PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION MODULE

BatStateU Purposive Communication Communicative Learning Activity: Writing an Application Letter A friend of yours who works in Starbucks Philippines informs you of a job vacancy in the company. The store manager is in need of a student assistant for clerical and other administrative tasks, and you are interested in applying. Knowing the job requirements of the position, you want to pass an application letter to Mr. Juan Lorenzo Flojo, who handles several branches in the province, but you want to be assigned to SM Batangas City branch. With these information as background, write a sample application letter on the space provided below. Observe time limit for this activity as determined by your professor. Rubric for Grading: Courteousness -3 points Correctness - 3 points Completeness - 3 points Conciseness - 3 points Clearness - 3 points TOTAL - 15 points ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Page 51 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Designing the Curriculum Vitae What is a CV or Résumé? Basically, your CV or resumé describes your education, competence, and experience. It defines what kind of applicant you are for the job. It determines if you are the right person for the job. As one of the essential requirements for job hiring, your CV should demonstrate to any prospective employer why they should hire you above any of the other skilled candidates who have presented themselves for employment. Basic Rules of CV Writing In writing a curriculum vitae (CV) or resumé, like other forms of business writing, you should always consider its reader (part of audience analysis, as discussed in Lesson 1). In this case, your readers are the recruiters. They are usually the human resource managers or any other staff in the recruitment department assigned to screen applicants through their CVs. Avoid being eliminated by following these basic rules in writing a CV or resumé.  Write with the recruiter or human resource manager in mind. Assume that you are the recruiter. Think about what he needs to know about you. Consider the job description.  Present your CV or resumé to inform them well about what they need to know. Show it in a way that it reveals very professional and credible information.  A well-written CV or resumé limits the chance of not selecting you. It easily puts you in the shortlist.  CV or resumés are the most important documents needed in job screening. They provide the highlights of your qualifications, work experiences, competence, professional and educational history.  In some academic institutions, the CV or resumé is the standard for job applications. The objective of both CV and resumé remain. However, the appearance of the document is noticeably different. Resumé vs. Curriculum Vitae There are three major differences between CVs and resumés: the length, the purpose, and the layout. A resumé is a brief summary of skills and skills over one or two pages. It is short with no particular format rule and highly customizable. The goal of a resumé is to make an individual stand out from the competition. A resumé does not have to be ordered chronologically; it does not have to cover the whole career. The resume contains three simple sections: name and contact information, education, and work experience. A CV, on the other hand, is more detailed and can be more than two pages. It covers your entire career history. It has a clear chronological order listing the whole career of the individual. In writing your CV, you have to consider the following information:  Areas of interest.  Education.  Grants, honors and awards. Page 52 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  Publications and presentations.  Employment and experience.  Academic memberships.  Character references. Guidelines for Writing Effective CV  Include your contact details at the top.  Decide whether you want to start with a personal statement or career objective.  Include sections on Key Skills, Knowledge and Achievements, Work Experience, and Education.  When discussing achievements, focus on what you have actually done and the end result achieved.  Include everything relevant in the ‘Work Experience’ and ‘Education’ sections.  Make sure that your spelling and grammar are all correct.  Work on your presentation. CV Mistakes and Pitfalls to Avoid  Do not be tempted to lie just to ‘look good’.  Avoid leaving gaps in your career history.  Do not start your CV with the dull bits.  Do not include your hobbies and interests.  Don't make your CV too long.  Do not use an unprofessional email address. Your professor can show you samples of curriculum vitae. These are not presented in this module for pragmatic purposes. Online Interviews Many companies conduct online job interviews, since these interviews are more cost- effective. In addition, applicants do not have to spend money for travel to the interview site. Online interviews require technology which has become mainstream in business. The use of computers and other gadgets makes communication between the interviewer and candidates simple and effective. Job hunters find online interview easy at the comfort of their home. It is time-saving and less stressful. Online job interviews may vary depending on the company where one is applying. Familiarity of these types of line job interviews may help job seekers achieve their goal of landing a desired job. One of the most typical online interviews is the webcam job interview. In this interview, the interviewer will simply arrange the interview through video. Webcam interview requires a camera, which is very convenient nowadays, as most of the laptops have built-in webcams. The interviewer usually conducts interviews using popular video conferencing applications like Skype, Zoom Cloud or Google Meet. Familiarizing with these application is an advantage to meet the requirements of the employer. Practicing the use of webcam can help ensure better focus and face angle. This ensures that you appear pleasing in the frame of the camera. Page 53 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Keep in mind that online interviews are as important as in-person interviews. Your online interview could get you to the next stage of selection or even a job contract if the company conducts the selection process online. Here are some preparation tips that Alison Doyle has suggested for a successful online interviews.  Download the software required by the company ahead of time so that you’ll have the opportunity to get used to it.  Create a professional username, such as a variation on your real name, as it appears on your resume, if it’s available.  Dress professionally even if you are sitting down. Wear nice pants and shoes, as you never know when you will have to stand up. Plus, dressing the part will help you get your head in the game.  Clear your workspace and any clutter that is behind you so that it doesn't show up on the screen. You don’t want your interviewer to be distracted by visual noise in the room or to assume that your disorganized space is a sign of how you’d perform as a worker.  Make sure that you are in a quiet room where you will not be disturbed by people, pets, etc. Turn off your ringer, any alarms, and electronics that are likely to interrupt.  Have a piece of paper and a pen ready so that you are not scrambling to find them later.  Have a copy of your resume in your sightline in case you have to refer to dates, job titles, or numbers.  Smile and focus as much as possible and try to behave as if you’re in a regular, in-person interview. Look into the camera, listen attentively, and engage with your interviewer. Don’t just wait for your turn to speak.  Practice using your webcam equipment before the interview, so you are sure everything is in working order and that you’re comfortable interviewing on video. Communicative Learning Activity: Webcam Job Interviews Form a group of four or five persons and discuss among yourselves the plan of conducting an online job interview. Assign a task for each member (applicant, HR manager, panelists, etc.). Present a mock online job interview. You may use Skype, Google Meet, or Zoom application, whichever is convenient and available for all members. Record your online job interview and submit it to the professor for evaluation and feedback. Observe time limit for this activity as determined by your professor. Physical and virtual meetings The outset of technology and the advancement of internet connectivity give favors to many businesses. Business meetings and contract deals have been eased by the use of computers and smart phones. More often, these meeting are now conducted virtually. Workmates can meet over telephone conference using cellphone features and state-of-the-art software applications, which are commonly known now as Apps. Page 54 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Businessmen, investors, entrepreneurs, sales agents and clients can do more business transactions over video conferencing. However, there are some business enterprises that still use face to face meetings because they believe they are still effective. Virtual Meeting and its Benefits Virtual meetings can be done using technological innovations like computers and software applications. Doyle (2019) explains that people attending virtual meetings do not need to leave their home or work station. The meeting can be held over the phone or computer using virtual meeting software like Google Meet, Zoom Cloud, and Skype. With these applications, virtual meetings can be done any time, hence the distance is no longer a problem. Doyle further shares that people can take part in the meeting regardless of where they are. In other words, they can hold meetings and discuss business concerns without having to travel all the way. Virtual meetings save time and energy. For example, when working on a project, the team leader and his members do not need to travel all the way to the office to discuss the details during a meeting. This is just but one of the many other scenarios when virtual meetings will come easy. Virtual meetings are also inexpensive. Everybody only needs a computer, laptop, or smart phone, a good internet connection, and a professional virtual meeting software. A good environment adds favor to effective meeting. This does not need much money on arranging a meeting place, the facilities and equipment to be used and organizing transportation for attendees. The tenets in online interviews as discussed in previous topics are applicable to virtual meetings. Face to Face Meeting and its Benefits Face to face meetings are the usual meetings that are conducted by people in the same venue and in person. The place can be in the office, at a restaurant, a conference room, or at the coffee shop. Like the virtual meetings, face to face meeting has it benefits. Meeting people face to face is freer than it is held online. People can express their thoughts and feelings using their body language, hand gestures, and facial expressions. Hence, they can communicate better and misunderstandings are less likely to happen. When meeting face to face, people have to be at the particular venue at the given time. They will be attending the meeting and nobody should waste their time. All should observe professionalism and should not be distracted by other things like phone calls, messages, or other personal or family concerns. They must observe discipline and keep a serious environment to be able to give the best for the meeting. Feedback is an important aspect of face to face meeting. Getting feedback from the attendees provides input in the development of something that requires cooperation and teamwork. Face to Page 55 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication face is the best for brainstorming and planning. It can establish stronger relationship and create better teamwork; people can understand each other very well. Face-to-Face Communication By Ronel M. Sapungan As many researches have revealed that effective communication skill takes the top place of the business skills needed in the company, face-to-face communication and online meetings have been identified as significant key factors that contribute to their realization. Effective face-to-face communication skills and online meetings can help you build solid relationships and achieve success in the workplace and in your social life. Face-to-Face Communication Defined In in its instructional manual, IT & Business Process Association Philippines (IBAP) presents two definitions of face-to-face communication:  Face-to-face communication is the exchanging of information, thoughts, and feelings between the sender and the recipient.  Face-to-face communication takes place during one-on-one discussions, informal groups, meetings, and more. IBPAP quoted Thill and Bovee’s definition stating that \"face to face communication is the richest medium because it is personal, it provides immediate feedback, it transmits information from both verbal and non-verbal case, and it conveys the emotion behind the message.\" Face-to-face experience Because face-to-face communication is the richest medium, it offers better understanding of the meaning of information. It also develops the confidence you need to convey the message during one-on-one discussions, informal meetings, and many more. You can easily provide feedback because face-to-face communication involves the elements of effective communication such as the spoken words, tone of voice, and body language. When you speak, you immediately relate the message easily using facial, expression, hand gestures, body language, and other non-verbal language. It means that you can easily understand what people say when you see and hear them. The idea has been validated by the research conducted by Emeritus Albert Mehrabian, a UCLA psychology Professor who revealed the following findings: That when we converse, …  Seven (7) percent of meaning is conveyed through the spoken words;  Thirty-eight (38) percent of communication is credited to how one speaks like tone of voice; and  Fifty-five (55) percent of communication occurs through facial expression. Thus, face-to-face communication is highly recommended as vital medium of communication in business because oral communication is enriched by non-verbal communication. Effective communicators in the organization or department have to know the elements of good face-to-face communication. They also have to consider the face-to-face communication in the digital age. Face-to-Face Communication in the Digital Age The way communicate at work has changed dramatically in this modern-day digital era. Distance communication between employer and employee communication is no longer a problem. Teams can work collaboratively through time and distance, managers or team leaders can work away from home or the company, and employees can do important office jobs at the comfort of their homes or school library. Though digital communication and telecommuting have limitations, it still offers rich advantages for the company and its people. Like many other soft skills, digital communication and telecommuting can’t be underestimated in organizations. Large or multinational companies have now invested on communication facilities for more efficient business outcomes. Yet they don’t Page 56 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication undervalue the power of face-to-face communication that can improve the people, the business product, and profit. Megan Baker and Jelena Milutinovic of the Australian Institute of Business suggest the top benefits of face-to-face communication, and scenarios where digital should be the last choice.  Stronger working relationships. Your presence at the workplace signifies your interest and cooperation with your fellow employees. The more familiarity and exposure you have with your co-workers ensure better interaction. It establishes trust among yourselves and better working relationship. You also promote a sense community or belongingness. However, in your absence, you can choose email or teleconferencing to communicate. Phone calls or video calls will keep the connection stronger.  Perception of thoughts and feelings. Through face-to-face communication you will be able to express exactly your personal thoughts and feelings. Non-verbal cues or body language are equally important as the words you say. Effectiveness of hand gestures and facial expressions can easily reinforce the message you wish to convey. Everything from non-verbal communication contributes to your attentiveness, engagement, and understanding of your perceptions through face-to-face communication.  Engagement and innovation. Face-to-face communication enriches the sense of belongingness and collaboration. It creates a healthy environment that inspires and motivates employees to be more innovative and productive. Innovations and productivity are important for employee’s promotion and self-actualization. The environment that promotes engagement and innovation contributes to company growth and culture.  Addressing sensitive issues. Face-to-face communication is necessary when discussing pressing issues or addressing sensitive concerns in the company. When it occurs, you should keep your phone, stop working on your computer, and make effort to engage with the persons. While communicating through technology is effective, face-to-face communication is much preferred more importantly when you are dealing with pressing problems that need urgent solutions.  Clear and concise communication. Miscommunication or misunderstanding is often minimized when you do face-to-face communication. You may be giving incorrect information, but you can immediately correct it for better understanding. In face-to-face interactions, you can easily persuade your thoughts and perceptions than writing emails. Communicative Learning Activity: Focus Group Discussion In a group of four or five persons, discuss the following questions. Answer the questions below, then write a summary of ideas using your own words. Assign one member from the group who can present the summary in the class. Observe time limit for this activity as assigned by your professor. 1. What are the advantages of face-to-face communication over virtual communication in the workplace? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 57 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication 2. What are the advantages of virtual communication over face to face communication? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which do you prefer, virtual communication or face to face communication? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Virtual meeting vs. Face to face meeting Watch the Virtual Teams VS Face to Face Teams - 6 pros and cons I see (Running Remote) in YouTube. You can access it through the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3JU_qP_vmQ. Then, list down the important benefits of both virtual meeting and face to face meeting in class. Face-to-Face and Online Meetings Etiquette Many companies remain intact and hold both physical and virtual meetings as essential parts of the operation to maintain productivity and continuity. As many may have known the rules in physical meetings, rules on online meetings may not be as popular. Virtual meeting etiquette is a whole new idea that many people have to learn, compared to face. To help you keep your meetings productive and professional, follow these seven simple virtual meeting etiquette rules that every professional should know. Page 58 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication 1. Know your surroundings Virtual meetings or online class sessions require a quiet and conducive place where learnings and mutual understanding can be achieved. Organize the place, free it from distractions, and provide good lighting. Do not appear that you are inside the cave or less-lighted museum. You want to avoid looking like you are at the town fiesta because of the pile of clothes and accessories in the corner behind you. Adjust your place setup so your face favors the light. Make sure that you have a professional background. It must be work appropriate. This means that no beds are in the background, no messy rooms or open closets, and no nonsense arts or frameworks. Free the place from unhealthful noise like screaming child, barking dogs, or honking cars. 2. Dress appropriately Your attire should be work or school appropriate. Your appearance online is as important as your look during a face-to-face meeting. Hence, take a few minutes to dress up on a clean cloth and well-brushed hair. Women may consider putting on a light make-up to look fresh on the screen. Think that the best part of actually getting ready while working remotely is that you want to be effective and productive. 3. Listen carefully. Be an active listener. While attending a virtual meeting, devote your full attention to the meeting. Leave the computer keyboard alone. Remember that your typing may distract your focus. It prevents you from devoting your full attention to the details of the meeting. Pick a good headset, your notebook and pen to take essential notes. 4. Unmute your microphone when you wish to talk. When you are not going to talk, keep your microphone on the mute mode. The sound you create from your audio annoys other people attending the virtual meeting. It is really frustrating to hear echo noise or unnecessary sounds from the surrounding. Other attendees will appreciate you because you want to save them from ear-splitting noise and help them productive. Muting your audio when you are not speaking allows other attendees the chance to fit in and share their views and feelings. 5. Speak clearly When you join any virtual meeting, introduce yourself and say hello or hi. Make sure that the people in the meeting hear and notice your presence. Hence, make your voice clear. Modulate it well if necessary to make you sound pleasant to the ears. If you come late in the meeting, you may use the chat box to greet the people and to let them know of your presence. 6. No food, please. No eating is a strict rule that participants have to observe during the virtual meeting. Chewing some food or sipping some drinks may show disinterest and may be perceived as unprofessional. To avoid graving for food during virtual meeting, eat few minutes before the actual time of meeting. Page 59 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication 7. Remain seated and stay present Stay focused. Be patient staying seated while attending the meeting. Don’t ever try to open your email inbox or chat with friends on social media messenger. Doing other things while attending a virtual meeting might distract other participants. You had better turn off your webcam if there is an emergency or a very important personal needs to attend to. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Face-to-Face and Online Meetings Etiquette Watch the Virtual Meeting Etiquette, (Dos and Don’ts by Adriana Girdler) in YouTube. Use the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYUVXQfaVp0. Discuss the important benefits of both virtual meeting etiquette. Your professor will give you specific instructions on the details of submitting your output. Writing Correspondence via Print or Email Business transactions and negotiations are communicated effectively using different channels. In the advent of computer technology, most business organizations communicate through the internet and platforms of social media. Despite the efficiency brought by the internet, some companies still utilize the typical business letters to communicate with other businesses, their clients, and other stakeholders. Business letters are formal letters used for business-to-business, business-to-client, or client- to-business correspondence. There are a number of elements to a business letter. These are date and sender’s address, recipient’s address, salutation, body of the letter, and closing paragraph (Gamble, 2017). A business letter uses a formal language. The style of the letter depends on the relationship between the parties concerned. A business letter is written for many reasons. It is used to…  request direct information or action from another party  order supplies from a supplier  identify a mistake that was committed  reply directly to a request  apologize for a wrong or simply to convey goodwill. A business letter is also very useful because it…  produces a permanent record  is confidential and formal  delivers persuasive and well-considered messages In writing a business letter, the most important element that you need is to ensure its accuracy. You should know the type of business letter you are writing to be able to determine the accuracy of its details. Writing Center of the University of North Carolina explained that business writing should be clear and concise. Hence, in writing you take care that the documents would not turn out to be an endless series of short, choppy sentences. Keep in mind that your purpose is to communicate the information and be understood by your reader. Always consider your audience or the ones who will read your letter. Don’t confuse your reader. Stress specificity and accuracy. Observe formality and sincere. But don’t be too formal that you Page 60 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication alienate readers, nor too casual that your readers may feel you are insincere or unprofessional. In giving information that might harm the reader’s feeling, be diplomatic and respectful. The letter should reflect the unique purpose and considerations involved, like the reader’s feeling and character, when writing in a business context. Uychoco and Santos (2018) of Communication for Society Purposive Communication, explained that business letters should be clear, concise, and organized. Its introductory paragraph should be brief establishing the content and purpose of the letter. Its middle section should contain the details of the message in logical order. Its concluding paragraph is short, politely requesting action, thanking the reader, or providing additional important information. For beginners, it is a good idea to read or review business letters and emails examples from your office or from the internet before writing your own. Sample letters of different types are available in many sites in the internet. Business communication books and manuals also provide good samples for you to review. Examples can help you see what kind of content or how it is organized in the letter. Examples can also help you learn about the layout and format of the letter. Preparing Endorsement and Follow-up Letters Preparing an endorsement and follow-up letter may be easy to some but, to others this writing tasks is challenging because these letters are rarely written or seldom required at work. However, more often, still many people do not know how to write endorsement and follow-up letters. If, in case, you are tasked to write endorsement or follow-up letter, follow the useful ways below. Online source WriteExpress provides useful tips that you may consider in writing request and give endorsement letters. Request an Endorsement 1. State who you are, the name of your company or organization, and your position or role. Remind the reader of your relationship to him/her, if necessary. 2. Use clear, specific language to request the endorsement (clearly describe what it is that you would like endorsed). 3. Explain why you are requesting the endorsement, what it will be used for, why you feel that the endorsement is necessary or why you merit receiving the endorsement, and so forth. 4. Include guidelines for the format, length, or content of the endorsement letter. Also, indicate anything else that the reader needs to do to provide the endorsement, such as filling out attached forms and the like. 5. Indicate by when you need the letter of endorsement. 6. Consider providing a preaddressed, stamped envelope with your request letter if the endorsement letter is to be mailed. 7. If you plan to make a follow-up call to the reader, indicate in your letter when you intend to do so. 8. Thank the reader for considering the endorsement. Give an Endorsement 1. Indicate what or who it is that you are endorsing. 2. Substantiate (or give reasons for) your endorsement. 3. If you are endorsing a person for a particular position, role, job, etc., include how long you have known the person, in what capacity, the positive qualities of the person that make him/her a suitable candidate for endorsement (including accomplishments and abilities), etc. Be as specific as possible. Page 61 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication 4. If necessary, indicate the next step that should be taken or what will happen next. Include a time frame, if appropriate. 5. You may want to include your contact information and offer to give further information upon request. 6. Conclude your letter by summarizing the reasons for the endorsement and by restating your endorsement of the person or project, etc. Writing a Follow-up Letter A follow-up letter is as important as other forms of communication. It is an effective means of establishing a good relationship between you and the recipient. A follow-up letter is best written after a business meeting, or a job interview, or after making a great business contract. It provides an avenue for continued communication and connects the points discussed and agreed during the previous meeting. When writing a follow-up letter, make sure to observe grammar flaws and spelling errors. A well-written follow-up letter can make a great impact on your future career and expected success. A s you write the follow-up letter, bear in mind that it needs to be fairly formal. Use more appropriate words and phrases. Write your thoughts straight to the point. Do not go around the bush. Read and proofread it thoroughly. Use grammar checking tool and a comprehensive spell checker. Keep a good dictionary as your essential reference for words. Let's consider some tips from LearnEnglish to help you write a better follow-up letter: Here are what you need to include:  Start with your name, address, city and zip code, telephone number. Include next the recipient’s details. Note that in a follow-up letter you are going to write to the same person you had originally written to or contacted with.  Add the salutation.  In the first line, mention that you had written earlier and haven’t received a response yet. You can mention here if you had called. Actually, you’ll let him know that you’re re-writing in this line.  State your request or interest. If you are writing inquiring about a job vacancy for which you had sent a job application, reiterate your key skills experiences and state why you think you are a great potential.  Invite for contact and thank for their attention.  Close with signature. Here are more things that you’ll need to remember than the actual steps to write the letter:  Add fresh insights to your old appeal. Don’t write a photocopy of your old letter.  Take at best 2 days after a meeting or a job interview to write a follow-up letter. Work while the memories are still fresh in the recipient’s mind.  If you’ve sent a CV, wait 7 days before sending the follow-up letter. The employer is likely very busy, hence the late response, so keep your letter short. Do not bring up your whole CV in the letter. Hold the interest and attention with nice wording, not boring.  Do not convey negative sentiments in your letter, even if you are frustrated by their speed and sincerity.  Indicate how you want to proceed next in your letter if you think it is needed.  Be extremely polite even if you feel like they’ve been ignoring you by ignoring your past letters. Page 62 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  To look polished and professional, edit and proofread a couple of times before sending the actual letter.  If you want, you can attach copies to document proof that you had sent letters earlier.  Follow up again if required. Sample Follow-up Letters Sample A Hello David, Thanks for a great meeting yesterday. I feel the presentation was a success, and the feedback from you and your team was encouraging. Based on some of the points raised by you in the meeting, I had some further ideas, particularly related to the print media campaign. I hope I can raise them next time we meet. Speaking of which, how about we schedule another presentation in around a week's time? I can then prepare the projection reports your team asked for. I will call you by the end of the week to confirm a meeting time. Yours Sincerely, Gareth Ewing Sample B Dear Dr. Greg, It was great speaking with you and the team last time. We are all excited about this new partnership between your university and ours. I would like to gently follow up on the memorandum of agreement which we discussed last meeting. Once I receive the agreement, I will endorse it to our legal department for review, and will return it to you the soonest so our universities can commence with our activities. I am looking forward to a productive partnership with you. Cheers! Best regards, Dr. Kristoffer Communicative Learning Activity Writing a Follow-up Letter Study the example follow-up letter with a poorly written text. Improve it by following steps for writing a follow-up letter. Write the improved version on the space provided below. Hey Dave ! I liked giving you my business presentation a couple of weeks back. As I said, we can easily increase your profits two-fold in the next couple years using my marketing techniques. I guarantee that it. I think we can go ahead and sign a deal, although I did have some concerns about your partner's resistance to the print media campaign I outline. Anyway, let's close the deal. Soon! This is Gary. Page 63 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ WRITING NETIQUETTE Whether you are writing text messages, emails, memos, letters and posts on social media in a professional context, you should be familiar with proper etiquette for using the internet. It is called “netiquette.” What is netiquette? The term refers to THE right manner or protocol for communication on the Internet. What we create, post and do via online technologies can leave a lasting image. The text messages, emails, photographs or blogs we post on a web page or social media accounts can create an impression of your personality. The nasty remarks or reactions you post on your Facebook page or Tweeter newsfeed may come back to haunt you later. In writing in an online environment, you do not only need tact and skill but also an impression that will boost you character. Awareness that what you are write or post online, which may be there for a long time, should be considered before writing or posting. The text messages, letters, business proposals, press releases, or any written communication will represent yourself and your company. Hence, you should observe the etiquette or protocol of writings that are clear, concise, constructive, and professional. Listed on the next page are the several guidelines that you may consider before writing and posting online. Page 64 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Texting Always consider your audience and your company, and choose words, terms, or abbreviations that will deliver your message appropriately and effectively.  Know your recipient.  Use appropriate symbols and codes.  Never abuse text messaging.  Don’t text while driving. Email Email is very useful for messages for personal or business purposes. It contains slightly more content than a text message. In more established companies, they prefer to use with fairly brief messages for efficient and effective communication.  Start with proper salutation.  Use clear, short and specific subject line.  End with your name, company information and signature.  Avoid abbreviations.  Observe conciseness and good format.  Reread, revise and review before sending to intended recipients.  Reply promptly and use “Reply All” sparingly.  Avoid using all caps.  Give feedback or follow up.  Test provided links.  Avoid sending emails with large files. The sample email below demonstrates the principles listed above. From: Steve Jobs <[email protected]> To: Human Resources Division <[email protected]> Date: September 12, 2015 Subject: Safe Zone Training Dear Colleagues: Please consider signing up for the next available Safe Zone workshop offered by the College. As you know, our department is working toward increasing the number of Safe Zone volunteers in our area, and I hope several of you may be available for the next workshop scheduled for Friday, October 9. For more information on the Safe Zone program, please visit http://www.cocc.edu/multicultural/safe-zone-training/ Please let me know if you will attend. Steve Jobs CEO Apple Computing [email protected] Page 65 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Memos As “in house” or company’s documents, memoranda, or memos, are one of the most adaptable document forms used in professional settings. They are usually used for asking and giving information, company policy, business reports and proposals. They are often used to inform but they are sometimes to persuade. Most companies nowadays use template for their memos and letters. Memos are “in house” documents (sent within an organization) to pass along or request information, outline policies, present short reports, and propose ideas. While they are often used to inform, they can also be persuasive documents. A company or institution typically has its own “in house” style or template that is used for documents such as letters and memos. Page 66 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  Follow strictly the institutional memo format.  Complete the memo header block. It appears at the top left side of the memo, immediately under the word Memo or Memorandum. It is always in large, bold and capitalized letters. Place a horizontal line under your header block, and place your message below. TO: (Provide the recipient’s full name, and position or title within the organization) FROM: (Include the sender’s full name and position or title DATE: (Indicate the full date on which the memo is sent) SUBJECT or RE: (A brief phrase that concisely describes the main content of your memo)  Organize the memo message very well. Regardless of the length, memo message should follow an organization principle. In writing the memo, you should consider the following questions: Do I have to read this? Why do I have to read this? What do I need to know? What am I expected to do now or later? The length of a memo can range from a few short sentences to a multi-page report that includes figures, tables, and appendices. Whatever the length, there is a straightforward organizational principal you should follow. Organize the content of your memo so that it answers the following questions for the reader: 1. Opening: Do I have to read this? Why do I have to read this? 2. Details: What do I need to know? 3. Closing: What am I expected to do now? Letters Letters are written communications usually sent to intended recipients that are outside the organization. They are usually printed on letterhead paper bearing the business name, address and contact numbers. Along with emails and memos, the company still uses letters to communicate formally with a potential employer (application/cover letter) or introduce a product or service or other purposes (Transmittal letters, Recommendation letters, Complaint letters, Petition letters etc.) There are many types of letters and carry different forms and contents. In this lesson, the fifteen elements of a traditional block-style letter are considered. Below is the sample letter of transmittal from Technical Writing Essentials by Suzan Last meant to introduce a technical report to its recipient. Page 67 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication In writing letters, observe the seven (7) main parts: 1. Letterhead/logo: Sender’s name and return address 2. The heading: names the recipient, often including address and date 3. Salutation: “Dear ______ ” use the recipient’s name, if known. 4. The introduction: establishes the overall purpose of the letter 5. The body: provdies the details of the message 6. The conclusion: restates the main point and may include a call to action 7. The signature line: often includes the contact information Page 68 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Lesson 6: Communication for Academic Purposes Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following: 1. Identify and apply the different stylistic elements of good academic writing. 2. Develop a socio-political analysis paper or a position paper. 3. Write a research-based documented essay observing stylistic conventions of academic writing. Academic Writing Academic writing refers to a style of expression that researchers use to define the intellectual boundaries of their disciplines and specific areas of expertise. It is designed to convey agreed meaning about complex ideas or concepts for a group of scholarly experts. STYLISTIC ELEMENTS OF GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING The accepted form of academic writing in diverse disciplines can vary considerably depending on the intended audience and the organizational outline. However, most university-level academic papers require careful attention to the following stylistic elements: The Overall View. Unlike journalistic or fiction writing, the overall structure of academic writing is formal and logical. Thus, it is important to take note of the following points:  The paper must be cohesive and possess a logically organized flow of ideas -- this suggests that the various parts are connected to form a unified whole.  There should be transitional devices or narrative links between sentences and paragraphs so that the reader will be able to follow your argument.  The introduction should include an explanation of how the rest of the paper is organized and all sources are properly cited throughout the paper. Language. The analysis of research problems in diverse disciplines is often complex and multi-dimensional. Hence, it is significant that you use language that fits your audience and matches your purpose. Inappropriate language uses can undermine your argument, damage your credibility, or alienate your audience. Here are some points to remember:  The key to successful writing focuses on the levels of formality and conciseness that underscores writing in a style that your audience expects and that fits your purpose.  Use clear topic sentences and well-structured paragraphs to enable readers to follow your line of thinking without difficulty. Page 69 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  Avoid using in-group jargons or specialized language used by groups of like-minded individuals. You have to bear in mind that you only use in-group jargon when you are writing for members of that group. You should never use jargon for a general audience without first explaining it.  Avoid using slang or idiomatic expressions in general academic writing.  Avoid using euphemisms or words that veil the truth and other deceitful language.  Avoid using biased language including language with a racial, ethnic, group, or gender bias or language that is stereotypical. Academic Tone. The overall tone refers to the writer's voice in a written work. It is what the readers might perceive as the writer's attitude, bias, or personality. When writing in an academic tone, you must take into consideration the following points:  Present the arguments of others objectively and with an appropriate narrative tone.  Describe these arguments accurately and without biased or loaded language whenever you present an argument or a position that you disagree with.  Investigate the research problem from an authoritative perspective.  State the strong points of your arguments confidently by using language that is neutral, not dismissive or confrontational.  Avoid making broad generalizations, using over-sweeping adjectives, adverbs, qualifiers, emotional language and inflammatory language. Academic Diction. Academic diction refers to the linguistic choices a writer makes to effectively convey an idea or a standpoint. When writing in an academic diction, you must take note of the following points:  Awareness of the words you use is vital because words that have almost the same denotation or dictionary definition can have very different connotations or implied meanings.  Use concrete and specific words that convey precise meaning.  Explain what you mean within the context of how that word or phrase is used within a discipline.  Be consistent with your labels. Call people what they want to be called. Use gender inclusive language. Avoid placing gender identifiers in front of nouns. Page 70 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  Avoid the use of the following: o slang expressions (very informal language that is usually spoken rather than written, used especially by particular groups of people); o cliché phrases (ideas or expressions that have been used too often and is often considered a sign of bad writing or old-fashioned thinking); o metaphors or figures of speech (words or phrases used in a non-literal sense for rhetorical or vivid effect); o colloquialisms (common words or phrases used in a nontraditional and informal way); o jargons (special words or expressions used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand); o big words (difficult words or phrases used for the sake of sounding scholarly); o meaningless words (words or phrases that hold little meaning when you consider the potentially diverse backgrounds of your reading audience); o platitudes (clichés that also pretend to offer advice, lesson, or moral guidance); o pejoratives (words or phrases that express the bias of the author); o contractions (words made by shortening and combining two words), and text- messages or short message service (SMS) spellings o These casual expressions may be appropriate in informal or personal messages, but they are inappropriate in academic research papers.  Use personal pronouns carefully. Generally, you also want to avoid using the personal \"I\" in an academic paper unless you are writing a reflection paper or a reaction paper.  Writing from the third-person point of view is important in academic research writing because it makes your paper sounds more assertive, more professional and credible. Punctuation. To establish the narrative tone of their work, scholars rely on precise words and language. Thus, punctuation marks are used very deliberately.  Semi-colons represent a pause that is longer than a comma, but shorter than a period in a sentence. In general, there are four grammatical uses of semi-colons: - when a second clause expands or explains the first clause; - to describe a sequence of actions or different aspects of the same topic; - placed before clauses which begin with “for instance”, “even so”, \"nevertheless\", and \"therefore\"; and - to mark off a series of phrases or clauses which contain commas. If you are not confident about when to use semi-colons, rewrite using shorter sentences or revise the paragraph.  Colons should be limited to introducing, announcing or directing attention to a list, a noun or noun phrase, a quotation, or an example/explanation; joining sentences; and expressing time, in titles, and as part of other writing conventions. Page 71 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  Hyphens should be limited to connecting prefixes to words like “multi-disciplinary” or when forming compound words or phrases like “on-site” and “right-of-way.”  Dashes should be limited to the insertion of an explanatory comment in a sentence.  Exclamation points are rarely used to express a heightened tone because it can come across as unsophisticated or over-excited. Academic Conventions The most important aspect of academic writing is citing sources in the body of your paper and providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes. When considering academic conventions, you must take into consideration the following points:  It is essential to always acknowledge the source of any ideas, research findings, data, paraphrased, or quoted text that you have used in your paper as a defense against allegations of plagiarism.  With reference to academic writing purposes, the guidelines for fair use are reasonably explicit. This means that you may quote from or paraphrase material from previously published works without formally obtaining the copyright holder’s permission. Fair use means that you legitimately use brief excerpts from source material to support and develop your own ideas. However, quoting or paraphrasing another’s work at excessive length, to the extent that large sections of the writing are unoriginal, is not fair use.  Rules concerning precise word structure and excellent grammar do not apply when quoting someone. To set off and represent exact language either spoken or written that has come from somebody else is the primary function of quotation marks. Direct quotations involve incorporating another person's exact words into your own writing.  The following covers the basic use of quotation marks: - Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoted material; - Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence; - Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a piece of the original material's complete sentence; - If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation; - Note that the period or comma punctuation always comes before the final quotation mark. However, it is important to realize also that when you are using some other form of documentation, this punctuation rule may change; - When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your own text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates to \"thus,\" \"so,\" or \"just as that.\" The word tells the readers that your quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own; Page 72 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication - When there is a quote within a quotation, enclose the inner quote in single quotation marks and the whole quotation in double quotation marks; - Direct quotations which run to less than five lines are integrated in the text and simply enclosed in quotation marks; - Quoted material that runs from five or more lines are indented seven spaces, italicized, and typed single space. The quotation is also indented at least four spaces from the right-hand margin. No quotation marks are used; and - Quotations are most effective if you use them sparingly and keep them relatively short. Too many quotations in a research paper will get you accused of not producing original thought or material.  The scholarly convention of citing sources allows readers to identify the resources you used in writing your paper so they can independently verify and assess the quality of findings and conclusions based on your review of the literature.   Other examples of academic conventions to follow include the appropriate use of headings and subheadings, properly spelling out acronyms when first used in the text, and avoiding unsupported declarative statements. Evidence-Based Reasoning Coursework often asks you to express your own standpoint about the research problem. However, what is valued in academic writing is that viewpoints or opinions are based on what is often termed, evidence-based reasoning. This type of reasoning underscores the following:  A sound understanding of the pertinent body of knowledge and academic debates that exist within, and often external to your discipline;  The need to support your opinion with evidence from scholarly sources;  An objective stance presented as a logical argument;  The quality of your evidence will determine the strength of your argument; and  The challenge is to convince the reader of the validity of your opinion through a well- documented, coherent, and logically structured piece of writing, which is particularly important when proposing solutions to problems or delineating recommended courses of action. Thesis-Driven. Academic writing is “thesis-driven.” This implies the following:  The starting point is a particular perspective, idea, or position applied to the chosen topic of investigation, such as, establishing, proving, or disproving solutions to the research questions posed for the topic. Page 73 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  A problem statement without the research questions does not qualify as academic writing because simply identifying the research problem does not establish for the reader how you will contribute to solving the problem, what aspects you believe are most critical, or suggest a method for gathering data to better understand the problem. Complexity and Higher-Order Thinking. Academic writing addresses multifaceted issues that require higher-order thinking skills applied to understanding the research problem such as creative, critical, logical, and reflective thinking as opposed to, for example, prescriptive or descriptive thinking. When considering complexity and higher-order thinking skills, you must take note of the following:  Cognitive processes that describe abstract ideas that cannot be easily shown with images, pointed to, or acted out and are used to express concepts, to comprehend, and to solve problems comprise higher-order thinking skills.  Reflect on this: One of the most significant attributes of a good teacher is the ability to explain complexity in a way that is understandable and relatable to the topic being presented. This is also one of the main purposes of academic writing -- examining and explaining the significance of complex ideas as clearly as possible.  As a writer, you must adopt the role of a good teacher by summarizing a lot of complex information into a well-organized synthesis of ideas, concepts, and recommendations that contribute to a better understanding of the research problem. Refining Academic Writing To improve your academic writing skills, you should focus your efforts on four key areas: Clear Writing. The act of thinking about precedes the process of writing about. Good writers spend sufficient time distilling information and reviewing major points from the literature they have reviewed before creating their work. Writing detailed outlines can help you clearly organize your thoughts. Effective academic writing begins with solid planning, so manage your time carefully. Excellent Grammar. Generally, English grammar can be difficult and complex; even the best scholars take many years before they have a command of the major points of good grammar. Take the time to learn the minor and major points of good grammar to avoid presenting papers riddled Page 74 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication with errors. Spend time practicing writing and seek detailed feedback from professors. Good proofreading skills and proper punctuation can significantly improve academic writing. Credible and Scholarly Sources. Credibility is defined as the quality or power of inspiring belief. Credible sources, therefore, must be reliable sources that provide information that one can believe to be true. It is important to use credible sources in an academic research paper because your audience will expect you to have backed up your assertions with credible evidence. The five best resources to help you in writing a research paper include: your University’s Library; Google Scholar, RefSeek, the Internet Public Library (ipl2), and the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).  Your University’s Library provides you access to several resources such as online databases, e-books, books, journals, and other research articles.  Google Scholar is a resource that provides you a list of journal articles, portable document formats (pdfs), and websites focusing on much more credible and scholarly sources appropriate for an academic research paper.  RefSeek is a resource that allows you to research specifically for documents, giving you a better chance of finding credible information to help you write your research paper.  Internet Public Library (ipl2) is a resource that allows you to search by subject. It links to websites, rather than scholarly journals. Page 75 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is a database that primarily focuses on education, but it also includes a number of related topics such as psychology, social work, and other social issues. On the other hand, you must refrain from using the following sources when writing an academic research paper: The Dictionary, About.com, and Wikipedia.com, as well as other Wikis.  The Dictionary is a good sources; however, it could not provide you with a more specialized definition of terms needed in an academic research paper.  About.com could provide useful information such as novel ideas and information related to fashion, health, sports, entertainment and the like. However, such information is irrelevant to academic research writing.  Wikipedia.com and other Wikis are also good websites; however, the problem with them is that anyone can write and edit them, hence you cannot vouch for the credibility of the given information. Consistent Stylistic Approach. When your professor expresses a preference to use the American Psychological Association (APA) style, or the Modern Language Association (MLA) style or the Chicago Manual of Style, choose the suggested style guide and stick to it. Each of these style guides provide rules on how to write out numbers, references, citations, footnotes, and lists. Consistent adherence to a style of writing helps with the narrative flow of your paper and improves its readability. Page 76 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication ACADEMIC PAPERS SOCIO-POLITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER A socio-political analysis paper can be defined as an analysis of the economic, social, and political factors that shape a particular country or situation and how these factors impact the lives and thoughts of the people. It is considered a powerful tool for understanding how countries work and what might be done to help them cope with their challenges in order to reform and to set their priorities in a way that make them more likely to succeed. Guidelines in Writing a Socio-Political Analysis Paper Crafting a strong socio-political analysis paper depends largely on its structure and understanding of the role of each component of the paper. A Clear Introduction. The paper should begin with introductory paragraphs that introduce your readers to the problem or question you are addressing; lay out the thesis statement; and provide them a “roadmap” on how you will defend your thesis. In the introduction, you may likewise present a general background information or provide your own motivation for writing. The Problem. The problem refers to the wider subject or question you are trying to address with your paper. You may situate your more specific argument within a broader problem that states why your paper is relevant economically, socially and politically. The Thesis. An argumentative thesis statement is not synonymous to the topic of the paper, nor a statement of fact, nor an observation about the text so obvious or general that no one would dispute it. Rather, it is an argument or a declaration of what you will accomplish in the paper. Typically, a thesis takes the form of one to two sentences placed towards the end of the introductory paragraph. The Roadmap. The roadmap is a plan that follows the thesis statement. It operates like a preview of the paper’s main points which is presented in logical order. Such a plan is highly encouraged on the account that it not only lends clarity to the structure of your argument, but also provides a check for the logical coherence of the points you make. Sample Introduction: Underlying Socio-Political Processes Behind the 2016 US Election- A Socio-political Analysis Paper written by John Bryden and Eric Silverman (2019) Introduction Donald Trump’s victory in the GOP primaries and the Presidential race surprised political analysts and confounded pollsters. Trump achieved this victory via a populist campaign which incorporated racially-charged and misogynistic language (Brexit, 2017 and Valentino et al., 2018). This unusual campaign shifted the direction of the GOP and the US right-wing toward the far-right of the political spectrum (Valentino et al., 2018). An Page 77 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication important factor behind this success was the campaign’s use of social media communication channels, especially Twitter (Francia, 2017). Twitter, and social media in general, have become important tools for politicians and their followers to spread political messages (Bennett, 2003; Farrell & Drezner, 2008; Sunstein, 2009; Conover et al. 2012; and Duggan & Smith, 2016). The hierarchical structures commonly found in social media networks mean that well-connected politicians act as hub nodes, with information and influence spreading outward over the network. Political parties form clusters which reside at the centre of these networks (Farrell & Drezner, 2008; Duggan & Smith, 2016; Vergeer, 2015; and Jungherr, 2016). As intra-party discourse is increasingly taking place online, traditional boundaries between politicians, activists, party-members and members of the public have become increasingly blurred. The increased openness of parties moving their political discourse online has undoubted benefits for transparency and accountability. The concern is the opportunity this provides for an external group to target the online presence of a political party, and then start to dictate their political direction. The ability of a minority group to rapidly generate a new political faction and take control of a major political party in this way can cause problems for democracy (Hume, 2002; and Linz & Stepan, 1978). Such a novel process would differ radically from more traditional models of dynamics amongst political elites who occupy different internal factions of a party (Hume, 2002; and Harmel et al.,1995), moving to a model whereby external factions play a stronger role (Harmel et al., 1995; Zariski, 1960; and Budge et al., 2010). In this work, the author looks for evidence of an external group influencing the online presence of the GOP in the run up to the 2016 election and how this can explain the shift in the party’s direction. The authors’ work seeks to understand how communities of activists might provoke such a significant shift in the attitudes and rhetoric of a major political party. The authors looked for how political activists organised themselves and their political messaging, and how these aspects changed over time. Likewise, the authors did this by examining Twitter data in the context of the 2016 election, given that Twitter has been shown to reflect US national polling aggregates accurately (Bovet et al., 2018). By studying these changes, the authors can analyse and document shifting allegiances during the election cycle, and the roles of different factors driving these dynamics. * Note: The GOP or the Grand Old Party also refers to The Republican Party. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format and the point of view used in the sample socio-political analysis paper. A Well-organized Body. The body of the paper follows the introduction. It is in this part where you develop your thesis and defend it with detailed evidence. The structure of the body should follow the roadmap that you have provided in the introduction. It must be structured logically so that each point and paragraph flows from the preceding one. In writing the body, you should take into consideration the main defenses that you need to make in order to substantiate your thesis and should think about what order makes the most sense; Page 78 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication how does each proposition relate to the next; and their relationship to the main thesis. Frequently, the last section of the body of the paper considers alternative explanations or counter-arguments to yours which you present and then argue against in further defense of your thesis. This is not always necessary, but in a socio-political analysis paper, it is often a good way to defend your thesis from others’ best counter-arguments. Sample: Body of a Socio-Political Analysis Paper titled: Underlying Socio-Political Processes Behind the 2016 US Election - A Socio-political Analysis Paper written by John Bryden and Eric Silverman (2019) An Excerpt of the Body of a Socio-Political Analysis Paper To study social and socio-political processes, the authors’ method incorporates two key novel aspects. First, an innovative sampling procedure which allows them to target and download key groups of interest. Second, their generated data shows how groups evolve over time, including the shifting allegiances of group members. Since these data are dynamic networks, this approach can enhance their understanding of dynamic social processes. While much modelling work has been done (Gross & Blasius, 2008; Bryden et al., 2011; Mantovani et al., 2011; Ramos et al., 2015; and Böttcher et al., 2018), the next step is to bring these models to data such as that presented in this work (Lazer et al., 2009; Lazer et al., 2010; Gonçalves & Perra, 2015; and Weaver (2018). Given the self-selecting nature of Twitter groups, the authors may be concerned that the groups they have found may not truly reflect the position of the party’s base. However, the high levels of intra-group connections are representative of an interconnected political party (Conover et al., 2012; and Bryden et al., 2013). The behaviour observed in this sample during the 2016 election cycle does match the behaviour seen during the rise of the Tea Party and victory of Trump in the primary elections. The sample here was targeted initially at the Alt-right, but the authors found connected accounts which were also associated with the right-wing of both the US and other countries, suggesting that the sample has captured a wide swathe of right-wing political communication and not just fringe groups or extremist individuals. The sample also went beyond the right-wing political sphere and sampled a loosely intra- connected group of general Twitter accounts (see group marked * in Fig 1), indicating that it had captured a comprehensive picture of those accounts associated with the US right-wing. Social media has continued to expand its influence over the political process (Bennett, 2003; Farrell & Drezner, 2008; Sunstein, 2009; Conover et al., 2012; Duggan & Smith, 2016; Vergeer, 2015; Jungherr, 2016; and Bovet et al., 2018). These technologies enable individuals to easily connect with one another, based on shared political opinions. It follows that they are likely to be playing a strong role in recent social-political movements by allowing politicians to rally disaffected individuals. At the very least, social media data allow the authors to observe the processes behind changing political factions. Understanding these processes, and how they happen is critically important to understanding modern democracy and voter’s behaviour, and the method marks a step change in how political factions can be identified, analysed, and tracked. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format and the point of view used in the sample socio-political analysis paper. Page 79 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication A Strong Conclusion. The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should restate the main ideas; summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; draw a conclusion based on the information; and include suggested courses of action and possible solutions or recommendations. Sample: Conclusion of a Socio-Political Analysis Paper titled: Underlying Socio-Political Processes Behind the 2016 US Election - A Socio-political Analysis Paper written by John Bryden and Eric Silverman (2019) Conclusion Donald Trump’s ascent to the Presidency has prompted a great deal of effort amongst pollsters, political scientists and social scientists to unearth the reasons for his unexpected success. Here, the authors provide a method to follow the shifts in group membership and influence that can occur in political parties, and in so doing provide indicators of impending moves toward extremism within those parties. The results fit into a picture where the Trump campaign’s mobilisation of a targeted group of supporters more than made up for Clinton’s funding advantage (Böttcher et al., 2018; and Melo (2018): A significant shift in the US political landscape. With that in mind, developing a more robust understanding of how political factions can be identified and analysed can give readers a way to follow these fast-appearing and highly- motivated supporter groups, and their influence on politics. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format and the point of view used in the sample socio-political analysis paper. Socio-Political Analysis Paper Performance Task Sheet: Prepare to Analyze, Defend, and Write 1. Prepare a Socio-Political Analysis Paper, following the aforecited structure. The topic is on “Online Learning in Third World Countries”. 2. Proofread your work to ensure that: a. There are no glaring grammatical or typographical errors that might affect your paper; b. Sufficient supporting details have been provided for each paragraph. c. All sources have been properly cited; follow the APA format for Page 2 onwards; d. The third person perspective is used, since you are presenting statement of facts instead of a personal belief or narrative; and e. Your paper is not simply a summary of articles, evidence and authoritative references. 3. Reminders:  Limit your Socio-Political Analysis Paper to 500-600 words (short bond paper); references excluded; the first page serves as your title page.  Use the font style Arial Narrow, font size 12, with 1.5 spacing and 1” margin on all sides.  Your paper will be scored using the Rubric for Assessment of Academic Papers adapted from Whalen, S. “Rubric from Contemporary Health Issues Research Paper” Details of submission will be discussed by your professor. Page 80 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication POSITION PAPER The position paper aims to generate support on an issue. It describes the authors’ or organization’s position on an issue and the rationale for that position. It is based on facts that provide a solid foundation for the authors’ argument. In the position paper the authors should use evidence to support position, such as statistical evidence or indisputable dates and events; validate position with authoritative references or primary source quotations; examine the strengths and weaknesses of the position; and evaluate possible solutions and suggest courses of action. Guidelines in Writing a Position Paper Just like a socio-political analysis paper, crafting a strong position paper depends largely on its structure and understanding of the role of each component of the paper. A Clear Introduction. The paper should begin with introductory paragraphs that introduce your readers to the problem or question you are addressing, lay out the thesis statement or main position, and provide readers with a “roadmap” on how you will defend your thesis. In the introduction, you may likewise present a general background information or provide your own motivation for writing. The Clever Hook. The introduction should start with statements written in a way that catches your readers’ attention. This part will not only identify the subject of the paper but it will likewise make the readers want to learn more about the subject. The Identified Issue. The third part of the introduction should show the main issue of the paper. Here you give the highlight and interpretation of facts. The Authors’ Position. The introduction should end with a solid thesis statement that expresses your position on the topic. The thesis statement essentially serves as a mini-outline for the paper. It helps you to assert or articulate your ideas and helps readers understand the purpose of the paper. Sample: Introduction of a Position Paper titled: COVID-19 Position Paper: A Multidimensional Crisis that Affects All - A Position Paper written by the European Students’ Union Introduction The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is the gravest health crisis the world has seen in a century. A significant proportion of asymptomatic carriers of the disease, often with mild symptoms that can be confused for other illnesses, and a lack of sufficient testing makes it extremely hard to accurately assess the number of infected people. The death toll and the number of patients in urgent need of hospital treatment however is still exponentially increasing in most affected areas (The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Website, 2020). Page 81 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication On Monday the 6th of April (06.04.2020), the World Health Organisation counts 1.133.758 reported cases and 62.784 deaths. Alongside with the United States, Europe remains an epicentre of the global pandemic, with 621.407 confirmed cases (World Health Organization Website, 2020). These figures exploded in a matter of days, putting Europe’s national healthcare systems in severe distress, with some (such as Italy’s and Spain’s) currently on the verge of collapse. One reason for this is the slow pace and delays in taking action on part of the European decision-makers, with crisis response starting in mid-March while international spread started in January and major outbreaks outside China in mid-February. The current political answer to ease the pressure on healthcare systems has included travel bans, closure of frontiers (also within the Schengen area), schools, universities, public buildings, and workplaces. Some of the most severely hit countries enforced a complete lockdown including the shutdown of all non-essential economic activities. The implications of this pan-European lockdown are rapidly transforming a health crisis into an economic and social crisis. As a segment within wider society, students are hit in multiple ways while facing potentially extreme social and economic distress deriving from the response to the crisis. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format in the sample position paper. A Well-organized Body. The body of the paper follows the introduction. It is the nerve center of the paper where you develop your thesis and defend it with detailed evidences. The structure of the body should follow the roadmap that you have provided in the introduction. It must be structured logically so that each point and paragraph flows from the preceding one. In writing the body, you should take into consideration the main defenses that you need to make in order to substantiate your thesis and should think about what order makes the most sense, how does each proposition relate to the next, and their relationship to the main thesis. Frequently, the last section of the body of the paper considers alternative explanations or counter-arguments to yours which you present and then argue against in further defense of your thesis. This is not always necessary, but in position paper, it is often a good way to defend your thesis from others’ best counter-arguments. After providing a brief introduction of your organization or country and its history concerning the topic, present the following typical contents of a good position paper:  the issue and how it affects your organization or country;  your country’s/organization’s policies with respect to the issue and your organization’s/country’s justification for these policies;  statistics to back up your organization’s/country’s position on the issue;  actions taken by your organization/government with regard to the issue;  reputable international, regional and/or national agencies’ actions that your organization/country supported or opposed;  what your organization/country believes should be done to address the issue;  what your organization/country would like to accomplish in the committee’s resolution; Page 82 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication  how the positions of other organizations/countries affect your organization’s/country’s position; and  your best alternative explanations or counter-arguments. Sample: Body of Position Paper titled: COVID-19 Position Paper: A Multidimensional Crisis that Affects All - A Position Paper written by the European Students’ Union An Excerpt of the Body of a Position Paper The European Council of the 26th March 2020: The decision to postpone any decisions. Notwithstanding the urgency of the situation, the Eurogroup failed to come up with concrete proposals to tackle the crisis and demanded the European Council to decide on the way forward. The European Council on the 26th of March 2020, mainly dedicated to COVID-19, endorsed stronger coordination to ease the movement of necessary goods, the pooling of scientific resources to fight against the virus and the coordination for supplying medical equipment where needed (Consilium.europa.eu Website, 2020). With regard to the economic issues however, the Council decided to not decide. Instead, it asked the Eurogroup to come up with “proposals [that] should take into account the unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 shock affecting all our countries and our response will be stepped up, as necessary, with further action in an inclusive way, in light of developments, in order to deliver a comprehensive response”. Furthermore, the European Council invited the Presidents of the European Council and the president of the European Commission to “start working on a Roadmap accompanied by an Action Plan in order to develop “a coordinated exit strategy, a comprehensive recovery plan and unprecedented investment” (Ec.europa.eu Website, 2020). The European Students’ Union believes that the future of its constituents – the students it represents, lies in the well-being of the societies they live in, and in the economies, they are going to contribute to once they finish their studies. ESU, therefore, welcomes the proposal of a pan-European coordinated Action Plan for the economic recovery of the continent, and calls on the EU to coordinate its efforts with the countries of the wider Europe. On the other hand, ESU regrets the indecisiveness of the European heads of State and government in finding a common joint proposal for financing the economic management of the crisis and the recovery of its aftermath. ESU hopes that the given deadline of two weeks will provide the Eurogroup and the European Council with the wisdom to understand that a common economic and financial response to the crisis not only fulfils the commitment of solidarity within the EU, but is also in the best interest of each Member State. The European Students’ Union believes that the coronavirus crisis has shown the importance of public investment in public goods such as welfare, education, research and healthcare. ESU, therefore, calls for a central focus to the investment in public goods within the Recovery Action Plan that will be proposed by the Presidents of the European Council and of the European Commission. In most of the issues related to public goods, the European Union has only supportive competences. The European Students’ Union envisages the Recovery Action Plan as a coordinated framework of measures with clear Pan- European objectives. It should be co-developed and implemented by the European Union and the Member States, taking advantage of the economies of scale as well as the interdependencies and the spillover effects that national measures have on the European economy as a whole. Page 83 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication The Recovery Action Plan needs to become a channel of green transition for the European continent: A Green Deal based on disinvestment on carbon- intensive sectors and investment in carbon-neutrality of production, transportation and delivery of energy and goods. The economic crisis resulting from the current health crisis must not become an excuse to delay the action on climate and environmental sustainability – this would only create even more severe problems in the future both for the economy and public health. Instead, Europe must see the synergies between the massive investments that will be necessary to boost the economy and the urgently needed investments in the green transition. When thousands of Europeans lose their jobs due to COVID- 19, let us make sure the new jobs we stimulate are green jobs, for example by investing in energy renovation of buildings and electrification of the transportation system. To finance this plan, new resources need to be at disposal of the Union. The Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) needs to be bigger than the currently negotiated proposals. New forms of autonomous resources for the EU should be developed while envisaging the possibility to use a new common financial instrument, directly managed by the Union and targeted on the members states’ implementation of the objectives and the measures as set out in the Action Plan. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format in the sample position paper. A Strong Conclusion. The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should restate the main ideas; summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; draw a conclusion based on the information; and include suggested courses of action and possible solutions or recommendations. Sample: Conclusion of Position Paper titled: COVID-19 Position Paper: A Multidimensional Crisis that Affects All - A Position Paper written by the European Students’ Union Conclusion Europe and the United States are currently the epicenter of the epidemic, but the pandemic poses a huge risk of expanding the COVID-19 crisis to the global south and to areas of the world with low capacity of the healthcare systems or fragile economic conditions. The European Students’ Union calls for a global response to the pandemic, with full access to reliable information, discoveries on the virus, its remedies and vaccines, as well as a common response to the developing economic crisis. This needs to be ensured through the coordination of global organisations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organisation, as well as the intergovernmental economic coordination fora. The European Students’ Union supports the call of the UN Secretary General for a worldwide ceasefire to commonly fight against the virus. Furthermore, ESU commits itself to engage with the student organisations of the other continents to share the experience of students and the mistakes of the handling of the epidemic in Europe and to shape a common position of the Global Students Forum on how to protect students in this crisis and respond to it, and how to ensure a socially fair, green and sustainable recovery for our society as a whole. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format in the sample position paper. Page 84 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Position Paper Performance Task Sheet: Prepare to Analyze, Defend and Write Socio-Political Analysis Paper Performance Task Sheet: Prepare to Analyze, Defend, and Write 1. Prepare a Position Paper, following the aforecited structure. a. Choose ONE topic from the following: i. Fraternities and sororities in state universities ii. Reviewing the K-12 Program in the Philippines iii. Modernizing the traditional classroom b. Take the position of a student of Batangas State University. 2. Proofread your work to ensure that:  There are no glaring grammatical or typographical errors that might affect your paper;  Sufficient supporting details have been provided for each paragraph.  All sources have been properly cited; follow the APA format for Page 2 onwards;  The third person perspective is used, since you are presenting statement of facts instead of a personal belief or narrative; and  Your paper is not simply a summary of articles, evidence and authoritative references. 3. Reminders:  Limit your Position Paper to 500-600 words (short bond paper); references excluded; the first page serves as your title page.  Use the font style Arial Narrow, font size 12, with 1.5 spacing and 1” margin on all sides.  Your paper will be scored using the Rubric for Assessment of Academic Papers adapted from Whalen, S. “Rubric from Contemporary Health Issues Research Paper” Details of submission will be discussed by your professor. Page 85 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication RESEARCH-BASED DOCUMENTED ESSAY A research-based documented essay is a piece of writing in which the authors incorporate information such as facts, arguments, and opinions taken from the writings of authorities in a particular field. This type of paper presents and supports the thesis by relying on outside or secondary sources for development. It is similar to a review of literature on the account that the authors synthesize and identify the gaps in the writings of authorities in specific fields and then generate a new thesis statement out of them. Guidelines in Writing a Research-Based Documented Paper Just like a socio-political analysis paper and a position paper, crafting a strong research- based documented essay depends largely on its structure and understanding of the role of each component of the paper. A Clear Introduction. The paper should begin with introductory paragraphs that introduce your readers to the problem or question you are addressing, lay out the thesis statement, and provide them a “roadmap” on how you will defend your thesis. In the introduction, you may likewise present a general background information or provide your own motivation for writing. The Clever Hook. The introduction should start with two paragraphs written in a way that catches your readers’ attention. This part will not only identify the subject of the paper but it will likewise make the readers want to learn more about the subject. The Identified Issue. The third paragraph of the introduction should show the main issue of the paper. Here, you give the highlight and interpretation of facts. The Authors’ Position. The introduction should end with a solid thesis statement that expresses your position on the topic. The thesis statement essentially serves as a mini-outline for the paper. It helps you to assert or articulate your ideas and helps readers understand the purpose of the paper. Sample: Introduction of a Research-based Documented Essay titled: Defying Convention: An Explanation of China’s Explosive Economic Growth - A Research-based Documented Essay written by David A. Rezvani, from the Dartmouth’s Institute for Writing and Rhetoric - First Year Writing Portfolios Introduction Since the Deng Xiaoping reforms of 1978, China has soared into a rarified atmosphere of explosive economic growth, skyrocketing past the wisdom of conventional economics in its wake. What explains China’s remarkable economic growth despite its centralized authoritarian regime and limited economic freedom? Why has China developed in such a meteoric manner while other countries that lack similar economic freedom remain mired in swamps of transition? Effective and pragmatic central leadership helped create a Page 86 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication developmental state set to drive economic growth by implementing gradual reforms through experimentation rather than neo-liberal economic shock therapies that plagued similar developing nations such as the Soviet Union in the 1980s. Many scholars have also produced different explanations and two chief contending schools of thought have materialized. In this essay, the two competing schools of thought are designed as Decentralization: Federalism, Chinese Style and Foreign Investment Driven Growth, which focus on the effects of decentralization and foreign investment on China’s economic growth, respectively. In direct contrast, the author will argue for the instrumental role of centralized leadership as the principal catalyst behind China’s explosive economic prosperity. China’s extraordinary economic boom was catalyzed by a gradual reform process under the leadership of a strong and pragmatic central party. The author will begin the essay by making essential qualifications to the argument for the critical role of centralized leadership to China’s economic growth. Subsequently, the author will focus on discussing the logic and shortcomings of two competing schools of thought designated as Decentralization: Federalism, Chinese Style, and Foreign Investment. Following the refutation of the two chief contending schools of thought, the essay will launch into the argument for critical role of central leadership in the implementation of gradual market-oriented reforms and their paramount effects on China’s explosive economic growth. Lastly, the strong counter-argument related to economic freedom and rule of law in terms of growth and development will be challenged and refuted. Before the author embark upon developing the argument for the role of centralized leadership behind’s China’s remarkable economic growth, he must make some qualifying statements that will dispel immediate counter-arguments that do not pertain to the author’s thesis. First of all, the author not advocating for an authoritarian regime in terms of sustained economic growth. Instead, he makes the case that effective and centralized authoritarian leadership was the root cause and catalyzed China’s economic development from 1978 to the early 2000s. It may very well be the case that a democratic government would be more conducive to further sustained growth in the future, but that lies outside the scope of this paper. This paper aims to explain why China’s economic development was so extraordinary and successful. Secondly, there is a distinct and significant difference between a centrally-planned economy and the author’s argument for a centralized government with gradual market reform policies. A centrally-planned economy disregards all market principles and economic freedom, while the author’s thesis instead focuses on the role of effective centralized leadership in implementing gradual market-oriented reforms. In the following section, the author will discuss, analyze, and refute two major schools of thought that compete against the proposed thesis. By doing so, the author plans to expose the weaknesses of the scholarly arguments in favor of the impact of decentralization and foreign investment on stimulating China’s economic growth. In fact, as the author’s discussion and analysis will clearly show, many of their arguments actually support the author’s proposed thesis of centralized leadership as the principal catalyst behind the remarkable economic growth. Page 87 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format and the point of view used in the sample research-based documented essay. A Well-organized Body. The body of the paper follows the introduction. It is the nerve center of the paper where you develop your thesis and defend it with detailed evidences. The structure of the body should follow the roadmap that you have provided in the introduction. It must be structured logically so that each point and paragraph flows from the preceding one. In writing the body, you may consider the two approaches in arranging your arguments. You can start with the most significant points or with the strongest arguments and end with the least significant arguments. Likewise, you can start by presenting the least significant points and end with the strongest one. It is noteworthy to mention that every argument should be expressed in a distinct paragraph to avoid confusion among readers. Moreover, since documented articles entails evidence, facts, and opinion, you need to back up your arguments with quotes extracted from a scholarly source to induce the target audience’s mind. You should accurately and thoroughly inform the readers what has already been published about the issue or others related to it and noted important gaps in the research. You should provide evidence to support your argument that the readers find convincing. The paper includes a description of how and why particular evidence was collected and analyzed, and why specific theoretical arguments or concepts were used. The following structure is typical of a good research-based documented essay: First Argument First Piece of Evidence - presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events; Second Piece of Evidence - presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events; Second Argument First Piece of Evidence - presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events; Second Piece of Evidence - presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events; Third Argument First Piece of Evidence - presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events; Second Piece of Evidence - presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events; Page 88 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Counter-argument Evidence from Source(s) - present syntheses and quotes extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events as your best alternative explanations or counter-arguments; Evidence from Sources(s) to refute opposing view/s - present syntheses and quotes extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events as your best alternative explanations or counter- arguments; and Finally, generate your new thesis statement based on the cited syntheses and gaps as well as from the information that support your thesis statement. Sample: Body of a Research-based Documented Essay titled: Defying Convention: An Explanation of China’s Explosive Economic Growth - A Research-based Documented Essay written by David A. Rezvani, from the Dartmouth’s Institute for Writing and Rhetoric - First Year Writing Portfolios An Except of the Body of a Research-Based Documented Essay Addressing the Lack of Rule of Law and Economic Freedom Counter-argument. There is a near consensus in economic literature that shows policies characterized by economic freedom promotes high levels of economic growth. Economic freedom entails the essential concepts of “a small government, protection of private property, a well-functioning legal system, free competition and few regulations.” Milton Friedman asserted that “I believe that free societies have arisen and persisted only because economic freedom is so much more productive economically than other methods of controlling economic activity.” Hanke and Walters studied the relationship between economic freedom and GDP per capita and found it significant and positive. Goldsmith used the EFI (Economic Freedom Index) and showed that developing countries that protect economic rights tend to grow faster, have higher degrees of human well-being, and have a higher national income. Moreover, people often point to the Asian economic powerhouses of Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea as beaming examples of the economic growth propelled by economic freedom under democratic regimes, and utilize them in refutation of the role of an authoritarian, central party in economic development, such as that of China. Taiwan is a multi-party, liberal democracy that is ranked highly in terms of economic freedom and liberty of press as an advanced industrial economy. Similarly, Japan is a multi-party parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy while South Korea is democratic constitutional republic – both of which are high-income advanced economies. These are all significant arguments against China’s economic growth, as China lacks privatization of state enterprises, de-regulation, and rule of law. The underlying authoritarian political philosophy that eschews democracy, rule of law, and individual rights are in direct contrast to conventional economic wisdom. Yet despite all the apparent contradictions, China experienced a GDP averaging about 10 percent per year since reforms began in 1978, lifting more than 500 million people out of poverty. In contrast, the average GDP growth of all of South Asia was only 3.87 % and that of Sub-Saharan Africa was a miniscule 0.23 % during a similar timeframe. Clearly, conventional economic wisdoms has its flaws, especially regarding developing economies because 1) the absolute importance of economic freedom and rule of law in economic growth has been overstated, and 2) despite their current democratic status, the Asian “Tiger” Page 89 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Economies were all under the rule of a one-party, centralized regime during the period of initial and explosive economic growth, further emphasizing the importance of a central party. The role of economic freedom in relation to economic growth and development has been overstated. Empirical studies have found that although greater economic freedom fosters economic growth, the level of economic freedom, however, is not related to growth. In the words of the de Haan and Sturm, “Our findings suggests that more economic freedom will bring countries more quickly to their steady level of economic growth (if they are below that level), but that the level of steady state growth is not affected by the level of economic freedom.” Even the authors themselves were surprised and admitted that, “this finding is not entirely in line with the view of the proponents of liberalization.” Although the conclusion might be shocking at first, it makes perfect sense as reflected by China. China’s gradual reforms starting in 1978 specifically targeted increasing economic freedoms in the agricultural sector and market liberalizations for foreign investors, which catalyzed its path to a steadily strong level of economic growth. Thus, once that stage was reached, the level of economic freedom became insignificant. Similarly, in his book dedicated to economic growth histories of developing countries Dani Rodrik concluded, “The onset of economic growth does not require deep and extensive institutional reform.” In other words, institutional reforms such as rule of law, rather than rule of man, is unnecessary to initiate economic growth. Furthermore, a study by Allen, Qian, and Qian, concluded that “there exist informal financing channels and governance mechanisms, such as those based on reputation and relationships” to support China’s economic growth. Thus, although China may lack comprehensive formal rule of law mechanisms and channels, there were extensive informal channels that served as “excellent substitutes for standard corporate mechanisms,” offering investors strong protection. Furthermore, the counter-argument that attributes the economic success of the Asian “Tigers” of Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan to their democratic regimes is misguided because all four nations were under centralized, one-party rule during their initial stage of economic development. Beginning in the 1960s, the GDP growth of the four nations averaged 7.5 percent per year for three decades. From 1961 to 1979, South Korea was under the rule of Park Chung-Hee, who established a strong authoritarian rule of a one-party regime. As he said himself, “Democracy cannot be realized without an economic revolution.” Park also formulated specific “Five-Year Plans” for gradual economic reforms that were later emulated by Chinese leadership. Similarly, Taiwan was under the military rule of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek when he implemented gradual market reforms in agriculture and trade. The post WWII economic miracle in Japan was spurred by economic policy under the centralized leadership of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry that heavily regulated development. Thus, a World Bank report admitted that the non- democratic and authoritarian political systems during the early years of development were instrumental in the so-called Asian “economic miracle.” These examples of the economic miracles of the East Asian countries further support my argument for the critical role of centralized leadership in initial economic development, analogous to the authoritative parenting style that raises the most successful children. Lastly, the author must briefly refute Paul Krugman’s 1994 article, The Myth of Asia’s Miracle, which generated significant publicity as Krugman boldly asserted that the impressive growth rates of the East Asian economies were a myth and un-sustainable because the rapid growth was achieved “in large part through an astonishing mobilizing of resources” and “rapid growth in inputs.” However, Krugman failed to realize that the astonishing mobilization of resources is only capable because of the centralized regimes that have the power Page 90 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication to authorize this type of massive resource mobilization. Furthermore, his argument that there was no sign of increased economic efficiency in terms of total factor productivity is flawed, especially applied to China, as Bosworth and Collins found TPF growth in China that was higher than the developing world as a whole. This was a result of gradual reforms that focused on improving economic efficiency through acquisition of foreign technology and efficient resource allocation. Thus, Krugman’s argument clearly has its limitations, especially when applied to the case of China. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format and the point of view used in the sample research-based documented essay. A Strong Conclusion. The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should:  restate the main ideas;  summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper;  draw a conclusion based on the information; and  include suggested courses of action and possible solutions or recommendations. Sample: Conclusion of a Research-based Documented Essay titled: Defying Convention: An Explanation of China’s Explosive Economic Growth - A Research- based Documented Essay written by David A. Rezvani, from the Dartmouth’s Institute for Writing and Rhetoric - First Year Writing Portfolios Conclusion This documented essay aimed to answer the essential question: What explains China’s remarkable economic growth during the reform era? To begin, the two chief contending schools of thought designated as Decentralization: Federalism, Chinese Style and Foreign Investment were refuted and shown to be inappropriate and insufficient when applied to analysis of China’s extraordinary economic growth. The argument of the decentralization school is flawed because both the effect of decentralization on economic growth and the extent of decentralization in China have been overstated and over-exaggerated. The fatal weakness of the foreign investment school of thought was exposed by examining the fundamental dependency of foreign investment upon the quality of human capital in terms of stimulating economic growth. In reality, the principle driver behind China’s remarkable economic growth was the gradual reform process under the leadership of a strong and pragmatic central party. Effective central leadership created a developmental state set to drive economic growth by implementing gradual reforms through experimentation rather than neo-liberal economic shock therapies. The gradual market-oriented reforms under pragmatic central leadership are the sparks that ignited China’s explosive economic boom, in defiance of all conventions. * Disclaimer: In order to adhere to the stylistic elements of academic writing, the authors modified the in-text citation format and the point of view used in the sample research-based documented essay. Page 91 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Rubric for the Assessment of Academic Papers Criteria Exceptional Proficient / Average / Fair Needs Very Good Improvement/ Integration of 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points Poor 1 Point Knowledge The paper The paper The paper demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates The paper does Topic Focus that the author that the author, that the author, not demonstrate for the most that the author Depth of fully to a certain Discussion understands part, extent, has fully and has applied understands and understood and concepts learned understands applied concepts in the course. has applied and has applied learned in the Concepts are concepts learned integrated into concepts course. the writer’s own in the course. learned insights. The Some of the In the course. The topic is not writer provides conclusions, clearly defined. concluding however, are not remarks that supported in the Cursory show analysis body of the discussion in all and synthesis of the sections of paper. ideas. the paper or brief discussion The topic is The topic is The topic is too focused focused but lacks broad for the in narrowly scope of this only a few direction. The assignment. sections. enough for the scope of this paper is about a specific topic assignment. A but the writer thesis statement has not provides established a direction for the paper, either by position. statement of a position or hypothesis. In-depth In-depth The writer has discussion and discussion and elaboration in elaboration in omitted pertinent all sections of most sections content or the paper. of the paper. content runs-on excessively. Quotations from others outweigh the writer’s own ideas excessively. Page 92 of 98

BatStateU Purposive Communication Cohesiveness Ties together For the most Sometimes ties Does not tie Spelling and information part, ties together together from all sources. together Grammar Paper flows information information. from one issue information from from all Paper does not Sources to the next all sources. flow and appears without the sources. Paper to be created Citations Paper flows with does not flow - from disparate need for only some disjointedness issues. Headings headings. are necessary to Author's writing disjointedness. is apparent. link concepts. demonstrates an Author's writing Author's Writing does not understanding demonstrates an understanding of writing does not demonstrate of the the relationship demonstrate an understanding relationship among material understanding among material obtained from all any obtained from of the relationships. all sources. sources. relationship among material Unacceptable No spelling Minimal spelling obtained from number of and/or grammar and / or all sources. grammar spelling and/or mistakes. mistakes. Noticeable grammar spelling and mistakes More than 5 Five (5) current current sources, sources, of which grammar Fewer than five of which at least mistakes. (5) current at least 2 are three (3) are peer-review Fewer than five sources, or fewer peer review journal articles (5) current than two (2) journal articles or scholarly sources, or of 5 are peer- or scholarly books. All reviewed books. Sources websites utilized fewer than two include both (2) of five (5) are journal articles are or scholarly general authoritative. peer reviewed books. Not all background journal articles sources and Cites most data websites utilized specialized obtained from or are credible, sources. Special other sources. scholarly books. and/or sources interest sources APA citation and popular style is used in All websites are not current. literature are both text and utilized acknowledged bibliography. Does not cite as such if they are credible. sources are cited. All websites utilized Cites some data obtained from are other sources. authoritative. Citation style is Cites all data either obtained from inconsistent or other sources. APA citation incorrect. style is used in both text and bibliography. Adapted from: Whalen, S. “Rubric from Contemporary Health Issues Research Paper” http://academics.adelphi.edu/edu/hpe/healthstudies/whalen/HED601_r2.shtml by cornellcollege.edu Total Points - 28 Page 93 of 98

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