CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAGAZINE

by: Yane, Abegail Contemporary WORLD Designed to introduce students to varied concepts and perspectives of globalization; its effect to different social units and different challenges posed by it.

CONTENTS I. Introduction to Globalization II. The Structure of Globalization III. A World of Regions IV. A World of Ideas V. Global Population and Mobility VI. Towards a Sustainable World VII. Global Citizenship

Introduction of Globalization Globalization is the process in which, people, ideas and goods spread throughout the world, spurring more interaction and integration between the world's cultures, government and economies. It is a process of interatcion and integration among the people,companies, and government of different nations., a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. One principal driver of globalization is technology. Economic life is dramatically transformed by advancement in information technology. All sorts of individual economic actors like consumers, investors, and businesses which are valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners are provided by information technologies.

The Structures of Globalization Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the economic development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium Two Major Driving Forces for Economic Globalization 1. The rapid growing of information in all types of productive activities 2. Marketization (A restructuring process that enables state enterprises to operate as market-oriented firms by changing the legal environment in which they operate and can be achieved through reduction of state subsidies, organizational restructuring of management such as corporatization, decentralization, and privatization Difference between Economic Globalization from Internationalization Economic globalization is a functional integration between internationally dispersed activities which means that it is a qualitative transformation rather than a quantitative change while internationalization is an extension of economic activities between internationally dispersed activities.

The World of Regions Global Divides: The North and the South (focus: Latin America) Global South refers to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania mostly low- income and often politically or culturally marginalized. It may also be called the \"developing World\" such as Africa, Latin America, and the developing countries in Asia, \"developing countries,\" \"less developed countries,\" and \"less developed regions” including poorer \"southern\" regions of wealthy \"northern\" countries. Three Primary Concepts of Global South 1. It refers to economically disadvantaged nation-states and as a post-cold war alternative to “Third World”. 2. The Global South captures a deterritorialized geography of capitalism’s externalities and means to account for subjugated peoples within the borders of wealthier countries, such that there are economic Souths in the geographic North and Norths in the geographic South. 3. It refers to the resistant imaginary of a transnational political subject that results from a shared experience of subjugation under contemporary global capitalism. New Internationalism in the Global South The ills of the global south are being globalized. Underdeveloped states of the global south are ravaged by merciless IMF policies in the 1980’s. The economic prescriptions of the IMF as cures are recommended for countries in the global south. Other countries like Greece realize the similarity of problems in the global south that inspirations were drawn from poorer nations. The global south has provided model of resistance for the world like Gandhi’s non-violence that initially directed at colonial authority in India is now part of global protest culture, as well as benefits of critiques of international financial institutions from the experiences and writings of intellectuals and activists from the global south. A similar globalization of the south’s concern is arising from the issue about global environment. Amidst the existential threat of climate change the most radical notions of climate justice are being articulated in the global south. As global problems increase, it is necessary for people in the north to support people from the south. As a symbol and metaphor, global south is not only relevant for those who live in countries traditionally associated with it. The global in global south does not only mean that the south is the globe but also signifies that the south continues to be globalized. The global south while embedded in specific geographic imaginaries, represents emergent forms of progressive cosmopolitanism. It is always emergent and provisional internationalism.

The World of Regions Two salient points in the history of east Asian middle-class formation. 1. Middle class formation in Southeast Asia was driven by global and regional transnational capitalism working in alliance with national states while middle class in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were created by developmental states and national capitalism. 2. New urban middle classes in East Asia, whether in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Southeast Asia, with their middle-class jobs, education, and income, have in turn created their own new lifestyles commensurate with their middle-class income and status. Complex historical forces shaped new urban middle classes. They are product of regional economic development, which has taken place in waves under the U.S. informal empire over a half century, first in Japan, then in South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong, and Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines, and now in China. They are product as well for development states. Their lifestyles have been shaped in very complex ways by their appropriation of things American, Japanese, Chinese, South Korean, Islamic and other ways of life, often mediated by the market. The political consequences of the rise of East Asia middle classes vary. The cultural and political hegemony of the South Korean middle classes is embodied by single generation, while that of the Taiwanese middle classes manifest itself in the political assertiveness of an ethnic majority. Southeast Asian middle classes also exemplify the diversity and complexity of class formation. Thai middle classes are coherent socially, hegemonic culturally, and ascend politically; their counterparts in Malaysia and Indonesia are socially divided, dependent on the state, politically assertive and vulnerable; and the Philippine middle classes are socially coherent, less dependent on the state, culturally ascendant, but politically vacillating.

A World of Ideas The Global Media Cultures Globalization and identity, globalization and human rights, globalization and culture, or globalization and terrorism are some concepts related to the study of globalization by many scholars. Among these concepts, the one that offers special insights is globalization and media. They are partners and act as a unit. Situations created through globalization and media make people conceive they belong to one world called global village, a term coined by Marshall MacLuhan in early 1960’s, a Canadian media theorist, to express the idea that people throughout the world are interconnected through the use of new media technologies (143). According to scholars, the world is globalized FIVE TIME PERIODS IN THE STUDY OF Perspective on the role of Religion in the GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA Globalization Process 1. Oral Communication 2. Script 3. The Printing press 4. Electronic Media 5. Digital Media 1. The Modernist Perspective 2. Post- Modernist Perspective 3. The Pre-Modernist Perspective

Global Population and Mobility Global City: Its Definition and Concepts ahctaotaedmsnvAimattissnoodtnonaergbficgeiehnsiinaenardsgna,idpcnataetgrihrdeloiassttbetoiasacelprsrccrvohoietfcyosetnihsassescaeiwasntiohoeursfurldbgbc’laasowrnbmirtaicheoleiidsnnztaotairtumieogt ptnldhooubadrrtautialernininzgntejogtdchyisteesiuces1bosi9sng. 8eHno0qimosufiw,eicwcenavhntseiytycrsec,htaoewremmisxt,h.patTmehihtneiietcnsireveteeedwarsomtherdeld cities came to be known as global cities. Indicators of a Global City Global Demography 1. Seats of Economic Demography refers to the study of Power populations, with reference to size and density, fertility, mortality, growth, age 2. Centers of Authority distribution, migration, and statistics. 3. Centers of Political Global Migration Influences 4. Centers of Higher It is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries especially to find a job. Learning and Culture 5. Economic Types of Migration Internal Migration Opportunities 6. Economic International Migration Competitiveness Reasons for Migration Cultural Factor Socio-political Factor Environmental Factor Economic Factor

Towards a Sustainable World Sustainable Development and Climate Change By its meaning, sustainable development has been variously defined, but one of the most quoted definitions of this term is from the Brundtland Report also known as Our Common Future, which is a publication released by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This link between sustainable development and climate change is considered strong. Poor developing countries particularly those developed countries tend to be the most severely affected by climate change. Undoubtedly, climate change is often seen as a part of the broader challenge in sustainable development thru a two-fold link: 1. Impacts of climate change can severely hamper development efforts in key sector (e.g. increased threat of natural disasters and growing water stress will have to be factored into plans for public health infrastructure) 2. Development choice will influence the capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate change (e.g. policies for forest conservation and sustainable energy will improve communities’ resilience reducing thereby the vulnerability of their sources of income to climate change).In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Member States express their commitment to protect the planet from degradation and take urgent action on climate change. The Agenda also identifies, in its paragraph 14, climate change as “one of the greatest challenges of our time” and worries about “its adverse impacts undermine the ability of all countries to achieve sustainable development. Increases in global temperature, sea level rise, ocean acidification and other climate change impacts are seriously affecting coastal areas and low-lying coastal countries, including many least developed countries and Small Island Developing States. The survival of many societies, and of the biological support systems of the planet, is at risk”. 209 Various efforts are underway to deal with climate. However, strong resistance on the part of governments and corporations counters these. There are significant challenges involved in implementing various measures such as “carbon tax” and ‘carbon neutrality” to deal with environmental problems. It is also difficult to find alternatives to fossil fuels. For instance, the use of ethanol as an alternative to gasoline has an attendant set of problems - it is less efficient and it has led to escalation in the price of corn, which currently serves as major source of ethanol. Although biofuels themselves produce lower emissions, their extraction and transport contribute significantly to total emissions.

Global Citizenship Global Citizenship Is the idea that, as people, we are all citizens of the globe who have an equal responsibility for what happens on, and to our world. This means to say that every global citizen has a duty to address issues affecting our being citizens. As there could be no formal process to become a global citizen, holding Salient Features of Global Citizenship 1. Global citizenship as a close and a way of thinking 2. Global citizenship as self-awareness and awareness of others 3. Global citizenship as they practice cultural empathy 4. Global citizenship as the cultivation of principled decision making 5. Global citizenship as participation in the social and political life of one's community Given that there is no world government, the idea of global citizenship demands the creation of rights and obligations. However, fulfilling the promises of globalization and the solution to the problems of the contemporary world does not lie on single entity or individual, but on citizens, the community, and the different organization in societies.