Human Body Systems

Integumentary System ● Function(s):​ 6 functions of the Integumentary System consists of protection to the inside of the body, body temperature regulation, Cutaneous Sensations, absorption and as well as secretion. ● Vocabulary (10):​ E​ pidermis​ is the most outer layer of the skin. D​ ermis​ holds the hair follicles and is the second most outer layer. H​ ypodermis​ is made of adipose tissue (fatty tissue.) ​Eccrine Sweat Glands​ are major glands that allows us to sweat, S​ ebaceous Glands​ is a gland on the hair follicle that secretes oily fat, H​ air Follicle​ a small secretory sac at the hair root, ​Sensory Nerves​ carry information in the skin to the central nervous system, M​ elanin​ is a dark brown or black pigment chemical in the skin, and C​ arotene​ is a red or orange pigment chemical found in the skin. ● Diseases (4):​ B​ asal Cell Carcinoma​ making up 75% of all skin cancers, cancer grows slowly and makes waxy bumps that are most commonly found on areas of the body with sun exposure. M​ elanoma​ is the least common type of cancer and makes up 75% of skin cancers deaths, is it found commonly found on the head, neck, or trunk. A​ cne​ is the most basic and also most popular, it is just clogged pores from dirt or oil. ​Squamous Cell Carcinoma​ is a skin cancer that developed on people with fair skin, it is more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma but is 20% of all skin cancers. ● Healthcare Careers (2):​ ​Dermatologist​ has the medical concern of skin disorders and skin diagnosis. ​Cosmetologists​ treat conditions of skin (also hair.)

Musculoskeletal System ● Function(s):​ p​ rovides support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of muscles, bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue. ● Vocabulary (10):​ ​Connective Tissue​ is tissue that connects other tissues and organ. Ligaments​ are short bands of flexible connective tissue that connects bones and cartilages together. ​Bones​ are hard, dense connective tissue making up the skeleton. Calcium​ is one of the minerals that is important to the bones and helps durability. Cartilage​ is flexible connective tissue that acts like bone but is softer. J​ oints​ place where the bones join and connect. ​Muscles​ are attached to the bones to help with movement and maintain posture. ​Cranium​ is made up of bone plates and other forms of bone to create the skull. ​Clavicle​ is essentially the collarbone in the shoulder region. T​ endons are ​a flexible cord of fibrous tissue attaching muscles and bones together. ● Diseases (4):​ ​Arthritis​ is a cause of old age and from wear and tear on the joints and bones. C​ arpal tunnel syndrome​ is a problem that occurs to wrists that get flexed repeatedly and causes pain from thick ligaments and nerves. C​ raniosynostosis​ is where a plant of an infant’s skull fuses prematurely, causing multiple lifetime problems. S​ oft Tissue Sarcoma​ is cancer that starts in the soft tissues of the system like tendons and muscles. ● Healthcare (2):​ O​ rthopedic Surgeon​ has responsibilities ranging from treating injuries that requires surgery or even skeletal disorders. C​ hiropractor’s​ focus is on the diagnosis and treatment neuromuscular disorders.

Cardiovascular System ● Function(s): ​The Cardiovascular System circulates blood through vessels throughout the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to other body organs and helps dispose metabolic wastes. ● Vocabulary (10):​ ​Aorta​ is the largest artery in the body. A​ rteriole​ is the smallest artery in the body. P​ ulse​ is the best of the heart which can be felt in different pulse points through the body. V​ ein​ is a thin blood vessel that pumps blood back to the heart. A​ rtery​ is a large blood vessel that pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body. V​ enule​ are the smallest type of Veins in the body. O​ xygen​ is a gas that can be transported from the lungs to the heart to be pumped with blood throughout the body. M​ yocardium​ is the middle layer of the heart. E​ ndocardium​ is the inner layer of the heart. E​ picardium​ is the most outer layer of the heart. ● Diseases (4):​ H​ emorrhagic Strokes​ are when a blood vessel within the brain bursts and causing uncontrolled hypertension. I​ schemic Strokes​ happens when a blood vessel that goes to the brain gets blocked most likely from blood clotting. H​ eart Failure​ is essentially when the heart is failing, the heart isn't pumping the proper way but it doesn't mean the heart stops pumping. A​ rrhythmia​ is when the heart has an abnormal rhythm. ● Healthcare Careers (2):​ ​Cardiologists​ play a role in diagnosis cardiovascular diseases and disorders. C​ ardiac and Vascular Surgeons​ perform bypass surgeries and also help with open-heart surgery but also contribute to valve repairs and some therapy.

Nervous System ● Function(s): T​ he Nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that connect all of these organs to the body. ● Vocabulary (10):​ ​Brain Stem​ connects the brain and the spinal cord to control the brain to the rest of the body. ​Neurons​ are cells that transmit impulses. ​Axons​ are lengthy fibers that transport impulses away from the cell body. D​ endrites​ are made up of short branched extensions of the nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the body cells. Nervous Tissue​ transmit nerve impulses throughout the body. C​ erebellum​ is the second largest part of the brain, it coordinates balance and movement. C​ erebrum​ is the largest part of the brain, it is responsible for voluntary actions, divided into the 4 main lobes of the brain. T​ halamus​ receives messages from sensory receptors. H​ ypothalamus coordinates the nervous system and the endocrine system. ​Spinal Cord​ controls reflexes and carries signals from the body to the brain. ● Diseases (4):​ ​Multiple Sclerosis​ causes hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of the nerve fibers. E​ pilepsy​ is essentially seizures or convulsions. C​ erebral Palsy is a disease that affects muscle and nerves in small children. A​ lzheimer's​ is age-related and leads to personality changes and some difficulty with memory. ● Healthcare Careers (2): ​Neuroscientist ​is who studies the nervous system, for general study of the system. N​ eurologist​ is a doctor who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system.

Nervous System ● Function(s): T​ he Nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that connect all of these organs to the body. ● Vocabulary (10):​ ​Brain Stem​ connects the brain and the spinal cord to control the brain to the rest of the body. ​Neurons​ are cells that transmit impulses. ​Axons​ are lengthy fibers that transport impulses away from the cell body. D​ endrites​ are made up of short branched extensions of the nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the body cells. Nervous Tissue​ transmit nerve impulses throughout the body. C​ erebellum​ is the second largest part of the brain, it coordinates balance and movement. C​ erebrum​ is the largest part of the brain, it is responsible for voluntary actions, divided into the 4 main lobes of the brain. T​ halamus​ receives messages from sensory receptors. H​ ypothalamus coordinates the nervous system and the endocrine system. ​Spinal Cord​ controls reflexes and carries signals from the body to the brain. ● Diseases (4):​ ​Multiple Sclerosis​ causes hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of the nerve fibers. E​ pilepsy​ is essentially seizures or convulsions. C​ erebral Palsy is a disease that affects muscle and nerves in small children. A​ lzheimer's​ is age-related and leads to personality changes and some difficulty with memory. ● Healthcare Careers (2): ​Neuroscientist ​is who studies the nervous system, for general study of the system. N​ eurologist​ is a doctor who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system.

Respiratory System ● Function(s):​ T​ he Respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. ● Vocabulary (10):​ L​ ungs​ are the main organs of the respiratory system and is responsible for breathing. B​ ronchi​ are the passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs. T​ rachea​ is the tube that forms the respiratory system. L​ arynx​ is essentially your voice box and is responsible for using air to produce sound. N​ asal Cavity​ is the cavity behind the nose and is also used to push mucous outward away from the lungs. A​ lveoli​ are the smaller air sacs that is responsible for the movement of air and blood. B​ reathing​ is the passing of air in and out of the lungs. R​ espiration​ is the process of obtaining organic material from the air around. ​Cilia​ short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface. M​ ucus​ is the secretion of mucous membranes. ● Diseases (4):​ A​ sthma​ is where the air passages are prone to be constricted causing it hard to breath. P​ neumonia​ is the inflammation of the lung tissue as a result of infection. Influenza​ is a viral infection known as the Flu. S​ leep Apnea​ is a condition that causes pauses of breathing during sleep. ● Healthcare Careers (2):​ ​Pulmonologist​ specializes in treating and diagnosing people with lung diseases and lung problems. An A​ llergist​ is a doctor specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with allergies.

Urinary System ● Function(s):​ a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. ● Vocabulary (10):​ U​ reters​ are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urethra​ is the duct which urine is discharged, which serves as the male genital duct. Renal pelvis​ ​a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter. ​ F​ iltration​ is the process whereby fluids pass through a filter. U​ rinary bladder​ a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine. Micturition​ the discharge of urine. R​ enal vein​ are veins that accompany renal arteries. Calyx​ cup-shaped part of the renal pelvis through which u​ rine passes from the renal tubules. K​ idneys​ are a pair of organs that are to regulate the balance of electrolytes in the blood, along with maintaining pH homeostasis. U​ rine​ is produced by the kidneys that filters wastes and extra water from your blood. ● Diseases (4):​ ​Urinary tract infections​ (UTIs) occur when bacteria enters the urinary tract and can affect the urethra, bladder or even the kidneys. P​ rostatitis​ is a swelling of the prostate gland and, therefore, can only occur in men. ​Kidney stones​ are clumps of calcium oxalate that can be found anywhere in the urinary tract. B​ ladder cancer​ is diagnosed with difficulty urinating and urgent/and or frequent urination, mimic other diseases or disorders of the urinary system. ● Healthcare Careers (2): ​Urologists​ provide medical and surgical management for disorders of the urinary tract in both men and women. ​Gynecologists​ often care for women who have urinary problems such as urinary tract infections.

Reproductive System ● Function(s):​ a group of internal and external organs that work together with the purpose of procreating ● Vocabulary (10):​ E​ pididymis​ is the structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored. ​Menarche​ is the female first menstrual period. Menopause​ is the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends. O​ vulation​ is the process by which a mature egg is released from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes. Seminal vesicle​ is one of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens on each side; secretes an alkaline substance into the semen to enable the sperm to live longer. ​Spermatozoa​ is the male gametes also called sperm. T​ estosterone is the most important of the male sex hormones. ​Vas deferens​ are tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra. ​Scrotum​ is the external pouch that contains the testes. P​ rostate gland​ is an exocrine gland, in men, at the base of the urinary bladder that secretes the fluid part of semen into the urethra during ejaculation. ● Diseases (4):​ ​Endometriosis​ is the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus in females, typically in the ovaries, bowel and lining of the uterus causing pain and infertility. A​ denomyosis​ is​ c​ ondition in which endometrial tissue exists within and grows into the uterine wall.​ ​Gynaecomastia​ ​is swollen male breast tissue caused by a hormone imbalance.​ ​Prostate cancer​ ​is cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid. ● Healthcare Careers (2): ​Urologists​ provide medical and surgical management for disorders of the reproductive system in males. ​Obstetricians / Gynecologists​ often care for reproductive systems and related diseases in females.