Foreign Policy 2016 11-12

The Case for Optimism THE 100 LEADING GLOBAL THINKERS OF 2016 NOV/DEC 2016 $8.99 U.S./CAN

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Japanese Notebook Turns the Page for Infant Health Every day, refugees fleeing strife-torn countries have to across more than 20 countries worldwide, it has been custom- make painful decisions about what to bring with them on ized based on the conditions within each country and has kept harrowing journeys. Aboessa, a 20-year-old Syrian refugee mothers and their babies healthy for over 50 years by empow- and mother—in a story recounted by the International ering women with the information they need to take care of Rescue Committee—knew that besides medications, clothes, themselves and their children. and baby food she absolutely had to have one thing for her and her 10-month-old infant inside her small bag: a colorful Where medical databases aren’t digitized or standardized notebook. across different medical facilities, the handbooks give mothers personal records of their babies’ health that they can bring Aboessa is one of the millions of mothers around the from doctor to doctor. The vibrant illustrations solve for a world who have received a copy of “Boshi Kenko Techo” problem taken for granted by those reading these very words: or Maternal and Child Health Handbook. This deceptively illiteracy. In countries with high levels of illiteracy or that simple notebook started as the Maternal Handbook, which lack health education programs, the visual aids on health- was first designed and distributed in Japan by the government care topics such as nutrition and wellness serve as a credible, in 1942, consisting only of records for pregnancy to birth on easy-to-remember baseline for health education material. topics like maternal care, health checkups, and food rations. In Women may never have been exposed to this in their lives. 1948, the book was revised to include information throughout early childhood. Now distributed in many different languages The handbooks also provide women with objective stan- dards and data to make sure that their babies are born and stay Health steps and Not your average picture book... suggestions for pregnant mothers The Maternal and Mother’s Section Child Handbook Child’s Section contains records of Suggestions for feeding and nutrition, health checkups, the mother’s health development stimulation, and immunizations and also the child’s well-being with information on how to maintain and care for the health of the mother and child. Baby development guide from birth to childhood

SPONSORED REPORT healthy. Imagine if your only benchmark for yours and your in 2004 the Indonesian Minister of Health declared every babies’ health were your closest neighbors! Instead, for women child should be provided with a customized handbook and all who don’t have access to regular medical care or information, healthcare workers should educate parents about maternal and the handbooks help make sure they are taking care of them- infant health using the handbook. In 2015, 5 million books selves, providing confidence and peace of mind that they’re on were distributed across the entire country. the right track—from pregnancy to delivery and early child- hood development. Keiko Osaki, senior advisor on health for JICA, estimates that 8 million books are distributed each year outside of Japan While the conceptual idea of detailed record-keeping is thanks to JICA’s financial and technical support. distinctly Japanese, these handbooks are customized to each country’s local needs. Indonesia was one of the first places The emotional bond that mothers have with the books is the handbooks were made available outside of Japan. In 1994, strong. Many hold onto the books for years to remind them 3,000 books were distributed in local municipality Salatiga as of the rewarding journey they took with their babies. Osaki a pilot trial conducted by the Japan International Cooperation says after natural disasters like Indonesia’s 2006 Yogyakarta Agency (JICA). Separate cards and leaflets were integrated into earthquake and Japan’s Tōhoku earthquake in 2011, women each handbook to ensure that they met the local needs. The returned to the devastated areas to find their handbooks— books were so successful in teaching mothers about ante-natal not just for sentimental value—but for the valuable medical care, immunizations, and other maternal health services that information. Mothers like Aboessa consider the handbook to be priceless. Akie Abe Speaks Her Own Mind to Give Women A Voice Akie Abe, wife of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, and 62 $250 million Michelle Obama break the mold of the traditional ‘wallflower’ First Lady—hoping women around the world will follow their million President Obama’s budget examples to be active in their local communities. Vivacious, request for girls’ education friendly, and enterprising, they have partnered on a mission Girls worldwide to promote girls’ education to get 62 million girls into the with no access $340 million classroom worldwide. to education Japan’s pledge to support girls’ To support a shared development agenda, President empowerment and education Obama’s 2016 budget request included $250 million funding to support the Let Girls Learn initiative. Japan, the largest aid the world yet often struggle to work their way up the career donor in Asia, has pledged $340 million for girls’ empower- ladder. She is a leading proponent of “Womenomics” that ment and education. This collaboration, symbolized by the holds that encouraging more women to stay and rise in the go-getter spirit of both first ladies, has set an example for workplace is essential to Japan’s economy. female advancement around the world. They see the connec- tion between creating opportunity and creating peace. Abe has Abe uses her relationship with her husband as an example written about the power of women to engage and connect with of equality and how men have an important part to play in others—even rivals—to build the ties that lead to peace. providing women with the flexibility they need to shine. Her husband, the prime minister of Japan, still has to do his share In her own country, Abe frequently speaks out about the of the household chores and take out the trash. paradox that Japanese women are among the best educated in Working mothers ‘make up’ What’s the impact? their minds to stay at Shiseido 6LQFHWKHVHLQLWLDWLYHVDOPRVWno women quit working at Company: Shiseido 6KLVHLGRDIWHUFKLOGELUWKDQGWKHUH·VIDUOHVVWXUQRYHU Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan 64.5%WKHSHUFHQWDJHRIZRPHQLQOHDGHUVKLSUROHVLQ Key Initiatives: 6KLVHLGR·VRIÀFHV ‡2 SHQHGday care facilities at Tokyo headquarters Tatsuyoshi Endo, a representative for Shiseido: ‡5 ROOHGRXWV\\VWHPVIRUVKRUWWHUPparental leave ´%HFDXVHZHKDYHEHHQIRFXVLQJRQSURYLGLQJQHZSURGXFWV DQGVHUYLFHVLW·VYLWDOIRURXUIHPDOHHPSOR\\HHVWRSOD\\D ‡/ DXQFKHGSURJUDPWKDWallows part time workers to fill in for FHQWUDOUROHLQPDQDJHPHQWDQGDFWXDOEXVLQHVVRSHUDWLRQVµ Shiseido’s beauty consultantsZKRDUHFDULQJIRUFKLOGUHQ

SPONSORED REPORT The Results Are In—Womenomics Is Working Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s initiatives to get more Female employment rates by age group, 2015 % of women in labor force (vertical axis) by year (horizontal axis) women in the workforce are taking off. There has been a dramatic transformation—women are achieving their full potential, giving back to their communities and boldly taking their lives in a new direction. Since Abe’s government came into power in 2012, more than 1 million women have reentered the workforce to find careers they love. The laser-like focus on improving working conditions for Japanese women has significantly increased the rate of female participation in the job market, and since 2014 that participation rate has been higher than it is in the U.S. Since 2014 the rate of The recent surge in female participation the employment rate for women is the fulfill- in the job market is ment of promises made higher in Japan than it Source: http://stats.oecd.org over decades. Since is in the U.S. 1991, Japan’s Parental Of course, change can’t happen without the numbers to Leave Law has entitled Organisation for Economic track it and back it up. So starting this past April, larger men and women to take Co-operation and Development a year off after a child is companies across all industries must establish quotas for hir- ing and promoting women to executive positions and all Japa- born. And to get paid to do so! Yet it’s only recently that Japan nese companies are strongly encouraged to do so. If you don’t has seen tangible results from its efforts to create a friendlier measure something, then you can’t improve on it, so asking workplace, especially for working mothers. Good-bye to for reliable data from companies related to female hiring and working long hours and rushing home to take care of children promotion practice has created transparency, and encouraged businesses to share advice and best practices. “True reform Employment rate of women, age 25-64 will not come about % of women in labor force (vertical axis) by year (horizontal axis) unless we have more women becoming leaders True reform will not in their organizations,” come about unless Abe has said. we have more women These initiatives and others will be discussed becoming leaders in on a global stage in their organizations. December when Japan hosts the third annual Shinzo Abe World Assembly for Prime Minister of Japan Women! (WAW!) meeting in Tokyo. Representatives from around the world will gather to take stock of their progress toward Japan’s vision of creating a society where women shine. Programs like WAW! are essen- tial because they create the platform to help women reach their full potential, make their own choices, and contribute to their Source: http://stats.oecd.org communities: they help make the business case for more and as Japan plans to provide enough resources to take care of powerful women in the workplace. Continued support from 500,000 children by 2018. Thus far, the number of women who go back to work after having their first child has increased by governments and companies around the world goes a long more than a third since the establishment of Womenomics. way to improving the economy and creating opportunities for women to live self-determined lives. For more information on Japan’s trailblazing policies please visit the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan at www.mofa.go.jp and search for “WAW!”

contents 11|12.2016 048 The 100 Leading Global Thinkers of 2016 050 The Decision- Makers 055 The Case for Optimism BY DAVID ROTHKOPF 058 The Challengers 062 The Innovators 064 The Only Way Forward BY ANNE MARIE SLAUGHTER 067 The Artists 072 The Advocates 076 The Man Going Back BY DAVE EGGERS 079 The Chroniclers 083 The Moguls 086 The Stewards 089 The Healers ON THE COVER PHOTOGRAPH BY Mauricio Alejo

The US-Japan Forum 2016 Examining the future of the alliance Top Left: Minister Plenipotentiary and Deputy Chief of Mission, Atsuyuki Oike, Top Right: From the left: CEO & Editor, Foreign Policy, David Rothkopf and Deputy Secretary, US Department of Commerce, Bruce Andrews, Bottom Left: From the left: Executive Director, Asia, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, James Fatheree, Founder and President, Economic Strategy Institute, Clyde Prestowitz, Bottom Middle: Venue at the W Hotel in Washington, DC, Bottom Right: From the left, Senior Associate, East Asia, Stimson Center, Yuki Tatsumi, Professor of American Politics and Foreign Policy, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Dr. Toshihiro Nakayama, Director for East and Southeast Asia, Center for American Progress , Brian Harding, Senior Fellow and Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, Brookings Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Mireya Solis On October 4th, The Embassy of Japan and Foreign Policy convened more than 100 key stakeholders in the U.S.-Japan relationship – including an array of leaders from the public and private sector as well as social media influencers. With live polling and questions sourced directly from Twitter, this event was an open forum on some of the most pressing questions around the present and future relationship of the U.S. and Japan. The US-Japan Forum was generously underwritten by the Embassy of Japan

contents 11|12.2016 Sightlines Observation Deck 016 096 APERTURE Night Creatures NATIONAL SECURITY photographs by MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER BROWN Spooks in Space 024 by JAMES BAMFORD THE THINGS THEY CARRIED 098 The Minesweeper ECONOMICS interview by ABBY SEIFF The Productivity Imperative 026 by GILLIAN TETT VISUAL STATEMENT 100 The Great Bee Die-Off BOOKS & CULTURE by PIERRE PAUL PARISEAU Farewell to the 028 Writer-in-Chief INNOVATIONS by ADAM KIRSCH A Hacker-Proof Grid, a Super-Powered Micro- 102 Animal, and More THE FIXER by ELIZA STRICKLAND Out and About in Hebron 030 interview by GREGG THE EXCHANGE CARLSTROM Meghan O’Rourke and 011 Contributors Hanya Yanagihara 104 The Final Word on Grief

David Rothkopf CEO AND EDITOR, THE FP GROUP Mindy Kay Bricker Benjamin Pauker Lara Jakes EXECUTIVE EDITOR, PRINT EXECUTIVE EDITOR, ONLINE MANAGING EDITOR, NEWS Seyward Darby Rebecca Frankel Keith Johnson DEPUTY EDITOR, PRINT DEPUTY EDITOR, ONLINE DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR, NEWS Cláudia de Almeida, Margaret Swart (o Banquinho) Adam Griffiths CREATIVE DIRECTORS, PRINT CREATIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE Amanda Silverman Amy Finnerty Cameron Abadi STORY EDITOR, PRINT BOOKS AND CULTURE EDITOR, PRINT SENIOR EDITOR, ONLINE SENIOR EDITOR, TEA LEAF NATION SENIOR STAFF WRITERS David Wertime Dan De Luce, Colum Lynch MIDDLE EAST EDITOR SENIOR REPORTERS David Kenner David Francis, John Hudson, Molly O’Toole AFRICA EDITOR STAFF WRITERS Ty McCormick Robbie Gramer, Elias Groll, Paul ASIA EDITOR McLeary, Emily Tamkin James Palmer COPY CHIEF EUROPE EDITOR Michael Crescione Alicia P.Q. Wittmeyer DEPUTY COPY EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS Shannon Schweitzer Jake Scobey-Thal, Reid Standish COPY EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITORS Brian E. Stout Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, INTERACTIVES AND EDITORIAL Ilya Lozovsky, FEATURE DESIGNER Benjamin Soloway C.K. Hickey FELLOW VICE PRESIDENT, EVENTS CONTRIBUTING EDITORS William Inboden, Charles Kenny, Kavitha Surana Christina Larson, Aaron David Grace Rooney Daniel Altman, John Arquilla, Miller, Thomas E. Ricks, J. Peter DIGITAL INTERN Peter Bergen, David Bosco, Scoblic, James Traub, Stephen M. DIRECTOR, EVENTS Ian Bremmer, Rosa Brooks, Walt, Micah Zenko Noah Buyon Christian Caryl, Mohamed A. Stephanie Cherkezian El-Erian, Peter D. Feaver, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF David E. Hoffman, PRESS DIRECTOR REVENUE OFFICER CONTRIBUTING PHOTO EDITOR, PRINT Maria Ory Christopher Cotnoir Nadia Lachance SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT, ADVERTISING SALES CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 2009 NATIONAL MAGAZINE AWARD Duc Luu Allen Chin GENERAL EXCELLENCE VICE PRESIDENT, EDUCATION SALES ASSISTANT TO THE CEO Foreign Policy SUBSCRIPTIONS SUBSCRIBER SERVICES Keith Arends Foreign Policy, P.O. Box 283, Congers, NY 10920- Cathryn Hunt 11 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 600 0283; ForeignPolicy.com/subscription-services; DIRECTOR OF MARKETING AND AD Washington, D.C. 20036 e-mail: [email protected]; (800) 535-6343 in JUNIOR ACCOUNTANT OPERATIONS PUBLISHING OFFICE U.S.; (845) 267-3050 outside U.S.; Publications (202) 728-7300 mail agreement no. 40778561. Rates (in U.S. Henry Riggs Matthew J. Curry SUBSCRIPTIONS funds): $59.99 for one year. NEWSSTAND AND (800) 535-6343 BOOKSTORE DISTRIBUTION Curtis Circulation 10 NOV | DEC 2016 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, ADVERTISING Company, 730 River Road, New Milford, NJ 07646- ADVERTISING 3048; (201) 634-7400. BACK ISSUES $10.95 Ben Rodabaugh (202) 728-7310 per copy. International airmail add $3.00 per copy; online: ForeignPolicy.com/buy-back-issues; e-mail: MARKETING ASSOCIATE © 2016 by The FP Group, a division of Graham [email protected]. SYNDICATION REQUESTS Holdings Company, which bears no responsibility Contact Matthew Curry (202) 728-7351; Hanna Berman for the editorial content; the views expressed in [email protected]. OTHER the articles are those of the authors. No part of this PERMISSION REQUESTS Copyright Clearance SALES AND MARKETING SUPPORT publication may be reproduced in any form without Center, Inc. (978) 750-8400; www.copyright.com. ASSOCIATE permission in writing from the publisher. Jonathan Chan SENIOR WEB DEVELOPER Saxon Stiller WEB DEVELOPERS Priya Nannapaneni, David Varndell

contributors 11|12.2016 David Rothkopf Anne-Marie Slaughter is CEO and editor of the FP Group. He is is president and CEO the author of numer- of New America. She ous books on pol- was the director of icy and business, policy planning for including Power, the U.S. Department Inc., Superclass, and of State from 2009 Running the World. to 2011. Her next His most recent book, The Chess- book, National Inse- board & the Web: curity: American Strategies of Con- Leadership in an Age nection in a Net- of Fear, was pub- worked World, will be lished in the fall published in 2017 by of 2014. Yale University Press. MAURICIO ALEJO Dave Eggers Michael Christopher “Most of the time, there’s a bit of a struggle to is the author of A Brown translate an idea into a final photograph. I use Hologram for the all kinds of materials to build the props for my King, a National Book is a photographer and shoots, and I often don’t know what colors or Award finalist, The filmmaker. His pho- Circle, What Is the tographs from China, textures to use until I set out to make it. For What, and, most Cuba, the Democratic this one, however, I knew right away I wanted recently, Heroes of Republic of the Congo, the Frontier. He is Libya, and elsewhere the material for the Earth to look natural, the co-founder of have been exhibited something stonelike. Instead of simply using Voice of Witness, at the Instituto Cer- a series of oral vantes in New York, a pre-constructed globe, I decided to make it histories that docu- the Museum of Fine from scratch out of cement. It made sense with ment global human- Arts in Houston, and rights crises. He is the Brooklyn Museum, the open crack, where flowers were supposed a member of the among other loca- to spring. It just neatly conveyed the concept: President’s Advi- tions. He is a contrib- sory Committee on uting photographer the clear contrast of a dry and sterile surface the Arts and of the for National Geo- from which lively flowers nonetheless grow.” American Academy graphic and the New of Arts and Letters. York Times Magazine. FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 11



letter from the editors 11|12.2016 n ugly strain of populism reared its head in bear the weight of progress. The honor- America this year. After months of spew- ees demonstrated how private citizens ing sexist, racist, homophobic, and xeno- armed with motive can ease the suffering phobic rhetoric, Donald Trump stunned of others. They subverted traditional power pollsters—and the citizens whose ballots structures to craft solutions to social, eco- earned Hillary Clinton the popular vote— nomic, and environmental problems. They by winning the White House. Accusations pledged personal wealth to create a safer, of corruption, fraud, and sexual assault healthier future for all. They exemplified could not halt the reality TV star’s candi- the idealism, creative thinking, and cour- dacy, seemingly yanked from a Black Mir- age urgently needed the world over. ror plot, nor could his promises to tear up international treaties and alienate allies. The 100 Leading Global Thinkers of Nativist politics won out, and Ameri- 2016 are emblematic of our innate desire cans joined other populations, including to confront pessimism rather than sur- Brexit supporters and Colombians who render to despair, to challenge ugliness rejected the long-awaited peace deal, in rather than resign to failure. In a moment voting against their self-interest. Through of great uncertainty, they should serve as democratic means, fear surpassed reason reminders that humanity has the power to repeatedly in 2016, leaving many wonder- hold leaders to account, to defy regimes it ing who will handle the unprecedented cri- abhors, and to provide one another oppor- ses that the world faces—the war in Syria, tunity and solace when states cannot. mass migration, climate change—and how. These thinkers are driven, and they are restless. They live by the scriptural exhorta- Yet all is not lost. For if humanity tion that Hillary Clinton quoted in her con- destroyed much that was good, it created cession speech, and which all those who even more. The Global Thinkers honored believe in progress should take to heart: in these pages are proof that, as a soci- “Let us not grow weary.” ety’s pillars falter, individuals step in to —The Editors Photograph by MAURICIO ALEJO FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 13



APERTURE THE THINGS VISUAL STATEMENT INNOVATIONS THE EXCHANGE Out of work, Cuban Honeybees How to live like Writers Meghan youth revel after THEY CARRIED are tiny, but the Matt Damon in O’Rourke and dark in Havana’s The minesweeper threat of their The Martian and Hanya Yanagihara underground who wears a wet extinction is a develop a flu vac- on death and grief electronic music suit and fires up a drama of planetary cine that’s truly in the Facebook scene. | P. 16 grill made from a proportions. | P. 26 universal. | P. 28 age. | P. 30 defused M117. | P. 24 “Why are we so impatient with the suffering of others?” | P. 30 Illustration by DAVE COLEMAN

aperture photographs by MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER BROWN Night Creatures Rene can’t find decent work in Havana. In recent years, Cuba’s youth unemployment rate has hovered around twice the national average. Today, accord- ing to government estimates, the official average monthly sal- ary is about 700 pesos ($25). Even after the thaw in U.S.-Cuban rela- tions, economic forecasts are grim. “You go [out] every day, and you think it will be different,” says 31-year-old Rene, “but it’s always the same shit.” So he waits until sunset, when he and his friends—seen here meeting one evening on an out- crop of an abandoned Spanish fort—gather with other members of Havana’s tightly knit electronic music scene. At dance parties, Rene is a DJ. On a good night, spinning can earn him up to $50. American photographer Michael Christopher Brown documented Havana’s electronic underground in the spring of 2015. Because his subjects face “part-time or low-paying [jobs]… many are not motivated to work,” he says. Instead, they live for the night. 16 NOV | DEC 2016

SIGHTLINES

aperture

SIGHTLINES Electronic parties can last until dawn. They are held in ware- houses, in bars, and sometimes even in houses across Havana. Rene performs at a warehouse party while his friend Helen, 21, stands transfixed by the music. A Havana native, Rene has been a DJ for eight years. Helen likes to hang out with DJs because they make her feel “famous.” An electronica fan snags an unauthorized ride on the back of a city bus. FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 19

aperture

SIGHTLINES Rene sometimes travels for work. Here, he and a fellow DJ nick- named “Chino” say goodbye to two young women after perform- ing at a festival in Holguín, a city 450 miles southeast of Havana. When Rene and Chino, who is 24, perform together, they call them- selves “The Sickness.” FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 21

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SIGHTLINES eHlen stands in frontfoa memo- Before sunrise, a young couple riaol rf the 1898 sinkingfothe rides home from a house party. USS Maine, which instigaetd Friends walk with Rene toward mAerican intervetnion in Cuba’s his home at dawn. For all the reovlt against Spain. Naerly 120 DJ’s frustrations with Cuba, his yesarlater, manyoyuth hope to nocturnal experiences—spirited, find an economic escapeorute artistic, communal—keep him inenr ewed coopertaion between going. “I never wash or clean ubaCand its northern neighbor. my shoes because the dirt is the “I need to go to the Uneitd States story,” Rene says, “the memo- or somewhere and maekmoney,” ries of everywhere I’ve been and eRne says. “If Iocme back, it everything I’ve been through.” wo’tnbe by choice.” FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 23

The 1 2 Minesweeper 4 Sok Chenda 3 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wet-suit boots Mask Lifejacket Wet suit Medical kit Metal detector This is my stan- We normally use It’s a safety precau- Cambodia is hot There are lots of We use a type of dard-issue foot- these to connect tion. We keep the and the water here dangers underwa- sonar when we’re wear. I also have a to a radio so that lifejackets around definitely isn’t ter, including cuts in boats to home in pair of boots from we can commu- because sometimes cold, but we need from sharp objects on a bomb’s gen- a military supply nicate during an when we go on an very thick wet suits and air embolism. eral area. Once we store in Hawaii. I operation. If the operation, we have to protect us from So far, there hav- dive into the water, stopped there on radio fails, we have journalists or oth- rocks and wood. en’t been any acci- though, we rely my way to a mis- a rope-signal sys- ers who come along We’re also wear- dents, but if there on metal detectors. sion in the Mar- tem: A diver pulls a and can’t swim ing 40 kilos of gear are, we’re ready. It’s crucial. The shall Islands. You rope connected to very well. But for when we’re prepar- We even did a prac- water is often can’t get sturdy team members at us, we don’t need ing to dive; I have tice medevac, murky, so we usu- ones like those the surface to say, them. You have to to pour water dragging a nonre- ally can’t see the here. They’re great “Everything is OK” be a good swimmer down my back to sponsive diver out devices until they’re in rainy season. or, “Found it.” to do this job! stay cool. of the water. right in front of us. 24 NOV | DEC 2016 Photographs by LIM SOKCHANLINA

the things they carried SIGHTLINES interview by ABBY SEIFF 6 8 UNEARTHING BOMBS is old hat for Sok Chenda. 7 For nearly 20 years, he’s been removing 9 10 unexploded ordnance from his country’s 12 fields and forests as an employee of the 11 Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC). But a May 2015 mission in search of an MK-82 warhead had the veteran, in his own words, “worried about everything.” It was the team’s first underwater operation, and the Mekong River didn’t make the job easy. “We couldn’t see anything. It was difficult to identify and to figure out when to pull it up,” Chenda, now 39, recalls. Cambodia is littered with active weap- ons: During the Vietnam War, America dropped some 500,000 tons of explosives there. The Khmer Rouge’s reign and a sub- sequent civil war left the country among the most heavily mined in the world. Since 1979, around 64,000 people have been killed or wounded by the dangerous rem- nants of 20th-century conflicts. The CMAC, formed in 1992, destroyed more than 2.3 million explosives in its first two decades of operation. This all happened on land, however. In 2013, the CMAC part- nered with the U.S.-based demining char- ity Golden West Humanitarian Foundation to create an 11-person underwater unit. Chenda was tapped to lead it. After two years of training, his team ventured onto the Mekong—and despite Chenda’s anxi- ety, the mission was a success. In August, after retrieving another MK-82 from a flooded quarry, Chenda spoke with FOREIGN POLICY about what he uses to flush weapons from Cambodia’s waters. 7 8 9 10 11 12 Casio G-Shock Lift bag Commemorative Grill Waterproof sack Air tanks watch coin When we find a This is an M117 Everyone gets These last various This is built for div- bomb, we assess its This is to mark bomb defused sev- one to hold their amounts of time, ing. It can go in the weight—heavier that we’re all on eral years ago. I things. I usually depending on the water, and the pres- bombs require big- the same team. It thought the shape just have my wal- diver. Everyone sure won’t affect ger bags. We’re reads, “CMAC Sal- would make a good let and phone, breathes differ- it. Everyone on the not just matching vage Dive Unit, 1st grill. I designed it which I use to ently—some use a team has one, but weight, though. of its kind.” We have and hired some- keep in touch with lot of air quickly, most only wear it We’re also evalu- a game with it. If one to make it. It’s my two children. some spend very on dives. I always ating suction. For someone pulls his been a big hit. After They live with my little. Divers keep keep it on; I have to example, if a bomb out and you don’t a successful oper- in-laws, because close track of how check the time to is stuck in the mud, have yours, you ation, we usually my wife and I both much air they make sure every- that will be incor- have to buy beer for have a little party at work as deminers have left and make one is doing their porated into the everyone. I always our headquarters and are traveling sure not to exceed jobs efficiently. calculation. carry mine. and grill meat. constantly. their limit. FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 25

“This fall, for the first time, the United States placed seven types of bees under the pro- tection of the Endangered Species Act. It was the latest development in a decade-long saga of bee colonies dying off and governments scram- bling to save them. Pesti- cides, invasive species, loss of habitat, and climate change threaten hives—and, conse- quently, parts of our food sup- ply: Every year, billions of dollars in U.S. crops depend on bee pollination. Here, I depict a scene of slaughter. The fluorescent colors denote urgency; the bees’ outsize figures point to the vital role they, and their deaths, play in nature. My hope is to deliver a warning that although these creatures are tiny, what’s happening to them is a drama of massive proportions.” THE ARTIST 26 NOV | DEC 2016

SIGHTLINES

innovations by ELIZA STRICKLAND Cells of Steel To Catch a WATCHING MATT DAMON play a ditions—extreme cold, boil- A microscopic animal called Hacker stranded astronaut in The ing heat, crushing pressure, the tardigrade may help humans Martian, moviegoers might and intense radiation—that withstand extreme radiation. WHEN CYBER-HACKERS over- assume they’re learning would kill a human instantly. took parts of Ukraine’s electric- exactly how to survive on Scientists hope satellite images ity grid last December, plunging Mars. Simply pop up a green- To understand the tardi- will help project which tropical more than 200,000 people house, fertilize the sandy soil grade’s radiation tolerance, forests are most at risk of dying off. into darkness, the unprece- with excrement, and behold a researchers at the Univer- dented attack sent utility com- thriving crop of potato plants sity of Tokyo hunted around panies everywhere scrambling that will sustain life. But that the micro-animal’s cells and to address long-standing vul- flick, and the novel on which identified a special protein nerabilities in their own power it’s based, left out a crucial that seems to protect the systems. While utilities carefully fact about life on the red integrity of the cells’ DNA. monitor technological conditions planet: The thin atmosphere Curious whether this hardi- in the big transmission lines there provides almost no ness could be replicated in that connect power plants protection from space radi- people, the scientists then to substations, the surveillance ation. The surface of Mars altered human cells in a petri of their distribution grids that is constantly bombarded by dish by adding the tardigrade light up homes is much shakier. the sun’s energetic particles gene that codes for the pro- The industry typically relies and the galaxy’s cosmic rays, duction of the special protein. on antiquated technology that which would rip through When the team fired X-rays at checks power flow at station a human’s DNA and cause both the engineered human switches and meters every three harmful mutations. In one cells and unaltered ones, they to five seconds—more than year, a Mars resident would found about 40 percent less enough time for malcontents receive a radiation dose five damage to the DNA inside to create a fiery catastrophe. times higher than the annual tardigrade-tinged cells. limit for a worker in a U.S. California-based Power nuclear power plant. It’s not yet exactly clear Standards Lab has invented how the creature’s protein gear that canvasses sprawling The solution for would-be protects the delicate twists networks and detects cyber- colonists—looking at you, of DNA, but what is certain intruders immediately. The small Elon Musk—may come from is that it seems to work in and affordable devices, known as a microscopic creature called human cells, which bodes Micro Phasor Measurement Units the tardigrade. While this well for futurists—not to (PMUs), constantly sample a animal’s chubby body and mention SpaceX’s bottom distribution grid’s voltage and tiny claws have earned it line. If scientists can equip current and provide 120 readouts “water bear” and “moss pig- resident humans, animals, per second at each location. let” monikers, its cuteness is and even potato plants According to company president quite deceiving. The critter with the protective protein, Alex McEachern, the technology can withstand severe con- they might just live long is so sophisticated that this and prosper on Mars. instant feedback could reveal a rehearsal for a cyberattack. “If hackers are verifying that they have control of a substation, they can flip certain switches with- out anyone noticing,” he told FP. “Micro PMUs are sensitive enough for us to say, ‘Look at that, some- body’s playing with the grid.’” 28 NOV | DEC 2016

SIGHTLINES Seeing the Forest THAT’S THE NUMBER OF HAND HELD Winter Through the Trees DRONES THE U.S. MILITARY OWNS. Warriors OF THOSE, HOW MANY NAVIGATE Some of the world’s tropical forests are seri- WITHOUT A HUMAN OPERATOR OR EVERY YEAR, pharmaceu- ously stressed out. Droughts and heat waves GPS? ONE. DEVELOPED BY STARTUP tical companies devise a brought on by climate change are pushing SHIELD AI, THE NEW SCOUTING flu vaccine based on which woodlands to their tipping points, scien- DRONE USES LASERS, CAMERAS, strain of the evolving virus tists say, yet the numerous complex factors AND SONAR TO MAP ITS MOVEMENT is likely to dominate the at work in an ecological system make it nearly EVEN INSIDE TUNNELS, BUILDINGS, coming season. Because impossible to predict the precise time and AND OTHER SHIELDED LOCATIONS forecasters can guess place of these impending die-offs. ¶ But it WHERE GPS SIGNALS ARE BLOCKED. wrong, however, scientists seems researchers from Wageningen Univer- are forever on the hunt for sity in the Netherlands appreciate a challenge. a universal remedy. Reviewing a decade’s worth of tropical-forest satellite photos, the team analyzed the vari- Normally, surface pro- ous shades of canopy foliage, detecting sub- teins—to which the immune tle shifts unrelated to seasonal changes, and system responds strongly— matched the color variations to the tempera- are what dictate the design ture and rainfall records at the correspond- of a seasonal vaccine. But ing times. Due to short-term increases in heat a recent model designed or dips in rainfall, some areas were slower by a group of scientists to regain their deep emerald tone, signaling from Spain and the United spots that are less likely to withstand con- Kingdom discovered that tinued climate swings, pest invasions, and the answer might be in the other environmental stressors. The research- virus’s interior proteins, ers hope this watch-list of endangered for- which don’t provoke a strong ests will be just the call to arms needed for immune response—but, tropical nations to take stronger measures unlike the surface proteins, to combat climate change. also don’t change over time. Ultimately, the researchers’ computer simulation analyzed stable viral proteins and found com- plex combinations that could trigger a vigorous immune-system response. The vaccine they modeled for the United States, for instance, is reportedly effec- tive for 95 percent of the population. Now it’s up to pharma companies to pick up the tab and make the idea a reality. FOREIGNPOLICY.COM 29

the exchange SIGHTLINES Why can’t Americans thing as past tense. It’s always encroaching cope with trauma? upon the present. Yet we tend to be fairly unsympathetic toward those who we feel After her mother died, poet and writer MEGHAN O’ROURKE can’t quite wrestle or lasso their grief to the found that grief was an isolating force. The lack of ground. We get very impatient with people public discussion and ritual surrounding death is who we feel are dwelling in it or lingering recounted in her memoir, The Long Goodbye. 2015 in it. MO: Why are we so impatient with the Global Thinker HANYA YANAGIHARA also explores the suffering of others? What is it that makes messiness of sorrow in her acclaimed novel, A Little it so hard to recognize and make space for Life. Her protagonist is a man haunted relentlessly the trauma of others? by childhood abuse but supported by a non- traditional family. O’Rourke and Yanagihara met MO: I don’t know how to address the scale recently to discuss the limitations Western cultures place on suffering and intimacy, including the of trauma and grief of the Syrian refugee sympathy offered to strangers afflicted by trauma. child but, certainly, I can look at myself and think: We also have to accept that bur- den. We do as a society, as a nation. Does it mean taking in many more refugees? Is it MEGHAN O’ROURKE setting up support systems? I feel like, in one way, the domestic election was a lot about what grief of others we accept, what suffering of others we allow our minds to touch on, what we build walls around and MEGHAN O’ROURKE: I think many people feel a version then push out. HY: With the Syrian refugee of what I’ve felt, which is that they don’t know how to grieve in American culture. But I do think the conver- crisis, I’m deeply concerned about the ethi- sation has changed, and I think the internet has played a role. It’s made public the privatization of grief. You cal, human response—making sense of not can post on Facebook that someone has died, and people post on the walls of the deceased. Rather than only the scale of deaths, but the fact that finding that shallow, I think it’s helped make mourn- ing a bit public again. It’s created a town square, as it we’re living in a point in history in which were. HANYA YANAGIHARA: When you think of the two great modern books about birth and death, by Dr. we see those deaths. We’ve become more [Benjamin] Spock and Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, there have been many counternarratives to Dr. Spock and and more immune to it even as the hor- how you should raise a child. But there have been very few comparative books about how you should mourn. rors get worse. I also wonder: What does it That conversation has not advanced in a studied, con- centrated way. It has on the internet, you’re right. And mean for the health of the world at large? there have been some wonderful memoirs and narra- tives, but there haven’t really been great studies that After wars, you have a generation of peo- are almost manuals for grieving. MO: Could one succeed in doing that? A lot of The Long Goodbye was written ple who are growing up deeply psycholog- anti-Kübler-Ross because I hold her to blame. She gave us this idea of the five stages of grief. It made it sound ically damaged. It doesn’t just affect their very tidy. With trauma, you’re supposed to get through it. Grieving, you’re supposed to get to this stage of lives, it affects their societies. How will acceptance. But it doesn’t work that way. HY: We pre- fer to think of things on some sort of continuum, and we make accommodations for an entire that they always end in a result. One of the things I did want to do in my book was talk about this idea that for generation of children who are growing people who have experienced trauma, there is no such up so profoundly traumatized and so pro- foundly sick? That’s a chilling question to ask because it will eventually become apparent. The children who are damaged today are going to become adults who are damaged. Adults who are damaged do ter- SARAH SHATZ ABOVE ; JENNY WESTERHOFF BELOW HANYA YANAGIHARA rible things. It’s not just for a human rea- son that something has to be done, but for a greater global reason. Q This conversation has been condensed for publication. Go to FOREIGNPOLICY.com to read the extended version, or listen to the discussion by subscribing to FP’s Global Thinkers podcast on iTunes. 30 NOV | DEC 2016



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50 THE DECISION MAKERS Photograph by MAURICIO ALEJO HILLARY CLINTON BAN KI MOON ANGELA MERKEL LORETTA LYNCH SUSHMA SWARAJ JOKO WIDODO JUSTIN TRUDEAU NICOLA STURGEON TSAI ING WEN NAYIB BUKELE YURIKO KOIKE SADIQ KHAN JIN LIQUN RASMUS HANSSON CAROLYN BENNETT AND MARION BULLER 58 THE CHALLENGERS LEILA DE LIMA ALEXANDER BETTS AND PAUL COLLIER GERALDINE ROMAN NATHAN LAW GÉRALDINE BLIN HAIFA AL HABABI FEYISA LILESA JAMES BREWSTER; DEIVIS VENTURA COLLETTE DEVLIN, DIANA KING, AND KITTY O’KANE JESSE MORTON AGNIESZKA DZIEMIANOWICZ BAK AND BARBARA NOWACKA EVAN MAWARIRE EDIT SCHLAFFER 62 THE INNOVATORS CHANDANI DOSHI, GRACE LI, JIALIN SHI, BONNIE WANG, CHARLENE XIA, AND TANIA YU FREDROS OKUMU SARAH PARCAK JEHIEL OLIVER AMIN SALEHI KHOJIN JEANNETTE GARCIA AND GAVIN JONES JOHN OBERLIN AND STEFANIE TELLEX 67 THE ARTISTS RIZWAN AHMED AND HIMANSHU SURI MOREHSHIN ALLAHYARI ALEJANDRO ARAVENA ANOHNI EL SEED IVO VAN HOVE VANESSA LUCAS SMITH DADA MASILO WALID RAAD ELZA SOARES WARSAN SHIRE 72 THE ADVOCATES NADIA MURAD MARC EDWARDS DEBORA DINIZ TEGLA LOROUPE GOU HONGGUO; ZHOU SHIFENG; HU SHIGEN; ZHAI YANMIN LAURA WEIDMAN POWERS WAFAA BILAL YOLANDE HYJAZI LOUIS JACQUOT AND SÉBASTIEN PRUNIER AMANDA NGUYEN SARAH SMITH AND SHERRIE WESTIN LLIANA BIRD, DANI LAWRENCE, JOSIE NAUGHTON, AND DAWN O’PORTER 79 THE CHRONICLERS SMRITI KESHARI AND ERIC SCHLOSSER; LYNETTE WALLWORTH MOHAMED BEN ATTIA JAN BÖHMERMANN GANZEER NIKESH SHUKLA SALEEM HADDAD SONIA KENNEBECK THE LIGO SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION OCEAN VUONG BASMA ABDEL AZIZ ZINA SARO WIWA 83 THE MOGULS MELINDA GATES, CROWN PRINCESS OF NORWAY METTE MARIT, AND KATE ROBERTS MICHAEL S. SMITH II MONIQUE WOODARD ANUPAMA NAYAR AND VINEET NAYAR SALLY RILEY SEAN PARKER ZAINAB SALBI PRISCILLA CHAN AND MARK ZUCKERBERG 86 THE STEWARDS DAVID ARCHAMBAULT II BERTA CÁCERES AND AUSTRA FLORES GARRY CHARNOCK ARASH DERAMBARSH WANG YONGCHEN NITESH KADYAN, NIKHIL KAUSHIK, AND ANIRUDH SHARMA ERIC HOCHBERG ALISON TERRY EVANS BRIANNE WEST 89 THE HEALERS RAED AL SALEH ROGER NITSCH AND ALFRED SANDROCK; MATTHEW KENNEDY PETRA VERTES AND KIRSTIE WHITAKER DORRY SEGEV; PETER STOCK HANS FLU TIMOTHY JAMISON, KLAVS JENSEN, AND ALLAN MYERSON TOGO KIDA AND AKIRA SUZUKI JOHN ZHANG DAVID NOTT AND ELLY NOTT GURSARAN PRASAD TALWAR CHRISTINE C. JOHNSON AND SUSAN LYNCH SHU LAM JACK HARRISON QUINTANA LYNNE DAVIDSON AND H. MOKA LANTUM