he was a Greek named Evrysakas and a poor man or even a slave. However, due to his work and talent, he not only managed to become so rich that he himself built a large tomb in the center of Rome, but also added two more to his name. This is how social elevators worked in Republican Rome. Arbereshë (Albanians from Italy) The Arbëresh kitchen triangle and the symbolism of Albanian cugliaccio kulac, a round bread. Cugliaccio (in Arabic Kulac) is a typical dessert of the Arberian gastronomic tradition of San Costantino Albana where the main ingredient is bread but instead of salt it is made with sugar. Since the 16th century, the preparation of this bread is related to wedding ceremonies and Easter holidays and is characterized by a strong religious symbolism, which acts in the construction and preservation of the Arbëre ethnic group. Preparation of Cugliaccio Rich in eggs, it is prepared with simple ingredients (soft wheat flour, processed semolina, oil, lard, natural yeast, brewer's yeast and wild fennel), to enhance life and Resurrection, recalling the traditional distribution of colored boiled eggs. during Easter Sunday. In the Middle Ages, in fact, it was forbidden to eat eggs, a food of animal origin, during the very strict fasting of Lent. The eggs hatched by the hens in those six weeks had to be thrown away quickly, so they were blessed in church during Easter Sunday Mass and then given to friends and relatives as a wish for fertility. On the occasion of weddings, Kulaci is prepared and packed by the groom's relatives on the Thursday before the wedding, which is served in the Greco-Byzantine rite at San Costantino Albanese. In this case he has a circular dough, with a stitch that forms four arms, which is meant to represent the indissolubility of marriage. Its surface is decorated with symbols in paste: a nest, two birds and two snakes. The nest, in the center of the dessert, represents the new family and its home. The eggs contained in it are always odd, as a sign of good luck and fertility. The birds originally represent the in-laws; snakes, on the other hand, represent spouses, who look sadly at their abandoned parents. Later, the birds become the new couple and the snakes represent evil. 20

Cugliaccio (baked bread) According to tradition, two \"cugliaccio\" should be prepared for each ceremony, one decorated and the other simple. The simple one was placed under the other, since during the mass, the decorated one was offered by the priest, after it was dipped in wine and given first to the bride and then to the groom, as a sign of mutual belonging. The symbolic plot of cugliaccio (loaf) As we can see, that of kulachi is not just a culinary recipe, but a representation and representation of the Arberian world, which tells a story and marks a change. This rite is about the change that with the celebration of marriage will take place within the small community, the gitonia, the families involved and above all the lives of the spouses. Iconic and visual presentation of the marriage rite in progress; of the transition of two young people to the new social status; of the opposition and the alliance of the two families; of compensation paid by the groom's family, through the provision of a gift of compensation to the bride's family. More likely, in fact, the spouses will follow the virilocal norm and go to live with his relatives. But above all, cugliaccio is the representation of the change in the lives of the two young people, presented at the beginning as \"snakes that look sadly at the birds, so the parents leave them behind\"... Then, the two young people hatched. eggs and came out of the nest, they themselves become \"birds\" capable of dealing with snakes, this is the evil that can represent the interference of relatives, within the management of the family. Kulaçi Byzantine icon from the Church of Saint Constantine and Helena of San Costantino Albanese Representation, we said, of the physical, closed and circular space of the city, since every Arbëresh city is built around the square dedicated to its founding hero, Giorgio Castriota Skënderbeu, (National Hero of the Albanian state), from which the main roads then depart, generally arranged according to four main points. The documents proving its authenticity and years are in the Vatican. Spatial representation of gentrification, the division of the country into neighborhood courts. Every year, in order to overcome latent tensions, different social groups and gitons unite and separate, confronting and challenging each other in the Carrese ritual. Every value is remembered and shared within the gitonia, every behavior is sanctioned, approved by everyone or criticized: first of all, the respect of the endogamous rule, i.e. preferential marriage with an arborist from one's own village (village endogamy) or. failing this, of the southern Arber minority (ethnic endogamy). Even a marriage celebrated in the Byzantine rite sanctions ethnic closure in relation to Latinos, the affirmation of ethnic pride and respect for order. Douglas M., Antropologia e simbolismo, Il Mulino, 1985 Fischler C., L’onnivoro. Il piacere di mangiare nella storia e nella scienza, Mondadori, 1990 Lévi-Strauss C., Il crudo e il cotto, Il Saggiatore, Milano, 1964 Scholliers P., Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Berg Publishers, 2001 21

Roman and belive For the first time, bread is mentioned in their faith. On the first day of Lent, when the Passover was sacrificed, the disciples said to Jesus: \"Where do you want us to go and prepare it, so that you can eat the Passover?\". Then he sent two of his disciples, saying: Go into the city and a man will meet you with a jar of water; Follow him. Where he enters, say to the owner: \"The teacher says: Where is my room, where can I eat the Passover with my disciples?\". He will distinguish you on the upper floor a large room, furnished and ready; there he prepares dinner for us\". The disciples went, entered the city and found as he had told them. While they were eating, he took the bread and read the blessing, broke it and gave it to them, saying, \"Take, this is my body.\" Then he took a cup and gave thanks, gave it to them and they all drank. And he said to them, \"This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. Truly I say to you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine again until the day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God \". The Last Supper On the day of Corpus Domini we read the story of the last supper in Mark's version. There are basically three parts: finding a place to eat dinner, the announcement of Judas' betrayal (which we don't read today), Jesus' words on the bread and wine. For Mark, the last supper is clearly a Jewish Passover meal, the group of disciples wanting to eat the Passover with Jesus, even if at the time of the meal there is no reference to the presence of a lamb among the dishes. The first part of the passage is about finding a place to eat. We are on the first day of Lent, that is, Thursday, which was actually the day before; it was called so because it was a tradition to eliminate all the remains of fermented bread from the houses before noon. The disciples' question \"Where do you want us to go...\" suggests among other things that this Passover was especially close to Jesus' heart. Jesus gives some instructions, partly indicating that he has already made arrangements, partly making a prophetic gesture of anticipation of events, when he indicates trivial details that will lead the disciples to the appointed place. The deep meaning of this story is that Jesus presents himself as a prophet, capable of knowing and mastering the future. The same thing had happened with the entry into Jerusalem. Also on that occasion he had sent two disciples who then found exactly as he had predicted . The description of the supper is very rare and focuses on the words about the food, which were probably the part that most interested Mark's reference community. Within the Gospel there is certainly a connection with the two multiplications of the loaves, that of the 4000 and that of the 5000 . At a certain point in the meal, he takes the bread and recites the blessing. It is probably a blessing similar to the one described in the Mishna: \"Blessed are you, our father, our God, king of the universe, who brings forth bread from the earth Then he takes and breaks the bread and distributes it to the diners as a sign of parting. Finally pronounce the words that give new meaning to these human and traditional gestures. \"This is my body\" gives a new meaning to everything that is happening. Let's not forget that we are part of an Easter dinner. 22

The sharing of the box, which recalls slavery and God's powerful liberating intervention, becomes the sharing of the greatest event of liberation: the very person of Jesus who gives himself. The second act of Jesus concerns the cup: again he recites a prayer of blessing and distributes it to the disciples to drink. Then follows the interpretive phrase: \"this is my blood of the covenant.\" The covenant theme is definitely one of the main ones on this site and has its roots in the Old Testament. In particular, the expression blood of the covenant, in itself quite unusual, is taken from the prophet Zechariah: \"As for you, with the blood of the covenant with you, I will save your soldiers from the well without water\" . Zechariah in the passion of Jesus: The prophet Zechariah chapters 9-14 are of particular importance in the formation of the passion tradition. Jesus enters Jerusalem on a donkey like the king of Zech 9,9. The expression \"blood of the covenant\" is taken from Zech 9:11. In Zech 11.4, the shepherd of the flock is destined for slaughter. The covenant recalls the crucial theme of the relationship with God, which had one of its fundamental concepts precisely in the covenant. The last sentence of Jesus is especially interesting. Jesus refers, still in an enigmatic way, to his death, but remains open to a great hope for the future. Fasting from wine is not an oath, but a warning of an imminent death and faith in a future where there will again be a banquet of wine. Jesus invites everyone to design Fornaklia, the Roman festival of bread On February 17, the ancient Romans celebrated Fornakalia, praising Fornax, the goddess of ovens. The bakers did not work that day. They decorated bakeries and ovens, handed out free pastries and offered prayers Nga Ungjilli sipas Markut ne Vatikan (Mk 14,12-16.22-26) Libri Romakët Steven Saylor 23

Bread like symbol We cannot gather at the table In the old days, when going to the fields to work or to wander around the world, people always took a piece of bread with them. In difficult times for the country, when the population received bread with letters - people were kind even with crumbs, and sometimes they saved others from hunger, sharing with them an already modest portion ... \"There will be bread - there will be lunch\", \"if there was bread, but there will be people with bread\", \"if you want to eat - you will talk about bread\", \"there is a land of bread - there will be heaven under the fir\", \"lunch is bad if there is no bread\" - these are just some of the many proverbs about bread. Is this not evidence that bread is honored and revered at all times? From early childhood, parents teach us to respect bread. \"Do not throw bread on the floor\", \"do not play with bread\" - is it not true that each of us has heard such instructions even before learning to speak? We ourselves have firmly mastered these rules and now teach our children the same. However, in addition to the simplest rules, the meaning of which we clearly understand and do not even try to read between the lines, there are many signs and superstitions, the meaning of which remains a mystery to many people. This is the topic of today's article. If you grab a piece of fresh bread while eating and then find that you have a half-eaten piece left on your plate, it means that someone close to you is currently feeling hungry (or needy). If during a festive lunch (dinner) a piece of bread fell from the table - someone is in a hurry to visit you. If bread fell on weekdays (an ordinary lunch), then an unnecessary person is rushing to your house. If bread crumbs are left on the dining tables overnight, diseases will come into the house. Sloppy cut bread - in trouble, difficult life (uneven cut - the same uneven life). The beginning of a new bread after sunset - in a poor life before sunset a rich life. Eat carelessly, throwing breadcrumbs on the floor - to crop failure, poverty. Putting a loaf of bread upside down on the table - close the doors of your house for joy and luck (turned bread is a symbol of misfortune, everything in the house will turn upside down). Leave the half-eaten piece of bread - leave your happiness (if someone else ate it, they took it for themselves). Another version - to disturbing, bad dreams. Throwing bread in the trash - inviting need, hunger, illness. Cut bread with a fork (for a girl) - deprive yourself of happiness. Eat moldy bread - protect yourself from death in the water. 24

To let someone eat bread behind your back is to let that person take your strength. Giving someone bread at sunset - in debt. If during baking a part of the bread is separated and \"left\" on the side, one of the relatives will have to travel. If the bread breaks during cutting - to a quarrel between husband and wife. Sharing bread with those who need it, even if it is the last slice - to prosperity at home and a rich life. Start and end your meal with a piece of bread and salt for a happy life. If you were greeted with freshly baked bread, this promises you wealth. If, when cutting a loaf of bread, the crumbs stick to the blade of the knife, next summer will bring a rich harvest. According to another version, the rainy weather will last for a long time. … 25

How bread was used as a talisman Bread was often placed in the baby's cradle. (for the evil eye) They took him with them, going on a journey, to protect them from trouble. They placed it where the body of the deceased lay, so that bread would triumph over death and the dead would not take fertility with them. They were taken out of the house into the street when a storm was approaching to protect the crops from severe damage. When the fire started, they went to the house with bread to stop the fire. This is interesting: in the fishing villages of Northern England, it was forbidden to turn a loaf of bread (from the bottom up). It was believed that every time someone did this, a ship would turn back to sea. I want to mention one more thing. Of course, the Easter cake is not exactly bread, it is a cake, but still .. It is believed that if a depression (depression) is formed in the cake, this represents the death of one of the family members. The sign is grim and, on the one hand, failed baking can be explained by \"hands growing from the wrong place\", \"stale yeast\", \"unverified recipe\", etc. But, on the other hand, when you cook Easter cakes year after year according to a recipe, you are careful about the choice of products, respecting the proportions, as well as the cooking technology - and suddenly, for no apparent reason - all the Easter cakes turned out to be \"with holes\", this can't help but be alert. I didn't even know about such a sign when I took an entire baking sheet of failed Easter cakes out of the oven two years ago. That same year we lost our grandmother. And later I found out about this sign. Consider, using a specific example, how to explain the signs and superstitions associated with bread: Do not shake breadcrumbs off the table with your bare hands. If an unmarried girl sweeps the crumbs off the table with her palm, she risks living alone all her life and not knowing what it means to be a mother. For newly married girls, to wipe the crumbs means to break relations with the mother-in-law. If a man shakes the crumbs with his hand, his wife will be bald. Shaking breadcrumbs from the table with your hand - it is forbidden to do until quarrels at home, lack of money. Where do the legs of these signs grow from? One of the most logical versions is related to the attitude towards bread as a shrine. It is simply a sin to shake breadcrumbs on the floor, while many people in the world are starving or living in poverty, feeding from garbage cans. Bread symbolizes prosperity in the house and, cleaning the remains from the table with an uncovered hand, we thus shake prosperity and all the good things we have into emptiness (we just get rid of it). Another reasonable explanation: for many people, the gesture with which crumbs are swept away is associated with the gesture of beggars, and a subconscious fear arises that by 26

doing this, you are trying on the role of a beggar, condemning yourself to a beggar. existence. You can also draw another parallel: if breadcrumbs can be shaken off the surface of the table with your hand, then it is smooth, that is, without a tablecloth (for many people, both in the past and now, a tablecloth on a table is associated with prosperity in the house, and its lack - says the opposite). Of course, there are signs and superstitions that today seem very absurd, even ridiculous. In particular, the superstition \"if a man sweeps the crumbs off the table with his bare hand, he will have a bald wife.\" But not all signs and superstitions can be explained logically. And how to deal with them is a personal matter for everyone. It is likely that with the help of such horror stories they simply scared people who were not affected by other signs (\"there will be no money\", \"to quarrel in the family\"). Some men stubbornly continued to shake the crumbs on the floor - and an attempt was made to frighten them in another way. Later, this attempt turned into another superstition. Or perhaps the relevant conclusion is based on one's real experience and observations. Although, it is quite difficult to imagine that in some families where men wiped the crumbs from the table with an uncovered palm and in fact there were bald spouses - it is quite difficult 27

Why do you dream about bread? Authors and their explanation. According to Freud's dream book: the one who eats bread in his dreams - in real life there is a lack of normal human relationships (tired of endless meetings without commitment). To see warm fresh bread in a dream - represents a meeting with an energetic person who is easy in life, stale bread - symbolizes a long relationship that has become outdated and uninteresting to you. According to Miller's dream book: a woman who eats bread in a dream promises to face pain and worries in real life. Sharing bread with someone means that you are secure in real life and you should not expect more from fate. Seeing a lot of dry bread in a dream portends suffering and a poor life. Eating bread from rye flour is a sign of a friendly and hospitable home. Seeing a crust of bread in your hands in a dream is a warning that it will be very difficult for you to face future problems due to the neglect of your duties. According to Vanga's dream book: to see bread in a dream - to a comfortable life, making a profit. Eat bread - says that without special efforts benefit in some way. Cutting bread - to obstacles in business, temporary difficulties. From the Vedic Dream Book: to eat good bread in a dream - to longevity and good health, to eat black (burnt) bread - portends death at a funeral. From the book of gypsy dreams; to see how someone gave you a loaf of bread - to the birth of a child. Cut bread - share luck with others. Eat fresh bread - you have good friends, stale bread - to a possible illness. According to the wanderer's dream book: bread dreams of prosperity at home, good prospects in business. Bread dream interpretation Bread dream interpretation • Eating bread without food: The dreamer will get sick without anyone taking care of him and will die alone. • Eating bread with honey: It will require knowledge and wisdom and it will be better, because honey shows good knowledge and bread of comfortable living. • Eating bread and salt: pleasure. • Eating vinegar with bread: long life. • Eating thin (unleavened) bread: Contradictory interpretations such as short life, low earnings and abundance. • Unfinished bread: High fever, as this bread must be returned to the oven to finish. • Hot white wheat bread: Children. Dream Interpreter: Various Islamic Scholars Bread dream interpretation - If in a dream there is a piece of barley bread, it means a troublesome life, although well managed. Corn bread, chickpea bread or millet bread means tight financial conditions and rising prices. If one is given a piece of dried bread in a dream, it indicates the imminent end of one's life. A loaf of bread in a dream means marriage for an unmarried person, and for a craftsman it means progress in his trade. As for a ruler or a judge, a well-baked bread in a dream represents his justice. Small loaves in a dream represent a short life, while large loaves mean longevity. Eating hot bread means hypocrisy, because the effect of the oven's heat is still on it. Eating bread without a meal means illness or death alone. Interpreter of dreams: Ibn Sirin 28

Bread dream interpretation — • To see a lot of bread without eating any of it: You will meet one's brothers very soon. • To see a piece of brown bread in the hand: pleasant lively faith, but average religious. • A loaf of barley bread: A life of sorrow and fear. • A dry bread: Narrow life. • To be given a piece of bread and eat: The dreamer will either die or live well. • Taking a piece of bread: The dreamer is cupid. • Hot bread: Hypocrisy and prohibitions. • A piece of bread hanging on the dreamer's forehead: He is poor. • Rotten bread (with green bacteria on it): Abundant money that is not useful to its owner and from which religious obligations are not paid. • Bread cooked in embers or hot sand: Hard life, only the needy bake that kind of bread. Dream Interpreter: Various Islamic Scholars Bread dream interpretation — • Loaves laid out on the dining table: An enemy will appear. If the dreamer eats from them, enmity will break out. • A dead person giving bread to the dreamer: Money or well-being from an unwanted source. • A dead person taking a piece of bread from the dreamer to let fall into the fire on the pitch or in an empty place: The dreamer's sick wife, if any, will die or lose faith. • To see bread above the clouds, on a roof or up on a palm tree: The price of bread will increase. • Bread on Earth and the Men Who Trample It: A giant, ungrateful man who promotes luxury. Bread dream interpretation - Eating bread with its crusts in a dream is like eating honey with beeswax. Fresh bread 29

Visual artists and their works with bread Creative professional artists who create art in the form of paintings, photography, sculptures and graphic designs. These professionals can create static or dynamic works of art in 2D or 3D forms. Many of them have used bread as a composition for sculpture. Their job role includes working with paints, developing murals, drawing images, creating mixed media art. with media and 2D and 3D image design. Together we will be able to see some works by selected authors. Matteo Lucca Born in Forlì, Italy, Matteo Lucca's artistic practice explores ideas about food, hospitality, earth and humanity. Although he has produced a diverse range of works appearing in various materials, in recent years Lucca has focused on the use of bread, creating impressive sculptures and installations from carefully molded and baked dough. The temporality implicit in the material, bread, even if treated to resist the deteriorating effects of time, is an ode to transience, nodding to a perpetual creative process where nothing ends but transforms into an eternal cycle. The artist's fascination with ancient Etruscan art and death rituals is evident in the aesthetic output of his work, while his creation process is something akin to a religious ritual, where the artist interprets the role of the Creator by creating human forms. Bread in grownd 30

Lexie Smith Originally from New York, scholar, artist and baker Lexie Smith began baking as a teenager, working in various kitchens after graduating from NY University in 2010. Smith spent time living on tropical farms in Puerto Rico and Hawaii and worked as a chef and pastry chef in Marfa and Austin, Texas, before returning to NYC in 2013. There she spent several itinerant years moving between food, art and design and found herself increasingly drawn to the word written, mature form and a tangential union of the two. In 2015, bread began to dominate her creative focus. It was then that she founded the ongoing project, Bread on Earth, exploring the political, ecological, social and aesthetic histories and futures of bread and wheat through research, teaching, writing, baking, image-making and farming.. 31

Tatsumi Orimoto, Bread Man, 2001 Using bread to form a kind of ersatz mask that hides his face, obstructing his vision, Japanese performance artist and photographer Tatsumi Orimoto is perhaps best known as his alter ego, the Bread Man. Orimoto has been performing his \"Bread Man\" street acts since the early 1990s, obscuring his own head, and sometimes those of his fellow performers, under various breads and in various cities around the world. The artist believes that what matters most is the effect it has on the people it encounters. In his most famous performance, which took place in 2001, Orimoto was barely able to see his roasting hood as he walked through an open market shaking hands and announcing his presence by ringing a small bell . The overarching reaction engendered by the performance was an unforeseen camaraderie, the artist observed. 32

Antony Gormley, Bed, 1980–1981 In his 1970 Sleeping in His Place sculptures, Antony Gormley's bed sees the artist return to the theme of a sleeping place, this time making a double vision. hollows eaten by white companies cut. bread. Gormley used 8,640 slices of Mother's Pride bread, which he dried and dipped in wax before stacking and layering to create the installation. The bed alludes to the Catholic ritual of consuming Christ's body and soul, symbolized doubly by the bread, through the use of the sacrament. The pose of the absent and seemingly sleeping figures, arms folded across their chests, mimics the traditional dead pose carved on medieval tombs. And the appearance of mold on bread clearly shows the cycle of life-death-life – as one element decays, another organism comes to life 33

Marc Quinn, May-September 1991, 1991 In the 1990s, fellow British artist Marc Quinn experimented with using bread as an artistic medium, exploring themes of eating, survival and ritual in a series of expressive, figurative sculptures. For the artist, bread was a symbol of metamorphosis, as it is materially transformed by heat from the basic ingredients of flour, yeast and water. The finished form of Quinn's bread sculptures is partly due to chance as the dough, which is applied to a metal frame before being baked in an oven, rises in some places and falls in others, creating largely unpredictable shapes. Between series, in 1991, Quinn traced around his hand on the bread many times, creating a slightly different shape each time. Installed on a wall, these decaying works form an indexical model of the artist's physical identity. 34

Simply Bread by Artiola Gryka Curator Dr. Prof. Asc. Ardian Isufi The artist has the duty to interpret everything he sees, he experiences as he feels he listens and touches, and every day he is visually stimulated by color, he said gathered and until he translates it into his language he can return an action, in a work of art, so is the act of eating bread for me Every day of life is different, just as Bread represents the word LIFE in every language of the world, 365 days I have presented 365 BREAD to every day of our life and one is the BREAD of the leap year, it is distinguished because in fact that's how \"EAT BREAD\" OLD\" a special person is left alone because it is that inner bread that everyone has to form that dough with time, and who better than time it showed your BREAD which takes shape as it bakes and as it bakes outside it can be porridge inside, moldy, well cooked, moist and according to the ingredients that make it Who is your BREAD, who is your basic food? The visual one? The spiritual one? The conceptual one? The interpretive one? Or are you simply a BREAD of a daily consumption as a representation of survival. Man has before his eyes every day of his life, a visual act like one pilgrimage that he makes every day by going and buying it and putting it in a sacred place, such as the family table. BREAD just as for some BREAD is basic food, for others it is another BREAD that is spiritual, just as EVERYONE LIKES OTHERS' BREAD, just as for some people it is said to get that diploma to eat BREAD, so for the rare, nothing is enough even BREAD does not satisfy you, because life is not only to be satisfied with BREAD, and for some it is a dream to have it, there are others who run to every BREAD to enjoy the variations of life and you do not like anything, as they are different and the variations of BREAD, before BREAD after BREAD says a doctor when he seals the recipe, and a family celebrates and clinks glasses when it says BREAD, SALT AND HEART, just as it forgives and punishes an Albanian in the ancient Albanian-Illyrian codes where the area different shared some laws called canons, which are different according to the province, and enmity is a wound, so even enmity was not killed in BREAD, that's how it gives and the Albanian believes in the Koran and the Bible, he puts his hand forward, in the middle of the table there is a BREAD where he swears ON THIS BREAD, I have not done this, this is how the family rejoices when the bride, before entering the house when she gets married, puts two BREAD on her ribs for prosperity, continuity like many crops, to have a child healthy, and we Albanians warn you, think carefully about what you do, DON'T EAT YOUR SHAME WITH BREAD, and bread is valuable on our tables, and an Albanian's bread is valuable, and we say goodbye with BREAD when a parent dies, each of the children throw a piece of BREAD into the grave, as the child will always be hungry and no one except the parent thinks about him, and this represents the spiritual satiety of the child, that parent who, even though he is no longer alive, will feed his children in the world other. Just like life, from extreme to extreme from poverty to riches and riches is defined as the one who gives the BREAD, and from the prayers that start with our daily bread, forgive us today, to the religious coronations and the bread of Christ at baptism, as a mystical and real relationship illuminated by a piece of bread crumbs... This is the cycle of life from starting something from scratch and from learning that dough every day of its full 365 days where each day has its own specialness and mystery as well and the fragile 366th day a special day but that completes the rotation around the sun that resembles people sitting around a table... Thank you Artiola Gryka 35

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