Foreign Policy 2021 02 Spring

2019 was about 3 percentage points lower than in 2000—two lost decades of growth. As Draghi pleaded for fiscal action, Ber- lin dug in its heels. In September 2019, in desperation, Draghi resorted to another round of QE. Once again, he earned a storm of opprobrium from Germany. It was all that Berlin could do to give him a dignified send-off from Frankfurt. SEAN GALLUP/GETTY IMAGES Draghi speaks to the media after attending a session of THE BASIC FRAMEWORK OF 1970S MACROECONOMICS that framed the Bundestag Europe Commission in Berlin on Sept. 28, Draghi and Yellen’s training and outlook, like that of the rest of their cohort, was that properly structured markets would 2016. He was there seeking support from Germany take care of growth. Well-regulated financial systems were for the European Central Bank’s strident interventions stable. The chief priority for economists was to educate and restrain politicians to ensure that inflation remained in check in the European financial crisis. and public debts were sustainable. tightening. In 2016, Donald Trump was poisonous, accusing In the United States, this was institutionalized in the form the Fed of being in cahoots with Democrats. Days before the of an elite bargain with Republicans—or at least so the econ- election, he rounded out his campaign with what was per- omists imagined—to jointly manage the budget, the key reg- haps the most outrageously anti-Semitic attack in recent U.S. ulatory agencies, and the Fed. In Europe, that structure was electoral history, pillorying Yellen alongside George Soros in the process of creation. A review of Yellen’s and Draghi’s and Lloyd Blankfein of Goldman Sachs. careers, for all their personal accomplishments, is the story of the shipwreck of those expectations. Yellen was chosen as Fed chair as a candidate of the lib- eral left. The triumph of Trump and America’s radical right Financial instability is a mortal risk. For now, it is being sealed her fate. held at bay. But the world saw as recently as March 2020 how rapidly even the largest financial market—the market At first, it seemed that Europe might have dodged the pop- for U.S. Treasurys—can be destabilized. To tame that risk, ulist bullet. In 2017, Macron defeated Marine Le Pen and her the Fed and the ECB, under Yellen’s and Draghi’s non-econ- National Front. But in Italy, the pressure was mounting. And omist successors—Jerome Powell and Christine Lagarde, in 2018, the vincolo esterno strategy finally blew up. In the respectively—have adopted an astonishingly undogmatic March 2018 election, the Euroskeptic Lega and the Five Star and expansive approach to stabilization. Movement split almost 70 percent of the vote between them. An intervention by Italy’s grizzled president, Sergio Mattarella, Inflation, once considered the most serious threat, is not a was necessary to ensure that an openly anti-euro professor realistic prospect and is one that, if it were to reemerge, can did not take charge of Italy’s finance ministry. Europe was not clearly be handled by the central banks. The priority instead an external constrainer, he emphasized, but the guarantee is to restart growth and thus secure the foundation for stable of Italy’s future. The bond market reacted with alarm. There democratic rule both in the United States and the weaker parts was talk, as in 2011, of an Italian debt death spiral. of the eurozone, of which Italy is by far the most important. So long as the ECB stood ready to prop up the market, Italy As far as Italy is concerned, the 2020 crisis has miracu- could limp on, but what QE did not do was revive rapid eco- lously delivered the most expansive vision of accommo- nomic growth in the European economy. In 2019, Europe was dating political circumstances that any advocate of vincolo once again at risk of sliding into deflation. Far from catching esterno could have imagined: a lifting of fiscal rules, a bond up, Italy was further behind than ever. Its per capita GDP in market stabilized by the ECB, an injection of capital invest- ment and funding from the EU equivalent to 10 percent of Italy’s GDP, a political mood in Germany broadly congenial to action, and a president in France who is desperate to save himself. The question now is whether Italy can recharge its growth engine. Or is it too late? Is the damage done by two decades of stagnation too deep? Are the global conditions for an export-orientated economy like Italy’s simply too tough? On the one hand, it is fitting that the task of implementing the EU’s new common fund, Next Generation EU, should fall to one of the original architects of the vincolo esterno strategy of 1992. On the other hand, the fact that it does is also testa- ment to the failure of that project. Draghi’s personal qualities 49F O R E I G N P O L I C Y.C O M

aside, the Italian political class is abdicating in favor of a retired, The economics team in the unelected official in his 70s. The fact that Draghi is in power Treasury and the White House is owed to the machinations of Matteo Renzi, once seen as a continues to offer technical young champion of the center-left, now reduced to the role of justifications. But the stimulus a disruptive spoiler. Matteo Salvini of the League is biding his push is above all the result time. The one option that Rome was not willing to consider of political calculation. when Conte’s government fell in January was an election. The current Parliament is too afraid of the far-right Brothers But the stimulus push is above all the result of political cal- of Italy party, which makes Berlusconi and Salvini seem tame. culation. The ultra-fine balance in Congress means that Cleverly, Draghi has refused to make the mistake that dogged Monti’s premiership. He has appointed a cabinet not the left as well as the center of the Democratic Party have of nonpolitical technicians but of representatives of the par- ties. They will not be allowed to excuse themselves of respon- real sway. They demand that a Democratic administration sibility or snipe from the sidelines. But Draghi remains at the center. He is no caretaker like Conte, who startled Italy should actually deliver for the people who elected it. Any by developing into an effective leader. The expectations of Draghi are of a different order; he is “Super Mario.” There attempt at finding common ground with Republicans has is no escaping the fact that faced with a decisive historical challenge—restarting growth after decades of stagnation— been abandoned. The result is what has been called the Italy’s political class has chosen to delegate executive power to someone who has never been elected to office. It is the ulti- most audacious break in U.S. policy consensus since the mate victory of technocracy but also a do-or-die challenge. Given the self-abasement of the political class, if the com- 1980s. It means accepting, as Krugman put it in his most bination of Draghi and Next Generation EU fails to deliver growth, what future prospects are there at all? recent collection of essays, that in 21st-century America, No one could accuse the Biden administration of being everything is political. Republicans have taken that stance nonpolitical. The central organizing idea for both the White House and congressional Democrats is not to get caught in since the 1990s. Now finally Democrats are catching up. the logic of the Clinton and Obama administrations. The irre- sponsible thing to do at this juncture would be to be “respon- Biden’s stimulus package, the American Rescue Plan, was sible” on fiscal policy. Despite her track record, precisely on the issue of fiscal responsibility, Yellen was once again the pushed over protests from none other than Summers. The candidate for treasury secretary acceptable to the left wing of the party. It helps that in 2016, even as the Fed continued left cheered. But Summers made at least one crucial point. to raise rates, Yellen began to advocate for a “high-pressure economy” that would deliver full employment and uplift The plan may be a crisis response. It will no doubt give the even those at the bottom end of the U.S. labor market. The idea was a blast from the past. It was coined by Arthur Okun, U.S. economy a high. The question is, will it last? Certainly a leading Yale economist in Yellen’s time there in the early 1970s who, like Tobin, Yellen’s doctoral supervisor, had done what no one could claim for the plan is that it offers a long- a stint on the Council of Economic Advisers in the ’60s. run vision. And if the truly strategic challenge facing pro- What is at stake in the giant stimulus program launched by the Biden administration is not just the social crisis left gressive politics in the United States as in Europe is to find by the wreck of the U.S. labor market. In light of develop- ments in the Republican Party, securing a liberal vision of a new model of inclusive and environmentally sustainable U.S. democracy demands of the Biden administration that it not lose control of Congress. Whereas Draghi is facing the economic growth, then the Biden administration has yet final battle for the technocratic vincolo esterno strategy, Yellen has cast her lot with the cause of politics. to deliver. Everything, in fact, hinges on a promised infra- The economics team in the Treasury and the White House structure program to come. That will be the real counter- continues to offer technical justifications. They insist that their calculations show that fear of overheating is overdone. part to the Next Generation EU program. In the 1990s, you didn’t need to be a naive exponent of the post-Cold War end-of-history argument to think that the direction of travel for global politics was clear. The future belonged to globalization and more-or-less regulated mar- kets. The pace was set by the United States. That enabled technocratic governments to be organized around a division between immediate action and long-term payoff. That was the trade-off that Draghi evaluated in his MIT Ph.D. in the 1970s. The drama of Draghi and Yellen’s final act is that for both of them, and not just for personal reasons, the trade- off is no longer so clear-cut. If the short-term politics fail, the long-term game may not be winnable at all. “Whatever it takes” has never meant more than it does today. Q ADAM TOOZE is a professor of history and director of the European Institute at Columbia University, as well as a columnist at FOREIGN POLICY. 50 S P R I N G 2 0 2 1

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REVIEW The Anthropocene Is Overrated The way we talk about climate change and our effect on the planet is all wrong—and increasingly dangerous. By David Sepkoski Illustration by JOAN WONG 71F O R E I G N P O L I C Y.C O M

W Earth’s history—perhaps as severe as the “great dying” at elcome to the age the end of the Permian period some 250 million years ago, of humans—the Anthropocene. Scientists, academics, public when as many as 96 percent of all living species may have intellectuals, and policymakers have been using this term died out. The resulting Earth from this catastrophe may to describe a new geological epoch marking an unprece- become devoid not only of humans but perhaps of most dented era of human impact on the natural environment. complex life on land and in the seas. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, carrying through the development and testing Scientists have been aware of these threats for decades, of nuclear weapons, and peaking in recent decades with but it is only recently that we’ve begun to talk about human rapid global warming and the catastrophic depletion of the damage to the Earth as a potential geological transformation. Earth’s biodiversity, the Anthropocene is often framed as In the early 2000s, the Nobel Prize-winning atmospheric an existential threat to the survival of the human species. chemist Paul Crutzen proposed formally amending the estab- Like some of the great environmental catastrophes of the lished geological timescale to acknowledge the irreversible past—such as the mass extinction that wiped out the dino- changes that humans had wrought. These changes, Crutzen saurs 65 million years ago—the footprint of human activity and others have argued, will be permanently recorded in the will be present in the geological record for millions of years layers of the Earth: a spike in radioactivity from atomic test- to come. Or so the reasoning goes. ing, human-made microfossils of plastic and other industrial compounds that will take millions of years to decompose, There is every reason to be alarmed about anthropo- and of course drastic changes to the composition of life. genic climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss, all of which have been accelerating in recent decades and do The Anthropocene is a somewhat controversial notion in pose existential threats. Warming trends could cause the geology. Crutzen’s proposal has been taken up by various collapse of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets that would dra- professional bodies responsible for ratifying changes to the matically increase sea levels by dozens of feet by the end geological timescale, including the International Commis- of this century. If that happens, say goodbye to New York sion on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geolog- City, San Francisco, Seattle, Mumbai, London, Istanbul, ical Sciences, although no formal action has yet been taken. Dubai, St. Petersburg, Mumbai, and Beijing, to name just some of the most populous cities that would be drowned. As a matter of dating and stratigraphic nomenclature, Left unchecked, climate change would also involve ocean this question can and will be decided on empirical grounds. acidification (as the oceans absorb atmospheric carbon), But over the past decade, the Anthropocene has taken on terrible droughts and heat waves (with equatorial regions a much broader cultural significance: Championed by reaching unlivable temperatures for much of the year), air observers in fields including climate science, history, and pollution at unbreathable levels in many major cities, and the arts, it now signifies not just a proposal about how we mass extinctions of plants and animals at levels not seen date the Earth’s history but an existential crisis for late since some of the greatest geological catastrophes in the modern human society and a diagnosis of its failures. As Crutzen and collaborators argued in an influential 2007 article, the Anthropocene embodies the recognition of a “profound shift in the relationship between humans and the rest of nature,” in which “[h]umankind will remain a major geological force for many millennia, maybe millions of years, to come.” In this perspective, the Anthropocene is not merely a proposal for renaming a geological epoch but a new state of awareness about the permanence of human intervention in the natural world. It crystallizes a host of new and preexisting anxieties and ambitions relating to climate change, biodiversity preservation, geoengineering, biotechnology, human population expansion, environmen- tal and economic justice, and the future of humankind on, or even beyond, the planet Earth. The Anthropocene’s relevance as a cultural touchstone is indisputable. Its usefulness as a guide for how to act and feel at a time of crisis is another matter. The Anthropocene concept is part of a long history in the West of projecting current anxieties onto imagined catastrophic futures. For nearly 2,000 years, the apocalyptic theology of the Book of 72 S P R I N G 2 0 2 1

DEBUNKER Revelation has influenced Western Christian theology and AT A VERY BASIC LEVEL, THE IDEA OF NAMING A GEOLOGIC EPOCH after culture. More recently—since the later 19th century—Euro- our own species deserves more scrutiny than it has received. pean and American societies have experienced waves of cat- Geologists normally recognize geological changes after the astrophic thinking connected to, successively, the collapse fact, rather than in advance. The science of stratigraphy (as of imperial economic systems, anxieties about globaliza- the study of the Earth’s layers is known) essentially breaks the tion, the specter of nuclear war, environmental degradation, geological record up into a series of roughly equal units of time and, most recently, global warming and a biodiversity crisis that are demarcated by observable changes in the composi- poised to produce a sixth mass extinction. tion of rock layers, called signals, and the distinctive types of plant and animal fossils that characterize particular layers. Thinking catastrophically can have real value if it encourages people and policymakers to address prob- It turns out that a number of these stratigraphic breaks lems of momentous import. Heightened levels of anxi- that distinguish one period from another—we can look to ety about nuclear proliferation—captured by Carl Sagan’s the famous boundary at the Cretaceous and Paleogene peri- famous “nuclear winter” hypothesis—contributed directly ods, when the dinosaurs died out—do correspond to major to major reductions in the world’s nuclear arsenals in the environmental upheavals or mass extinctions. In the case of 1980s and 1990s. The rallying cry presented in Rachel the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, one of the most signif- Carson’s 1962 bestseller, Silent Spring, helped curb the icant signals is an anomalous layer of the element iridium, use of industrial pesticides and raised awareness about which is quite rare on Earth but common elsewhere in the environmental threats posed by pollution. More recent solar system. The discovery of this layer in the 1980s led calls to action about global warming (such as Davis Gug- scientists to propose (and eventually confirm) the hypothe- genheim and Al Gore’s 2006 documentary, An Inconve- sis that a collision with a massive asteroid triggered a mas- nient Truth) and biodiversity conservation (E.O. Wilson’s sive calamity that blanketed the Earth in dust and ash for 1992 book, The Diversity of Life, or Elizabeth Kolbert’s The more than a year, wiping out not only the dinosaurs but a Sixth Extinction) have undoubtedly raised consciousness host of other species on land and in the seas. More recent of these issues and have had positive effects on the poli- research has detected the signal of the wildfires and vol- cies of many governments around the world. canic eruptions that contributed to this extinction, and it’s not unreasonable to expect that future geologists (perhaps But what do we do when the scope of the crisis is presented sentient cockroaches or extraterrestrial visitors?) might as so permanent, all-encompassing, and perhaps unavoidable detect a similar signature from our own era. But whether that it will be written into the very strata of the Earth? It’s not or not that’s the case, it will be the job of other, far-future an idle concern to wonder whether the rhetoric around the observers to document this. Anthropocene is so extreme, so dispiriting, and so fatalistic that it could simply paralyze us. That has certainly been the In a more basic sense, isn’t it a little grandiose to project case with some recent and notable responses: In 2015, the lit- ourselves onto geological history in the way that the Anthro- erary scholar Roy Scranton published a book with the cheery pocene supposes? The human species has been around for a title Learning to Die in the Anthropocene: Reflections on the little over 100,000 years (or a few million years if you count End of a Civilization, while David Wallace-Wells’s 2019 book, our direct hominid ancestors) and only dominant on a global The Uninhabitable Earth, documents a litany of catastro- scale during the last few thousand. That’s a vanishingly small phes terrifying, and paralyzing, to contemplate. And these percentage of the 4.5 billion years that the Earth has been are just two of the more prominent and popular accounts of around or even the roughly 3.5 billion years during which life the consequences of the Anthropocene. has existed. The typical species longevity in the fossil record is about a million years, so we’re still well short of—and quite I’m not for a moment questioning either the reality of possibly will not achieve—even an average duration. In con- the crisis these authors describe or the sincerity of their trast, the dinosaurs (of course a group, not a single species) responses. But it’s fair to wonder whether the way the Anthro- dominated for some 165 million years, and the humble cock- pocene has come to dominate Westerners’ imagination of roaches have been around for a staggering 280 million years. the future is even accurate or helpful. Beyond that, both the formal geological proposal and some Isn’t it a little grandiose to of the more superheated cultural discussions of the Anthro- project ourselves onto geological pocene seem more than a little anthropocentric. Even if the history in the way that the worst does come to pass and we wipe ourselves out through Anthropocene supposes? our actions (combined with inaction), I’m not convinced that the Earth will remember us much at all. One thing that pale- ontologists who have studied earlier eras of environmental crisis have discovered is that the Earth and its inhabitants 73F O R E I G N P O L I C Y.C O M

tend to rebound fairly quickly: Even the great extinction Proponents of this view argue with some justification that PABLO BLAZQUEZ DOMINGUEZ/GETTY IMAGES event at the end of Permian period saw a fairly rapid return whatever their source, the technological innovations that have of life’s diversity, and of course the Cretaceous-Paleogene produced major changes to the Earth’s climate and environ- event that ushered out the dinosaurs simultaneously ush- ment—carbon dioxide emissions, industrial pollution, arti- ered in our distant mammalian ancestors. Mass extinctions, ficial radioactivity, deforestation, etc.—have been global in it turns out, can actually be a source of new evolutionary their impact. That is certainly true. But it’s also worth asking pathways and greater levels of species diversity. whether the responsibility for these consequences—and, per- haps more importantly, the agency in responding to them—is In many cultural discussions of the Anthropocene, it’s distributed fairly in Anthropocene commentaries. often argued, as justification for the label, that no species has ever had such a profound impact on the Earth as a China and India, for example, are among the leaders in whole. That’s simply not true. Photosynthesizing cyano- global carbon dioxide production (No. 1 and 3 respectively, bacteria some 2.4 billion years ago produced perhaps the sandwiching the United States at No. 2). But Europe and the greatest environmental revolution in the Earth’s history, United States have been releasing carbon into the atmosphere when in a relatively short period they drastically reduced for much longer and have reaped industrialization’s social, atmospheric and marine carbon dioxide and dramatically political, and economic benefits for two centuries. Is it fair increased levels of oxygen in what is known as the Great for Western observers to demand the same level of account- Oxygenation Event. This set the stage for the evolution of ability from developing economies in the global south? all complex life. Nothing we could possibly do as a species will ever rival that, but the humble blue-green algae still Moreover, as a number of recent critics have noted, the don’t have an epoch named after them. Anthropocene is tied very closely to a specific form of economic and industrial development—to capitalism, in There’s also a certain conflation of victimhood and hubris other words. For that reason, some authors have suggested in some of the Anthropocene rhetoric. Anthropogenic cli- replacing “Anthropocene” with “Capitalocene,” or even mate change and mass extinctions are often compared to the “Plantationocene,” to acknowledge the roles that Western impersonal geological triggers, like asteroids or volcanoes, economic development and, in particular, the system of of past crises. At the same time, we like to compare our fate industrialized agriculture that has dominated since the late to those of long-dead prehistoric groups. Which is it—are we 18th century have had on climate and environmental change. the asteroid or the dinosaur? As it turns out, the dinosaurs did nothing to deserve their fate; they simply had the mis- There are very good arguments in favor of naming and fortune to have a giant rock fall on their heads, rendering shaming the real perpetrators responsible for initiating these their environment inhospitable to millions of years of nat- trends, but these alternative proposals have problems as well. ural selection and adaptation. Humans, on the other hand, In the first place, if what we’re really describing is a recent have been making a concerted effort to transform their own historical trend in economic policy and industrial technol- environment, and on some level, proponents of the Anthro- ogy, this starts to sound less and less like a genuine geological pocene seem to want to give them credit for that. epoch. One of the signature features of the Anthropocene is its insistence on merging the scales of human and natural his- One could reasonably argue that despite their relatively tory and forcing humans to think about their role as agents in short presence, humans have had an outsized impact, and shaping their natural environment (something biologists call that’s certainly true. But the Anthropocene concept also “niche construction” when discussing nonhuman species). reflects the tendency for humans to put their names on every- Taken at face value, the Anthropocene involves humans, but thing they touch: from prehistoric megaliths to sports stadi- it also involves a wide array of nonhuman actors and agents ums to office towers. It may be appropriate to memorialize as well: the crops that make up today’s agricultural monocul- our impact with a geological epoch, or it may not be, but it’s tures, the cows and pigs that produce atmospheric methane hard to see what the rush is to do so. As the evolutionary biol- ogist Stephen Jay Gould put it in a 1990 essay, from a geol- The Anthropocene concept ogist’s perspective “our planet will take good care of itself reflects the tendency for humans and let time clear the impact of any human malfeasance.” to want to put their names on everything they touch: from THE TERM ANTHROPOCENE IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD for prehistoric megaliths to sports human, anthropos. The cultural concept, accordingly, stadiums to office towers. addresses humanity as a whole, both in assigning blame for the coming catastrophe and in imagining solutions (or the lack thereof). The implication is that people, as a whole, are a problem. 74 S P R I N G 2 0 2 1

DEBUNKER A mountain of tires in the Spanish countryside near Madrid on Sept. 24, 2014. A signature of the Anthropocene is its insistence on forcing humans to think about their role in shaping the natural environment. and other pollutants, the toxic cyanobacteria that thrive in idea what cascading environmental effects such interven- acidifying oceans. These agents know nothing of capitalism or plantations or even of humans themselves in some cases. tions may have, nor have most of these technologies even On the human front, one can have real concerns about been invented. They also carry the hubristic sentiments whether proposed solutions to climate and environmental crisis take into account issues of global social justice, self- present in the initial Anthropocene proposal (Crutzen and determination, and agency. I am adamantly not arguing that unchecked economic development should take precedence other central proponents have advocated these steps from to combating climate change, but we should be worried about who stands to benefit—and lose—in various solutions that the start) to a potentially frightening level. Blithely arguing have been proposed. that what technology has broken can be fixed by more tech- Among those authors who have been most fatalistic about the Anthropocene, pessimistic scenarios seem to apply nology seems dangerously oblivious to what got us into this equally to everyone, everywhere. But as any resident of Mumbai or São Paulo will tell you, conditions are already mess in the first place. catastrophic, with dangerous levels of air pollution and extreme heat. Among the areas projected to suffer most And such steps simply underscore the inequalities that from rise in sea level by 2050, the vast majority are in the global south. Sure, New York and London and Amsterdam are already growing exponentially today. The vast sums of are also threatened, but they are part of societies with vastly greater economic and political resources. For residents of money and resources required to carry out these fanciful the global north, the effects of climate change have been— and will likely continue to be—more incremental. As the initiatives are clearly possible only for the richest and most Anthropocene critic Jedediah Purdy puts it, “For all the talk of crisis that swirls around the Anthropocene, it is unlikely developed economies—those societies that have already that a changing Earth will feel catastrophic or apocalyptic. … Indeed, the Anthropocene will be like today, only more benefited from decades and centuries of unchecked industri- so.” The sense of urgency, then, for immediate solutions to these problems is hardly distributed equally among those alization, by the way. What guarantee do we have that those likely to be affected. societies that pay for these solutions wouldn’t expect to This concern applies to potential solutions as well. A variety of proposals have been floated, ranging from fairly uncontro- benefit most from them or be particularly concerned about versial steps like carbon neutrality and green architecture to the more fantastical, including broad geoengineering initia- collateral damage to the economies and environments of tives like carbon sequestration and giant orbital mirrors to block sunlight—and even colonies on Mars or elsewhere to societies that can’t? Again, Purdy sounds a necessary warn- escape this planet. These proposals raise the obvious con- cern about unintended consequences: We simply have no ing here, predicting that the “disasters of the Anthropocene in our near future will seem to confirm the rich countries’ resilience, flexibility, entrepreneurial capacity, and that everlasting mark of being touched by the gods, good luck, [while] amplifying existing inequality.” To be clear, global society does face potentially catastrophic risks from anthropogenic climate change and other threats. We must act to address these problems, and we must act now. We must focus on the parts of the globe where human suffering is already extreme. But however you look at it—as a geological proposal, as a cultural touchstone, or as a set of policy solutions—the Anthropocene is overrated. It may even be dangerous. Q DAVID SEPKOSKI is a professor of history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This article is adapted from his most recent book, Catastrophic Thinking: Extinction and the Value of Diversity From Darwin to the Anthropocene. 75F O R E I G N P O L I C Y.C O M

WE ARE BETTER TOGETHER Rainforests generate more than 50% of our rainwater, more than 20% of our oxygen, nearly 70% of cancer medicines, and are home to millions of species. Yet, every year, 78 million acres of rainforests are destroyed by illegal loggers. Since 2015, Huawei has been collaborating with Rainforest Connection and their founder, Topher White, to stop illegal logging, protect endangered species and preserve rainforests globally. If we work together, we can stop it. Learn more at huawei.com/tech4all and rfcx.org.

EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE Sponsored Report European business schools © Shutterstock / Wavebreakmedia enter an era of reinvention The continent’s top management educators usher in new models of education for leadership that will meet the needs of all stakeholders in the post-COVID world The seismic impact of COVID-19 Employers are recognizing the rising legitimacy of online and blended learning has catalyzed many of us to take action to change our futures. As Eric Cornuel students are not only given oppor- sustainable mindset in students, an illustration, Europe’s business President, EFMD Global tunities to learn throughout their and I’m pleased to say that EFMD schools saw a 24% increase in ap- lives but that they are also accom- and its network of schools and plications last year, according to ers. There is also a proliferating panied and mentored throughout universities are strong advocates the Graduate Management Ad- trend toward blended online and their careers,” he asserts. of the social and environmental mission Council, with experts pre- in-person learning.” imperatives that should accom- dicting 2021 will see even stronger Perhaps the most radical dis- pany business practices. This is competition to secure places at The World Economic Forum ruption in management educa- also critical for the reorientation of the most admired institutions. calculates that, as technology tion, however, is what is being research in management: we need revolutionizes the know-how busi- taught. “For far too long, the research that is relevant for all so- At the same time, those top nesses require, a staggering 50% corporate world has focused on ciety’s stakeholders,” he says. schools and universities are re- of the world’s workforce needs shareholder returns,” Cornuel shaping the future of management reskilling by 2025. Coupled with claims. “Monetizing a business Today, there are thousands education to meet the substantial- extending human lifespans, that’s is essential, but the current gen- of business education providers ly different needs that global stu- moving education toward a life- eration of students is looking to around the world offering courses dents, businesses and society will long-learning paradigm, he says. have in the post-COVID era. “The relentless speed of digital The rapid disruption caused by the pandemic prepared innovation means people will con- the ground for a new mandate for management schools.” “In an increasingly complex stantly have to reskill and upskill and globalized environment, the to keep pace. One consequence Eric Cornuel, President, EFMD Global rapid disruption caused by the will be the rising importance of pandemic prepared the ground executive education, short courses work in companies or set up busi- that Cornuel politely describes for a new mandate for manage- and micro-degrees.” nesses that combine profit with as “very variable in quality.” On ment schools,” explains Eric Cor- purpose.” Responsible educators the following pages, we spotlight nuel, president at EFMD Global, Another result of this shift is have run with this trend, pivot- a selection of the highest-ranked the leading accreditation body for that leading business schools are ing from a shareholder-value to a European schools and universities business schools and their pro- adopting greater personalization stakeholder-value attitude to man- that are spearheading manage- grams. As well as operating EQ- of learning experiences, with fac- agement. ment education’s reinvention to UIS, the gold standard in man- ulty adding the role of coach to help students, executives, corpo- agement education certification, that of teacher. “It’s essential that “I’m convinced that if we con- rations and other stakeholders EFMD acts as a network for many tinue to follow the shareholder find the institution that will take of the trailblazing institutions that approach, many societies might their future in the right direction. have reimagined their offerings. implode. Educators must instill a Highlighting some of the trans- formations being made to educa- tional models, Cornuel stresses that the virtual systems so widely adopted during 2020 will contin- ue to play a key role going forward. “The rising popularity and legiti- macy of online learning will be in- creasingly recognized by employ- Prisma Reports wishes to thank its esteemed partners for their contribution to this project: HEC Lausanne For further information please visit www.prisma-reports.com 1

Sponsored Report EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE Innovative educators inspire © Shutterstock / Vectorfusionart novel ways of thinking Business schools and universities are adopting new practices and technologies to futher cement their position as generators and incubators of creative and entrepreneurial ideas Europe’s top management schools mi. BBS’s approach to encourag- Business schools are at the forefront of developing new technologies for education are at the cutting-edge of not only ing innovation is interdisciplinary. incubating the next generation of “We are very good at bringing Kozminski University also believes That energy is characteristic of not entrepreneurial innovators, but together different people and ex- that to inspire innovation, you just Poland but the entire region, also of innovation in educational periences, not just in classrooms, have to be innovative: “Innova- which shares a common history practices. Take, for example, Italy’s but in companies as well,” he says, tion means change, change means and resurgence after the commu- Bologna Business School (BBS), noting that, “Serendipity can be attitude and attitude comes from nist era.” part of the University of Bologna, used as a driver and method for example.” The young institution which is developing a virtual-re- innovation.” Mazurek oversees epitomizes this, Kozminski plays a big part in Po- ality-based program to support he says, having swiftly become the land’s thriving entrepreneurial eco- interaction during COVID-relat- One illustration of BBS’s rich premier business educator in Cen- system, partnering and supporting ed lockdowns with Ferrari, one entrepreneurial ecosystem is its tral and Eastern Europe “through many of the dynamic companies of many industry champions the powerful IDEA platform, states ambition, vision, drive and energy, that have become international school specializes in partnering. Bergami, “Through that, we cre- which stems from the entrepre- names, while also forming strate- ated a number of programs and neurial spirit of the Polish people. gic international alliances with oth- “Students are the epicenter of initiatives that include incubators, er leading management educators, our strategy and action. Our mis- business plan competitions and sion is to provide opportunities collaborative projects with interna- for them to better learn,” explains tional institutions.” Dean and CEO Massimo Berga- Rector Grzegorz Mazurek of A continuous tradition of In addition, 350 researchers excellence, innovation and are based at HEC Lausanne’s impact through research modern campus on the stunning shores of Lake Geneva: a strong HEC Lausanne takes an analytical approach to the indication of the importance the future of management and economics school puts on innovation. That focus produces results: for in- Widely recognized as one of the fessors and students have a very Jean-Philippe Bonardi stance, HEC Lausanne was the world’s leading management and strong position in quantitative Dean, HEC Lausanne birthplace of the Business Model economics schools due to the analysis. Our school has also Canvas concept that currently excellent quality and impact of become very strong in business rent and future market needs. drives global thinking on busi- its education and research, Swit- model innovation and other In our Master of Finance, for ex- ness model innovation. zerland’s HEC Lausanne at the technologies. This has a signifi- ample, students can study skills University of Lausanne has been cant impact on how we grasp the such as financial entrepreneur- Last year, in association with at the forefront of training for future and the evolution of the ship, business analytics, fintech the International Institute for executives and future business digital economy.” and big data, as well as issues re- Management Development leaders for over 100 years. lated to sustainability. Over 50% (IMD) and École Polytechnique The growing use of data in of those students and 80% of Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), “One thing that makes HEC modern economies is reflected their highly qualified professors the school launched Enterprise Lausanne unique is that quan- in HEC Lausanne’s courses that come from outside Switzerland. for Society (E4S), a major new titative methods are a large part are regularly realigned with cur- center for interdisciplinary edu- of the school’s DNA: the first cation and research that strives economist at the university was One thing that makes HEC Lausanne unique is for innovation for future eco- Léon Walras, the father of math- that quantitative methods are a large part of the nomic paradigms. ematical economics,” says Dean school’s DNA.” Jean-Philippe Bonardi: “Thanks “New technologies establish to this long tradition, our pro- Jean-Philippe Bonardi, Dean, HEC Lausanne the possibility of creating a new economic model and the chal- 2 lenge is to make sure this model delivers as much as it can regard- ing social and environmental issues. What HEC Lausanne is trying to do is train future lead- ers who will be able to think that way,” explains Bonardi.

EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE Sponsored Report © Shutterstock / Drazen Zigic innovate in a corporate setting, is that will inspire innovations and the WHU Entrepreneurship Cen- invite everyone to collaborate, ter. “Faculty hired at this center co-create, and challenge each receive significant amounts of in- other. It will be an incubator for vestment, allowing us to teach and new ideas, for students, faculty, do research in these fields — we alumni and corporations that will have perhaps the most publica- create genuine inter-generational tions in the field of entrepreneur- exchange and be a real learning ship,” Rudolf states. hotspot.” Students are the epicenter of our strategy and action. Our mission is to provide opportunities for them to better learn.” Massimo Bergami, Dean and CEO, Bologna Business School Europe’s best schools have built strong communities that encourage innovation The center also hosts numer- Every discipline requires the ous activities, including IdeaLab!, cultivation of a different under- such as ESCP Business School. By versity. But WHU’s unique value which may be the continent’s larg- standing of innovation, Ehren- leveraging its entrepreneurial flair proposition is that some of our est event for startups and gives zeller holds, “Irrespective of field, and networks, “We aren’t just pro- graduates have gone on to found some of them the opportunity to however, our research and teaching viding education, we are providing flourishing companies,” says Dean pitch to top-level investors, and is directed toward cultivating an development and changing mind- Markus Rudolf modestly. In fact, the WHU Incubator that supports innovative mindset.” The Univer- sets,” Mazurek stresses. there are only a handful of other aspiring entrepreneurs from first sity of St. Gallen’s success in this is schools around the globe whose idea to first external financing. proved by a thriving startup scene Another institution defined alumni have created as many com- that is supported by its Global by its entrepreneurial charac- panies worth over $1 billion. An incubator of a different sort Center for Entrepreneurship and ter is Germany’s WHU – Otto is in the final phase of construc- Innovation. Now, by combining Beisheim School of Management. At the heart of the school’s sup- tion in Switzerland: the University its new learning center with the “We have a strong community port for students and businesses of St. Gallen Learning Centre, a skills of its dedicated Teaching In- spirit and a vibrant ecosystem that aiming to establish their own uni- state-of-the-art building for learn- novation Lab, the forward-focused values inclusion, equality and di- corn, as well as those that want to ing in the digital era. According to educator is developing its own pro- President Bernhard Ehrenzeller: totype: University 4.0. “We are looking forward to a space Digital learning, sustainability and the integration of technology Bernhard Ehrenzeller, President of the University of St. Gallen, introduces one of Europe’s top business schools In the Swiss Alps near Zurich, the DGX-2 supercomputer, and its The new St. Gallen Learning Center is expected to open in 2022 University of St. Gallen has been new computer science school a center for academic success offers courses in disciplines like teaching and the implemention of School Ranking 2020, St. Gallen since 1898. Steeped in tradition, artificial intelligence, machine environmentally conscious chang- ranked seventh and its Strategy St. Gallen’s entrepreneurial spirit learning and cybersecurity. Oth- es. in International Management has set it on a path for integrating er new programs include a med- program has been recognized as traditional learning and the digi- ical master’s in cooperation with University of St. Gallen’s annu- the best global program ten years tal world, while connecting peo- the University of Zurich that will al Impact Awards recognize schol- in a row, while the expanding ple on campus. Its new learning provide business, management arship with a profound societal Executive School is first in Ger- center will prepare students for and leadership courses to medical effect. Subjects awarded include a man-speaking Europe. With the a world where industry-specific students. St. Gallen study on the effects of St. Gallen Learning Center, the knowledge interfaces with digital oil spills on neo-natal deaths that blueprints for its move toward learning. It will experiment with Sustainability is also part of caused a media frenzy forcing the digital learning, sustainability and the notion of learning itself, de- University of St. Gallen’s DNA. Nigerian government to change the integration of technology will veloping innovative formats and According to the Financial Times behavior, business models for continue to be developed as it challenging how information is (FT) it is a top-three European the circular economy and a block- advances toward new methods of presented. business school in sustainability, chain-based insurance structure. learning. while its Institute for the Econo- St. Gallen was the first Swiss my and the Environment ensures In the FT’s European Business university to acquire a NVIDIA St. Gallen sets an example in its St. Gallen’s entrepreneurial spirit has set it on a path for integrating traditional learning and the digital world.” Bernhard Ehrenzeller, President, University of St. Gallen For further information please visit www.prisma-reports.com 3

Sponsored Report EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE The European approach to management A pan-European school that stands for academic excellence and singularity, creativity and pluralism With six campuses in Madrid, The city of Warsaw is at the heart of Poland’s thriving and dynamic economy Turin, Warsaw, Berlin, London and Paris, multi-accredited ESCP Putting entrepreneurial Poland is the continent’s oldest business on the business school map school and the only one that is truly pan-European. “We are a Frank Bournois Established just 28 years ago in the Polish capital Warsaw, leader in the sector because we Dean and Executive President Kozminski University has become the leading business know how to mix cultural plural- ESCP Business School school in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), as well as a ism and interdisciplinarity to help regional hub for entrepreneurship and innovation students develop a better under- alliances, ESCP has an impressive standing of global issues,” says international footprint and contin- “Kozminski University is a gate- Frank Bournois, the school’s dean ues to meet its vision of educating way to understanding the robust and executive president. the world’s future leaders with energy of Poland’s people and en- skills they will need. trepreneurial economy,” explains “Our mission is to educate stu- Rector Grzegorz Mazurek. “We dents with a European approach, According to Bournois: “A very are a new school for a new world — in which business, society and important topic at the moment new, because we develop to con- politics are intertwined, which is environmental societal gover- stantly change as reality changes.” essentially is what foreign policy nance. Students want more than is about, and we teach unique just lessons and talks about sus- For students, Kozminski be- programs in intercultural manage- tainability. This is why we have comes a partner for lifelong devel- ment.” Providing a full portfolio of opment. Its study programs cover programs — including bachelors, a wide range of degree, post-gradu- master’s, MBAs, PhDs and exec- ate and executive education offer- utive education — to participants ings, with highly ranked examples from 120 countries, ESCP utilizes that include masters’ in finance a specific ‘PHYGITAL’ model for and management, plus bachelor its teaching, so that all students and/or master’s degrees in man- engage in both face-to-face and agement and artificial intelligence online education. (AI), digital marketing and man- agement in virtual environments. We know how to mix cultural pluralism and Grzegorz Mazurek interdisciplinarity to help students develop a better Meanwhile, Kozminski’s re- Rector, Kozminski University understanding of global issues.” search specializations cover topics like AI in management, finance, According to Mazurek, “COVID Frank Bournois, Dean and Executive President, ESCP Business School digital transformation and smart proved solidarity works, with the cities. “Our research focuses on Kozminski community helping “We have encouraged and fos- an associate dean for sustainabil- truly impactful and socially im- companies, hospitals and elderly tered digital transformation, and ity and the circular economy. Sus- portant issues. It receives high people, and supporting students invested a lot in our ‘PHYGITAL’ tainability is not just a course or recognition in top-ranked outlets through rapid digital change.” factory, which supports our fac- an elective, it covers anything we and is widely promoted in mass ulty to create digital modules for teach. It’s fundamental that we media,” Mazurek asserts. He sees the school as a hub companies and digital education. train future leaders for these chal- creating value through intensive However, we don’t believe in an lenges. We train them alongside Strategically partnered with collaborations. For example, a pro- entirely digital offer for education companies, for example, we have some of the other best schools in gram in management and AI has in management. Our goal is a min- a special chair in the circular econ- Europe and worldwide, interna- partners like Microsoft and Oracle, imum of 20% digital classes and a omy working with Deloitte and tionalization is core to Kozmins- while a master’s in big data science minimum of 40% physical classes. other advisory firms.” ki’s identity. As are environmental is built with Accenture, Goldman They go together and physical ed- issues and social responsibility: it Sachs, Discovery, AWS and oth- ucation remains one of the key val- In this, as in all its activities, the is the first Polish school to imple- ers. Overall, he notes: “Kozminski ues of learning on our campuses,” school shows the values behind its ment United Nations Sustainable answers what it means to be en- Bournois states. name, he states: “ESCP stands for Development Goals, for instance. trepreneurial: to create something academic excellence and singular- real out of dreams and a well-pre- Sustainability is fundamental ity: meaning students must learn pared strategy. It also gives you Through its network of 65,000 physically and digitally; creativity: answers as to what is unique about alumni in over 150 countries plus as the school has always created; CEE and why so many see great worldwide academic and research and pluralism: meaning the vari- prospects in the region.” ety of the European community.” 4

EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE Sponsored Report Europe nurtures responsible © Shutterstock / Studio Romantic leaders for a new economy Higher education has a critical role to play in laying the foundations for ethical and responsible leadership “It’s our responsibility to ensure lead and help others develop their Tomorrow’s decision makers will face increasingly complex challenges students are prepared to face skills. Last year, for example, we challenges related to social devel- created the BBS React initiative As economic models advance including those of steward, citizen, opment and sustainability. They for students and alumni aiming to with respect to issues like climate servant, visionary, architect, agent are tomorrow’s decision makers,” help companies in trouble because change, natural resources, digi- of change, coach and storyteller. says Dean Christophe Germain of the pandemic.” talization, inequality, ethics and of top-tier Audencia, reflecting the promoting global stakeholder To foster multicultural di- opinion of Europe’s best manage- For Italy’s Luiss Business value, the knowledge and skills a mensions in leadership, “All our ment educators. Originated in the School, “Ethics, responsibility and responsible leader needs are also master’s students spend at least French city of Nantes, Audencia’s sustainability are entrepreneurial constantly evolving. Ranked in the one year abroad during their ed- overarching objective is to create and managerial skills,” says Dean Financial Times top-10 European ucation,” states Dean and CEO a better school for a better world. Paolo Boccardelli. “Our Ethics, institutions for research publica- Jean Charroin. ESSCA’s global “As part of this, we’ve launched Responsibility and Sustainability tions related to responsibility and footprint overall is substantial and Gaïa, Europe’s first School of Hub, now CeSID, develops those sustainability, and tasked with the it currently operates eight medi- Ecological and Social Transition, aspects. Additionally, we have a re- specific mission of training respon- um-sized campuses in France, where all students and executive search center for sustainability and sible managers and entrepreneurs, Hungary and China. “This enables education participants will follow the circular economy that works triple-crowned ESSCA School of us to be close to entrepreneurial courses and work on projects for extensively with companies in en- Management is one educator at ecosystems and local communi- partner companies,” he states. ergy, manufacturing and services.” the forefront of defining the capa- ties. It’s also important to be close bilities tomorrow’s leaders will re- to top-level academic environ- EADA Business School Barce- Students at pan-European quire and equipping them for the ments. We are very open to work- ESCP Business School have also challenges they will face. ing with other institutions; schools of design, politics and engineering, Business schools have to be the facilitators of a world that needs to be reinvented.” Jordi Díaz, Dean, EADA Business School Barcelona lona’s Dean Jordi Díaz agrees that been working closely with com- I want to see the extent to which we can make “Business schools have to be the panies on environmental societal a contribution to a more balanced world.” facilitators of a world that needs to governance issues since it estab- be reinvented. We were pioneers in lished a chair for circular economy Jean Charroin, Dean and CEO, ESSCA School of Management this with the first master’s degree and sustainable business models in sustainable business and inno- with Deloitte in 2018. “This is a Founded in 1909 in Angers for example. A large part of the vation. We see need from young subject of vital importance,” ac- in western France to put the val- solutions for a more sustainable people wanting to change the cording to Dean and Executive ues of humanism at the center of world will come from interdisci- world and senior leaders switching President Frank Bournois. economic activity, the theme of plinary approaches,” he says. to a new mindset.” EADA has im- responsible leadership links all of portant alliances in sustainability Dean Jean-Philippe Bonardi of ESSCA’s academic and profes- He gives the following illustra- and social responsibility, he re- Switzerland’s HEC Lausanne is sional management programs as tion: “We are changing the cur- veals. “We collaborate with BCorp, another who believes introducing well as its research. It believes that riculum of our Masters in Man- the movement for certifications courses is great, but not enough. to create truly responsible lead- agement to include more math, that consider sustainable impact, “We need to go further, imagine ers, business education must go coding and data sciences. We want and Ashoka, the organization for what the economy might become, beyond the literal tying together alumni who can address the com- social entrepreneurship. Schools and how it might be more sustain- of leadership and corporate social plexity of the world and the grow- need to be open to cooperate be- able and inclusive,” he says. To do responsibility theories. ing importance of new technolo- yond traditional boundaries.” this, HEC Lausanne, the Interna- gies.” In ten years’ time, he hopes tional Institute for Management Instead, it must take a holistic those alumni look back with pride Diversified collaboration is also Development (IMD) and École approach to the relationship be- at the education they received at the approach of Bologna Business Polytechnique Fédérale de Lau- tween leaders and all stakeholders ESSCA, “I want to see the extent School (BBS), which is building sanne (EPFL) have established in their activities, as well as the var- to which we can make a contribu- a center for management educa- the Enterprise for Society (E4S) ious roles of responsible leaders, tion to a more balanced world.” tion on sustainability and climate center. This offers joint education change with its partners. Dean programs, is a competence cen- and CEO Massimo Bergami com- ter and a collaborative network. ments: “BBS’s ‘Live, Learn, Lead’ “E4S’s purpose is to think together motto sums it up. Our professors about the future of the economy in and students share the mission to an interdisciplinary way,” he notes. For further information please visit www.prisma-reports.com 5

Sponsored Report EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE An atmosphere © Shutterstock / Decoret that attracts entrepreneurs Germany’s leading business and management school has a remarkable track record in nurturing startups to success Over the last 35 years, four uni- Markus Rudolf Virtual delivery allows global participation in education programs corns and over 500 startups have Dean, WHU – Otto Beisheim been created by students and School of Management Frameworks for executive alumni of Germany’s foremost development on a global scale business and management ed- value, is not the right way. We ucation provider: WHU – Otto have systematically incorporated While the size of their physical geographical footprint Beisheim School of Management. sustainability and ethics into all might vary, Europe’s premier executive educators all have our programs and implemented substantial and influential international networks “We’ve created an atmosphere three new chairs in those areas,” that attracts these kinds of peo- he states. One way the best business and ex- that a grounding in practice is key ple. We look for excellence in ecutive education institutions can to educating executives: “They everything we do, while our core Internationalization is a further differ from each other is in their at- have little tolerance for theory that values lean toward an entrepre- huge advantage. Outside current titude to internationalization. Hult is not applicable.” neurial spirit, community focus COVID restrictions, its MBA in- Ashridge Executive Education, for and ‘cosmopoliteness,’ which rep- volves multi-continent travel and example, defines itself as “British, During the COVID crisis, Hult resents inclusion, gender equality is ranked third in the word for in- global and, even with Brexit, very Ashridge’s emphasis on human and international diversity,” ex- ternational focus by the Financial European,” says Dean Dina Dom- resources, capability, support and plains Dean Markus Rudolf. Times, for example. “We have a mett. Based near London, Hult development has never been more Ashridge is the result of a 2015 al- relevant. “Fortunately, we have With campuses in Vallendar in liance between Ashridge Business strengths in virtual delivery and the Rhine Valley and the vibrant School and Hult International provide limitless learning for glob- city of Dusseldorf, WHU ad- Business School. al students and participants, she dresses its entrepreneurial mind- says. Challenges for global educa- set to all its academic programs, “We have campuses in tors are issues relating to equality, executive education and research. Ashridge, Boston, San Francisco, diversity, inclusion and belonging, Its study programs run from London, Dubai, Shanghai and she cautions: “If all you do is enrol bachelor degrees to MBAs and New York, and a uniquely inter- students from around the world executive MBAs, with the latest national student, faculty and staff with no regard for their different addition being a pioneering Glob- community. It’s deliberate that we perspectives, that’s a failing.” al Online MBA for executives. should be global, not only in terms of campus, but in how we design Audencia’s largest campus is in Unlike some other schools, our degrees, open and custom pro- Nantes, France, but it’s another WHU has seen significantly more grams,” she explains. school with a physical internation- student applications since the al presence, with three campuses Hult Ashridge does well in rank- in China and one soon to open in We want to continue being perceived as a hub for ings because it offers customized São Paolo. “We collaborate with lo- entrepreneurs: it’s the strength of WHU.” executive education that is per- cal institutions abroad because we sonalized and facilitative, Dom- consider that a more effective way Markus Rudolf, Dean, WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management mett states: “We tackle problems to understand the local ecosystem. together with our clients and all We are proceeding the same way emergence of COVID. Much of very high percentage of interna- our faculty have real-world ex- in Africa, where we have launched this is due to selectivity toward tional students across our pro- perience.” Prior to joining Hult Executive MBAs in Senegal and high-quality hybrid and digital grams. We attract students from Ashridge, Dommett worked at the Morocco,” reveals Dean Christo- learning experiences, Rudolf be- all over the world and believe we renowned Saïd Business School at phe Germain, adding that innova- lieves: “Being more agile than can achieve a higher level of per- the University of Oxford. Her boss tive executive education is a crucial others was a true asset. We im- formance through diversity,” as- there, Dean Peter Tufano, agrees part of Audencia’s portfolio. plemented digital teaching im- serts Rudolf. mediately.” Since then, WHU has invested well over €1 million The WHU Entrepreneurship to equip classrooms for hybrid Center acts as a central platform teaching, and set up a TV and to support budding entrepre- video studio with high-definition neurs, linking activities such as cameras, a center of digitalization well funded and highly published and 12 digitalized lecture rooms. research, the WHU Incubator and events like IdeaLab!, prob- Its approach to sustainability ably Europe’s biggest founders’ and social responsibility is an- conference. “We want to continue other draw. “Teaching the way we being perceived as a hub for en- used to, the neoclassical approach trepreneurs: it’s the strength of oriented toward shareholder WHU,” says Rudolf. 6

EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOLS FOR THE FUTURE Sponsored Report © Shutterstock / Halfpoint Adaptive, boundless and lifelong learning strategy Close corporate partnerships help to create better leaders for a better world Physical campuses enable tight bonds with local ecosystems to be formed Founded in Rome in 1966 with the task of educating leaders Internationalization in educa- Rome, Milan and Belluno, as well for Italy and for serving a larg- Paolo Boccardelli tion is far from being a modern as Amsterdam in the Netherlands. er community, Luiss Business Dean, Luiss Business School construct, according to Dean We want to drive our investments School (businessschool.luiss.it/ and CEO Massimo Bergami of in such a way that we are close to en/) takes an authentic and per- the business schools have the Bologna Business School (BBS), those local communities with two sonal approach to creating “bet- great responsibility to educate part of the world’s oldest univer- pivotal words: global perspective ter leaders for a better world” the ruling class of a challenging sity: the Alma Mater Studiorum and creative leadership.” that is grounded on an adaptive, future. Our students should be or University of Bologna. “It was boundless and lifelong learning able to bring to the community created in 1088 by students from ESCP Business School main- strategy. not only their technical skills and all over Europe and the history of tains that, as a world without geo- disciplinary competences, but the university is very connected graphical or cultural borders will Today, the school’s offering also their sheer will to become an to the concept of a boundaryless almost certainly never exist, lead- goes far beyond business: it active player in innovating within international community of schol- ers need to be trained to be able to generates processes of transfor- society,” Boccardelli states. ars. This is our heritage as BBS: bridge the borders they might face. mation, encouraging an attitude interdisciplinarity, autonomy, an As a result, the institution ranked of change so that its students Driven by data international mindset, strong inte- seventh worldwide for executive become leaders who help the de- “One of the new characteristics gration with the world of practice.” education by the Financial Times velopment of the business com- of the school’s business model is has fostered a multicultural, in- munity in a sustainable way. the adoption of a data-driven ap- Bergami believes that a unique terdisciplinary and open approach proach that matches the profile strength of the school is its com- that embraces pluralism at its “We have always worked close- of each student with the oppor- munity that includes numerous campuses in Spain, Italy, Poland, ly with our stakeholders, as a tunity and expectation that they industrial partners and a large Germany, England and France. member of a community: not may have in their future develop- network of international alumni, just in the academic environ- ment,” he reveals. many of whom have taken advan- “We also work with many re- ment but also the corporate sec- markable people around Europe tor, steering in an effective way “We need to create a pattern to educate leaders for their needs where students can bring their If all you do is enrol students from around the world with and society,” says Dean Paolo strengths and talents against no regard for their different perspectives, that’s a failing.” Boccardelli. the opportunities that the job Dina Dommett, Dean, Hult Ashridge Executive Education Luiss Business School’s mis- sion is to be very close to its tage of BBS’s executive programs. and on other continents. In Asia, external partners, mainly corpo- He highlights a Global MBA, we work with important institu- rations, in order to help them which focuses on “Italian leading tions, including the China Euro- to grow, transform and catch up industries rather than functions, pean and International Business with the challenges of our time, in order to be as close as possible School. In North America, we are such as exponential changes in to the world of practice.” very connected with Cornell Uni- technology. versity, Massachusetts Institute of Another Italian institution, Lu- Technology and the University of “We are looking at the digital iss Business School, also combines Texas at Austin. We want to work transformation as a key feature an international viewpoint with with people that share common of change in our business and so- strong local links. “We call our ap- values with us and where students ciety as a whole. We are already, proach ‘glocalization’,” says Dean can experience fulfilling exchang- in terms of artificial intelligence, Paolo Boccardelli, adding that it’s a es,” Dean and Executive President concept related to the fact that glo- Frank Bournois clarifies. We are looking at the digital transformation as balization is changing and region- a key feature of change in our business and society alism is growing. “We think that Summing up ESCP’s inter- as a whole.” leadership must take into account nationalization model, Bournois a global perspective and be able says: “In Europe, we are at home Paolo Boccardelli, Dean, Luiss Business School to balance, understand and adapt and we run our own campuses. On to the real local needs of com- other continents, we have the best within a transforming business market would provide. It’s not munities. We have operations in partnerships.” model. Luiss Business School’s easy but, with the assistance of modus operandi has constant- customization of learning jour- ly progressed over the years to ney, a micro-learning approach meet the emergence of new goals and innovative technologies, it’s in our market. achievable. Students will need to understand their potential devel- “In this extremely complicat- opment in that direction.” ed and fast-changing scenario, For further information please visit www.prisma-reports.com 7

The Trailblazers How three women broke into the uber-macho world of war reporting. By Janine di Giovanni I n2003,thedirectorBarbaraKopplesetouttomakeadocumentaryabout the work of five female reporters in Iraq. In Bearing Witness, Kopple —best known for her Oscar-winning portrayal of a grueling coal min- ers’ strike in Appalachia—turned her camera on the work of women reporting war. She showed the sexism and grittiness but also women struggling with personal travails and demons—alcoholism, loneliness, and, in my case as one of the women, combining motherhood with war. Kopple wanted to portray women deeply committed to their job—truth-telling under the most hostile circumstances—while trying to be taken seriously in an uber-macho world. Reading Elizabeth Becker’s new book, You Don’t Belong Here: How Three Women Rewrote the Story of War, I realize how little changed in terms of infil- trating an old boys’ club between Vietnam in the 1960s and ’70s, when Becker’s book is set, and Iraq three decades later. Even today—despite massive changes in technology and the way the press covers war—all of the hallmarks of clubby sexism and bias remain. 84 S P R I N G 2 0 2 1

REVIEW BETTMANN ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES/BOB COLE/CATHERINE LEROY FUND In Becker’s compelling book, three extraordinary You Don’t Belong Here: women—Catherine Leroy, Frances “Frankie” FitzGerald, How Three Women Rewrote and Kate Webb—arrive in Vietnam at the height of the war to try to depict the conflict in unique ways. Each is deter- the Story of War mined to make her mark and to make the war her own. Each becomes captivated by the country, drawn in deeply, ELIZABETH BECKER, PUBLICAFFAIRS, and committed to the people and culture. They are equally 320 PP., $28, FEBRUARY 2021 appalled by the horror of the atrocities and intent on bring- ing to light the murky U.S. foreign policy in the region. Facing page, from left: Frances FitzGerald on May 1, 1973; Kate Webb in 1968; and Leroy—angry, fierce, driven—takes enormous personal Catherine Leroy about to jump with the 173rd risk to shoot intense, close photographs that highlight the Airborne during Operation Junction City in raw emotion of war: the fear, the mud, the boredom, and the chaos. What she suffers—the isolation, the sneers at her phys- South Vietnam on Feb. 22, 1967. ical appearance after spending grueling days working in the field, and the hard battle she fought just to be accredited as a Becker told me. But Leroy was also headstrong, devoted to press photographer by the U.S. military—is infuriating. Her getting the photograph, and willing to push past any man sheer courage and plucky determination to keep going despite to get the shot she needed—hence, annoying the hell out getting little support and camaraderie make her the most com- of them. Decades later, my comrades in the field—female pelling, if self-destructive, figure in the book. photographers and camerawomen—suffered the same fate. Webb also exemplifies courage. She insisted on going down Leroy also unabashedly spoke her mind, an attribute that roads and into the field even when it was far too dangerous did not hold her dear to the mostly male press corps. In one and ended up getting captured by the North Vietnamese. particularly cringeworthy scene, Becker describes a furious Her death was widely reported. Her family mourned her and Leroy, beautifully dressed, strutting on stage to accept a cov- began preparation for memorial services. Yet several weeks eted award in New York City. But when she reaches the stage, later, Webb marched out of a field, stricken with malaria, half- she begins lambasting her bosses and her colleagues to the dead, but alive enough to recount the story of her capture. horror of the audience. In another time, one would applaud her: You go, girl! But in the era that she lived and worked in, FitzGerald, a beautiful debutante from a wealthy fam- she was shunned and avoided. After Vietnam, she paused ily, cast a unique light by portraying the war from all three her career for a while before going on to do some of her best sides—U.S., South Vietnamese, and North Vietnamese—and work in the civil war in Lebanon. winning respect from her colleagues. Her groundbreaking history of Vietnam, Fire in the Lake, is still regarded as one Webb came from Australia with a dark, traumatic past and of the most profound and comprehensive studies of the war. a determination to succeed. Quiet, shy, but steadfast, she (In 1980, she also became one of the first women to join the endured untold humiliation as a reporter in a man’s world— editorial board of FOREIGN POLICY.) and had to closet her femininity in order to be taken seri- ously. She became a hard-drinking, chain-smoking, skilled But all of them were derided at the time. Becker told me that reporter and trusted colleague. She rose to run the UPI bureau she took the title of her book from a remark made to Leroy by in Phnom Penh, Cambodia—unheard of for a woman. a male French photographer, who later apologized to her for the statement. Sir Don McCullin, the much-lauded English “Webb hated being called a girl reporter,” Becker writes. photographer, echoed what these women had to endure in “[S]he felt it was a way to dismiss her accomplishments.” Yet an essentially hostile male-dominated environment while she was a woman, with a woman’s needs and wants often working under conditions of great duress: “[Leroy] did not pushed to the side to accommodate a toughness she was want to be a woman amongst men but a man amongst men. forced to uphold. Why would a woman want to be amongst the blood and car- nage?” For McCullin to say this shows how tough the three FitzGerald was perhaps the luckiest of the lot. Her patri- women’s jobs were and how determined they were to stick cian ancestry included a father who was a CIA supremo and a it out for so long. The three women Becker chose to tell the story of the war couldn’t have been more different. Leroy was tiny and French, feisty and gutsy, a master parachutist, and a loner. She loved fashion. “[S]he had become Saigon’s Twiggy,” Becker writes. Leroy was as free with her sexuality as most of the men were— but she was a woman and got labeled with the sobriquet “slut,” 85F O R E I G N P O L I C Y.C O M

mother who was a socialite lover of Adlai Stevenson and who Photos by Leroy of a U.S. soldier later became the U.S. representative to the United Nations and a Vietnamese civilian (top) during Commission on Human Rights (mainly because of her con- the Vietnam War circa 1967 and a U.S. soldier nections to the Kennedy clan). FitzGerald’s father gave her a check for $100,000, close to $1 million in today’s money, in South Vietnam circa 1968. when she graduated from Radcliffe College, which allowed her to live well in Saigon on a freelance income. She never their struggles to be taken seriously, the guffaws, the catcalls, had to sleep in cheap hotels as Webb or Leroy did or fight to get paid properly. the daily small humiliations that amounted to the French FitzGerald had a golden address book, and on landing in photographer’s fierce indictment: You don’t belong here. Saigon, she immediately entered a relationship with Ward Just, one of the most respected male reporters in the press But they did belong. And the proof is their legacy. Fire in corps. The association protected her from gossip and gave her an instant social life. She later had a romance with Kevin the Lake stands next to the greatest historical records of the Buckley, a Yale University graduate and Newsweek correspon- dent who helped her establish her credibility as a reporter. Vietnam War. Leroy’s startling images of wounded Marines FitzGerald’s Saigon was not a tough ascent like Webb’s or being carried by their comrades are some of the best pho- Leroy’s. When she fell ill, her overbearing mother flew in and whisked her off to private hospitals and linen sheets in tographs of the war; her “Corpsman in Anguish” is iconic. Singapore. When she wanted a break from war, she flew to a distant cousin’s lush castle in Ireland. When she wanted to And Webb, much to the annoyance of her male colleagues, publish her essays, the New Yorker and the Atlantic opened their doors to her. will always be remembered as the first wire reporter to reach Still, despite her lofty credentials, education, and hard the U.S. Embassy in Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive, work and research, FitzGerald was still not taken seriously until she published Fire in the Lake. She still had to struggle hiding behind a wall, taking notes, and beating them to the to be recognized as one of the few journalists to report the war from all three sides. Her commitment to the country scoop. Interestingly enough, none of the three women had was established. As Becker told me: “She was the only debu- tante reporting from Vietnam! She didn’t have to be there.” children, and only FitzGerald married—and not until the What Becker really wanted to achieve with You Don’t Belong age of 50. Leroy and Webb died too soon and tragically. But Here was a book about Vietnam told through the eyes of three women who loved the country. “I wanted to write a all of them are legends. book about Vietnam that was readable,” she told me. “Nar- rative journalism—literary journalism that you could read When I first went to cover the war in Bosnia in 1992, the [in order to] understand the Vietnam War through the eyes of these women.” last of the Vietnam press corps were still alive and still work- Becker finishes the book with her own story of how she ing. The stories they told over late-night whiskey and ciga- came to work in Cambodia as a journalist and fell under the spell of Indochina, writing extraordinary dispatches from rettes with shelling and sniper fire in the background were the Khmer Rouge era. When Becker meets Webb for the first time in the Hong Kong airport—Becker is arriving in Asia often of these remarkable women whose work superseded and Webb is departing—Webb asks her why she left her safe home in Seattle to cover a war. Becker pauses and replies the heavy obstacles they faced. Q CATHERINE LEROY FUND that Cambodia is integral to her studies—but in reality, she is more intrigued by the escalation of the U.S. bombing cam- JANINE DI GIOVANNI is a senior fellow at Yale University’s paign and the legacy of the women, such as FitzGerald and Jackson Institute for Global Affairs and a columnist at Webb, who worked in Vietnam before her. FOREIGN POLICY. Becker’s book does an excellent job of bringing back what my colleague in Bosnia, the New York Times reporter John F. Burns, once nostalgically called “that time, that place, of war.” She writes beautifully of the heartache the women suffer, 86 S P R I N G 2 0 2 1

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Sponsored Report JAMAICA NEW YEAR, NEW AMBITIONS Welcome back to the Caribbean’s best destination Having established an extensive safe bubble for visitors, Jamaican tourism is already bouncing back While travel to many other coun- The boutique Rockhouse hotel and spa overlooks Negril’s awe-inspiring cliffs tries remains restricted, Jamaica continues to offer a much-needed Edmund Bartlett musical offshoots that provide ing through a major expansion to vibrant burst of sunshine to the Minister of Tourism the country with an unmistak- make the country’s unparalleled world’s tourists. Since reopening able pulse that radiates out from hospitality even more accessible, its borders in June, the island resort experience and the chance the cosmopolitan capital, Kings- while investor optimism will see that consistently ranks as the to dance your cares away on the ton. Another distinction is the over 10,000 new hotel rooms top Caribbean destination at the beach, for example, Montego island’s fabulously flavorful gas- built in the next couple of years. World Travel Awards has safely Bay and Ocho Rios are obvious tronomy, which utilizes freshly welcomed back 264,152 guests highlights. On the other hand, grown and caught delicacies to Right now, however, the is- between June 15 and December Negril, Port Antonio and the is- tantalize your tastebuds. land stands ready to welcome 31 2020, who have rushed to em- land’s little-visited south coast all guests, says Bartlett. “We brace its famous and uniquely di- offer more relaxed and secluded The uniqueness of Jamaica’s offer you an experience that is verse culture, seek adventure in seaside pleasures. But there is so topography also allows visitors unmatched; we offer you an ex- its lush tropical lands, mist-cov- much more to Jamaica than just to engage in a much wider range perience that is unforgettable; ered mountains and turquoise sun, sea and sand. of activities in comparison with come to Jamaica, let us pamper sea, or just relax on its peerless other Caribbean destinations, you and keep you safe. Jamaica sandy beaches. One of the things that make with everything from hiking, cares.” it such a special and memorable mountain biking, sea sports, cliff “In June 2020, we became place is its warm and engaging diving, river rafting and even “We offer you an only the third country to receive people, who seem to have an bobsleighing being available. experience that is the World Travel and Tourism innate ability to bring smiles to unforgettable; come Council’s Seal of Safe Travel Ap- the faces of everyone. Then there Easily accessible to Jamaica, let us proval,” notes Minister of Tour- is the rhythm of reggae and its Voted the region’s leading air- pamper you.” ism Edmund Bartlett. “By es- port at the World Travel Awards tablishing resilience corridors to 2020, Jamaica’s Sangster Inter- Edmund Bartlett create a safe bubble for tourists national Airport is currently go- Minister of Tourism we have been able to limit the spread of the virus. These corri- dors contain about 85 percent of all our tourism assets for visitors to fully enjoy.” The incredible variety of those assets makes Jamaica the ideal vacation destination for anybody. If you are yearning for an upbeat Jamaica takes a leading role in global Shutterstock Ajlatan tourism resilience and crisis management 2020 proved the resilience in Jamaican tourism, an issue close to Minister of Tourism Edmund Bartlett’s heart. “Tourism is a central pillar for many economies. It creates jobs, revenue and de- velopment; builds people, knowledge and capacity. Tourism is an industry that must survive the shocks of our time. We needed to build out support mechanisms to ensure that the sector’s vulner- abilities don’t overtake its capacity to manage, recover and thrive after crises. That’s why Jamaica established the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre in 2018,” he explains. “It provides data that countries can access to prepare themselves to withstand contingencies like hurricanes, terrorism, economic or health crises. The center has also been measuring the resilience of countries to offer guidance for investors or travelers. Creating more resilience in communities is important as well: small- and medium-sized firms process about 80% of tourism but only get about 20% of the returns. We need to help build their capacity.” Relax on a river raft and immerse yourself in Jamaica’s natural beauty 1

JAMAICA NEW YEAR, NEW AMBITIONS Sponsored Report Jamaica will remain at the ism workers, for example.” The top of travel bucket lists JTB is also building new and deeper relationships with interna- The Caribbean idyll is working hard to ensure it tional partners like airlines, tour continues to offer tourists a larger-than-life vacation operators and travel agents. “We experience of their dreams operate various offices around the world and spend a lot of time According to Donovan White, to be rebuilt progressively for Donovan White making sure we are connected, director of tourism at the Jamaica the future,” he states. “Because Director of Tourism, Jamaica Tourist Board and that we understand and find Tourist Board (JTB), “2019 was a of our powerful USPs, 42% of solutions to our partners’ needs,” record year, with 4.3 million visi- visitors are return guests but we ers that gravitate around tourism he notes. tors and tourism earnings of $3.6 have to continue our quest to be and employ about 40% of the billion. Tourism directly con- excellent in every possible way.” country’s workforce, says White. Just 2-4 hours away, the U.S. tributed some 9.5% of our gross generates about 65% of Jamaica’s domestic product and about 34% To maintain Jamaica’s allure, “We are supporting the devel- visitors, but the JTB aims to in- when you add induced earnings.” the JTB is encouraging invest- opment of human capital as well, crease the island’s accessibility ments that develop tourism by so we can we service this expan- for leisure and business tourists Those figures took a hit in expanding attractions and boost- sion and make the product better from places like Latin and South 2020, but the JTB took the op- ing the number of hotel rooms. in terms of service delivery. The America, Japan and India, where portunity of a quieter year to It is also working to create more Ministry of Tourism has financed there is growing demand. Howev- reevaluate the sector. “We have economic opportunities for the the training of over 30,000 tour- er, he points out, “Jamaica should worked hard to enable tourism local product and service provid- be on the bucket list of anyone considering travel in 2021. You will be amazed at the larger-than- life experience you will have here, and will truly understand why we say Jamaica is the heartbeat of the world.” Top 5 things to do in the tropical paradise 1 Visit Bob Marley’s home and recording studio 2 Eat freshly barbecued jerk lobster on the beach 3 Shop for diverse artisan-made local crafts 4 Get married in the world’s top wedding destination 5 Swim with dolphins off the coast of Ocho Rios Jamaica welcomed nearly 500,000 cruise passengers in 2020 For further information please visit www.prisma-reports.com 2

CAN THE NEW ADMINISTRATION REUNITE THE STATES? Make decisions that make a difference with the Financial Times. Read more at ft.com/newagenda

Sponsored report foreignpolicy.com/japanpresentfuture IN PARTNERSHIP WITH FOREIGN POLICY ೖຌʁ‫ࡑݳ‬າཔ JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE JAPAN, AMERICA AND HOW JAPAN NAILED WHY JAPAN’S OPEN THE POST-CORONA THE SCIENCE BEHIND TECHNOLOGY STANDS ORDER TO REVOLUTIONIZE 5G CORONAVIRUS Page 02 Page 16 Page 04

DIPLOMACY Sponsored report Japan, America and the Post-Corona Order The world’s two most economically powerful democracies have a unique opportunity for joint leadership in the post-pandemic global arena. For both Japan and the US, the blossoming insist on what we should insist on… and work cherry trees in Washington, D.C. this year together to resolve common issues.” In his first are heavy with symbolism. A long, grim winter call with Suga, President Biden expressed his has passed, likely the last during which either “unwavering commitment” to the defense of country will be as burdened by the COVID-19 Japan, including in the Senkaku Islands, which pandemic. Likewise, each nation is moving for- are subject to a territorial dispute with Chi- ward with renewed hope under new central lead- na and Taiwan. In the call, both leaders ership. As President Joe Biden pledges to rebuild also pledged to work towards the complete relationships with traditional allies, Japan is de- denuclearization of North Korea. termined to leverage this moment to forge even deeper, more influential bonds with the US. The Japan-US alliance is the foundation of freedom, peace, and In Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Su- prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region ga’s first speech marking the start of the year’s and the international community parliamentary session, he said that Japan is pri- oritizing working with members of the inter- Yoshihide Suga, national community, the US in particular, “to Japanese Prime Minister exert leadership in creating a post-corona inter- national order.” At a time when the world faces Japanese leadership, committed to multi- unprecedented global challenges, cooperation lateralism, breathed a collective sigh of relief between both nations could shape the future for when the US re-joined the World Health Or- generations to come. “The Japan-US alliance is ganization (WHO) and the Paris climate ac- the cornerstone of Japan’s diplomacy and secu- cord. Recognizing strengths and weaknesses rity, and the foundation of freedom, peace, and of global bodies, they hope more US involve- prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region and the in- ment can aid their push for reforms, particu- ternational community,” Suga told lawmakers. larly in the World Trade Organization (WTO). How does Japan envision this new era? As be- Since Japan donated cherry trees to Wash- fore, shared values with the US – human rights, ington in 1912, the country’s mark on the free trade, prosperity and protecting regional se- US has grown exponentially. In 2019, curity – are at its core. But now, Japan’s govern- Japan became the largest foreign in- ment is highlighting the urgency of new interna- vestor in the US. Strengthening tional norms for the digital age as well as the need economic ties, particularly to fight climate change. Just like Biden, Suga has around technology like pledged to make Japan carbon neutral by 2050. 5G and AI, is another of Suga’s priorities. Dealing with China’s growing power will no doubt be a challenge for both countries. Japan’s approach is firm but cooperative. Acknowl- edging that stable Sino-Japanese relations are critical, Suga pragmatically says that “we will 2 JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE

Q&A KOJI TOMITA, JAPANESE AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED STATES Japan’s new ambassador to the US was previously posted in South Korea and has worked closely with the Obama administration. How do you envision Japan-US cooperation under a Biden administration? PM Suga and President Biden have already confirmed they will cooperate bilaterally and on global issues. I think we can take the initiative in regional frameworks, as well as in the G7 and G20. Even as the international order faces major changes, the values of freedom, democracy, and human rights remain unchanged. “China’s attempts to unilaterally change the status quo in the East China Sea are contributing to a severe increase in tensions” Why is Biden’s commitment to protecting the Senkaku Islands important? Here is the situation. China’s attempts to unilaterally change the status quo in the East China Sea and other areas are intensi- fying and contributing to a severe increase in tensions. President Biden has expressed his unwavering commitment to the defense of Japan, including the application of Article 5 of the Japan-US Security Treaty to the Senkaku Islands. He has also reaffirmed the United Sates’ determination to provide extended deterrence to Japan. My govern- ment considers the statement of intent to be highly significant and essential. How can the countries partner around climate change? Advancing a virtuous cycle of environmen- tal protection and economic growth is the way forward. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and help decarbonize society globally, Japan and the US must collaborate on research, development and deployment of advanced technologies. I am talking about hy- drogen, carbon capture and utilization, clean energy infrastructure and nuclear power. JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE 3

COVID-19 RESPONSE Sponsored report HOW JAPAN NAILED THE SCIENCE BEHIND CORONAVIRUS With highly dense cities, an elderly population and laws that make lockdowns impossible, Japan could have been extremely vulnerable to COVID-19. But fast, lucid scientific thinking, and a government that listened, have kept deaths and contagion relatively low. When China reported its first outbreak of COVID-19, derstanding the characteristics of the virus,” in the words of Japan went into high alert. After having suffered the then Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. 2011 earthquake and subsequent Fukushima nuclear acci- dent, and seeing how fast other viruses had spread in the Dr. Hitoshi Oshitani, Professor of Virology at Tohoku Uni- globalized world, Japan’s population and government were versity, was one of the most prominent government advisors prepared for the unexpected. and has been dubbed the architect of Japan’s COVID-19 re- sponse. He had deep insight into SARS from working for the On Jan. 16, 2020, Japan detected its first infection. Less World Health Organization (WHO) in the Philippines during than two weeks later, the government had set up a national the early 2000s. anti-coronavirus task force. Filled with scientific experts to whom the government was ready to defer, it aimed at con- “There are no textbooks or manuals for a new pandemic,” trolling spread through “implementing a series of measures he said. “What we need in such a situation is the savage mind, flexibly and swiftly, thinking outside the box and firmly un- or Bricolage, as French philosopher Lévi-Strauss said – the skill of using whatever is at hand.” It was with this mindset 4 JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE

Japanese women dressed in colorful kimonos in Tokyo’s Harajuku district on Coming of Age Day. ALAMY that Japan’s top scientists sprang into action to figure out how toms. In February, Nishiura estimated that more than 40% the virus spreads. of secondary transmission of the virus takes place during the The tragic situation of the Diamond Princess cruise ship, pre-symptomatic stage. His findings were published in the which was quarantined in Japan in early February, International Journal of Infectious Diseases on not only cast the global spotlight on Japan but pro- March 4, 2020 – a week before the WHO declared vided the country’s scientists with valuable lessons The Pillars of COVID-19 a pandemic. about the virus. By Feb. 20, the ship was home to Japan’s Response With that fact clarified, even though it went half of the total coronavirus infections detected against global scientific consensus at the time, outside of China, with more than 700 passengers Avoid the 3Cs Japan’s experts and policymakers opted for a and crew members infected with the disease. suppression, not elimination, strategy. “Due to Closed spaces, the stealthy nature of the virus, containment by “I believe that we were purely lucky with many crowded places and close-contact settings incidental happenings. Japan is close to China, Cluster-Busting extensive testing, isolation and contact tracing and thus, we had opportunities to observe var- was not a feasible option to contain COVID-19 in Contract tracing to ious clusters in different geographic areas from identify superspreading Japan,” said Oshitani. February to March 2020,” said Dr. Hiroshi Nishi- events It’s true that China had been controlling the ura, Professor of Hygiene at Kyoto University, Digital Technology outbreak through draconian lockdowns; South whose models and work as a government adviser Korea, through extensive contact tracing with the were also pivotal for the Japanese response. Using apps to monitor military; and Singapore with extensive testing. spread, assist population Observational data in hand, Japan’s scientists Border Control But Japanese officials knew that they did not have were soon able to garner insights into the virus’s the legal footing to collect cellphone data or lock characteristics that most of the Western world Travel restrictions on down their population like other countries. At the took months to figure out, if at all. specific countries, same time, Japan’s testing capacity was limited. quarantine, testing Perhaps the first breakthrough was sur- Masks & Hygiene So the scientists looked at the data they had and rounding asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic Mask use is ubiquitous, applied it to the Japanese context to figure out the transmission. Oshitani had been comparing the as is hand washing best ways of preventing transmission. Early in Feb- novel coronavirus to other pandemics and it be- ruary, Oshitani emailed Nishiura noting how the came clear to him that, unlike SARS or Ebola, people infect- transmission pattern of the virus appeared to be highly varied, ed could spread the virus without presenting serious symp- more like SARS than the flu. Their early analysis found that JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE 5

COVID-19 RESPONSE up to 80% of those infected didn’t in- influenza is short-distance aerosols, not and close contact settings were the risk- fect others, suggesting superspreading droplets, also suspected it was the same iest. Officials didn’t need to insist on events were driving most contagion. for SARS-CoV-2. masks, as the Japanese population was used to reaching for them during times With that in mind, Japan adopted a “Several quarantine officers and of sickness or allergies. “cluster-busting” approach. Most west- nurses were infected on the Diamond ern countries use a prospective contact Princess. I was quite sure that they were “I don’t think there was any problem tracing system, where someone tests implementing so-called droplet precau- convincing policymakers about scien- positive and health officials try to iden- tions – wearing surgical masks and con- tific findings such as a cluster-based ap- tify and isolate the people the positive ducting rigorous hand-hygiene. This proach and 3Cs concept. In fact, the clus- person may have infected. Japan does fact strongly suggested that droplet ter task force was established within the that too, but its contact tracers, a pow- precaution alone was not so effective in Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare as erful team of around 8,000 trained pub- preventing the infection,” he explained. early as Feb. 25, 2020,” recalled Oshitani. lic health nurses, also act as detectives – trying to get to the bottom of where WHEN LOOKING AT DATA FROM Meanwhile, many people in west- the original person was infected. This CLUSTERS, ONE FACTOR BECAME ern countries were focused on surface helps them find superspreading events, I N C R E D I B LY C L E A R : M O S T transmission. The smell of bleach and which not only allows them to identify TRANSMISSION OCCURRED IN disinfectant filled the air, covered gro- more exposures but also produces key CLOSED ENVIRONMENTS WITH POOR ceries and was even suggested as a cure epidemiological data about the condi- VENTILATION via injection. Officials in not only the tions that lead to big outbreaks. These US but also Europe, advised against field investigations are also supported Early on, Japan’s scientists, through wearing masks. Even in April, when Ja- by genome sequencing. close observation, understood several pan sent two masks to every household, key aspects of the pandemic – the impor- the WHO insisted that healthy people When looking at data from clusters, tance of ventilation, short-distance aero- didn’t need to cover their faces. Many one factor became incredibly clear: sol transmission and the pivotal role of countries went into full lockdown, un- most transmission occurred in closed superspreading events. Politicians seized aware of where risk lies. environments with poor ventilation. on the advice and sent the population a Nishiura’s group had published a pre- simple message by late March – avoid The 3Cs became so catchy that a pop- print with their evidence by March 3, the 3Cs. A simple communication device ular publishing house deemed it Japan’s 2020, just two days after New York to remember that closed environments word of the year. Perhaps tellingly, Col- detected its first case. Oshitani, who with poor ventilation, crowded places lins English Dictionary chose ‘lockdown.’ wrote a WHO publication in 2017 about how the main mode of transmission for Clear science-based communication was not Japan’s only tool to curb con- tagion. By March, the Japanese govern- A physical education class in a Japanese high school. Schools opened in September, but masks and ventilation were key to preventing viral spread. ALAMY 6 JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE

Sponsored report Daily New Confirmed COVID-19 Cases per Million People Daily New Confirmed COVID-19 Deaths per Million People Source: Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data – Last updated 10 March Source: Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data – Last updated 10 March 500 10 USA 400 8 300 USA 6 200 JAPAN 4 JAPAN 100 2 April June August September November January March 0 April June August September November January March 0 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2020 March March 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2020 2020 TOTAL CASES* TOTAL DEATHS* Japan: 441,152 Japan: 8,359 US: 29.1 million US: 527,699 *Updated March 10 ment passed travel restrictions for many system of universal healthcare, which not only collected epidemiological data foreign countries. Japanese residents is well distributed even in rural areas. but also guided people through illness returning from those areas were asked “We believe it is absolutely essential, and told them when they should seek to quarantine for two weeks. Out of especially when facing a pandemic medical assistance. At the same time, concern over new variants, Japan has re- such as this one, to guarantee equi- it proved helpful in monitoring people cently amped up restrictions with many table access to healthcare for all peo- with exposure histories so their move- countries, also requiring negative coro- ple regardless of their income status, ment wasn’t restricted to home and navirus tests before and after arrival. which otherwise could prevent them advising people in quarantine such as from seeking healthcare,” said Dr. Ya- recent arrivals to the country. In spring 2020 and again in Janu- suhiro Suzuki, one of the country’s ary, the Japanese government declared top physicians who acts as a chief ad- While Japan’s clever, science-based states of emergency. Though measures visor to Japan’s Ministry of Health, approach has kept deaths and conta- were not legally binding, the govern- Labor and Welfare. gions down to a tiny fraction when ment urged people to stay home and for compared to the US, it is not out of bars and restaurants to close early. Af- Culturally, a widespread acceptance the woods yet. Japanese authorities ter both states of emergency, the curves of masks, even outside of pandem- will continue their strategy, though of infections reversed. ics, is just one of the ingrained tradi- variants may pose new challenges. tions that acted in the country’s favor. The inoculation plan could also come “I don’t think [the latest reduction] Talking loudly on public transporta- across roadblocks. Due to a peculiar was just due to the state of emergency. tion is considered rude (not tradition- history with vaccinations, Japan has I think it’s mainly due to people’s behav- ally due to viral transmission, but for one of the lowest rates of vaccine con- ioral changes. It is possible that infor- the peace of the travelers) as is blowing fidence in the world. mation about issues such as the sudden one’s nose in public. The Japanese bow increase of cases over the New Year hol- to greet people has also been adopted “We have to be cautious in imple- idays, the death of a politician who was worldwide as a safer way to say hello menting vaccinations for COVID-19. in his 50s, a strong appeal from health than a hug or handshake. It will be a big challenge to convince care workers about overwhelmed hospi- young people,” said Oshitani. “We have tals, might have led to sudden changes in By late March, the country had also some other options to reduce the impact behavior. We have very strong peer pres- launched a voluntary chat bot-based of COVID-19, including a cluster-based sure in Japanese society,” said Oshitani. healthcare system called COOPERA approach and more effective prevention on Japan’s most popular mobile mes- and control measures... We should not Other factors, too, bolstered Japan’s saging app. The AI-powered system rely solely on vaccines.” response. The country has a strong JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE 7

COVID-19 RESPONSE Read the full interviews at foreignpolicy.com/japanpresentfuture JAPAN’S LEADING VOICES ON COVID-19 With expertise ranging from big data to patient care, these are some of the key minds behind the country’s pandemic response. Dr. Hitoshi Oshitani, Professor of Virology, Tohoku University Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura, components. I believe that the Dr. Yasuhiro Suzuki, Professor of Hygiene, 3Cs concept is a general rule for Chief Medical & Global Kyoto University COVID-19 and maybe also for many Health Officer, other infectious diseases. People Vice-Minister for Health, His modeling and statistical need to understand which envi- Japanese Ministry of analysis has been behind ronments are risky, and risk should Health, Labor and Welfare some of Japan’s big break- be reduced through measures like throughs about how the improving ventilation. One of Japan’s most es- virus spreads. teemed physicians, Dr. Suzu- Drawing on his experience from You’ve said the world needs to ki has worked with Japan’s Are you worried about SARS and other respiratory viruses, adopt a new lifestyle. How do you Ministry of Health, Labor what mutations could do his insight into viral spread proved envision that? and Welfare for 30 years. to Japan’s fight against fundamental to Japan’s response. Unfortunately, our world is becom- COVID-19? ing more vulnerable. This is true How can societies prepare The new variant 501Y, first Could the US shift to a clus- not only for infectious diseases but for future pandemics? found in South Africa, has ter-busting approach? also for economic crises, frequent We had the avian flu in 1997, completely changed the story. The cluster-based approach is mega-disasters, the division SARS in 2003, H1N1 in 2009, The mutation makes it more more effective when transmission between poor and rich, food crises MERS in 2012 and now infectious than others, and is below a certain level. Now that and so on. I believe that we are at COVID-19. Pandemics have some evidence is beginning cases are decreasing, it may be a turning point in history. We have been hitting the world every to suggest that the infection useful to implement some of its to decide whether we will continue four to five years. We need to with that variant could be more moving in the same direction or prepare our healthcare and severe. We are very concerned create a truly sustainable world. even socio-economic ecosys- by some of the mutations tems for such frequent waves that have emerged. Once Dr. Hiroaki Miyata, of threats. But the world cannot the variant is introduced and Professor of Health Policy be on high alert all the time. We widespread, originally planned and Management, must identify our core capacity hospital caseload demand Keio University and preparedness before the would have to be revised. actual pandemics and how Professor Hiroaki Miyata’s re- quickly we could surge our What lessons can be learned search revolves around how tools capacity in response. from Japan’s response to like big data and AI can be used the COVID-19 pandemic that to improve health and wellbeing. Should Japan and the US could be applied to pandemic boost collaboration around preparedness in the future? What has COVID-19 taught us shared. If you share the data of global health? For both focused interven- about the importance of data in one person with 10,000 people, We share many values, and tions on high-risk groups and public health? you can get a better prognosis. I believe we can achieve an population-wide voluntary COVID-19 has taught us how If you share it with 1 million, then incredible amount of global lockdown, I have shown that a important it is not to hoard data, the true power can be unleashed. health initiatives by collab- scientifically sound approach but to utilize it for the benefit of I believe that we can think about orating. One of the many is vital to controlling the the people. The early sharing of how to share the data in a way potentials is to establish an COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemi- genome sequences with the world that ensures transparency and ‘Asian Centers for Disease ologists and modeling experts has facilitated the development of traceability and that measures Control’ together. The US should be scientifically honest vaccines at an astonishing speed. the protection of rights in a way already helped establish an to advise policymakers on Sharing data on mutations can that is not just based on individu- African CDC after the Ebola infectious disease control. also help our fight against the al consent. outbreak, an initiative that has changing virus. been considered successful. The most important point about data, unlike oil, is that it can be 8 JAPAN: PRESENT/FUTURE