The data reveals that 66% respondents form project area and 81% respondents form control areavillages informed that women have no any role in crop management. The findings of qualitative dataalso reveals that women are not involved in decision making related to crop management. Table 44: Role of women in decision related to crop harvestingDistrict Badin Enhanced Reduced No Role TotalProject Role Role 22 37 2 13 Hyderabad 4 5 26 35 TMK 0 18 17 35 Total 6 36 65 107 % 6% 34% 61% 100%Control Badin 0 13 22 35 Hyderabad 6 2 24 32 TMK 06 27 33 Total 6 21 73 100 % 6% 21% 73% 100%The data reveals that 61% respondents form project area and 73% respondents form control areavillages informed that women have no any role in decision related to crop harvesting. The findings ofqualitative data also reveals that women are not involved in decision making related to time of cropharvesting. However, women are extensively involved in activity of crop harvesting itself. Table 45: Role of women in crop marketingDistrict Badin Enhanced Reduced No role TotalProject Role Role 30 37 0 7 Hyderabad 1 3 31 35 TMK 0 11 24 35 Total 1 21 85 107 % 1% 20% 79% 100%Control Badin 0 8 27 35 Hyderabad 0 2 30 32 TMK 0 5 28 33 Total 0 15 85 100 % 0% 15% 85% 100%The data reveals that 79% respondents form project area and 85% respondents form control areavillages informed that women have no any role in crop marketing practices. The findings of qualitativedata also reveals that women are not involved in decision making related to crop marketing andnegotiation of price with middle men. Table 46: Role of men in water managementDistrict Enhanced Reduced No Role Don’t Know TotalProject Role Role 37 Badin 37 0 00 35 35 Hyderabad 33 0 02 107 100% TMK 33 2 00 Total 103 2 02 % 96% 2% 0% 2% 51
Control Badin 35 0 0 0 35 Hyderabad 29 0 2 1 32 TMK 32 0 1 0 33 Total 96 0 3 1 100 % 96% 0% 3% 1% 100%The data reveals that more than 90% respondents from both project and control area villagesconfirmed that men have active role in water management issues. The findings of qualitative data alsoreveals that men are actively involved in decision making related to water management. Table 47: Role of men in disagreement resolutionDistrict Enhanced Reduced No Role Don’t Know TotalProject Badin Role Role 0 0 37 37 0 Hyderabad 30 1 0 4 35 TMK 33 2 0 0 35 Total 100 3 0 4 107 % 93% 3% 0% 4% 100%Control Badin 35 0 0 0 35 Hyderabad 27 1 3 1 32 TMK 32 0 1 0 33 Total 94 1 4 1 100 % 94% 1% 4% 1% 100%The data reveals that more than 90% respondents from both project and control area villagesconfirmed that men have active role in social cohesion process. The findings of qualitative data alsoreveals that men are actively involved in decision making related to local dispute resolution. Table 48: Role of men in crop selectionDistrict Enhanced Reduced No Role Don’t Know TotalProject Role Role 0 37Control Badin 37 0 0 4 35 Hyderabad 0 35 TMK 31 0 0 4 107 Total 4% 100% 33 2 0 0 35 % 1 32 Badin 101 2 0 0 33 Hyderabad 1 100 TMK 94% 2% 0% 1% 100% Total 35 0 0 % 28 0 3 32 0 1 95 0 4 95% 0% 4%The data reveals that more than 90% respondents from both project and control area villagesconfirmed that men have active role in crop selection issues. The findings of qualitative data alsoreveals that men are actively involved in decision making related to crop selection. Table 49: Role of men in crop management 52
District Badin Enhanced Reduced No Role Don’t Know TotalProject Role Role 0 0 37 37 0 Hyderabad 30 0 0 5 35 TMK 33 2 0 0 35 Total 100 2 0 5 107 % 93% 2% 0% 5% 100%Control Badin 35 0 0 0 35 Hyderabad 27 1 3 1 32 TMK 32 0 1 0 33 Total 94 1 4 1 100 % 94% 1% 4% 1% 100%The data reveals that more than 90% respondents from both project and control area villagesconfirmed that men have active role in crop management issues. The findings of qualitative data alsoreveals that men are actively involved in decision making related to crop management. Table 50: Role of men in decision related to crop harvesting decisionsDistrict Badin Enhanced Reduced No Role Don’t Know TotalProject Role Role 0 0 37 37 0 Hyderabad 30 0 0 5 35 TMK 33 2 0 0 35 Total 100 2 0 5 107 % 93% 2% 0% 5% 100%Control Badin 35 0 0 0 35 Hyderabad 27 0 4 1 32 TMK 32 0 1 0 33 Total 94 0 5 1 100 % 94% 0% 5% 1% 100%The data reveals that more than 90% respondents from both project and control area villagesconfirmed that men have active role in crop harvesting decisions. The findings of qualitative data alsoreveals that men are actively involved in decision making related to crop harvesting. Table 51: Role of men in crop marketingDistrict Badin Enhanced Reduced No Role Don’t Know TotalProject Role Role 0 0 37 37 0 Hyderabad 30 0 0 5 35 TMK 33 2 0 0 35 Total 100 2 0 5 107 % 93% 2% 0% 5% 100%Control Badin 35 0 0 0 35 Hyderabad 27 0 4 1 32 TMK 32 0 1 0 33 Total 94 0 5 1 100 % 94% 0% 5% 1% 100%The data reveals that more than 90% respondents from both project and control area villagesconfirmed that men have active role in crop marketing practices issues. The findings of 53
qualitative data also reveals that men are actively involved in decision making related to cropmarketing practices including selection of middle men and negotiation of price.Stakeholder MappingBased on consultation with key stakeholders for important stakeholder mapping, thefollowing stakeholders have been identified with their existing role in water governance,social cohesion, advocacy and policy on water related issues. Table 52: Stakeholder mapping with their Roles# Issue Stakeholder Current Role Extended Role Politician (Local, MPA, MNA) High Low Low Police Department Low Low Law Department/Judiciary Low Medium High Media Medium Medium Civil Society High High High Water Water Course Association High Governance Medium High Farmer Organization Low High1 (Inclusion of SIDA women and Area Water Board High High Marginalized Irrigation Department Low Medium community) On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) Low Low Low Agriculture Extension Low High High Women High High Landless Hari/marginalized community High High Landlord High Low Low Village Elder Low Low Low Politician (Local, MPA, MNA) High Medium Police Department Medium Medium Law Department/Judiciary High High Media High High Civil Society Medium Low Medium Social Water Course Association Low Medium cohesion Farmer Organization Low2 (local dis- SIDA Low Low Low Low agreements Area Water Board Low Low High on water) Irrigation Department High High High On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) High High High Agriculture Extension Low Low Low Women Low Low Medium Landless Hari/marginalized community Medium High Landlord High Medium Village Elder High Politician (Local, MPA, MNA)3 Policy Police Department Law Department/Judiciary Media Civil Society Water Course Association 54
4 Advocacy Farmer Organization High High SIDA High High Area Water Board High High Irrigation Department High On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) High Agriculture Extension Low Women Low Low Landless Hari/marginalized community Low Landlord Low Village Elder Low High Politician (Local, MPA, MNA) High Police Department High High Law Department/Judiciary High Media High High Civil Society Water Course Association Low Low Farmer Organization Low Low SIDA Low Area Water Board Medium Medium High Irrigation Department On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) High Medium Agriculture Extension High Women High Landless Hari/marginalized community Medium Landlord High Low High Village Elder High High Low High Low Low Low Low Low High High High High High High The findings of above table are further presented through graphs here below.120 120100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 00High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium LowAdvocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role Figure 16 Role of Women Figure 17 Role of Marginalized CommunityThe findings in the above figures reveal that currently role of women and marginalized community isreported at lower side in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governance which has beensuggested to extend to higher side in all areas. 55
120 120100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 00High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium LowAdvocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role Figure 18 Role of WCA Figure 19 Role of Farmer OrganizationThe findings in the above figures reveal that currently role of Water Course Association and FarmerOrganization is reported at higher side in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governancewhich has been suggested to continue at same level in extended role.120 120100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 00High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium LowAdvocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role Figure 20 Role of SIDA Figure 21 Role of Area Water BoardThe findings in the above figures reveal that currently the role of SIDA in Advocacy in reported atmedium level which is suggested to enhance at higher level, whereas, the role in policy is suggestedto remain same at higher level. The role of SIDA in social cohesion at community level is reported atlower level which stakeholders suggested to enhance at medium level. The stakeholders also informedthat SIDA’s role in water governance should also be enhanced to higher level so that water relatedissues are reduced. On the other hand, the current role of AWB in advocacy, social cohesion and watergovernance have been reported to lower level and suggested to enhance high in advocacy and watergovernance and to medium in social cohesion process as AWB is not directly involved at local level.However, the current role of AWB in policy has been reported at higher side and suggested to remainsame in extended role. 56
120 120100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 00High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium LowAdvocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role Figure 22 Role of Landlord Figure 23 Role of Village ElderThe findings in the above figures reveal that currently role of Landlord and Village Elder is reported athigher side in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governance which has been suggested tocontinue at same level in extended role.30 12025 10020 8015 6010 40 5 20 00High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium LowAdvocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended RoleFigure 24 Role of Agriculture Extension Department Figure 25 Role of Irrigation DepartmentThe findings in the above figures reveal that currently the role of Agriculture Extension Department isreported to be at lower side and has been suggested to remain at same level in extended role. On theother hand stakeholders reported that the role of irrigation department is at higher side in advocacy,policy and water governance which have been suggested to remain at the same level. Whereas,current role of irrigation department in social cohesion is reported at lower level which has beensuggested to enhance at medium level.60 12050 10040 8030 6020 4010 20 00High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium LowAdvocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role 57
Figure 26 Role of Civil Society Figure 27 Role of Media The findings in the above figures reveal that currently role of civil society is reported at higher side in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governance which has been suggested to continue at same level in extended role. On the other hand, the current role of media is reported at medium level in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governance and has been suggested to be enhanced at higher level in all areas.120 60100 50 80 40 60 30 40 20 20 10 00 High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low Advocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role Figure 28 Role of Politician Figure 29 Role of On-Farm Water Management Dept. The findings in the above figures reveal that currently role of politician is reported at higher side in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governance which has been suggested to continue at same level in extended role except in water governance where stakeholders suggested to reduce it to lower level.30 3025 2520 2015 1510 10 55 00 High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low Advocacy Policy Social Water Advocacy Policy Social Water Cohesion Governance Cohesion Governance Current Role Extended Role Current Role Extended Role Figure 30 Role of Police Department Figure 31 Role of Law Department The findings in the above figures reveal that currently role of Police Department and Law Department is reported at lower side in advocacy, policy, social cohesion and water governance which has been suggested to continue at same level in extended role. 58
4. Conclusions & RecommendationsConclusionBased on the results of the study following is concluded:Water Governance Women and marginalized groups are direct stakeholders in the affairs of water governance and as per survey results 95% of the respondents reported that they are not involved in water management and coordination. More than 70% people in the project area are directly linked with farming and their livelihood depends on water, while 20% people reported daily wages as their source of income as indirect link with water management. The survey findings reveal that 95% of the respondents reported the farming community including women and marginalized groups are neither aware of role of WCAs and FOs nor have the opportunity to become members of these water management institutions at local level. The social mobilization and awareness programs do not reach such vulnerable groups including women and marginalised communities. At community level, the local customs and traditions are seen as practical hindrance towards involvement of women in water management issues. Out of those respondents who reported that there is no WCA in their village, highest majority of 88% respondents from three project district villages and 96% of respondents from control area villages from three districts shown their keen interest to form community groups like WCA and take part in the water management affairs. This gives an open area for working at gross root level with community. Despite having political activism and existence of political activists in the area, the community water management issues remain un-resolved mainly due to lack of interest of these people as reported by the community. This creates need to form farmer groups at water course and farm level for advocacy of their rights and strive to resolve and improve water governance. Representative from SIDA while KII informed that from Akram Wah (Channel) in the administrative jurisdiction of the Hyderabad as such there is no distributary or minor where FOs to be formed, however, there are number of outlets/water courses which off takes from main canal and on many water course associations are being formed by Agriculture department to support their recently launched Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Project (SIAPEP) project interventions.Social cohesion The community role in social cohesion seen very important with respect to water management as 40% respondents from project areas and 35% from control areas reported that “Timing” (wara) of water the main point of dis-agreement among local community followed by 16% respondents in project areas and 13% from control area villages who reported that “allocation of water” had been the main point of local dis- agreement among community. 59
The community during focus group discussions and key informant interviews informed that the project focused districts are peaceful areas of Sindh and as such there is no serious water related dis-agreements among community, hence, such issues are resolved easily informally at village level. However, the community also informed that women and marginalized community groups are not involved in social cohesion process at local level as they are not considered integral part of decision making process. The village elders/landlord are seen as important persons to resolve the water issues and have played significant role in resolving water dis-agreements. The formal institutions do not play any remarkable role to resolve gender based issues such as involvement of women and marginalized groups in water related disagreements etc.Gender Based Roles However, women are involved in farming activities such as sowing, weeding, harvesting of crops etc. but more than 80% of interviewed respondents reported that unfortunately women are not involved in decision making for crop selection, crop marketing, and social cohesion process etc. Whereas, women and marginalized groups being equal partner in farming community can play effective role if given chances of decision on key cropping activities and water management. Given the challenges of inclusion of women and marginalized groups into the formal water governance structures such as WCA and FO, the findings of consultation with key stakeholders reveals that there is need of revision of SWMO 2002 in order to ensure inclusion of women and marginalized groups in the WCA, FO and other key water institutions. The stakeholder mapping suggest that at present there is no recognition of role of women and marginalized community groups in water governance and there degree of participation was rated at medium and low, while the mapping process suggest that people want such role of women and marginalized groups to be enhanced at high degree level, thereby reducing the politician role to minimum in water governance at local level, which is rated high at present generating inequity and exclusion.Recommendations Based on findings of quantitative and qualitative data it is recommended that irrigation reforms should be inclusive and based on justice and equity by providing space to women and marginalized groups. The community mobilization and awareness program should focus women and marginalized groups which have been seen as most disadvantaged community in terms of getting benefits of water reforms including water allocation, representation in decision making bodies, etc. The role of community especially of women and marginalized groups in social cohesion process is very important and effective and must be promoted at all levels including involvement in resolution of water related disagreements and social cohesion process. Proposed irrigation reforms and strategy development in water governance are highly important especially for inclusion of women and marginalizing community in mechanism to resolve water related disagreements and social cohesion process mainstream level. The focus of such reforms should be at grass root level in order to create space and empowerment for vulnerable groups and ensure equity in water allocation. The government should consider it as key component of better governance and develop it in consultation with stakeholders including women and marginalized groups. 60
The government should initiate community based programs to ensure inclusion of womenand marginalized groups in water governance and social cohesion process. Ensure education (i.e. technical and vocational training in water sector, training to involvewomen in project’s scheme and activities, and environmental awareness) especially forwomen, girls and most marginalized rural socio-economic groups. Create economic opportunities for women and most marginalized groups. Promote irrigation and agricultural reforms that ensure participation of women’s andmarginalized groups in water governance. Parliamentarian be sensitized and made aware of proposed reforms to seek their politicalcommitment and will for inclusive approach of reform. Ensure adequate participation of women marginalized community in legal documents ofFOs. Organize strong mobilization and awareness campaign to assist women farmers andsensitize male members of their families to let them participate in FOs. Several amendments should be made in Sindh water management Ordinance 2002 toensure the participation of women & marginalized community in the water institutions.The community and key stakeholders during the survey process identified several issueswhich can also be addressed through appropriate legal framework. The proposedamendments in SWMO-02 are given below:Section Title Proposed Amendment Rational for amendmentCHAPTER-II Four elected Provincial Since assembly members are5 (i) Composition of Assembly members (at least one from each Barrage also directly elected by the SIDA – Members command area) falling in the nominated by command of Area Water people including women and Government Boards, provided one shall be a woman member, and one marginalized groups.5 (iii) Composition of member shall be from SIDA – EX-Officio minority nominated by the Therefore, the assembly Provincial Assembly. members may also be made part of SIDA Board. The stakeholder mapping also suggests greater role of parliamentarians in local water management system. Therefore, inclusion of a woman assembly member and one member from minority as proxy representative of marginalized groups would strengthen the representation of women and marginalized groups in the SIDA board. Secretary Environment Water Management system is Department- Member closely related with environment, therefore, OR representation either from Representative from IUCN, Pakistan - Member government department or from IUCN is strongly recommended. 61
Section Title Proposed Amendment Rational for amendmentCHAPTER-III One member (woman) to be At present, there is no30 Composition of elected from among the representation of women women farmers being farmers in AWB. Therefore, AWB - Members supplied with water by FO inclusion of one woman Elected situated within the command farmer in the Board is area of the AWB concerned recommended. Members co-opted member. by the elected and Provided that at least one There are 4 co-opted nominated member is woman members in the Board. At members Least one should be a woman. The membership shall be This is recommended basedCHAPTER-IV open to Women Farmer on the current situation of42 (i) Membership of FO Group formed in FO command Boards where as such there is area by women no woman member co-opted43 General Body farmers/agriculture workers in the Board.47 Advisory member The General Body shall Separate women farmer comprise representatives of group has to be formed due toCHAPTER-V the WCA, DBGs and women customary situation in the55 Watercourse Farmer Group (WFG) from field where women farmers Farmer Group within the area are not given space in FO Association: of command of the FO General Body. Therefore, Composition At least one representative of membership of FO shall be Haris/Peasants from the FO open to women farmer group jurisdiction shall be inducted as well. as advisory member with vote This will ensure direct inclusion women farmers in At least one representative of the FO General Body which is Haris/Peasants shall be key decision making forum of inducted in WCA FO. This will ensure representation of marginalized group in the FO This will ensure representation of marginalized group in the WCA 62
ReferencesAzad, Aslam Rasheed and Yameen. 2003: Sindh Water Resources Management- Issues and options published by Investment Centre FAOJohnson, Sam H. III, Mark Svendsen, and Fernando Gonzalez. 2002. Options for Institutional Reform in the Irrigation Sector. Discussion paper prepared for the International Seminar on Participatory Irrigation Management, 21-27 April, Beijing, China.Nazeer 2004, IWRM- a tool for poverty reduction, published by Pakistan Water Partnership, Islamabad PakistanNazeer 2001, “Participatory Irrigation Management and Indus Basin Irrigation System- A case study of Pakistan” published in EC (DGI) Regional Action Program “Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) Vol. 2, country over view of PIM, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute, Bari- Italy Sept. 12- 22, 2001Nazeer 2006, “Participatory Irrigation Management and Institutionalizing Irrigation Service in Sindh” Proceedings of the INPIM’s Ninth International Seminar on Participatory Irrigation Management, 4-8 December 2006’ “Institutional and Technological Interventions for Better Irrigation Management in the New Millennium”Memon J.A. and Mustafa (PIDE 2014)- emerging issues in the implementation of irrigation and drainage sector reforms in Sindh province of Pakistan.Memon N. A. and Shaheen Khan “Locating Women’s Engagement In Water Governance in Pakistan: An Analysis of State Sponsored Regulatory Framework and Role Of NGOs and Civil Society Institutions in Promoting Women’s Participation” Proceedings of international conference on sustainable water management in developing countries MUET Jamshoro, Pakistan, 15-17 September 2010.Memon, N. A. (2006, 4-8 December). Participatory Irrigation Management and Institutionalizing Irrigation Service in Sindh. Paper presented at the INPIM’s 9th International Seminar Participatory Irrigation Management, Lahore, Pakistan.Memon N. A. “PIM, Poverty and Modernization of FO managed irrigation channels in Sindh province of Pakistan, published by INPIM and Ministry of Agriculture, Iran May 2007.Memon N.A. 2004, “IWRM- a tool for poverty reduction”, published by Pakistan Water Partnership, Islamabad Pakistan.Memon N.A. “Participatory Irrigation Management and Institutionalizing Irrigation Service in Sindh- Pakistan paper published by INPIM Dec 2006- proceeding of Ninth International Seminar on PIM pp 78-93Project Documents for “Women and Marginalized Groups, Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential”SDSC 2006, Third Party Monitoring and Evaluation of Institutional Reforms in Sindh- Final ReportShaheen Khan and Nazeer Memon “Entering in Men’s Domain and Challenging Stereotypes: A case study on Gender and Irrigation in Sindh” presented paper in International Conference on Water Resources Policy in South Asia published by (SaciWATERs) India December 2008Simi Kamal 2005, women & Water Issue of Entitlements, Access and EquitySindh Water Management Ordinance, 2002 Govt. of Sindh, KarachiSindh water sector improvement project: Agro-Economic impact report (2015), M&ECSpecial Report on Institutional Development of Irrigation Water Management Organization June 2012 63
Transition Strategy, SIDAVermillion, Douglas L. and Juan A. Sagardoy. 1999. “Transfer of Irrigation Management Services”: Guidelines. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper Number 58. Rome: FAO, IWMI and GTZ.Vermillion, Douglas L. Forthcoming. Irrigation Sector Reform in Asia: From Patronage under Participation to Empowerment with Partnership. In Asian Irrigation in Transition. Edited by G. Shivakoti, D. Vermillion, E. Ostrom, R. Yoder, W.F. Lam and U. Pradhan. New Delhi: Sage Publications.Vermillion, Douglas L. and Juan A. Sagardoy. 1999. Transfer of Irrigation Management Services: Guidelines. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper Number 58. Rome: FAO, IWMI and GTZ.World Bank Aide Memoirs (2004-2006) on NDP and SOFWM ProjectsWorld Bank (2004). Project Appraisal Document Sindh On-farm Water Management Project, March 4, 2004 Report No. 27982-PKAKWorld Bank (1993). “Pakistan Irrigation and Drainage: Issues and Options” Report No. 11884-PAKWorld Bank, 2006. Pakistan water Economy Running Dry, Oxford University PressYameen and Nazeer (2001). Are farmers willing to contribute for operation and maintenance of Drainage System? Proceedings 2nd National Seminar on Drainage in Pakistan, April-18-19, 2001- University of Agriculture Faisalabad 64
AnnexuresAnnexure: I – Field Data Collection Tool – Individual Interview (Quantitative Questionnaire) Baseline (Context Analysis) Project Entitled “Women and Marginalized Groups, Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential”Introduction (must be completed by Facilitators before beginning the discussion)“My name is (name of interviewer).I am from [SPO] and we are currently in a partnership with Oxfam.I would like to invite you to participate in a survey. The objective of the survey is to conduct a baseline(Context analyses) survey to analyse women's and marginalized group's participation in formal watergovernance and related social cohesion and policy processes at Akram Wah Division, Sindh Province.SPO in partnership with Oxfam is implementing a project titling “Women and Marginalised Groups,Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential”. The project is beingimplemented in three districts of Sindh i.e. district Hyderabad by SPO and the AWARE is working intwo districts, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin. The overall impact of project impact \"the basic rightsof marginalized groups, in particular women affected by structural discrimination, and exclusivepractices and polices related to water governance, which are respected by local, provincial andnational duty bearers and improving of human security \".Any information that you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to otherpeople. The information that you provide during the discussion will be presented together withanswers from other participants so that you cannot be identified. The discussion is voluntary and youare free to choose not to answer any or all of the questions, or to leave the discussion at any time.Enumerator Name: Date:SECTION A – DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION1-A Respondent 1=Land Owner 2=Lease Owner 3=Share CropperCategory (Multiple)1-B Area of Land 1. Land Owner = Land ________ Acres 2. Lease Owner = Land ________ Acres 2. Full Name 3. Share Cropper = Land ________ Acres3. Gender 1. Male 2. Female4. Age5. Contact (Optional) # 1. Married 2.Unmarried 3.Divorced 4.Separated 5.Widow/Widower6. Village 6.Other (Specify):_7. UC 0=Under Primary, 1=Primary, 2= Middle, 3=Matric, 4=Intermediate,8. Taluka 5=Graduate 6=Masters, 7=Above PG, 8=Illiterate 9=Others (Specify) ___9. District10. Marital Status11. Education of Respondent 65
12. Religion 1. Muslim 2. Hindu 3. Christian 4. Other (Specify):____________13. What is type of 1=Katcha 2= Pakka 3=Katcha/Pakka 4=Thatched Hut house you live in? 5=Other (Specify):____14. What are main a) Agriculture Farmingsources of livelihood b) Livestock Rearingof your household? c) Daily Wage Work(Rank Top 3 Sources) d) Handicraft e) House Mad f) Private Job g) Government job h) Other (specify):_______15. Position of your land along 1. Head 2. Middle 3. Taildistributary / Water course Name of Irrigation Sources: a) Canal: _________________________ (Reply all Options that Apply) b) Sub Canal: _____________________ c) Distributary/Minor: ______________16. d) Watercourse :__________________ e) Pipe: __________________________ f) Lift Machine: ___________________ SECTION B – WATER GOVERNANCE17. Is your water course lined/Pakka? a) Yes b) No18. Is there any Water Course Association available in your command area? a) Yes b) No (Skip To Q21) c) Don’t know (Skip Q22)19. If yes, are you member of Water Course Association? a) Yes b) No c) Don’t know20. Who formed this Association? (Multiple) 1. SIDA 2. NGO 3. Don’t know 4. Other Specify______________21. If there is NO WCA in your command area, Do you want to have water course association in your command area? a) Yes b) No c) No idea22. Is there any Water User Association available in your command area? a) Yes b) No (Skip to Q 25) c) Don’t know (Skip to Q 25)23. If yes, are you member of Water User Association? a) Yes b) No (Skip To Q 25) c) Don’t know (Skip To Q25)24. Who formed this Association? (Multiple) 1. NPIW 66
2. OFWM3. NGO4. Don’t know5. Other Specify______________Are women in your command area involved in coordination issues related to water governancewith?No. Authority Tick appropriate Response 1. Yes 2. No 3. DK25. a. Water Course Associationb. Farmer Organizationc. Direct with SIDA Officed. Irrigation Department/AWBe Other (Specify):___________Are women in your command area involved in management issues related to water governancewith?No. Authority Tick appropriate Response 1. Yes 2. No 3. DK26. a. Water Course Associationb. Farmer Organizationc. Direct with SIDA Officed. Irrigation Department/AWBe. Other (Specify):___________27. Is there any political person in your command area? a) Yes b) No (Skip To Q29) c) Don’t Know (Skip To Q29)28. If yes, What role is played by political Person in your area? (Multiple) a) Plays active role in resolving water related dis-agreement b) Consult with FO for village level water issues c) Consult with SIDA for village level water issues d) Consult with government line departments for resolution of water issue e) No role played by him/her f) Other (Specify):__________29. Is there any community based organization (CBO)/NGO working in your command area? a) Yes b) No (Skip To Q32) c) Don’t Know (Skip To Q32)30. If yes please tell the name 1. Name_______________________ 2. Don’t know31. If yes, Had this CBO/NGO also worked in the past on water related issues in your command area? a) Yes b) No c) Don’t know32. HHas any advocacy campaign been done in your village by any CBO / NGO on water related issues? a) Yes b) No c) Don’t knowSECTION C – SOCIAL COHESION 67
33. Generally what type of local dis-agreements exist related to irrigation water issues in your command area? (Multiple) a) Dis-agreement on distribution or allocation of water b) Dis-agreement on timing of irrigation water (wara) c) Dis-agreement on land d) Tribal dis-agreements e) Cultural dis-agreements f) Linguistic dis-agreements g) Wages dis-agreements h) Other (Specify):____________________ i) None of Above (Skip To Q 35) j) Don’t Know (Skip To Q 35) 34. Who resolves local dis-agreements in your command area? (Multiple) a) Village Community b) Clan Elders c) Village landlord d) Politician (MPA/MNA) of the area e) Farmer Organization f) Water Course Association g) Water User Association h) Court / judiciary i) Pesh Imam/ Religious elder j) Other (specify):_________ k) None of Above l) Don’t know 35. Did your household face any dis-agreement or dispute on irrigation water? a. Yes No (Skip To Next Section) 36. If yes, then which dis-agreement resolution practice (mechanism) did you follow? (Multiple) a) Village Community b) Clan Elders c) Village landlord d) Politician (MPA/MNA) of the area e) Farmer Organization f) Water Course Association g) Water User Association h) Court / judiciary i) Pesh Imam/ Religious elder j) Other (specify):_________ k) None of Above l) Don’t knowSECTION D- GENDER III. Gender 37. Was there any natural disaster (s) such as floods/cyclone etc. during last 8-10 years in your command area? a) Yes b) No (Skip T0 Q-44) 38. If yes, which natural disaster occurred during last 8-10 years in your command area? a) Floods Cyclone Earth Quake Drought 39. What was the effect of disaster on your socio-economic conditions? a) Worst 68
b) Moderate c) Normal d) No effect (Skip T0 Q-44)40. Was there any direct effect of disaster on life of women? a) Yes b) No (Skip T0 Q-42)41. If yes, then please share what type of effect occurred due to disaster on those women? a) Became unemployed b) Became homeless c) Became more poor d) Became disable e) Other (Specify):_________________________42. Was there any direct effect of disaster on life of marginalized communities (Landless Farmers, Minority people)? a) Yes b) No (Skip T0 Q-44)43. If yes, then please share what type of effect occurred due to disaster on those marginalized communities? (Multiple) a) Became unemployed b) Became homeless c) Became more poor d) Became disable e) Other (Specify):_________________________44. Gender based Roles & Responsibilities?No. Authority Tick appropriate Response 1. Role of Women 1. 2. 3. No Role 4. DK a) Water management Enhance Reduced d Role Roleb) Dispute resolutionc) Decision on crop selectiond) Decision on crop managemente) Decision on crop harvesting f) Decision on crop marketing2. Role of Men a) Water managementb) Dispute resolutionc) Decision on crop selectiond) Decision on crop managemente) Decision on crop harvestingf) Decision on crop marketing 69
Annexure: II – Field Data Collection Tool – Focus Group Discussion ChecklistBaseline (Context Analysis) Project Entitled “Women and Marginalized Groups, Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential” Focus Group Discussion (FGD) ChecklistVillage: UC:Tehsil: District:Number of participants:Male:Female:Date: Start time: End time:Research team informationName of Group Facilitator:Name of note-taker:Introduction (must be completed by Facilitators before beginning the discussion)“My name is (name of interviewer). I belong to research team of Management and DevelopmentCentre (MDC). Oxfam / SPO has awarded a research study namely Context Analysis to MDC. MDC is adevelopment consultancy firm to conduct social surveys and research studies.SPO in partnership with Oxfam is implementing a project titling “Women and Marginalised Groups,Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential”. The project is beingimplemented in three districts of Sindh i.e. district Hyderabad by SPO and the AWARE is working intwo districts, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin. The overall objective of this intervention is toconduct a baseline (Context analyses) survey to analyse women's and marginalized group'sparticipation in formal water governance and related social cohesion and policy processes at AkramWah Division, Sindh Province. We are going to have a conversation about these issues. Anyinformation that you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to other people.The information that you provide during the discussion will be presented together with answers fromother participants so that you cannot be identified. The discussion is voluntary and you are free tochoose not to answer any or all of the questions, or to leave the discussion at any time.List of participants Gender Religion Age Occupation s.# Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 70
Questions1. Is there any Water User/Course Association or F.O in your command area?Probe: Who are members of the WCA/FO? Did community from your village demanded forcreation of WCA/FO?2. What are main source (s) of livelihood of people in your area?Probe with reference to women and marginalised groups in the area3. Are women in your area involved in coordination and management issues with SIDA, IrrigationDepartment/AWB, FO, Water User Association/WCA?4. In your opinion, what are the key challenges and their root causes and effects on watermanagement?Challenges Causes Effects Solutions5. In your opinion, what are the key hindrances that discourage women to participate in FO orAWBs and how to resolve them?Challenges Effects Resolve6. Generally what type of local dis-agreements exist in your village? Who resolves conflicts/disputes in your village?7. What are main water related dis-agreement and other causes of disputes and their solution?Local Dis-agreement Causes Solutions8. Was there any natural disaster (s) such as floods/cyclone etc. during last 8-10 years in your village? Types of disasters, effect on socio-economic conditions, effect on life of women and marginalized communities (Landless Farmers, Minority people)?9. Is there any social organization or political activist in your village? If yes, Do they have any influence on water governance at Akram Wah and its system?10. Is there any CBO/NGO in your area? Any campaign for the water related matters in your area by any CBO / NGO?11. What are role and responsibilities of men, women, boys and girls in different water related peacebuilding process of daily life such as water management, benefits sharing, dispute resolution, Crop Selection & Management, Crop harvesting and marketing decisions? ------------------- 71
Annexure: III – Field Data Collection Tool – Key Informant Interview (KII) Checklist Baseline (Context Analysis) Project Entitled “Women and Marginalized Groups, Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential” Name of the respondent Location of interview Date of interview Start Time & End Time & Duration Name of InterviewerIntroduction (must be completed by Facilitators before beginning the discussion)“My name is (name of interviewer).I am from [SPO] and we are currently in a partnership with Oxfam.I would like to invite you to participate in a survey. The objective of the survey is to conduct a baseline(Context analyses) survey to analyse women's and marginalized group's participation in formal watergovernance and related social cohesion and policy processes at Akram Wah Division, Sindh Province.SPO in partnership with Oxfam is implementing a project titling “Women and Marginalised Groups,Natural Resource Management, Social cohesion: Unlocking the Potential”. The project is beingimplemented in three districts of Sindh i.e. district Hyderabad by SPO and the AWARE is working intwo districts, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin. The overall impact of project impact \"the basic rightsof marginalized groups, in particular women affected by structural discrimination, and exclusivepractices and polices related to water governance, which are respected by local, provincial andnational duty bearers and improving of human security \".Any information that you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to otherpeople. The information that you provide during the discussion will be presented together withanswers from other participants so that you cannot be identified. The discussion is voluntary and youare free to choose not to answer any or all of the questions, or to leave the discussion at any time.Questions1. Is there any Water User/Course Association in your command area? Probe: Who are members of the WCA/FO? Was community from your village demanded creation of WCA/FO?2. Are women in your command area involved in coordination and management issues with SIDA, Irrigation Department/AWB, FO, and Water User Association/WCA?3. What are main source (s) of livelihood of people in your command area? Probe with reference to women and marginalised groups in the village4. Do you know about Sindh Water Management Ordinance / Law? If yes, can you identify any gaps of the policy5. How do you believe inclusion of women and marginalized group, participation in decision making process?6. How do you perceive the role of women and marginalized group in water management?7. How do you perceive the role of women and marginalized group in dispute / dis- agreement resolution mechanisms? 72
4. In your opinion, what are the key challenges and their root causes and effects on watermanagement?Challenges Causes Effects Solutions5. In your opinion, what are the key hindrances that discourage women to participate in FOor AWBs and how to resolve them?Challenges Effects Resolve6. What are main water related dis-agreements and other dis-agreements of disputes andtheir solution?Local Dispute Causes Solutions7. Generally what type of local dis-agreements exist in your command area? Who resolves such disagreements / disputes in your command area?8. Was there any natural disaster (s) such as floods/cyclone etc. during last 8-10 years in your command area? Probe: Types of disasters, effect on socio-economic conditions, effect on life of women and marginalized communities (Landless Farmers, Minority people / Bheel, Meghwar, Kolhi etc. etc.)?9. Is there any social activist or political person in your command area? Do they have any influence on water governance at Akram Wah and its system?10. Is there any CBO/NGO in your area? Any campaign for the water related matters in your area by any CBO / NGO?11. What are role and responsibilities of men and women in different issues of daily life such as water management, benefits sharing, dispute resolution, Crop Selection & Management, Crop harvesting and marketing decisions? -------------- 73
Annexure: IV – Field Data Collection Villages# Date Village Area UC Taluka District Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad1 12-Mar-17 Ehsan Mallah Solangi Project Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad2 12-Mar-17 Khuda Bux Talpur Area Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad3 12-Mar-17 Pir Bux Khaskeli Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad4 12-Mar-17 Umer Halepota Halepota No.10 Hyderabad Rural Hyderabad Saeed Mato Bulri Shah Karim TMK5 13-Mar-17 Allah Yar Panhwar Control Saeed Mato Bulri Shah Karim TMK6 13-Mar-17 Haji Allah bux awan Area Saeed Mato Bulri Shah Karim TMK Bhale Dino Sahtio Bulri Shah Karim TMK7 13-Mar-17 Lakhman kholi Bhale Dino Sahtio Bulri Shah Karim TMK Bhale Dino Sahtio Bulri Shah Karim TMK8 14-Mar-17 Allah wasayo khaskheli Project Behdmi Badin Badin9 14-Mar-17 Hashim Sathio Area Behdmi Badin Badin Dodo Soomro Badin Badin10 14-Mar-17 Sawan Khan laghari Dodo Soomro Badin Badin Dodo Soomro Badin Badin11 15-Mar-17 Bhale dino sathio Control Bhogra memon Badin Badin12 15-Mar-17 Haji Hakim Zonur Area Dodo Soomro Badin Badin13 15-Mar-17 Haji Piru Sahtio14 16-Mar-17 Banho Mallah Project15 16-Mar-17 Gul Muhammad Lund Area16 16-Mar-17 Hazuri Khaskeli17 17-Mar-17 Haji Aachar Mallah Control18 17-Mar-17 Babu Khaskeli Area19 17-Mar-17 Dariya Khan khaskheli20 17-Mar-17 Gul Muhammad Talpur 74
Annexure: V – List of People Met WithList of people consulted during Focus Group DiscussionsDate Detail Village District Nam12/03/2017 FGD with Umer Hyderabad Moh Men Halepoto Ghul Abdu13/3/17 FGD with Allahyar Hyderabad Pir b Women Panwhar Wali Moh14/3/2017 FGD with Hashim Tando Muhammed Khan Moh Men Sathio Naim Phap14/3/2017 Tando Muhammed Khan farza eidul Fatim Noor Naze Ghul Bash Rash Moh Moh Moh Ali sh Bhale Moh Uzm
me Gender Age Occupation hammad Yusif Male 62 Land Owner lam Hussain Male 60 Land Owner ul raheem Male 48 Lease and Land ownerbux Male 52 Land Owner i Mohammad Male 56 Land Owner hmmad Aleem Male 25 Land Owner hammad Ibrahim Male 38 Land Ownermat Female 50 Farmer poo Female 40 Farmer ana Female 19 Farmer l Female 50 Farmer ma Female 45 Farmer r bano Female 40 Farmer eera Female 40 Farmer lam fatima Female 30 Farmer hira Female 33 Farmer heeda Female 22 Farmer hammad Qasim Male 47 Land Owner harram Male 35 Land Owner ( Self farming) hammad ismail Male 46 Land Owner ( Self farming) her Male 23 Land Owner ( Self farming) edino Male 50 Land Owner ( Self farming) hammad Hashim Male 85 Land Owner ( Self farming)ma Female 24 House wife 75
FGD with Allah Shab Women Wasayo Razia Khaskheli Shah Khan16/3/2017 FGD with Gull Badin Dhay Men Mohamm Badin Shaz rukh ad Rahe LUNDH Sajid Qadi16/3/2017 FGD with Banooh Moh Women Mallah Ghul Moh wali Rizw Ghul Ghul Sulta Naja Fatim Zaina Leela Hoor Shah Hale Fahm Shah Zare farza
bana Female 24 House wife a Female 35 Farmerhzadi Female 40 Farmer nzadi Female 35 House wife yani Female 50 Farmerzia Female 30 Farmerhsana Female 27 Farmer eela Female 23 House wifeda Female 35 House wife ir Bux Male 90 Land ownwr(elder of village)hammad yunis Male 50 Farmer lam Hyder Male 35 Labourerhammad Yusif Male 40 Labourer Mohammad Male 50 Landlord /farmerwan Male 24 Farmer lam Shabir Male 25 Volunteer lam Nabi Male 28 livestock raring an Male 28 Laboureramudine Male 22 shopkeeper ma Female 45 Farmer ab Female 35 Farmer an Female 50 Farmer ri Female 50 Farmerhzadi Female 38 Farmereema Female 35 Farmermeeda Female 27 Farmerhnaz Female 26 Farmereena Female 21 Farmer ana Female 20 Farmer 76
List of people consulted Through Key Informant Interviews # Date Name Department/Org MDF1. 16/03/2017 Ghulam Mustafa Rajper WCA (Gaja Minor)2. 14/03/2017 Jag Jeevan Ram WCA Chairman3. 14/03/2017 Raza Muhammed Siyal AWARE4. 17/03/2017 Iftekhar Talpur SIDA5. 18/03/2017 SIDA6. 18/03/2017 Nazeer Essani FO (Ganjpar Shakh)7. 17/03/2017 Pervaiz Banbhan Program Officer8. 17/03/2017 Social Organizer9. 17/03/2017 Muhammed Moosa Village Committee Member, A10. 17/03/2017 Mendhro FO – Ali Bahar11. 19/03/2017 Ms Abida Member, FO Ali Bahar12. 19/03/2017 Ms ShamsuNisa FO Pandhi Wah13. 19/03/2017 FO Pandhi Wah14. 19/03/2017 Ms Fatima Anwar Hussain Khaskheli Ahmed Ali Khaskheli Kamal Noonari Asghar Ali
Designation Location of meeting Executive Dir. MDF Office, Hyderabad Chairman Tando Muhammed Khan Chairman Tando Muhammed Khan AWARE Office, Tando Muhammed Khan GM SIDA Officer, Hyderabad Manager Transition SIDA Office, Hyderabad FO Chairman BadinAWARE SPO SPO Office Hyderabad AWARE SPO Office Hyderabad Local Activist SPO Office Hyderabad FO Chairman Tando Muhammed Khan Member Tando Muhammed Khan FO Chairman Tando Muhammed Khan Vice Chairman Tando Muhammed Khan 77
Annexure: VI – Photo GalleryField Team Training Field Team TrainingField Team Training Community Focus Group DiscussionCommunity Focus Group Discussion Community Focus Group DiscussionKey Informant Interview Key Informant InterviewIndividual Data collection Individual Data collection 78
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