The Astronomy Book

INDEX 349 Newton, Isaac 68, 90 Pauli, Wolfgang 178, 252 protostars 276–9 comets 75–7 Ptolemy, Claudius 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, law of gravity 14, 22, 43, 52, 55, 66–73, Pauli Exclusion Principle 178 24–5, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 75, 92, 106, 118, 148, 268, 269, 328 Payne-Gaposchin, Cecilia 116, 124, 144, 38, 39, 46, 47, 64, 71, 79, 86, 87 laws of motion 70, 76, 148, 151 162–3 pulsars 181, 205, 236–9, 269 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia pulsating variables 134 Peebles, James 179, 224–7 Purcell, E. M. 210 Mathematica 20, 68, 70, 76, 92 Penrose, Roger 205, 255, 339 Pythagoras 18, 52, 71 reflecting telescope 58, 84, 326 on universe 169 Penzias, Arno 196, 204, 226 Q NGC 4565 160 Perlmutter, Saul 158, 296, 300–303 night sky 12, 58, 100–101 quadrants 25, 45 Norton, Arthur 79 Perrin, Jean Baptiste 182 quantum mechanics 111, 144, 150 novae 180 quantum physics 111, 141, 145, 283 Noyes, Robert 213 perturbation 106–7, 152, 330 quantum theory 198, 225, 255, 258, nuclear fusion 144, 166–7, 182–3, 199, Philae lander 309–11 272, 303 252, 278–9, 302 quark 181 nucleosynthesis 196, 198–9 Philolalus of Craton 21 quasars 14, 185, 204, 205, 218–21, photography 58, 99, 110, 118–19, 120–21, O 236–9, 269, 296 192 Queloz, Didier 259, 290–95 observatories early 13 photons 217, 282 R in European capitals 44 Piazzi, Giuseppe 82, 83, 90, 96–9 space 192–5 radial velocity 115, 160, 175–6, 290, see also by name Pic du Midi observatory (France) 117 291, 292 Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm/Olbers’ paradox Pickering, Edward C 120–21, 124, 125, radiation 112, 140, 190–91, 282–3, 304 97, 99, 169, 171 128, 133, 135 radio astronomy 179, 190, 204–5, Olympus Mons (Mars) 72 Oort, Jan 74, 164, 165, 204, 206, 268, 270, Pigott, Edward 48, 86 218–21 radio galaxies 185 286, 312 Pioneer spacecraft 232, 233, 234 radio waves 145, 179, 185, 190, 218, Oort Cloud 204, 206, 286, 312 Öpik, Ernst 182, 206, 338 Plancius, Petrus 79 237, 239 Opportunity rover 320, 323–4, 325 radioactive decay 111, 252, 253 optical luminosity 135 Planck, Max 111, 138, 283 radioactivity 111, 140, 166 orange dwarfs 127, 279, 295 Ramsay, William 116 orbital resonance 92–3 Planck Space Observatory 174, 177, Reber, Grote 179, 190, 218, 338 Orbiting Astronomical Observatories red dwarfs 127, 279 282, 285 red giants 49, 126, 127, 128, 182 (OAO) 192–3, 205 redshift 102, 144, 159, 160, 174, 175, 176, Orion nebula 110 planetary migration 312–13 220, 270, 274–5, 282, 284, 302 P planetary motion 18, 32–9, 42–3, 44–7, Rees, Martin 297 Reilly, Edith 200 Palermo Circle 97, 98 52–5, 92 Reines, Frederick 252 Palitzsch, Johann 77 relativity, general theory of 14, 68, 73, 106, Palomar Observatory (California) 100, planetary nebulae 115 107, 144, 146–53, 154, 161, 167, 168, 175, 218 planetary science 15 169, 181, 182, 220, 259, 268, 303, 328 Papacosta, Pangratios 137 Rhea 65 parallax, stellar 36, 38, 46, 47, 63, 78, 83, planetesimals 313 Richter, Hermann Eberhard 230 Riess, Adam 296, 300–303 102, 132 planets Roberts, Isaac 110, 336 Pathfinder spacecraft 322 exploration of 260–67 robotics 14, 204, 233, 263, 320–25 extrasolar 195, 259, 288–95, 305 formation of 250–51, 279 habitable 294–5 shape of 72 see also by name Plaskett, Harry Hemley 213 Plato 18, 20, 52 plutinos 287 Pluto 312 discovery of 84, 118, 145, 184, 286, 314, 315 exploration of 259, 262, 263, 264, 308, 314–17 moons 317 reclassification of 99, 184, 287, 314, 315 Poe, Edgar Allen 105 Poincaré, Henri 92 Pope, Alexander 70 positrons 140 pre-main-sequence stars (PMS) 279 primeval atom 170–71, 196–7, 224, 272 protogalaxies 241 protons 151, 166, 183, 196–7

350 INDEX Roll, Peter 224, 225 Shoemaker, Eugene 212 Sputnik 1 204, 208–9, 244 Rømer, Ole 78, 148, 335 Röntgen, Wilhelm 111, 214 Shoemaker–Levy comet 212 standard candles 134, 301–2 Rosetta spacecraft 206, 207, 308–11 Rosse, William Parsons, Lord 27, 83, 87, shooting stars 20, 91 star clusters 82, 89, 101, 136 88, 104–5, 158 Shoushi calendar 28, 29 Stardust mission 308 Royal Observatory (Greenwich) 13, 85 Shu, Frank 258, 276–9 RS Puppis 136 stars Rubin, Vera 164, 240, 258, 268–71 Simons, George 213 Rudolphine Tables 55 brightness 48–9, 86, 132–3, 138–9 Russell, Henry Norris 111, 125, 128, singular isothermal model 277, 278 cataloging 120–21 classification of 111, 113, 120, 122–7, 138–9, 141, 163 singularities 155, 171, 205, 255, 303 Rutherford, Ernest 144, 151 Slipher, Vesto 27, 87, 104, 144, 145, 158–61, 128, 138–9 Ryle, Martin 239, 338–9 composition of 116, 124, 144–5, 162–3, 164, 170, 174, 175, 176, 185, 274 S 166–7 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 118, 259, Sabine, Edward 103 274, 296, 304 distance of 38, 132–7 Safronov, Victor 205, 250–51 formation 200–201, 258, 276–9, 283 Sagan, Carl 230–35, 267, 322 Small Astronomy Satellites (SAS) 205 life cycle of 178, 241 Sagittarius A 179, 297 Saha, Meghnad 162 Small Magellanic Cloud 100–101, 133, motion of 47 Sandage, Edwin 240 nuclear fusion 144, 166–7, 182–3, 199, Saturn 134, 135 exploration of 263, 264, 266 Smoot, George 171, 282–5 278–9, 302 gravity 93 photographing 118–19 planetary migration 312–13 SOHO 213 planets orbiting 288–95 rings 43, 65, 265 Saturn V rocket 246 Sojourner rover 320, 325 position of 22, 24, 25, 31, 36, 44–5 Schiaparelli, Giovanni 117 southern sky 79, 83, 100–101, 119 Schmidt, Brian 296, 300–303 solar eclipses 14, 116, 144 spectra 110, 111, 113, 120, 124, 128, Schmidt, Maarten 185, 204, 218–21, solar physics 15 162–3 236, 296 Schmitt, Harrison 320 solar system subsystems 165 Schrödinger, Edwin 144 exploration of 260–67 stellar aberration 43, 78 Schröter, Johann 97, 98 Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich 103, 129 formation of 82, 92, 93, 99, 204, 205, stellar wind 278, 279 Schwarzschild, Karl 148, 154–5, 166, 255 250–51, 259, 290, 312–13 Schwehm, Gerhard 308 Steltzner, Adam 322 science fiction 55 gravitational forces 71–2, 83, 85, Stern, Alan 314–17 Scientific Revolution 39, 63, 118 Secchi, Angelo 110, 113, 117, 120, 124, 128 92, 106 Strömgren, Bengt 138, 162 Sedna 286, 287, 313 Seleucus of Seleucia 21 Kepler’s model 54–5 Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm 102 Selin, Helaine 26 SETI 210, 211, 232, 234–5 in Milky Way 89, 101, 164 Struve, Otto 290, 291 sextants 31, 45 Nice model 312–13 Seyfert, Carl 185 sun Seyfert galaxies 185 Ptolemy’s model 24 emissions 116 Shapley, Harlow 136, 161, 164, 174 Shen Kuo 23 size of 64, 83, 184 formation of 250 Shklovsky, Iosif 204, 232, 338 Shmaonov, Tigran 224 structure of 96–7, 99 gravitational field 14 heliocentric model 18, 19, 21, 32–9, 55, solar year 28–9 62–3, 291 solstices 25 nuclear fusion 252 Somerville, Mary 92, 93 oscillations 213 southern hemisphere 79, 83, 100–101, 119 planetary migration 312–13 space exploration 259 spectrum 112, 114, 116 Space Race 204, 208–9, 242–9 structure of 110, 166–7 space science 15 sunspots 49, 103, 190 properties of 129 Space Shuttle 193 super Earths 294 space stations 249 super Jupiters 293–4 spacetime 14, 68, 73, 168, 176–7, 329–30, superclusters 275, 282, 296 331 supergiants 139 warping 148, 152, 154–5, 271, 328 dying 127 spectral lines 110 Supernova Cosmology Project 174 spectroheliograph 129 supernovae 45, 71, 174, 178, 180–81, spectroscopy 110, 112, 113, 114–15, 116, 217, 274, 301–2 120, 124 explosions 87, 140, 145, 197, 198, spiral galaxies 83, 89, 104, 105, 144, 199, 239 156–61, 174–5, 185, 240, 276 remnants 216, 217, 237 spiral nebulae 27, 144, 156–61, 164, 174–5 supersymmetry 271 Spirit rover 323, 324, 325 Spitzer, Lyman Jr. 145, 190–95, 200, 304, 326 Spitzer Space Telescope 190, 195, 200, 217, 276, 279, 304

INDEX 351 Swedenborg, Emanuel 92 cosmic inflation 272–3, 274, 282 white dwarfs 49, 111, 124, 126, 127, 138, Swift, Jonathan 62 expansion of 137, 158, 168, 169, 170, 141, 145, 178, 180, 302 T 171, 172–7, 180, 199, 224, 240, 241, White, Ed 247 258, 259, 268, 274, 282, 284, 296, white holes 220–21 Tarter, Jill 339 298–303 Wilkinson, David 224, 225 Taylor, Joseph 236 future of 300, 301, 303 Wilson, Robert 196, 204, 226 Taylor, Matt 310 mapping 296 WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive technology 15, 258–9 measuring 130–37 Tegmark, Max 339 multiple 271 Particles) 271 telescopes origin of 12, 15, 145, 168–71, 196–7 WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave early 42–3 shape of 272–3, 274 Galileo 44, 55, 56–63 study of 14 Anisotropy Probe) 224, 227, 282, 285 improvements in 82, 258 Unsöld, Albrecht 162 Wolf, Rudolf 103 largest 326–7 Uranus Wollaston, William Hyde 112, 113 radio 179, 210–11, 234 discovery of 82, 83, 84–5, 96, 97, wormholes 220 reflecting 43, 58, 84, 85, 104–5 106, 184 Wright, Thomas 88 refracting 43, 58, 60, 61 exploration of 264, 266–7 Wu, Emperor 28 space 145, 188–95, 304–5 planetary migration 312–13 Wulf, Theodor 140 ultraviolet 205 Urey, Harold 187 X-ray 205 XY see also by name V Tereshkova, Valentina 208 X-rays 111, 214–17, 254 Thales of Miletus 18 variable stars 48–9, 86, 102, 110, 133 yellow dwarfs 127, 279, 295 Thorne, Kip 254, 258, 328, 330, 331 Venus yellow-white dwarfs 126–7 tides 13, 73 exploration of 262 Yerkes Observatory (Wisconsin) 126 timekeeping 13, 62 life on 230 York, Donald 296 Timocharis 22 phases of 34, 63 Yu Xi 22 Tinsley, Beatrice 240–41 transit of 42, 64 Titan 65, 262, 264, 266 Viking landers 322 Z Titius, Johann 96–7 Voyager spacecraft 230, 234, 235, 258, Tombaugh, Clyde 13, 84, 118, 145, 286, Zach, Franz Xaver von 97, 98 259, 262–7 Zeeman, Pieter 129 314, 315, 338 Zeeman effect 129 Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) 184 W Zhang Heng 23 Triton 106, 266, 267 zodiac 13 trojans 96, 99 Walther, Bernhard 44 Zu Chongzhi 334 Tsiganis, Kleomenis 312–13 Wang Chun 28–9 Zwicky, Fritz 140, 141, 145, 176, 178, Tully, Brent 240 water twin paradox 153 comets 207, 308, 309, 311 180–81, 236, 268, 270 Tychonic model 44–7 Earth 308, 309, 311 Europa 266 U Goldilocks zone 294–5 Mars 117, 324, 325 Uhuru X-ray Observatory 190, 205, 214, Webb, James E. 244 216, 254 Weber, Joseph 328 Webster, Louise 254 Ulamec, Stephan 309 Weiss, Rai 328, 330 Ulrich, Roger 213 Weizsäcker, Carl 166 Ulugh Beg 19, 28, 30–31 Wheeler, John 255 universe Whipple, Fred 206, 207, 286 age of 282 Whirlpool galaxy 27, 83, 105

352 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Allie 103 NASA: SDO (br). 105 Wellcome Images: 232 NASA AMES Research Centre (bl). 233 Collins, Sam Kennedy, and Kate Taylor for http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/(tr, Science Photo Library (tr). 234 NASA (tr). additional editorial assistance, Alexandra Beeden bl). 107 Science Photo Library: Royal 234-235 NASA: Colby Gutierrez-Kraybill/ for proofreading, and Helen Peters for the index. Astronomical Society (tr). 115 NASA (tl); https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ (b). Wellcome Images: http://creativecommons. 235 NASA (tr). 237 NASA (br). 239 Getty PICTURE CREDITS org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tr). 116 Dreamstime.com: Images: Daily Herald Archive (tr). 241 NASA: Aarstudio (cr). 117 Wikipedia (bc). 119 Getty ESA/Z. Levay/STScI (br). 244 NASA (bl). 245 The publisher would like to thank the following Images: Gallo Images (tc). 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