Sense and Sensibility

298 Appendix B Further Reading Franks, Arthur Henry, Social Dance: A Short History (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963). Lee-Riffe, Nancy M., 'The Role of Country Dance in the Fiction of Jane Austen', Women's Writing, 5: i (1998), 103-12. Monaghan, David, Jane Austen: Structure and Social Vision (London: Macmillan, 1980). Richardson, Philip J. S., The Social Dances of the Nineteenth Century in England (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1960).

TEXTUAL NOTES In the list that follows, references are to page and line in the present volume; the adopted text is given first, followed by the alternative reading. A - the edition o f i 8 i i B = the edition of 1813 R WC=Chapman VOLUME I i-5 late owner] last owner but ton's delicacy was one A shocked;and in order to banish so improper a subject 1-25 wealth. To him therefore] as the mention of a natural wealth. His wife had daughter, she actually took something considerable at the trouble of saying present, and something still something herself about the more to expect hereafter weather. / When SirJohn A from her mother, her only 52.22 we] A; he B surviving parent, who had 54-12 Jennings, her] Jennings. Her much to give. To him AB therefore A 67.30 not at all] not all A B 72.12 know that] A; know B 4-9 charge on] division of A 75-37 round to her] A; round her B 4.12 affections] affection A 77-7 disposition] A; dispositions 6.25 proper] every proper A B n-31- daughters'] daughter's A 79.16 lying] lieing A; laying B 83-31 me persuade] A; me to 12.12 persuade B 84.23 altogether] A; all together B 24-5 on conveying] A\\ of 96.1 XXII] XX AB conveying B 97-32 Can you be ?]RWC; Can 24-37 the opinion of the others] you be?A B. 'Lucy's reply each other's opinion A . . . assumes engaged, not acquainted1 (RWC) S8.ii abilities were] ability was A 42.4 their acquaintance] A; her 99-32 mistake] a mistake A 100.3 set] A; sit B acquaintance B 43-39 past] passed A 44-3 every thing] A; ever thing B 44-31 very little] but little A 5i-9 fortune.' / When Sir John] fortune.' / Lady Middle- VOLUME II 103.1 Elinor's] her A 114.8 of the year] of year A 114.7 alleged] A; alledged B 115.26 full,] A; full B

3OO Textual Notes 126.18 me?] A; me! B 165.17 hopes] A; hope B 167.36 my] om. A 127.16 attained] A', obtained B 170.21 jointure] furniture A 135.27 over town] over the town A 173.35 morning's] mornings' B 173.30 certainly not] scarcely A 137.1 it] A; it! B 173.35 claims to] claims on A 137.15 all] not in A 177.25 philippic] phillipic A 157.7 'His character . . .] new para inB VOLUME III 194.29 dreaming what] dreaming of 227.18 One . . . Harley-street] One what A other call in Harley-street, a short and take-leave call A 200.35 toW him that] A; told him B 229.34 her child] the child A 202.17 totally] so totally A 234.21 sat] A; set B 205.32 all up ... on Wednesday] A; up a l l . . . Wednesday B 235-12 soon as] soon A 235-16 fears] fear A 208.9 y°ur best spotted] A; your 237.8 fears] A\\ fear B spotted B 243.28 display] denote A 244.10 passions] passion A 211.20 imaginary evil] A; imaginary evils B 248-37 suspicion] suspicion of its nature A 214.18 Mr. Ferrars's] their A 249.20 or a bluster] or bluster A 214.20 his style] their style A 264.28 interests] interest A 215.32 carriage] chariot's A 265.5 three] there A 268.13 supported her] supported A 218.15 say f°r] saY it f°r -<4 218.16 such unthought-of] which such unthought-of A

EXPLANATORY NOTES Catharine and Abbreviations Other Writings Jane Austen, Catharine and Other Writings, ed. Margaret Chapman Anne Doody and Douglas Murray (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) Collins The Novels of Jane Austen, ed. R. W. Chapman, Copeland 5 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923), vol. i, Sense and Sensibility, 3rd edn., rev. Mary Lascelles Felton (1967) Harris Irene Collins, Jane Austen and the Clergy (London: Letters Hambledon Press, 1994) London Edward Copeland, Women Writing About Money: Women's Encyclopaedia Fiction in England, ijgo~i82o (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) OED William Felton, A Treatise on Carriages (London, 1794) Piggott Jocelyn Harris, Jane Austen's Art of Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) Stokes Jane Austen's Letters, 3rd edn., collected and ed. Deirdre Le Faye (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, I99S) The London Encyclopaedia, ed. Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (London: Macmillan, 1983) The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) Patrick Piggott, The Innocent Diversion:A Study of Music in the Life and Writings of Jane Austen (London: Douglas Cleverdon, 1979) Myra Stokes, The Language of Jane Austen (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991) I [Title] Sense and Sensibility: it is not known whether Austen had read a short allegory in which Sense (male) rescues Sensibility (female) from the seductions of Susceptibility (male) in the Lady's Monthly Museum, 2 (1798-99), 21-4, in the course of which the phrase 'Sense and Sensibility' occurs prominently. 3 The late owner, the first edition read 'The last owner but one', which is apparently more accurate since the story begins before Mr Henry Dash- wood inherits Norland. The alteration may have been motivated by the recognition that, as the following paragraphs reveal, since Mr Henry Dashwood had only the life-rent of the Norland estate the 'late owner' (in the sense of someone having full power to dispose of it as he wished) was the 'old Gentleman', his uncle.

302 Explanatory Notes 3 the legal inheritor: the person to whom the law would assign the estate if the owner did not leave a will. from interest: from looking to their own advantage as probable heirs. added to his wealth: in the first edition this passage continued: 'His wife had something considerable at present, and something still more to expect hereafter from her mother, her only surviving parent, who had much to give.' Perhaps Austen, on revising her text for the second edi- tion, decided to keep the affairs of Mrs John Dashwood's family for later. a life interest: the remaining half ('moiety') of Mr Dashwood's first wife's fortune was settled on her child (OED, secure, v. 3.1). Mr Dashwood, in having only 'a life interest', had the right to enjoy the profits from the estate during his lifetime but could not dispose of it by sale, gift, or bequest. 4 by any charge on the estate: in the first edition, this passage read: 'by any division of the estate'. In English land-holding there has long been a prejudice against dividing an estate; doing so in repeated generations produces units too small to be viable, and, if done for the benefit of unmarried women, risks handing land over to their husbands if they should subsequently marry. The passage reveals how any provision for younger children, and especially for women, in a family had to be negoti- ated in the light of the preference for handing down land through male primogeniture. In a letter written from London when she had just read the proofs of the first two sheets of Sense and Sensibility (up to Chapter 9), Austen remarks: 'The Incomes remain as they were, but I will get them altered if I can' (letter to Cassandra Austen, 25 April 1811, Letters, p. 182). This implies that the financial details in the novel caused her some trouble before publication, and the present passage shows that a difficulty remained for correction in the second edition. Copeland points out that women's novels of the 17905 are more likely than those of the next decade to address the subject of women and money: 'The yearly income is an obsessive motif in women's fiction at the turn of the eight- eenth century' (see pp. 5, 24). Sense and Sensibility is particularly detailed and consistent in this matter. his uncle: the 'old Gentleman' was great-great-uncle to the child. a thousand pounds a-piece: a very modest provision should the girls ever have to live on it (Copeland, pp. 26-7). sanguine: hopeful, confident, deriving from the physiological theory that a predominance of blood in the body indicated such a temperament. interest of his mother-in-law: the claim or right of his stepmother. 5 four thousand a-year: John Dashwood is an example of the wealthy gentry in Austen's world (Copeland, p. 32). The £4,000 is presumably the annual income from the Norland estate. This inheritance enables John Dashwood to set up as a country gentleman, in a big house on his own land. Before that his wealth appears to have been in money rather than

Explanatory Notes 303 land, and there is evidence later in the novel that he retains money in stocks (p. 169). romantic; showing moral sensitivity and idealism carried to extremes. (For Austen's use of the word see Stokes, pp. 154-7.) 6 sensible; intelligent, well-judging. The adjective sensible could refer to either of the nouns sense or sensibility. In the latter case it would mean here 'having keen or alert senses'. Since it is linked with clever, however, it should probably be taken as deriving from sense, giving the meaning 'possessing judgment and intelligence' (Stokes, pp. 129-36). interesting: arousing the feelings, engaging sympathetic attention (Stokes, pp. 168-70). sensibility: capacity for refined emotional response to feelings and experi- ences, involving delicate sensitivity to moral and aesthetic issues. The novel goes on to reveal the areas of life in which sensibility was com- monly displayed. For the self-conscious 'cult' of sensibility in the late eighteenth century and its effect on women, see the Introduction, pp. xii—xiv. 7 alloy: admixture, moderation. 8 they will each have above three thousand pounds: arrived at by adding a third of the £7,000 which Mrs Dashwood inherits from her husband to the £1,000 each girl inherits from their great-uncle (pp. 3, 4). on the interest often thousand pounds: Copeland points out that the annual interest on a lump sum in most instances in Austen's fiction is calculated at 5 per cent, assuming the money to be invested in 5 per cent govern- ment bonds (p. 23). Here the interest comes to £500 p.a. This is rather more than the income of 'a clear £450 per Ann.' on which Austen's widowed mother and her two unmarried daughters lived after the death of her father in 1805. In using an interest rate of 5 per cent Austen may have recalled the rate her sister Cassandra got on the bequest of £1,000 from her fiance who died in 1797 (Deirdre Le Faye (ed.),Jane Austen: A Family Record (London: The British Library, 1989), 131). of the annuity kind: an annual payment, rather than a lump sum. 9 half that purchase: not likely to last half the length of time mentioned (OED, purchase, sb. 10). Mrs Dashwood is soon revealed to be 40; on the same page Marianne supposes that Colonel Brandon, who is 35, 'may live twenty years longer' (p. 29). on every rent day: by custom, rents and other regular payments were paid on the four Quarter Days in the year, Lady Day (25 March), Midsummer (24 June), Michaelmas (29 September), and Christmas (25 December). expences: the novel contains old-fashioned spellings which were accept- able at the time of its first publication (1811). They have not been either modernized or rendered consistent in this edition. Other examples are: ancle, an't, aukwardness, befal, chuse, controuled, croud, doating, extatic, foretel, lavendar, negociation, popt, recal, shew, scissars, seisure, stedfast, stilish, stopt, wo'nt.

304 Explanatory Notes 9 sixpence: a coin worth half a shilling (aVip). 10 no carriage . . . and hardly any servants: Copeland points out that for people with incomes below £800-1,000 p.a., servants are an indicator of wealth; above that sum it is keeping a carriage (p. 31). plate: utensils for the table, especially those made of silver. 11 breakfast china: in which the cups were larger than was usual in a tea set. This is the earliest use of the phrase cited in OED, breakfast, sb. 3. 7000 /.: the / is an abbreviation of Latin libra, a pound weight, and hence of money, now reproduced as £. 12 motives of interest: self-interest. depended on the will of his mother: the late Mr Ferrars, in leaving all his wealth to his wife, is clearly not influenced by the principle of male primogeniture adopted by the 'old Gentleman'. her's: a variant form of hers, by association with the possessive in phrases containing a noun instead of a pronoun (OED); their's occurs on p. 23, our's on p. 83, andyour's on p. 109. address: manner, social skills, ease in society. 13 barouche: a four-wheeled carriage in which two couples could sit facing each other, and a further two people, one of them the driver, could be seated above on the box. Austen makes use of the seating arrangements in Henry Crawford's barouche in an episode in Mansfield Park, chapter 8. attaching: engaging. attachment: relationship of affection and fidelity. 14 Cowper: the poet William Cowper (1731-1800), a favourite of Austen. For his popularity see the Introduction, pp. xv-xvi. it mould have broke: Chapman points out that the participle broke without a final -» is frequent in dialogue in Austen's novels (p. 420). 16 peculiar: special. 17 genius: creative ability; the word differs in meaning from taste in that it implies performance rather than simply appreciation of the arts or other imaginative enterprises (Stokes, pp. 149-52). 18 draw him in: entice or ensnare him. The italics seem to indicate that the phrase had some notoriety. connections: relations, especially by marriage. 20 sent round by water: transport of heavy goods by sea was common. 21 'Dear, dear Norland!': While admitting that '[fjlowery addresses to beloved spots were part of the stock in trade of the heroine of sensibility', Kenneth Moler finds this passage reminiscent of the address to her childhood home of Amanda Fitzallen, heroine of Regina Maria Roche's popular Gothic novel, The Children of the Abbey, 4 vols. (1796), i. i (Jane Austen's Art of Allusion (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1968),

Explanatory Notes 305 you will continue the same: the reflection that nature continues the same, unconscious of human changes and sorrows, is expressed in Walter Scott, The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), in the opening lines of Canto 4: Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide The glaring bale-fires blaze no more; No longer steel-clad warriors ride Along thy wild and willow'd shore; Where'er thou wind'st, by dale or hill, All, all is peaceful, all is still, Unlike the tide of human time, - Which, though it change in ceaselessflow, Retains each grief, retains each crime Its earliest course was doom'd to know. . . . 22 demesne: extent of land, estate. The word is usually applied to more extensive properties. wicket gate: a small gate for foot-passengers only. as a cottage it was defective: the attributes of a cottage described here come from pastoral and the picturesque. Barton Cottage is neither an actual nor an idealized home of a rural labourer, which, besides being much smaller, would have had a thatched roof. It is a recently built, middle- class house, called a cottage because it is of modest size and is in the country. The term indicates that the Dashwoods have come down in the world. the offices: kitchen quarters. 23 before-hand with the world: to have more than sufficient to meet present demands, to have money in hand for future contingencies (OED, beforehand, A.i.d). 24 his newspaper every day: two newspapers were published in Exeter at the time: Trewman's Exeter Flying Post, or, Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser and Woolmer's Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. Newspapers were expensive - most London papers in the late 17905 cost sixpence - and it was not unusual for neighbours to share them. 25 Barton Park: tradition associates Barton Park with Pynes, home of the Northcote family in the Exe Valley (Anne-Marie Edwards, In the Steps of Jane Austen, 3rd edn. (Newbury: Countryside Books, 1991), 102). Austen's knowledge of Devon came from a holiday in Sidmouth in 1801 and in Dawlish and Teignmouth the following year. piqued herself upon: prided herself on. 26 manor: an ancient land-holding, here estate. full of engagements: the difficulty of transport after nightfall in the coun- try made people prefer moonlit evenings for engagements away from home. Lamps were used on carriages but were not satisfactory: 'oil has

306 Explanatory Notes proved objectionable by the smoke it creates', and a candle 'soon gutters away, or gives but a small glimmering light. . .' (Felton, pp. 197-8). Even the best candles, with reflectors behind them, illumined the road only a small distance ahead. In one of Austen's juvenilia she writes 'There will be no Moon - and you will have an horrid walk home' ('A Collection of Letters', Catharine and Other Writings, 154). 26 raillery: good-humoured ridicule. 27 Marianne's performance: 'It is evident that Marianne's musicalproficiency was quite exceptional . . . for on this occasion she performed a very difficult feat: she read at sight, and simultaneously, the words, the vocal line and the accompaniment of several songs . . .' (Piggott, p. 44). insensibility: insensitivity, aesthetic or moral unawareness (Stokes, pp. 129-30, 174). 28 jointure: money or property settled on a wife to provide for her after her husband's death. 29 old enough to be my father: Marianne is 'not seventeen' (p. 14). single at seven and twenty: 27 is often the age at which unmarried women in Austen's novels despair of finding a husband. Charlotte Lucas in Pride and Prejudice is 27 when she marries Mr Collins, and the heroine of Persuasion, Anne Elliot, is 27. the offices of a nurse: the question of a woman's marrying an old and sick man is raised in Samuel Richardson's Sir Charles Grandison, a novel which was a favourite of Austen: 'She must . . . be one who has outlived half her hopes: She must have been acquainted with affliction, and known disappointment. She must consider her marriage with him, tho' as an act of condescension, yet partly as a preferment' (ed. Jocelyn Harris, 3 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), vol. Ill, letter XVI, ii. 90). For recollections of Richardson's novels in Sense and Sensibility see Harris, chapter 3. 30 flannel: a loose-textured woollen fabric. Austen associates flannel with infirmity: in a letter to her sister, Cassandra, from Bath she writes, 'my Uncle is still in his flannels, but is getting better again' (19 June 1799, Letters, p. 47). 32 exigence: necessity. carrying a gun, with two pointers: the gun is for shooting game birds; pointers are dogs bred to indicate the presence of game by pointing at it. 33 His name was good: there is more than one aristocratic English family called Willoughby. The character Sir Clement Willoughby in Frances Burney's Evelina (1778) does not add lustre to the name. Edward Cope- land points out that the names Willoughby and Brandon occur together in a tale in the Lady's Magazine in 1794 ('Money Talks: Jane Austen and the Lady's Magazine', in J. David Grey (ed.), Jane Austen's Beginnings (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989), 153-71 (at pp. 160-1). 34 the country: the area or district.

Explanatory Notes 307 35 a little hop: an informal dance. ride to covert, hunt; a covert is a thicket hiding wild animals or game. setting your cap at', making an effort to gain a man's affections with a view to marriage. The expression, used only of women, had been colloquial since c. 1770 (Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, 8th edn., ed. Paul Beale (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), 1037). Marianne's preserver: perhaps an echo of Jane West, A Gossip's Story, in which a heroine called Marianne is rescued by a handsome young man when the horse she is riding takes fright at a carriage. The young man, Clermont, is referred to as her 'preserver' (2 vols. (London, 1796), i. 201). J. M. S. Tompkins argues that A Gossip's Story is 'the starting-point of Sense and Sensibility'' in ' \"Elinor and Marianne\": A Note on Jane Austen', Review of English Studies, 16 (1940), 33-43. 36 Scott. . . Pope no more than isproper: Marianne's choice of poets is typic- ally that of a romantic - Cowper, Thomson (see p. 70), and Scott. What the reader of sensibility enjoyed in these poets was a keen perception of nature and an awareness of the movement of human feelings, especially as aroused by suffering and by the passage of time, whether the changing seasons or the passing of generations. Beside them the works of Alexan- der Pope (1688-1744) appeared detached and lacking feeling, celebrating as they do social harmony rather than individual response. The mention of Walter Scott (1771-1832) as a popular poet cannot have been made in the early version of Sense and Sensibility (1797) as the first of Scott's works to become widely known, The Lay of the Last Minstrel, was not published until 1805. 37 picturesque beauty: a fashion for admiring the beauty of nature according to picturesque principles laid down by William Gilpin, for instance in his Three Essays: on Picturesque Beauty; on Picturesque Travel; and on Sketch- ing Landscape (London, 1792), and Uvedale Price in his Essays on the Picturesque (London, 1794-8). The picturesque involved appreciating landscape not as a setting for human activity but for wild and irregular natural features and striking effects of light; the concept was demon- strated in Gilpin's accounts of tours taken in the Wye Valley, the English Lakes and the Scottish Highlands. every common-place notion of decorum: as laid out in 'conduct books' giving social advice to young women which tended to advocate self-restraint and reserve of manner. 39 patronized: protected, favoured. East Indies: the term included the Indian subcontinent as well as the islands of the Far East. nabobs, goldmohrs, and palanquins: three terms which sum up the popular impression of the British in India. Nabob, from Urdu naremab,originally the title of a deputy or governor of a province of the Mughal empire,

308 Explanatory Notes came to signify a man returned from India with a fortune; mohr or mohur, from Persian muhr, was the chief gold coin of north India; and palanquin, from an Eastern original via Portuguese, was a litter or closed conveyance carried by bearers (OED). 39 candour, used in the obsolete sense of freedom from malice, kindliness (OED, candour 4); compare the note on 'candid', p. 60. 40 the hanging of my curricle: a curricle was a light, two-wheeled carriage drawn by two horses abreast and popular with wealthy young men in Austen's novels. The hanging of the curricle refers to the position of the body in relation to the wheels. Draught (and access for passengers) was eased by bringing the weight forward, but a two-wheeled carriage was considered to look better if the body hung between the wheels (Felton, pp. 234-5). There were fashions in the hanging of carriages; for instance, in an early sketch of Austen's, 'The Three Sisters', the intractable Mary Stanhope says, ' \"And Remember I am to have a new Carriage hung as high as the Duttons\"' (Catharine and Other Writings, p. 62). 41 the propriety of some self-command: in particular, a young woman was urged not to betray any feeling for a man before he declared his interest in her. John Gregory gives this advice: 'A woman . . . may easily prevent the first impressions of love, and every motive of prudence and delicacy should make her guard her heart against them, till such time as she has received the most convincing proofs of the attachment of a man of such merit, as will justify a reciprocal regard. . . . But miserable will be your fate, if you allow an attachment to steal on you before you are aware of a return. . . .' (A Father's Legacy to his Daughters (London, 1774), 103—4). When Austen made mocking reference to this doctrine in Northanger Abbey (at the end of chapter 3) the source she cited was Rambler, 97, a paper on the decline of female modesty and reticence contributed by the novelist Samuel Richardson to Samuel Johnson's periodical paper (1750-2). 42 sense: intelligence, discernment, capacity for making sound judgements (Stokes, pp. 126-8). does not approve of second attachments: romantic characters, especially in fiction, expressed their idealistic view of fidelity in love by denying that anyone could be in love more than once (see also pp. 36 and 70). The belief is debated in Sir Charles Grandison and comprehensively dismissed in a passage starting: 'A young woman may fix her affections on a man, who may prove perfidious - On a man, who may be engaged to another woman', and ending: 'Silly creatures! —to maintain these nonsenses at their own expence, in favour of a passion that is generally confined to the days of girlhood; and which they themselves would laugh at in a woman after she was arrived at honest thirty, or at years of discretion. . . .' (vol. VII, letter XLIII, iii. 405; Harris, pp. 52-4). 45 establishment: household, staff. Queen Mab: the name comes from a speech by Mercutio in Shakespeare's

Explanatory Notes 309 Romeo and Juliet (i. iv. 53-103). Queen Mab is 'the fairies' midwife' who causes humans to dream of the fufilment of their desires; these dreams are, however, 'Begot of nothing but vain fantasy, | Which is as thin of substance asthe air, | And more inconstant than the wind. . . .' 46 I saw him cut it off. the erotic significance of a man's cutting off a lock of a young woman's hair is most memorably stated in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock (1714). after tea', tea was served after dinner in the evening. Dinner was the main meal of the day and was served in the late afternoon. It becomes clear later that the Dashwoods serve dinner at four o'clock (pp. 57, 274). Guests could be welcomed to tea who had not been present at dinner. pocket-book: a pocket-sized leather book for carrying papers and bank- notes, a wallet. 47 the curate of the parish: a clergyman acting as deputy or assistant to the incumbent of the parish, hence likely to be young. For the post of curate see Collins, pp. 21-2. place: country-house with its grounds and surroundings, estate. without whose interest: influence due to personal connection. 48 to breakfast: breakfast was eaten at about nine or ten o'clock; it was common to have undertaken some of the day's activities before it. the direction: the address. from town: from London. 49 at this time of year: as the novel makes clear it was fashionable to visit London in the late winter and spring. A sportsman would be occupied in the country in October. guineas: English gold coins worth twenty-one shillings (£1.05). In 1663 the Royal Mint was authorized to issue gold coins of the value of twenty shillings (j£i) for the use of traders to Africa. They were popularly known as guineas because they were used in the trade to the Guinea coast, and made of gold from Guinea. In 1717 their value was fixed at twenty- one shillings; the last coinage of guineas was in 1813 though the term survived for professional fees and subscriptions and the price of works of art, racehorses, and sometimes landed property (OED, guinea, 33 and 4). 50 Honiton: a town on the road from Exeter to London. go post: in a hired carriage or post-chaise, a speedy but expensive method of transport. At posting inns en route the horses could be changed, enabling a faster journey than could be achieved with one's own horses. 51 his natural daughter: a daughter born out of wedlock. as she can stare: a colloquial expression, apparently endorsing the claim of likeness, first recorded in 1714 (OED, stare, v.i.b). leave her all hisfortune: as an illegitimate child she would have no right of succession to her father's property unless it were left to her in his will. In the first edition, this passage continued: 'Lady Middleton's delicacy was

310 Explanatory Notes shocked; and in order to banish so improper a subject as the mention of a natural daughter, she actually took the trouble of saying something her- self about the weather.' Austen may have removed the passage because Lady Middleton had saved the situation by commenting on the weather on p. 47. 52 woman', lady's maid. impossible to have any other companion: Willoughby was driving a curricle (see p. 40) which seated two. Sometimes a curricle had 'a groom's seat behind', which might on this occasion have accommodated Mrs Jennings's informant (Lorraine Hanaway, 'Travel and Transportation' in J. David Grey, A. Walton Litz, and Brian Southam (eds.), The Jane Austen Handbook (London: Athlone Press, 1986), 391). we always know. . . I could have had nopleasure'. Marianne's assertion that her feelings are a measure of right conduct puts her in the tradition of the 'sentimental' philosophers who saw morality as a matter of the heart as much as the head. The Earl of Shaftesbury in his Characteristic!:! (London, 1711) is often cited as standing at the beginning of this tradition, which can be traced through the eighteenth century in the works of Rousseau, Hume, and Adam Smith. The traditional Christian view would be that the unaided individual would not necessarily recognize what is wrong, and might take deluded pleasure in it. 53 • hanging wood: a wood on a steep slope. involved: entangled, in complicated financial difficulties. 54 conscious: self-conscious. cleared the estate: freed it from financial liabilities. 55 a kitchen that smokes: with a fireplace which allowed smoke to billow out into the room instead of up the chimney. 56 I flatter myself: I hope. 59 to work: to sew. 60 candid: in the sense defined by Dr Johnson as 'Free from malice; not desirous to find faults' (OED, candid, 4). Elizabeth Bennet compliments her sister Jane's candour in these terms, 'Affectation of candour is com- mon enough; - one meets it every where. But to be candid without ostentation or design - to take the good of every body's character and make it still better, and say nothing of the bad - belongs to you alone' (Pride and Prejudice, ed. James Kinsley (London: Oxford University Press, 2004), 10). 61 If we find they correspond: it was not thought appropriate for a young unmarried woman to correspond with a man unless she was engaged to him. The unwisdom of doing so was clear from Samuel Richardson's influential novel Clarissa (1747-8), whose heroine, under pressure from her family to marry against her will, engaged in correspondence with Lovelace, with tragic consequences.

Explanatory Notes 311 63 music that he had written out for her. 'Willoughby's ability to copy out music implies a degree of musical training considerably beyond the range of the average amateur singer. . . . Printed music was expensive . . . and hand-written collections of songs and pianoforte music were to be found in every household' (Piggott, p. 45). 64 nice: fastidious; here 'reticent'. 65 Hamlet: 'One guesses that [they] had perhaps arrived at the part where Hamlet inexplicably rejects Ophelia' (Tony Tanner, Jane Austen (Basing- stoke: Macmillan, 1987), 93). 66 particularity: peculiarity such as to excite surprise, now obsolete (OED, particularity 2.b). elect: chosen but not yet installed in office. 67 bottoms: low-lying areas likely to be muddy. 68 assurance: confidence of manner. 69 competence: sufficient means for comfortable living. Two thousand a-year! One is my wealth!: £2,000 a year is the income of Colonel Brandon (p. 53) and of Mr Bennet in Pride and Prejudice. hunters: horses used for fox-hunting. Combe Magna: English place-names are sometimes followed by Magna (Latin great, large), usually indicating the existence of another denomin- ated Parva (small). Such names are most commonly found in the West Country, here Somerset. 70 print-shops: shops displaying and selling engraved prints. Engraving was the commonest means of reproducing a pictorial image before photog- raphy, and print-shops sold engravings of both new works and the works of artists of the past whose output, without this medium of reproduction, would have been seen by few. Thomson: the Scottish poet James Thomson (1700-48), author of The Seasons, a long poem of natural description widely read in the eighteenth century and regarded as a precursor of the Romantic interest in nature. admire an old twisted tree: for instance, William Gilpin's Remarks on Forest Scenery, and other Woodland Views (Relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty), 2 vols. (London, 1791), where she would read: 'What is more beautiful, for instance, on a rugged foreground, than an old tree with a hollow trunk? or with a dead arm, a dropping bough, or a dying branch?'1 (i. 8) and 'The blasted tree has often a fine effect both in natural, and in artificial landscape. In some scenes it is almost essential' (i. 14). 73 rugged: a favourite word with Gilpin. Admirers of the picturesque looked for 'ruggedness' in scenery rather than orderliness or signs of prosperity. the soft medium of a hazy atmosphere: Gilpin disliked a horizen ''bounded by a hard edge1 and recommended that 'A distance should either melt into the sky, or terminate in a soft and varied mountain line' (Observations on the Western Parts of England (London, 1798), 255).

312 Explanatory Notes 73 him who first defined what picturesque beauty was:presumably Gilpin, who described the difference between aspects of nature which are beautiful and those which are picturesque as being 'between those, which please the eye in their natural state, and those which please from some quality, capable of being illustrated in painting' (Three Essays: on Picturesque Beauty (1792), 3). Although Austen satirizes the excesses of enthusiasts for the picturesque both here and in Northanger Abbey, her brother Henry remarked in his 'Biographical Notice' that 'At a very early age she was enamoured of Gilpin on the Picturesque; and she seldom changed her opinions either on books or men' (J. E. Austen-Leigh, A Memoir of Jane Austen and Other Family Recollections, ed. Kathryn Sutherland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 140-1). 74 watch-tower. . . banditti', features of romantic narrative. Watch-towers are found, for instance, in Scott's poems of the Anglo-Scottish border; Italian banditti, outlaws or bandits particularly in the mountainous regions of southern Europe, were well known from Gothic novels and the paintings of Salvator Rosa (1615-73). 75 mine of raillery: in military use a mine is an underground cavity in which explosive is hidden before being 'sprung', or made to explode. devoted: doomed. 77 temporising: negotiating, especially so as to gain time. nicety: fastidiousness. chambers in the Temple: residence in one of the Inns of Court, either the Inner Temple or the Middle Temple (whose names derive from the medieval Knights Templar), membership of which was necessary for an aspiring barrister. very knowing gigs: a gig is a light, two-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse. 'Knowing' is here used colloquially to mean smart, stylish (OED, knowing, ppl.a. 4, where it is the first instance cited). 78 the navy . . . to enter it: the navy was in fashion because of its importance to the defence of Britain during the wars against Revolutionary France (1793-1801) and then France under Napoleon (1803-15), involving naval victories like that at Trafalgar (1805). Boys entered the navy very early: Nelson, the hero of Trafalgar, was entered as a midshipman at the age of 12 in 1771 and became a captain by the age of 20, and Austen's brother Francis joined the navy a few days before his twelfth birthday in 1786. a red coat: the uniform of a British soldier. entered at Oxford . . . properly idle: this is no doubt in part a humorous reference to the perennial idleness of students. The question of the idle- ness of Oxford undergraduates had, however, been raised by Edward Gibbon's complaint about his student days in his Memoirs (1789). Teach- ing was given by both the University and the Colleges, but examination was not rigorous and did little to encourage application among wealthy young gentlemen who were not preparing for a profession (Collins,

Explanatory Notes 313 pp. 35-40; L. S. Sutherland and L. G. Mitchell, The History of the University of Oxford, v: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 476-86). as Columella's: a reference to Richard Graves's novel Columella, or, the Distressed Anchoret, 2 vols. (London, 1779). Columella is planning the future of his sons: 'The third he determined to bind for seven years to a very celebrated man . . . who had united in his own person the several professions of apothecary, surgeon, man-midwife, bone-setter, tooth- drawer, hop-dealer, and brandy-merchant. And by these several occupa- tions Columella flattered himself that his sons would be secured from that tedium and disgust of life which he experienced, and which he had brought upon himself by a life of indolence and inactivity' (ii. 209-10). in condition: circumstances, social position. 81 to be confined: in childbirth. 82 low pitched: having a low ceiling (OED, low-pitched 2, citing its first example from 1843). 83 meet again in town: it was a mark of a rich country-dweller to own or rent a house in London for seasonal visits. Copeland comments that '[t]he splendors of a house in the country and the season in town function as the yardstick for incomes above £4,000 to £5,000 a year. . . .' (p. 32). Mrs Palmer appears to think that Mrs Dashwood might take a London house; but the only way that the poorer characters in the novel, the Dashwood and Steele girls, could go would be as the guests of others. Hanover-square: a fashionable square in London just south of Oxford Street; its name derives from the fact that building started soon after the accession of the Elector of Hanover as George I in 1714 (London Encyclo- paedia, p. 362). to chaperon you: to act as guide and protector to young unmarried women when going into society. OED cites this passage as its earliest instance of 'chaperon' as a verb. 84 disgusting: distasteful, displeasing, offensive; Stokes points out that Austen usually uses the word to describe a subjective response of distaste, rather than to make an objective statement about its cause (p. 103). In modern usage disgusting has a stronger meaning and is more likely to be used objectively. 85 insolence: disdainful rudeness; Austen uses the word in its earliest sense, to imply arrogance towards an inferior (OED, insolent, i; Stokes, p. 107; see note to p. 179 below). against: in preparation for. 86 frank for me: by a century-old custom regularized by Act of Parliament in 1763, a Member of Parliament was entitled to send letters by post free of charge. All that was required to frank them was for the member to write the address on the letter in his own hand (and after 1784 the date also), so with his compliance his friends could enjoy the privilege too. The system

314 Explanatory Notes was abolished in 1840 with the introduction of the penny post (E. T. Crutchley, GPO (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), 33-4)- 87 in the opposition: most of the governments during Austen's adult life, the years of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, were Tory. In 1797, when Sense and Sensibility in its present form was started, the Prime Minister was William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806); in 1809-11, when the novel was completed, it was Spencer Perceval (1762-1812). Both led Tory administrations, and so, if Mrs Palmer is to be trusted, Willoughby is a Whig. Bond-street: a street running through Mayfair north from Piccadilly to Oxford Street. Old Bond Street was built in the late seventeenth century, taking its name from the financier Sir Thomas Bond; its continuation, New Bond Street, was built in the eighteenth century. The street was, and is, a luxury shopping street and promenade for shop-gazers (London Encyclopaedia, p. 77). 91 taking patterns: making paper patterns to enable the dress to be copied. work-bags: bags to contain the equipment for sewing. lavender-water: a solution of oil of lavender in spirit, used to treat dis- orders of the head and nerves. sugar plums: boiled sweets. 92 eclat: (French) brilliance, exaggeration for effect. the outside of enough: more than enough. 93 Norland: Chapman (p. 384) points out that Miss Steele has no business to know anything of the beauty of Norland. Lucy is ready with an explan- ation in the next sentence, in which she overreaches herself, as it appears from p. 23 that Sir John Middleton had never visited Norland. as lief be: as gladly be. 94 a friend in the corner: a secret friend. 96 parts: talents, abilities, cleverness (OED,part, sb. 12). 98 my sister and me was often staying: both Steele sisters make grammatical mistakes as well as using non-standard and vulgar expressions (Stokes, pp. 21-4). 99 Park-street:built between the 17205 and 17703, Park Street runs between Oxford Street and South Street, crossing several of the principal streets of the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair. Although some houses in the street were modest, there were at the southern end on the west side larger houses with gardens overlooking Hyde Park (London Encyclopaedia, P. 584). too setfor it: a slight vulgarism. 'Confusion between set and sit arose as early as the beginning of the I4th c., owing partly . . . to the identity of mean- ing in some uses, as between to be set (=seated) and to sit' (OED, set, v.). The business of having a portrait painted divided rich and poor: Austen

Exp lanalory No tes 315 had experience in her own family of her wealthy sister-in-law being painted by a well-known painter, while a less rich sister-in-law accepted the services of an itinerant artist (Collins, p. 138). 103 Elinor's', the first edition read 'her', which was unsatisfactory as the pre- ceding sentence was in another volume. Marilyn Butler suggested that Austen may have expected the novel to be in two volumes, rather than three; see her 'Disregarded Designs: Jane Austen's Sense of the Volume', in The Jane Austen Society: Report for the Year 1978 (Alton: The Jane Austen Society, 1979), 27-42. 106 consequences: 'a round game, in which a narrative of the meeting of a lady and a gentleman, their conversation, and the ensuing \"consequences\", is concocted by the contribution of a name or fact by each of the players, in ignorance of what has been contributed by the others' (OED, consequence, 9, the first instance cited). 107 a round game: a game in which any number of players could join as it did not entail taking partners. It was often played at a round table. On this occasion there were five players until Elinor withdrew. ftllagree: also known as rolled-paper work, a method of imitating metal filigree work by gluing or pinning narrow rolls of paper, gilded or col- oured at the edges, onto wood. It was first used in the fifteenth century in England to decorate poorer churches and convents, but later became a hobby for ladies who used it to decorate tea caddies, pictures, ornaments, etc. It was in vogue at the end of the seventeenth century, and again between about 1775 and 1810. A filigree basket for a spoilt child, imply- ing the uselessness of the craft, occurs in one of Maria Edgeworth's children's stories, 'The Birthday Present', in The Parent's Assistant, 3rd edn., 6 vols. (London, 1800), ii. 3-45. Instructions 'To Make Filligree' may be found in Hannah Robertson, The Young Ladies School of Arts, 4th edn. (York, 1777), 3-4. working candles: candles giving a superior light for close work. infer, imply. a rubber of Casino: usually spelled cassino, a card game played with a full whist-pack, the object of which is to take as many cards as possible, particularly those which have special value. Of these, the ten of dia- monds, called great cassino (or great cass), counts two points, and the two of spades, called little cassino (or little cass), counts one. A rubber is a set of (usually) three games the last of which is played to decide beween the parties when each has gained one; hence, two games out of three won by the same side (OED). 108 to cut out: at cards to 'cut in' is to take the place of another player who 'cuts out'. 109 only two thousand pounds: which would yield an annual income of £100. in take orders: to enter the ministry of the Church; to be ordained as a clergyman.

316 Explanatory Notes in living: benefice, the ecclesiastical office of being the incumbent or clergyman in charge of a church and its parish. Some livings were in the gift of lay patrons, usually landowners like Mr John Dashwood. 113 festival: Christmas. Portman-square: in Marylebone, just north of Oxford Street, built between 1764 and 1784 and named after the ground landlord Henry William Portman {London Encyclopaedia, p. 616). 114 by the coach: the stagecoach, a comparatively inexpensive means of travel; it was not usually used by ladies. In a letter of 15-16 September 1796, Austen, who was away from home, wrote to her sister: 'As to the mode of our travelling to Town, / want to go in a Stage Coach, but Frank [her brother] will not let me' (Letters, p. n). chaise: an enclosed, four-wheeled carriage which held three persons. It was the regular family carriage. poking: pottering, working in a desultory manner. OED cites this passage as its earliest example of poke in this sense (poke, v. 6.b). 119 complaisance: willingness to please, obligingness. the luxury of a good fire: there was no satisfactory way of heating a carriage, and travellers in January would arrive very cold. 120 the two-penny post: a local post for London; begun as a penny post by William Dockwra in 1680, it became two-pence in 1801 (OED, twopenny, A.i.d, where this is the first instance cited). 121 Cartwright: probably her housekeeper. to conjure out: work out, guess, as if by supernatural power. 123 wild: passionately or excitedly desirous, the first instance of this col- loquial usage cited in OED (wild, i i.b). the table: a hall table where visitors would leave their cards (see note to p. 126). a whist-table: four players seated round a table to play the card game whist. 124 open weather: without frost. 125 old city friends: friends from the City of London, the mercantile area of East London as opposed to the fashionable West End, alluding to Mrs Jennings's husband 'who had traded with success in a less elegant part of the town' (p. 113). 126 His card: a visitor would leave a card on finding the person he or she intended to visit to be out. Berkeley-street: Upper Berkeley Street, running west from Portman Square to Edgware Road, built in about 1771 and named after William Berkeley, heir to the Portman estate (the Berkeley Street which runs north from Piccadilly to Berkeley Square in Mayfair does not match the description of Mrs Jennings's house as 'in one of the streets near Portman-square'(p. 113).

Explanatory Notes 317 Conduit-street: laid out in the eighteenth century and named after the pipes that brought water into the city, Conduit Street extends from New Bond Street east to Regent Street (London Encyclopaedia, p. 192). 127 collation: a light meal. 133 hartshorn: a liquid solution of ammonia originally derived from a hart's horn; also, smelling salts similarlyderived. 135 worsted: woollen yarn. any senses', powers of perception. 136 Bond Street: many shopkeepers in fashionable Bond Street let their upper rooms as lodgings, and distinguished lodgers included Nelson (1797-8) (London Encyclopaedia, p.77). 137 chariot: a light, four-wheeled carriage differing from a chaise in having a coach-box. (The driver of the chaise was mounted.) Wordsworth, remembering his residence in London in the 17905, mentions 'The glit- tering chariots with their pampered steeds' (The Prelude (1805), vii. 162). 141 bely: belie, misrepresent. 143 to sink: lose the power to stay upright, collapse, faint. a dressing: a severe scolding; we should say 'dressing down'. 145 all to pieces: ruined. with his curricle and hunters: Sir John Middleton's estimate of Willough- by's income was £600-700 p.a. (p. 54),which is modest for a carriage, let alone hunters (Copeland, p. 31). Miss Grey's £50,000 will yield an annual income of £2,500. she is of age: 21, and therefore able to marry without the permission of her parent or guardian. 146 Law: colloquial and euphemistic, 'Lord'. an ill wind: alluding to the proverb 'it is an ill wind that blows nobody good', implying that somebody gains from even the most unfortunate circumstance. 147 love-child: a child born out of wedlock. 'prenticed out: apprenticed to learn a trade. stewponds . . . canal: fish were kept in stewponds until needed for the kitchen; a canal was a long, narrow, ornamental stretch of water in a garden or park. The Delaford garden combines usefulness and ornament in a way that appears to be slightly old-fashioned. turn-pike road: road on which the user pays a toll. One shoulder of mutton . . . drives another down: a proverbial expression implying that one experience (here, of falling in love) invites another of the same kind. Its use is illustrated in Jonathan Swift, A Compleat Collec- tion Of genteel and Ingenious Conversation (1738): 'Col. I'gad, I think, the more I eat, the hungryer I am. Lord Sp. Why,Colonel, they say, one Shoulder of Mutton drives down another' (The Prose Works of Jonathan

318 Explanatory Notes Swift, ed. Herbert Davis, 16 vols. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939-74), iv- 177). 147 Constantia wine: a high-quality dessert wine from Constantia near Cape Town in South Africa, popular in Europe in the nineteenth century. It became more readily available in England after the British occupation of the Dutch settlement in the Cape of Good Hope in 1795, leading to its becoming a British colony in 1814. There are eighteenth-century refer- ences to the wine by English travellers; but this appears to be the earliest reference to drinking Constantia wine in England (OED). For the history of the wine, see Hugh Johnson, The Story of Wine, 3rd edn. (London: Mandarin, 1991), 251-8. 148 cholicky gout: gout is a painful illness of the joints sometimes affecting other organs; here, the disease is associated with colic, illness of the digestive system. Gout was associated with fashionable life, and espe- cially drinking, in the eighteenth century. Pall Mall: a street parallel to Piccadilly and adjacent to St James's Park, laid out in 1661 and named after a game played in the park. The game, somewhat like croquet, had originated in Italy as pallo a maglio ('ball to mallet'). In the eighteenth century Pall Mall was famous for fine houses, shops, and coffee houses (London Encyclopaedia, p. 578-9). 154 eloping together for Scotland: where Eliza could have married without the permission of her parent or guardian while under the age of 21, which was impossible in England under the Marriage Act of 1753. my exchange: change of regiment or posting in the army. her divorce: before the Divorce Act of 1857 full divorce (allowing remar- riage) could be got only by Act of Parliament. It was an expensive pro- cedure, but Colonel Brandon's brother would have been able to get a divorce on the grounds of his wife's adultery. 155 her legal allowance: the amount of money allowed to the wife after the divorce, usually in the form of an annuity. In this case, it was not pro- portionate to the amount Eliza had brought into the marriage. a spunging-house: a house kept by a bailiff or sheriffs officer for the preliminary confinement of debtors. my unfortunate sister: here, sister-in-law. a consumption: tubercular infection of the lungs, a widespread cause of death until the twentieth century. preparation for death: this could involve arrangement of worldly affairs, and also spiritual preparation: 'prepare to meet thy God, O Israel' (Amos 4: 12). Harris (p. 58), in likening the story of Eliza to Richardson's heroine Clarissa, points out that the latter was prepared for death: 'It is not so hard to die, as I believed it to be!- The preparation is the difficulty -1 bless God, I have had time for that. . . .' (Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady, ed. Angus Ross (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), letter 481, p. 1361).

Explanatory Notes 319 156 for his health: Bath was a spa and people went there to take the waters medicinally. In the second half of the eighteenth century it had developed into a fashionable resort offering, in addition to the healing properties of the waters, social events, entertainment, and shopping making it an attractive destination for the young women. 157 expensive: extravagant. 158 we met by appointment: i.e. to fight a duel. Although duelling was illegal and anyone who killed his opponent could be tried for murder, it remained throughout the eighteenth century a not uncommon method of deciding points of honour between gentlemen. Lawrence Stone points out that 'it actually revived among some members of the army officer class who came to maturity during the endless wars of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when a high proportion of the landed elite saw service in the army' (Road to Divorce (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 239). Duellists did not always shoot to kill, allowing their point to be made through a symbolic encounter. her lying-in: labour, the birth of her child. 162 assemblies: receptions, parties. Michaelmas: late September. The Feast of St Michael and All Angels is on 29 September. 163 Bartlett's Buildings, Holborn: a street named after Thomas Bartlett, a printer who owned property near Fetter Lane in Holborn. Holborn is a district of central London through which runs one of the routes to and from the City of London from the west; it was much less fashionable than Mayfair and adjacent areas where the other characters in the novel have houses or lodgings. in the stage: stagecoach (see note to page 114). Dr. Da-vies: not a medical doctor, but a clergyman who has taken a higher degree in Divinity (Collins, p. 39), as becomes clear on p. 207. post-chaise: a hired carriage holding three passengers. shillings: coins worth twelve pence (sp). Nancy: an informal variant of Miss Steele's Christian name, Anne. 165 Gray's in Sackville-street: 'The Nen> Annual Directory for 1800 records \"Gray and Constable, Jea>ellers, 41, Sackville-Street, Piccadilly\". In the Post Office Annual Directory for 1810 it is \"Gray Thomas, Jeweller\"^ (Chapman, p. 385). Sackville Street runs north from Piccadilly to Vigo Street. Originally laid out in the 16703 and named after one of its first residents, Captain Edward Sackville, it was rebuilt in the years after 1730 (London Encyclopaedia, p. 687). puppyism: impertinent conceit, affectation. 166 Exeter Exchange: a bazaar or mall for shops built in about 1676 in the Strand, on the site of Exeter House; this had belonged to Sir Thomas Cecil, son of Lord Burghley, who was created Earl of Exeter in 1605.

320 Explanatory Notes Between 1773 and 1829 Edward Cross kept a menagerie there with lions, tigers, monkeys and an elephant (London Encyclopaedia, p. 270). 166 a seal: an engraved stamp of metal or other hard material used to make an impression on wax. 169 your income is a large one:at the beginning of the novel John Dashwood inherited an estate yielding £4,000 a year, 'in addition to his present income, besides the remaining half of his own mother's fortune' (p. 5). As he consolidates his finances he is on the way to joining what Copeland calls 'the great landlords', those with '£5,000 to £50,000' a year (p. 32). the inclosure of Norland Common: enclosure of common land to make larger farming units. The process, begun in the reign of Henry VIII, was accelerated in the eighteenth century. The sufferer was not John Dash- wood, the landlord, but the small farmers who lost their grazing rights on the common and were often reduced to the status of farm labourers on the landlord's enlarged farm. a little purchase: an instance of the loss of small farms; John Dashwood is buying up a farm whose owner has either died or is no longer able to keep going, and is obviously securing a bargain. 170 the old walnut trees: walnut wood was particularly valued for use in furni- ture and guns. 'The combined lightness and toughness of the wood led to its adoption as the favourite material for making the stocks of guns and rifles. It is said that so great was the demand for this purpose during the Peninsular War, that a single Walnut-tree realized £600 for its timber, and this created a boom that led to the cutting down of all our finest Walnut-trees' (Edward Step, Wayside and Woodland Trees: A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva (London: Frederick Warne, 1904), 134). the old thorns: no doubt of the sort admired by lovers of the picturesque. only herjointure: Elinor supposes that Mrs Jennings has only the life-rent of her jointure, a common arrangement whereby her husband ensured that what he left went ultimately to his children, and was not diverted away from them by his widow's possible remarriage. Mrs Ferrars, by contrast, has the power to disinherit even her eldest son if she wishes. 173 Harley-street: a smart residential street in Marylebone built in the eight- eenth century and named after Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford (London Encyclopaedia, p. 365). 174 recollection: composure, calmness of mind, self-possession (OED, recollec- tion1, 2). 175 breaking: training; now usually 'breaking in'. 176 pair of screens: fire-screens, small ornamental screens with a handle used to shield the face from the heat of a fire. 177 phillippic: bitter invective. The term comes from the Philippic orations of Demosthenes (384-322 BC) against the ambitious designs of Philip of Macedon.

Explanatory Notes 321 178 intelligent: knowing. her salts: smelling salts, strong-smelling crystals of ammonia used to calm disorders of the heart or respiratory system. 179 affable: Stokes points out that this term is used in Austen of behaviour towards a social inferior and is the opposite of insolent (see note to p. 85). 'Social superiors who are affable are those ready to condescend to be pleasant to their inferiors, who do not maintain a haughty reserve from them, but are \"approachable\"' (pp. 107-110). hauteur: (French) haughtiness of manner. 187 douceur: (French) sweetener, conciliatory gesture. violoncello: now usually abbreviated to 'cello'. 188 gaucherie: (French) awkwardness of manner. Westminster: Westminster School evolved from the medieval school for clerks attached to the Abbey of Westminster in London. It survived the Reformation and was refounded by Queen Elizabeth in 1560; it has maintained a high intellectual and social reputation ever since. Dawlish: a town on the south Devon coast which became a fashionable resort in the late eighteenth century. 189 Bonomi's: Joseph Bonomi, ARA (1739-1808), was an Italian architect who settled in London and made an important contribution to the revival of classical architecture in Britain. He is the only architect named in Austen's novels. Dartford: a market town in Kent. will admit eighteen couple with ease: as a measure of room size one could note that Lady Middleton in her London house gave 'a small dance of eight or nine couple' (p. 127). saloon: from French salon, a public room in a house, usually large. This passage is a satire on the use of the term 'cottage' by rich people who pay lip-service to pastoral simplicity without forgoing their usual conveni- ences. A similar point is made by Coleridge in 'The Devil's Thoughts' (1799): 'He saw a cottage with a double coach-house, | A cottage of gentility; | AndtheDevil didgrin, for hisdarling sin | Is pride that apes humility' (st. 6). 191 some emigrant: perhaps from revolutionary France. Many such were desti- tute, as from i January 1792 all emigres were considered traitors and their property liable to confiscation by the revolutionarygovernment. 193 the red-gum: a rash usually associated with teething, although this baby is rather young to be teething. from Harley-street: where, as soon becomes clear, he had been called to see Mrs John Dashwood. Harley Street did not become associated with the medical profession until about 1845 (London Encyclopaedia, p. 365). 194 no conjurer: far from clever.

322 Explanatory Notes 194 her carpet-work: needlework with wool to make coverings for tables and beds. 195 a taking: passion, state of agitation. and two men: that is, one male servant more than Mrs Dashwood keeps on an income of £500 per year (p.20). out of place: out of a job. 200 land-tax: a tax, first imposed in 1690, based on the rental value of landed property. 202 ta>o thousand, five hundred a-year: that is, the sum of the annual yield of £1,000 from the 'Norfolk estate' his mother offered him (p. 200) and the interest of £1,500 p.a. on Miss Morton's £30,000. 203 penitence, without the hope of amendment: penitence, in Christian terms, should lead to absolution and 'amendment of life' (Exhortation before Holy Communion in the Book of Common Prayer). 204 Kensington Gardens: the gardens of Kensington Palace, originally laid out in the Dutch style for Queen Mary, wife of William III, in the 16905. They were replanted and extended in the style of a landscape garden in the eighteenth century, and George II opened them on Saturdays to 'respectably dressed people' when the court was at Richmond (London Encyclopaedia, p. 424).In the early nineteenth century they were open from spring to autumn; Austen mentions walking in Kensington Gar- dens in spring when 'everything was fresh & beautiful' in a letter of 25 April 1811 (Letters,, p. 184). 205 is quite come to: has got over it. 206 a curacy: the office of curate in a parish (seenote to p. 47). Curates were paid very little, £50 p.a. being not unusual (Collins, pp. 29-30). Oh, la!: a colloquial euphemism for 'Lord'. Stokes comments that 'The exclamation La! is used only by affected/vulgar/ignorant and usually young women' in Austen (p. 19). till he got a living: Edward may have been playing for time in specifying that he should get a living, rather than merely a curacy, before marrying. 207 a closet: a private space ranging in size between a large cupboard and a small room. behind a chimney-board: a large, decorated screen placed in front of a fireplace in the summer. huswifes: needle-books (see p. 191), cloth books or pockets in which to keep needles, threads, and scissors for sewing; the word, pronounced 'huzzif, is a contraction of'housewife'. some business at Oxford: as a basic qualification for taking orders a candi- date needed a university degree, which Edward has from Oxford. To proceed further he needs a testimonial from his college vouching for his fitness (Collins, p.38). light upon a Bishop: Edward needs to be examined by a bishop who will in

Explanatory Notes 323 due course ordain him to the ministry of the Church of England (Collins, p. 38); 'light upon' is hardly an appropriate verb for this undertaking. 208 quite happy, completely happy. this bout: this time, here perhaps 'this season'. preferment: promotion, appointment. the interest of his two thousand pounds: yielding an income of £100 p.a., on which one servant could be kept (Copeland, p. 28). 209 great trials, and great persecutions: language usually associated with the sufferings of the early Christian martyrs. My paper reminds me to conclude: letters in Austen's time were not usually sent in separate envelopes. The sheet on which the letter was written was folded and the address, or 'direction', was written on the back. There was thus only the first page and part of the second for the letter unless a second sheet were taken. The phrase used by Lucy Steele was a letter- writer's cliche which Austen had made fun of in an early burlesque, 'Amelia Webster', where Miss Webster, after a letter of only three or four lines, writes 'but my Paper reminds me of concluding' (Catharine and Other Writings, p. 46). 211 started: raised. ennui: (French) boredom, tedium. 212 ales.s,on5:).an exercise, especially for the harpsichord or piano (OED, lesson, sangfroid: dispassion, coolness. 213 a rectory: a living entitling the holder to all the tithes of the parish (see note to p. 221). zool. per annum: livings varied in value and those mentioned in other novels are worth considerably more than the living at Delaford, which Colonel Brandon admits to be modest. In Nonhanger Abbey, James Mor- land's living is worth £400 p.a.; in Mansfield Park, Edmund Bertram's living at Thornton Lacey is worth £700 p.a. and Dr Grant's at Mansfield £1,000 p.a. capable of improvement: the living of a parish clergyman included, in addition to a house, the glebe, or farm land attached to it in earlier times to support the clergyman. A clergyman who kept abreast of develop- ments in farming might be able to 'improve' both his lands and his profits, although by the early nineteenth century not all clergymen did so and many let out the land (Collins, pp. 52-4). 214 it cannot enable him to marry: many married clergy lived on £200 p.a. or less, but Colonel Brandon is aware of the 'style of life' of a young man of Edward's birth. my patronage . . . my interest: Colonel Brandon's 'patronage' is the result of his being the patron of the parish (the landowner with the right to

324 Explanatory Notes appoint the parish clergyman); his 'interest' is his influence in a more diffused sense (see note to p. 47). 216 was brought to bed: in childbirth. a lady's maid: servant who worked particularly for a lady as assistant and confidante, a post calling for a certain level of education and gentility. 219 St. James 's-street: a street built in the seventeenth century running south from Piccadilly to Pall Mall; it was better known for its fashionable shops than its houses, but it had distinguished residents as lodgers (London Encyclopaedia, p. 721). 220 two or three months will complete his ordination: the time taken, in the case of a graduate like Edward, would depend on the availability and conscientiousness of the bishop (Collins, p. 38). touch up: remind, rouse. 221 tythes: the right of the clergy to a tenth of the annual product of the cultivated land in the parish. Tithes and the produce of the glebe were the means of income for the incumbent of a living. The system of tithes was of medieval origin and had incurred some complexity over the ages, particularly at the Reformation. In some parishes, the great tithes (incurred on hay and cereal crops) had been appropriated by monasteries and at the Reformation became the property of the lay patron, leaving only the small tithes (incurred on chickens, vegetables, and fruit) for the support of the clergyman. Lucy Steele is in error in attributing tithes to Colonel Brandon, the patron of the parish, because Delaford is a rectory, a living in which both sorts of tithe went to the clergyman (Collins, pp. 49-52)- 222 a tete-a-tete: (French) face-to-face conversation. was denied: it was denied that she was at home, a way of indicating unwillingness to receive visitors. livings fetch such a price!: Colonel Brandon could make money from his role as patron of the parish of Delaford by selling the promise of the next presentation to the living when the incumbent was old or infirm. 225 compound. . .for: settle for. reading prayers in a white surplice, and publishing the banns of marriage: the surplice is a loose vestment of white linen worn by a clergyman while conducting services; 'banns of marriage' are the proclamations of an intended marriage in church so that anyone knowing any impediment to the union may lodge an objection. 226 was not in the way: was not there. 229 open shrubbery . . . Grecian temple: features of a more fashionable garden than that at Delaford (p. 147). The shrubbery open to the sky contrasts with the shaded wood walk. Trees are used to hide the functional parts of the house, and the park is ornamented with that attribute of an eighteenth-century landscape garden, the replica of a classical building. 230 Epicurism: fastidious extravagance, self-indulgence in pleasure; a popular

Explanatory Notes 325 allusion to the doctrines of the Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-271 BC). 231 nicest: most discriminating. 232 apothecary: general practitioner able to prescribe and supply drugs. putrid: tending to produce gangrenous symptoms; a 'putrid sore throat' was a recognized complaint. 233 piquet: a card game for two players, played with 32 cards, 'the piquet pack', made by discarding all cards between two and six from a full pack. emergence: we should say 'emergency'. 234 recreating: refreshing, relaxing. 235 post-horses: hired horses which could be replaced at intervals on the journey. They could be hired to attach to one's own carriage. 237 application: remedy. conning over: going over in her mind. flattered Elinor: encouraged her to hope. This passage describes the crisis of Marianne's fever (OED, crisis, i), the turning-point at which she would have either recovered or died. 239 four horses: indicating urgency, since two were customary. 240 a knave or a fool: a common eighteenth-century contrast between one who uses his brains improperly and one who has none. 241 porter: a kind of beer, of a dark brown colour and bitterish taste, brewed from malt partly charred or browned by drying at a high temperature (OED, porter, st>.s). It was originally drunk by porters and the name is short for 'porter's ale' or 'porter's beer'. over-set: disorder mentally. nuncheon: snack, light refreshment between meals. 242 reprobate: censure, condemn. 243 paying my addresses: proposing marriage. embarrassed: hampered by difficulties, especially over money. 246 my own horses . . . tediously: because of the need to stop and rest the horses at intervals. 249 put them up: show them. 250 in Drury-lane lobby: the anteroom or waiting area of the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. The first theatre on the site was built in 1663; the building opened in 1794 was destroyed by fire in 1809. he had cut me: ignored, refused to recognize socially. a putrid fever: a name for typhus fever. Austen mentions the death of a young man from 'a putrid fever' in a letter of 7-8 January 1807 (Letters, P- \"5)- 257 accordant: consonant, agreeable to. 258 redeem: reclaim.

326 Explanatory Notes 259 took his solitary way: perhaps echoing the closing lines of Milton's Para- dise Lost (1667): 'They hand in hand with wandering steps and slow, | Through Eden took their solitary way.' Milton's lines in turn echo Psalm 107: 4: 'They wandered in the wilderness in a solitary way. . . .' 260 Barton-Cross . . . the old ruins of the Priory: Barton-Cross may be the site of a pre-Reformation stone wayside Cross, now either in ruin or remem- bered only in a place-name. A Priory is a monastery, usually of a smaller sort, which would have been destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries (1556-40) by Henry VIII. The eighteenth century saw the revival of interest in monastic ruins, for reasons which combine the religious, aesthetic, and emotional, and Marianne is typical of her age in wishing to visit them. Austen in her juvenile 'History of England' wrote of Henry VIII: 'The Crimes and Cruelties of this Prince, were too numerous to be mentioned . . . and nothing can be said in his vindication, but that his abolishing Religious Houses and leaving them to the ruinous depredations of time has been of infinite use to the landscape of England in general. . . .' (Catharine and Other Writings, p. 138). till dinner, four o'clock in the Dashwood household (p. 274). 262 recollection: religious or serious concentration of thought (OED, recollec- tion1, i). self-destruction: taking one's own life is forbidden to Christians, citing the Sixth Commandment, 'Thou shall not kill'. It was also against the law in England until 1961. murmurings: expressions of discontent, complaint, or repining. Mari- anne's renunciation of her former attitudes and conduct is expressed in religious vocabulary in this paragraph, which sheds a serious light on her sensibility. 263 regretting only . . . wronged me: Richardson's Lady G., considering cases of first love which turn out unhappily, asks, 'Must a woman sit down, cry herself blind, and become useless to the principal end of her being, as to this life, and to all family connexions, when, probably, she has not lived one third of her time?' (Sir Charles Grandison, vol. VII, letter XLIII, iii. 405)- the lesser duties of life: obligations to other people. The Catechism in the Book of Common Prayer divides duties into 'my duty towards God, and my duty towards my Neighbour', reflecting a division in the Ten Commandments. fact: performance, doing of it. 265 a man of libertine practices: the hero of Richardson's Sir Charles Grandison remarks 'The woman who chooses a Rake . . . does not consider, that all the sprightly airs for which she preferred him to a better man, either vanish in matrimony, or are shewn to others, to her mortal disquiet' (vol. II, letter XXXI(a), i. 429; Harris, pp. 50-1). 266 At present. . . he regrets what he has done: we should say 'now'. Chapman

Explanatory Notes 327 points out that 'It is not implied that Willoughby will cease to regret his mercenary marriage' (p. 409). 268 the post-boys: drivers, postilions. 269 the table-cloth: the cloth that was on the table for the main courses of dinner was removed before the serving of dessert. the dessert: a course of fruit and sweetmeats served at the end of a dinner. 272 complacency: pleasure, satisfaction; Stokes points out that the word does not in Austen imply the smugness it does in modern usage (p. 188). 273 work: needlework. 280 glebe: the farmland attached to a living for the support of the incumbent (see note to p. 213). three hundred, and fifty pounds a-year: arrived at by adding £150, being the interest on £3,000 at 5 per cent p.a., to the annual value of the Delaford living, which was £200 (p. 213). 281 transport: the state of being 'carried out of oneself, rapture, ecstasy (OED, transport, sb. 3). seven shillings: a sum of money commonly cited because it was a third of a guinea (see note to p. 49). Compare 'He treated himself with this seven shilling purchase' (Letters, p. 227). 284 no more than three: see note to p. 8. two hundred and fifty at the utmost: the living of Delaford was said to be worth about £200 p.a. but was capable of improvement (p. 213). ten thousand pounds: this yields £500 p.a., which, added to the £350 p.a. mentioned in the note to p. 280, makes £850 p.a. This is roughly what Elinor may have had in mind as a 'competence', since she regards £,1,000 p.a. as 'wealth' (p. 69). 285 papers: wallpapers. invent a sweep: a curved carriage drive leading to a house (OED, sweep, sb. ry.c where it is the first instance cited); 'invent' implies that such an asset existed only in the imagination. Hanger: a wood on the side of a steep hill or slope. 288 patroness of a village: it might be noted that Marianne, in marrying Colonel Brandon whose income is £2,000 p.a. (p. 53), achieves, like her sister, what she had originally designated a 'competence' (p. 69).

A SELECTION OF OXFORD WORLD'S CLASSICS JANE AUSTEN Emma Mansfield Park MRS BEETON Persuasion LADY ELIZABETH Pride and Prejudice BRADDON Sense and Sensibility ANNE BRONTE CHARLOTTE BRONTE Book of Household Management EMILY BRONTE Lady Audley's Secret SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE The Tenant of Wildfell Hall WILKIE COLLINS Jane Eyre CHARLES DARWIN Shirley CHARLES DICKENS Villette GEORGE DU MAURIER Wuthering Heights MARIA EDGEWORTH The Major Works The Moonstone No Name The Woman in White The Origin of Species The Adventures of Oliver Twist Bleak House David Copperfield Great Expectations Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Our Mutual Friend The Pickwick Papers A Tale of Two Cities Trilby Castle Rackrent

A SELECTION OF OXFORD WORLD'S CLASSICS GEORGE ELIOT Daniel Deronda The Lifted Veil and Brother Jacob SUSAN FERRIER Middlemarch ELIZABETH GASKELL The Mill on the Floss Silas Marner GEORGE GISSING THOMAS HARDY Marriage WILLIAM HAZLITT Cranford JAMES HOGG The Life of Charlotte Bronte JOHN KEATS Mary Barton CHARLES MATURIN North and South WALTER SCOTT Wives and Daughters MARY SHELLEY New Grub Street The Odd Woman Far from the Madding Crowd Jude the Obscure The Mayor of Casterbridge The Return of the Native Tess of the d'Urbervilles The Woodlanders Selected Writings The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner The Major Works Selected Letters Melmoth the Wanderer The Antiquary Ivanhoe Rob Roy Frankenstein The Last Man

A S E L E C T I O N OF OXFORD WORLD'S CLASSICS ROBERT Louis Kidnapped and Catriona STEVENSON The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and BRAM STOKER Mr Hyde andWeir of Hermiston WILLIAM MAKEPEACE Treasure Island THACKERAY OSCAR WILDE Dracula DOROTHY WORDSWORTH Vanity Fair WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Complete Shorter Fiction The MajorWorks The Picture of Dorian Gray The Grasmere and AlfoxdenJournals The Major Works

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