["THE COLD WAR AFTER The Cold War had its seasons. Periodically there would be a thaw in relations, usually following a particularly chilly spell. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS In 1962 the USSR secretly began to deploy nuclear warheads on Cuba, the new Communist state under Fidel Castro. The US intelligence services became aware of this and President Kennedy demanded that the nuclear warheads be removed. Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, Communism (as most Westerners Potential enemies such as anti- Ready to respond refused\u2014and for believed throughout the Cold War) communists, priests, and intellectuals The B-52 Stratofortress was the archetypal Cold War as with protecting Mother Russia. were ruthlessly purged, as they had aircraft. It was capable of carrying nuclear bombs, and a few days the been in Russia in the 1920s and 30s. in times of tension it patrolled close to Soviet airspace. So from a Russian viewpoint, it threat of nuclear was iniquitous of the West to see The nuclear arms race Union responded with the Warsaw their presence in Europe as a threat. Treaty (the \u201cWarsaw Pact\u201d), which confrontation was As Stalin asked in 1946: \u201cHow can In the course of the late 1940s and melded the armed forces of the socialist anyone who has not taken leave of early 1950s, the confrontation between bloc into a mutually supportive armed real and imminent. his senses describe these peaceful the US and Russia settled into a kind of force. As the 1940s gave way to the aspirations of the Soviet Union as stalemate\u2014not so much a peace as an 1950s, two vast international armies But as in Berlin in NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV expansionist tendencies?\u201d In practice, uneasy armed truce. The US and the amassed on either side of the border 1948, the Soviets SPEAKING AT THE UN Stalin\u2019s peaceful aspirations meant nations of Western Europe formed a between East and West Germany. imposing Stalinist dictatorships on military alliance\u2014the North Atlantic Together they represented the largest backed down. In all the countries of Eastern Europe. Treaty Organization\u2014and the Soviet concentration of troops in the world. the 45 years between Hiroshima and the The Soviet Army was by far the larger of the two armies, but in the early days collapse of the USSR, this was the only occasion the US had the trump card of nuclear weapons. During the stand-off over when nuclear weapons came close to being used. Berlin in 1948, bombers capable of \u201cOur enemies are to be delivering nuclear weapons were moved END OF THE COLD WAR from the US to bases in Britain, where The resolution of the Cuban missile crisis led to found abroad and at home.\u201d they were within striking distance a period of warmer relations between East and of Russian cities. In 1949 the USSR West. But the political atmosphere froze again in BERNARD BARUCH, US FINANCIER AND POLITICAL ADVISER, APRIL 16, 1947 acquired its own bomb, and thereafter the 1980s during President Reagan\u2019s term, the two superpowers vied to outdo when the US initiated the Strategic Defense each other in the quantity and technical Initiative, a plan to deploy satellites that could quality of their nuclear arsenals, and so knock Soviet missiles out of the sky. The Soviet gain the tactical advantage. Union expressed amazement at America\u2019s readiness to begin the militarization of space, but the real problem was that the USSR could no longer compete technologically. It had already lost the arms race by the time the Soviet Union fell apart in 1991. With that cataclysmic event, the Cold War e\ufb00ectively came to an end. KEY MOMENT THE RUSSIAN BOMB For four years after the war, the US was the world\u2019s only nuclear power. However, during that time the Soviet Union made an immense e\ufb00ort to manufacture its own atomic bomb, and thereby put itself back on an equal tactical footing with the US. The \ufb01rst Soviet bomb, designated RDS-1, was made with uranium expropriated from the Nazi nuclear weapons program during the invasion of Germany in 1945. Its design relied a great deal on stolen plans that were obtained by Soviet agents in the US. The bomb was detonated in Kazakhstan on August 29, 1949; that great explosion was the starting pistol of the nuclear arms race. NEW YORK HEADLINES REPORT THE SOVIET UNION\u2019S FIRST TEST NUCLEAR EXPLOSION 349","The Holocaust remembered Peter Eisenman\u2019s memorial aims to show that the ordered Nazi system grew out of control and lost touch with human reason. BEFORE The War Remembered After the conclusion of World War I, the The years since the war have given rise to many monuments and statues, memoirs and novels, poppy became a symbol of remembrance ceremonies and rituals, movies and documentaries. All such memorials are attempts to make sense for the war dead. of the cataclysm, to assign the war to its proper place in the story of the nations that took part. IN FLANDERS FIELDS The idea of the poppy came from a poem O ver the years, the events of the version of the ancient tale of the 300 its idea of what the war had meant. written by a Canadian of\ufb01cer named John war were absorbed into the Spartans who held back the Persian Dozens of war \ufb01lms had been made McCrae. From 1921, paper poppies were worn consciousness of the nations that thousands at Thermopylae. for propaganda purposes during the in the days leading up to November 11, the took part, and in the process they were \ufb01ghting; the hundreds more that were anniversary of the armistice at the end of the slowly transmuted into myth. That is The propaganda of war made for entertainment in the 1950s Great War. A tradition was born. After 1945, this not to say that the versions that people and 60s generally followed a similar annual act of commemoration was extended to knew and believed were historically In Britain and the United States, action patriotic line. Among them were remember the dead of the more recent war. inaccurate; rather, the stories said movies were the main channel through blockbusters such as The Great Escape, something signi\ufb01cant about how the which the postwar generation formed REMEMBRANCE POPPIES nation saw itself. Dunkirk\u2014a crushing defeat by any military measure\u2014was \u201c The morrow of such a victory 350 seen as a lesson about how the British is a splendid moment \u2026 in people could win out in the direst of our great history.\u201d situations by pulling together. The Battle of Britain became the story of WINSTON CHURCHILL ADDRESSING PARLIAMENT, AUGUST 1945 \u201cThe Few,\u201d the small band of \ufb01ghter pilots who took on the might of the Luftwaffe and won. This was a modern","THE WAR REMEMBERED The Guns of Navarone, The Longest Day, landmark in this respect. In 2004 Hitler AFTER The Diry Dozen, and Where Eagles himself was portrayed, if not with More than 60 years have passed since the end of the Second World War. But we still Dare\u2014all of them parables with a simple sympathy then at least as a human live in its long shadow. moral: the Allied cause was just, and being rather than as a monster, in the OLD SOLDIERS The number of people in the world who can say good ultimately triumphed over evil acclaimed documentary drama Der that they bore arms in World War II is dwindling to zero. All over the world, veterans\u2019 associations through both heroism and ingenuity. Untergang (Downfall). are winding down because their members are too few or too frail. Within a generation there will In the Soviet Union, the war was be no one left who has even childhood recollections of such things as air raids, mass viewed differently, and more somberly, Graves of the dead evacuation, the sight of the uniformed men passing through the streets \u2026 World War II is as a colossal national sacri\ufb01ce. It was More permanent and poignant than all moving beyond the horizon of living memory, and into the realm of recorded history. taken as read that the Russian people the books and \ufb01lms about the war are LOOKING BACK had saved civilization by bearing the monuments raised to the dead in the But even when there is no one left who can remember the events of 1939 to 1945, the war brunt of the Nazi places where they will still loom large. Individuals and nations will continue to mark the anniversaries of battles attack. The of\ufb01cial are buried. War and victories, because they feel that the rituals of remembrance are a debt owed to the wartime history of the war cemeteries are generation. And that is as it should be. \u201cThe tumult and the shouting dies, the captains and was propagated in to be found in the kings depart,\u201d wrote Kipling prophetically in 1897. \u201cLord God of Hosts, be with us yet, lest we school textbooks, almost every forget, lest we forget.\u201d on television, and corner of the RUSSIAN WORLD WAR II VETERANS through the lavish globe. Some of A foreign field Wherever they are in the world, war cemeteries have a museums and war them take the sanctity and a significance all of their own. \u201cWhen you go home,\u201d reads the memorial at one site. \u201cTell them of memorials in form of a few us and say, For your tomorrow, we gave our today.\u201d every major city. gravestones in It emphasized the a corner of a leading role of the churchyard; socialist state in The war in Hollywood others comprise the war effort, The war films made by the Allies have always reveled in vast memorial and the primacy sacrifice and heroism; while the German war film is complexes where of the Communist generally more apologetic, its heroes conflicted. hundreds lie Party in particular. together in mass Thus, the victory was presented as a graves. Many military cemeteries are validation of the Bolshevik regime located on the very battle\ufb01elds where that came to power in 1917. This the soldiers actually fell, and this interpretation of the meaning of the makes them particularly affecting. No war contained the key implication, one can fail to be moved by the serried never openly stated, that the triumph over Nazism in the 1940s justi\ufb01ed the 559 The number of cemeteries untold terrors and torments that Stalin that have been created by the in\ufb02icted on the Soviet Commonwealth War Graves Commission people in the 1930s. to commemorate those who lost their lives In Germany a veil fighting in World War II. of shamed silence was at \ufb01rst drawn ranks of stone crosses on the bluff over the war. West above Omaha Beach in Normandy, Germany and Austria outlawed the or by the windy peak of Mamayev display of Nazi imagery such as the Kurgan, which was the crucible of the swastika, and in the Federal Republic battle for Stalingrad. and Austria a special exception was Nor could anyone emerge quite the made to the right of free speech in same person from an afternoon in a order to make it a crime to deny the place such as Dachau concentration Holocaust. The war was discussed camp in Germany. On the way visitors in print, but usually in terms of pass by a blank grey wall where an bitterness and anguish. After the inscription written in Hebrew, French, last of the German prisoners of war English, German and Russian says: returned from the Soviet Union in \u201cNever Again.\u201d the mid-1950s there was a \ufb02urry of German accounts of the Eastern Front, most of which went out of their way to stress the horror rather than the glory of the war. By the 1980s, it was possible for German storytellers to portray German \ufb01ghting men sympathetically as the unwilling or at least con\ufb02icted participants in Hitler\u2019s scheme. The \ufb01lm Das Boot, which was a \ufb01ctional account of a U-boat crew on patrol, was a kind of Motherland calling This stone statue commemorates those Russians who died at Stalingrad. It was erected on the summit of Mamayev Kurgan. 351","INDEX Index Page numbers in bold indicate main entries. Arab Revolt 130, 131 Belgrade 132, 277, 340 Britain (cont.) Arab-Israeli conflict 345 Belorussia 203, 270, 271 and postwar division of Germany 338 A Arakan 248, 249 Belsen, discovery of 290, 301, 302\u20133 and postwar reconstruction of Germany architectural treasures, destruction of 334 Belzec 176, 178 342\u20133 Aachen 284 Arctic convoys 123, 189 Benes, Eduard 42 problems of inter-war years 36\u20137 Abyssinia 13, 23, 34, 99, 124 Ardennes 77, 284\u20135, 287, 298 Bengal famine 161, 248 and Spanish Civil War 39 Addis Ababa 99 Argentan 263, 287 Beresina, River 270 V-weapon offensive against 278\u20139 Africa Arm\u00e9e Juive 222 Bergen-Belsen see Belsen war effort 92\u20133 the Armistice 17 Bergonzoli, General Annibale 98 women in industry 171 and British Empire 345 arms race 319, 348\u20139 Berlin World War I 16\u201317 in World War I 16 Arnhem, Battle of 185, 280\u20131 see also Atlantic, War in the; Europe, War see also countries by name; North Africa, Arnim, General Hans-J\u00fcrgen von 187 Battle of 305 in; Far East, War in; North Africa, War art treasures 334, 342 blockade and airlift 330, 340, 341, 349 in; Pacific, War in the; Royal Air Force; War in Aryan race 21, 301 bombing of 199, 215, 294 Royal Navy; SOE; specific battles and air raids 60, 88, 94, 316 ASDIC 118, 205 Olympic Games 1936 25, 27, 28\u20139 campaigns by name Athens 133, 274, 275 partition and Wall 330, 339, 340, 341 see also bombing campaigns Atlantic Charter 96, 103, 142, 145, 203, 344 race for 203, 229, 298, 304\u20135 Britain, Battle of 70, 84\u20135, 350 aircraft Atlantic convoys 63, 118\u201319, 198, 204\u20135, 207 Bess, Demaree 108 Brittany 254, 263 Atlantic Wall 255 Bir Hacheim 182 Brooke, General Alan 78 B-17 Flying Fortress 217, 218\u201319, 316 Atlantic, War in the Biscari 287 Broz, Josip see Tito B-29 Superfortress 247, 311, 323 Bismarck (German battleship) 102, 122\u20133 Br\u00fcning, Heinrich 24, 25 B-52 Stratofortress 349 hunting the Bismarck 122\u20133 Bismarck archipelago 160, 167, 239 Brussels 269, 278 Blenheim 62 showdown in the Atlantic 204\u20135 Bismarck Sea 230 Bucharest 271, 340 Douglas A-2 Havoc (Boston) 262 U-boat war 117, 118\u201321, 198, 199 Bizerta 187 Buchenwald 300\u20131 Douglas Dauntless 162 Atomic bomb black Americans 168, 298 Buckner, General Simon Bolivar, Jr. 312, 313 Gloster Meteor 278 American work on 47, 169, 319, 322, 330 Black Forest 304 Budapest 299, 340 Grumman Avenger 239 decision to deploy 313 black market 94, 106, 295, 316 Bug, River 271 Heinkel 111 278 ethics of bombing civilians 315 Black Sea 190 Bulgaria 98, 291, 340, 341 Hurricane 84 German work on 173 blackout 60 jet 278 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 315, 317, 322\u20135 Blackshirts 20 changes sides 271, 275 Lancaster 214 nuclear arms race 319, 348\u20139 Bletchley Park 116, 117 pressured to join Axis 132 Messerschmitt Me109 84, 85, 295 Soviet work on 189, 319, 349 the Blitz 61, 88\u201391 Bulge, Battle of the 235, 257, 284\u20135 Messerschmitt Me262 278 Attlee, Clement 318 Blitzkrieg 57, 76\u20137, 183, 226 Buna 166, 167 Mustang 217, 311 Auchinleck, General Sir Claude 182, 183, 185 Blum, L\u00e9on 36 Burma 146, 158, 203, 234 Ohka piloted bomb 313 Auschwitz-Birkenau 154, 176\u20137, 301 \u201cbocage\u201d 262 Allied advance in 246, 247, 248\u201351 seaplanes 181 Australia 55, 60, 344 Bock, Field Marshal Fedor von 59, 77, 190\u20131 Burma Railway 160 Spitfire 85 defense of 155, 166\u20137 bombing campaigns Japanese invasion of 159, 160, 235, 248, Stuka (Ju 87) 76 Japanese threat to 159, 166 the Blitz 61, 70\u20131, 88\u201391 Yak-3 271 Austria 203, 304, 341 Dambuster Raid 215 249 Zero (Mitsubishi A6M) 147, 312\u201313 Anschluss 34, 42, 304 on Germany 63, 89, 214\u201319, 220, 294\u20137 Busch, Field Marshal Ernst 270 Aircraft carriers 33,162\u20133, 238\u20139 Austria-Hungary 12, 16\u201317, 17, 18, 19 on Italy 211 Busse, General 304 Alam Halfa, Battle of 129, 185 Austro-German Agreement 42 on Japan 162, 246, 247, 311, 314\u201317 Albania 23, 51, 98, 107, 132 Averill, Major Tom 81 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 322\u20135 C Aleutian Islands 159, 199 Avranches 262\u20133 on Malta 180\u20131 Alexander, Lieutenant-General Harold 159, Axis powers on Normandy 262\u20133 Caen 254, 259, 262, 263 death toll 334 Borneo 158 Caesar Line 253 183, 213, 253 origin of term 23 Bose, Subhas Chandra 160, 161 Cairo Conference 145, 203 Alexandria 99 rise of the Axis 34\u20135 Bosnia 16, 276\u20137 Cambodia 161 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain 38 test weaponry in Spanish Civil War 39 Bougainville 198, 199, 230 Canada 55, 199, 212, 281, 344 Algeria 125, 154, 155, 186, 345 see also Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; Bowman, Bombadier J.E. 79 Algiers 186 Bradley, General Omar 185, 263, 285, 287, and Free French 110 Allied Forces Italy; Japan; Romania Juno Beach landings 258, 259 299, 304 Canterbury 294 at El Alamein 182 B Brandenburger, Erich 284 Cape Esperance, Battle of 165 comparative strength, 1939 51 Braun, Eva 57, 307 Carol, King of Romania 271 for D-Day 255 Ba Maw 160, 161 Braun, Wernher von 278, 279, 339 Caroline Islands 238 death toll 334 Babi Yar 138 Breslau 335 Caron, Robert 322 from occupied territories 111 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 211, 212, 213 Brest 253 carpet bombing 215, 262\u20133 for invasion of Germany 298 Baedeker Raids 294 Brest-Litovsk 55 Casablanca 186 in Italy 253 Baghdad 130 Brezhnev, Leonid 229 Casablanca Conference 145, 202, 210, 216 in Normandy 262 Balfour Declaration 301 Britain Castro, Fidel 349 Resistance aid Allied airmen 222\u20133 Balkans 16, 276\u20137, 340 Casualties rivalry among 304 appeasement 13, 42\u20133 Axis in Russia, 1941 141 for Torch landings 187 see also Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Romania; armed forces Battle of Berlin 305 see also Europe, War in; Far East, War in Yugoslavia Battle of the Bulge 285 BEF 61, 62, 77, 78\u201381, 184 Battle of France 82, 83 the; North Africa, War in; Pacific, War in Baltic States see Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania conscription 92 British, in air raids 61 the Alsace 16, 83 banzai charges 231, 311 men, tanks and warplanes, 1939 51 in Burma Campaign 248 Amphibious vehicles 230 Barbie, Klaus 223 preparations for war 61 on Burma Railway 160 DUKW 230 Bardia 98, 124 arms production 50\u20131, 84, 92 civilian deaths \u201cHobart\u2019s Funnies\u201d 254, 255 Bari 277 backs Tito in Yugoslavia 277 in China 334, 335 LTVs 230, 231 Baruch, Bernard 349 the Blitz 61, 88\u201391 in Hamburg 214 rocket-armed landing craft 313 Basra 130 concern for colonies 203 Hiroshima 322 Schwimmwagen 190\u20131 Bastogne 285, 287 declares war on Germany 46, 55 in Japan 317 Sherman Duplex Drive tank 254 Bataan Death March 158, 159, 245 declares war on Japan 149 in Leningrad 135 Anders, General Wladyslaw 273 Bataan peninsula 158, 241, 244 economy 36, 37, 92 in Malta 181 Anderson air-raid shelters 60, 61 Bavaria 304 end of British Empire 330, 344\u20135 in Manila 241 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 130 Beck, General J\u00f3zef 51 General Strike 36 Polish 59 Anschluss 13, 34, 42 Beer Hall Putsch 20 and German peace proposals 55, 61, 70, 88 in Tokyo 315, 316 Anti-Comintern Pact 34 Beijing 347 and governments in exile 110, 111 total 334, 335 Anti-Fascist Council for the National Belgium home front 60\u20131, 88\u201393 D-Day 259 Liberation of Yugoslavia 277 invasion threat 70, 77, 79, 85 El Alamein 183 Anti-Semitism see Jews Battle of the Bulge 284\u20135 and Middle Eastern conflicts 102, 130\u20131 Falaise pocket 263 Antonescu, General Ion 98 German invasion and occupation of 61, mutual assistance pact with Soviet Union Filipinos 240 Antwerp 269, 278, 280, 281, 284 134 German Anzio landings 213, 234, 252\u20133 70, 77, 78, 106, 108 and Palestinian Mandate 345 in France 82 Apennines 253 government in exile 110, 111 Phoney War 60\u20131 Appeasement 13, 37, 42\u20133, 50 liberation of 234, 268\u20139 Arab League 131 352","INDEX casualties (cont.) Churchill, Winston (cont.) D Einstein, Albert 26, 47 POWs in Soviet camps 225 and Battle of France 83 Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 145, 185, German allies on Eastern Front 193 becomes Prime Minister 61, 75, 92 D-Day 203, 205, 234, 258\u20139, 298 Greek 133 biography 86\u20137 and French Resistance 223 187, 229, 286, 287 influenza pandemic 17 and British Empire 203, 344 Omaha Beach Landing 260\u20131 Allied advance in Europe 269, 280, 281, invasion of Poland 59 and de Gaulle 112, 113 preparing for 254\u20135 Iwo Jima 310, 311 as First Lord of the Admiralty 60, 62, 63 285, 304 Jewish 177, 334 and invasion of Norway 74 Dachau 351 biography 256\u20137 Katyn 59, 111 \u201cIron Curtain\u201d speech 340\u20131 Dahlerus, Birger 55 D-Day landings 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, Kokoda Trail 167 loses General Election (1945) 318 Daladier, Edouard 51, 60\u20131, 65 Long March 31 on military policy 74 Damaskinos, Archbishop 275 259 Marianas 239 and Mussolini 23 Dambuster Raid 215 German surrender 307 merchant seamen 207 and Roosevelt 96, 103, 145, 202\u20133, Danzig (Gdansk) 19, 43, 50, 51, 55 Italian campaign 210, 252 Midway 163 204 El Agheila 99, 125 military deaths 335 scheme for the Balkans 340 siege of 298 El Alamein, Battles of 125, 129, 154, 155, Nazi undesirables 177 and SOE 172 Darlan, Admiral 186 non-combatant 334 and Stalin 202\u20133, 275, 340, 341 Darwin, bombing of 155, 166 182\u20133, 185 Okinawa 313 \u201cUnthinkable\u201d plan 348 David, Flying Officer Dennis 85 el-Ghalani, Rashid Ali 102, 130 Omaha Beach 260 and Winter War 65 de Gaulle, Charles el-Husseini, Grand Mufti Hadj Amin 130, 131 Polish 59, 111, 273, 334 ELAS see National People\u2019s Liberation Army Rape of Nanking 40, 146 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 173 biography 112\u201313 Elbe, River 290, 304, 305 Red Army at Moscow 141 cinema 350\u20131 and fall of France 83 Elser, Georg 267 SOE agents 173 civil defense duties 94 and Free French 110\u201311 empires, end of 330, 344\u20135 Soviet 334, 335 civilians and French Resistance 222 Enabling Act (1933) 25 in East Prussian offensive 298 and liberation of France 234, 269 Englandspiel 173 Spanish Civil War 39 death toll 334, 335 de-Nazification 318\u201319, 339 English Channel 254\u20135 Stalingrad 193 ethics of bombing 62, 315 death camps 176\u20137 Enigma machine 116\u201317, 183 suicides of senior Nazis 307 in postwar Germany 318, 334, 338\u20139 Eniwetok 331 Tarawa 230, 231 in postwar Japan 338\u20139 Auschwitz-Birkenau 154, 176\u20137, 301 Enola Gay 322 total death toll 334 see also home front Belzec 176, 178 Equipment U-boat 119 Clark, General Mark 212, 252, 253 Majdanek 176, 177, 271, 300 Ukrainian 138 clothing 92, 94\u20135 Sobibor 176 contents of a kit bag 264\u20135 US 169, 334 CMP \u201cQuad\u201d artillery tractor 131 Treblinka 176, 177, 178 espionage 174\u20135 aircrew over Europe 216 codes and ciphers 116\u201317, 208\u20139 decartelization 319, 342 rifles 52\u20133 of V-weapons 279 Cold War 203, 225, 305, 319, 326, 345, Declaration on Liberated Europe 295 Eritrea 34, 99, 124 Warsaw uprising 273 declarations of war 46, 55 escapes, POW 174, 225 Wilhelm Gustloff 298 348\u20139 decolonization 344\u20135 espionage 173, 174\u20135 World War I 17 and espionage 173 Deerfield, Eddie 218 Essen 214 Yugoslav partisans 277 see also Berlin; Iron Curtain demilitarization 318 Estonia 55, 64, 65, 270, 271, 330 Colditz Castle 225 democratization 319 Ethiopia see Abyssinia Caucasus, oilfields 134, 190\u20131, 192, 193 collaboration 106 Denmark 75, 106, 304 Europe, War in cavalry 58, 130, 134 reprisals 330 German invasion 55, 74\u20135, 106, 110 Allies invade the Reich 298\u20139 Celebes 158 Vichy regime 82, 83 Denmark Strait, Battle of the 122 Balkan Snakepit 276\u20137 cemeteries, war 351 Cologne, bombing of 154, 294 Dentz, General Henri 130 Battle of Britain 84\u20135 censorship 106 Colossus calculating machine 117 D\u00e9ricourt, Henri 172 Battle of the Bulge 284\u20135 Cephalonia 213 commerce raiding 122 Desert War see North Africa, War in Battle of Kursk 226\u20137 C\u02c7etniks 133, 276, 277 Commonwealth 345 Dewey, Thomas E. 145 Battle for Moscow 140\u20131 Ch\u00e2lons 287 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Dien Bien Phu 345 Battle of Stalingrad 192\u20135 Chamberlain, Neville 47, 51, 55, 61, 75, 87 Dieppe raid 254 the Blitz 88\u201391 351 Dietrich, General Sepp 284, 285 Blitzkrieg 76\u20137 and Munich Agreement 42\u20133, 50 communications 208\u20139 Dimbleby, Richard 302 bombing of Germany 214\u201319 Chanak 19 Communists Dinant 285 breakout from Normandy 262\u20133 Chang Chung-hui 160 displaced persons 290, 334, 336 D-Day landings 258\u201361 Channel Islands, German occupation of in China 30\u20131, 138, 246\u20137, 326 Divine, Arthur D. 81 death of the dictators 306\u20137 Facist\/Nazi hatred of 20, 138, 301 Doetl, General Eduard 75 Destruction of German Cities 294\u20137 106, 107 in Greece 274\u20135 Dollfuss, Engelbert 34 Dunkirk 78\u201381 cheminots 223 in inter-war Germany 24\u20135 Don-Donets corridor 190\u20131, 192 early skirmishes 62\u20133 Chemnitz 290 Nazi murder of 138 D\u00f6nitz, Admiral Karl 62, 118, 204, 205, 307 Fall of France 82\u20133 Chennault, Colonel Claire 246, 247 in North Vietnam 345 Donovan, General William 173 Fall of Rome 252\u20133 Cherbourg 254, 255, 262, 268 in postwar Eastern Europe 340\u20131 Doolittle, Colonel James 162 final offensives in Europe 304\u20135 Chetniks see C\u02c7etniks in Romania 295 Doolittle raid 162 German drive to the East 190\u20131 Chiang Kai-shek 31, 40\u20131, 145, in Soviet Union 66\u20137 Dortmund 294 governments in exile 98\u20139 US fear of 342 double agents 173 the Holocaust 176\u20139 246\u20137, 346\u20137 in Yugoslavia 276\u20137 Dowding, Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh 84 invasion of the Balkans 132\u20133 children Concentration camps Dresden, bombing of 215, 290, 294\u20137 invasion of Denmark and Norway 74\u20135 discovery of Belsen 290, 302 Dunkirk, evacuation of 70, 78\u201381, 184, 350 invasion of Italy 210\u201313 evacuation of 60, 92, 94 establishment of 26 Dutch East Indies 146, 158, 160, 161, 238 Italy enters the War 98\u20139 Kindertransport 50 German POWs in 299 Dutton, Mabel 171 liberating the death camps 300\u20133 China Holocaust 154, 176\u20137 Dzhugashvili, Iosif Vissarionvich see Stalin, liberation of France and Belgium 268\u20139 becomes a republic 30 liberation of 300\u20131 Joseph life under German occupation 106\u20139 Burma campaign 159, 251 see also Jews Malta and the Mediterranean 192\u20133 Civil War 30\u20131, 326, 346\u20137 Coney, Captain C.E. 242 E Nazi massacres 138\u20139 \u201ccomfort women\u201d 335 Connor, General Fox 256 Operation Barbarossa 134\u20135 death toll 334, 335 conscription 61, 92, 93, 142\u20133, 168 E-boats 255 Operation Market Garden 280\u20131 Japanese designs on 158 convoys Eaker, General Ira 216 Phoney War 60\u20131 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 32\u20133, 40, Arctic 123, 189 EAM see National Liberation Front Poland destroyed 58\u20139 Atlantic 63, 118\u201319, 198, 204\u20135, 207 East Africa see Abyssinia; Eritrea; Somaliland; preparing for D-Day 254\u20135 146 Mediterranean 180\u20131 prisoners of war 224\u20135 Japanese invasion of 40\u20131, 146 Coral Sea, Battle of the 154\u20135, 162, Sudan Red Army offensive 1944 270\u20131 and Korean War 347 East Germany, as Communist State 341 resistance and civil war in Greece 274\u20135 People\u2019s Republic of 331, 347 164, 166 East Prussia, isolated by Polish Corridor saving the Soviet Union 188\u20139 Soviet plunder of Manchuria 347 Corregidor 159, 160, 244 siege of Leningrad 135, 136\u20137 war with Japan 47, 146, 148, 161, 235, Cotentin peninsula 254, 258, 262 18\u201319 VE Day 308\u20139 Coventry 88, 89 East Prussian offensive 298 Warsaw Uprising 272\u20133 246\u20137, 316 Crete, German attack on 102, 133 Eastern Bloc 340\u20131, 348\u20139 Winter War 64\u20135 Western aid to 41, 246, 247 Crimea 234, 270 Eastern Front, World War I 17 European Recovery Plan see Marshall Plan Chindits 248, 249, 251 Croatia 276 Eastern Solomons, Battle of the 164 evacuation of children 60, 92 Chindwin, River 248, 249 Cuban Missile Crisis 349 Eben Emael, Fort 77 Exeter 294 choke points 216 Cunningham, General Sir Alan 99 Eden, Anthony 203 Cholitz, General Dietrich von 268 curfews 106 EDES see National Republican Greek League F Christian X, King of Denmark 75, 106, 110 Czechoslovakia 19, 110, 291, 304, 341 Egypt 98, 99, 124, 130, 131, 182 Chuikov, General Vasily 192\u20133, 304, 305 Eichelberger, Lieutenant-General Robert 167 Falaise pocket 263, 287 Chungking 41, 47, 246 Communists seize power in 111, 341 Eichmann, Adolf 176, 339 Falange Party 38\u20139 Churchill, Winston 55, 118, 125, 253, 334, German invasion 13, 43, 46, 50\u20131 Eindhoven 280 Falkenhorst, General Nikolaus von 74 Hitler\u2019s designs on 27, 42\u20133 342 and Sudeten Germans 334 Allied conferences 202\u20133, 210, 295, 318 Munich crisis 42\u20133 backs Tito 277 353","INDEX Far East, War in the G Germany (cont.) Hall, Virginia 173 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 322\u20135 liberation of France and Belgium 268\u20139 Halsey, Admiral \u201cBull\u201d 167, 240\u20131 Japan gambles on war 146\u20137 Gamelin, General Maurice 77, 78 life under German occupation 106\u20139 Hamburg, bombing of 199, 214\u201315, 294 Japan invades China 40\u20131 Gandhi, Mahatma 161, 344 loss of empire 12, 18 Harris, Arthur 62, 154, 214, 215 Japan on the March 32\u20133 gas attacks 60 the Nazi State 26\u20137 Harz Mountains 278 Japan surrenders 326\u20137 Gazala 182 Nazi-Soviet Pact 46, 51, 54\u20135, 58, 64, 330 Haukelid, Knut 173 Japan under siege 314\u201315 Geneva Convention, Third 224\u20135 North African campaign 154, 155 heavy water 173, 198 Japanese onslaught 158\u20139 Geneva Disarmament Conference 34, 36 El Alamein 182\u20133 \u201chedgehog\u201d positions 82 new Japanese empire 160\u20131 George II, King of Greece 274, 275 final stages and defeat 186\u20137 Heinlein, Konrad 42 Red China 246\u20137 George V, King of Great Britain 181 war in the desert 124\u20135 Heinrici, General 304 suffering China 246\u20137 origins of Nazism 20\u20131 Helsinki 64\u20135 turning point in Burma 248\u201351 declares war on Germany (1914) 16 payments to Israel 335 Henderson Field 164 see also Burma; China; Hong Kong; India; George VI, King of Great Britain 83 peace proposals to Britain 55, 61, 70, 88 Hercegovina 16, 276 Japan; Malaya; Pacific, War in the; German Democratic Republic see East polarization of political opinion in 19 Heydrich, Reinhard 42, 176 Singapore postwar conditions in 318, 334, 338\u20139 Himmler, Heinrich 138, 176, 306 Germany postwar division of 203, 221, 291, 305, Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von 24, 25 Faroe Islands 110 Germany 318, 319, 338 Hirohito, Emperor 146, 148, 339 Fascism postwar reconstruction of 318, 319, 339, Allied advance on 280\u20131 342\u20133 biography 316 in Italy 20\u20133, 306 Allied bombing of 89, 154, 199, 214\u201319, race for Berlin 304\u20135 and Japanese surrender 317, 323, 326\u20137 Nazism 20\u20131, 306 rearmament 27, 51, 220 Hiroshima 291, 315, 317, 322\u20135, 326 Field telephones 208 220, 290, 294\u20137 reparations 12, 19, 21, 24, 25, 342 Hitler, Adolf films, war 350\u20131 Allied invasion of France (D-Day) 234, rise of Hitler 24\u20135 achievements of 27 Final Solution 138, 176\u20137, 301 secret weapons 278\u20139 anti-Semitism and racism 21, 138, 176, 301 Finland 254\u20135, 258\u201363 and Spanish Civil War 34, 38\u20139 on Arabian Freedom Movement 131 surrender of 270, 271 Allied invasion of 290, 298\u20139, 304\u20135 surrender (1945) 185, 307, 309 and Ardennes offensive 284 Winter War 46, 47, 64\u20135 Allies acquire technical intelligence from territorial ambitions 34 assassination attempts on 267 Fitch, Admiral 162 threat of revolution in 17, 18 and Berlin Olympics 28\u20139 Fiume 20 postwar 279 Treaty of Versailles 18\u201319, 34, 50 biography 56\u20137 Fletcher, Admiral 162 Anschluss 13, 34, 42 U-boat war 118\u201319 bomb plot (1944) 129, 262, 263, 266\u20137 Flying Tigers 246, 247 Anti-Comintern Pact 34 V-weapon offensive 278\u20139 fatal delay at Kursk 226\u20137 Foch, Marshal 83 armed forces view of the war in 351 last days and suicide 291, 306\u20137 Food war industry 220\u20131 loss of confidence in 295 food aid in defeated nations 339 on Eastern Front World War I 16\u201317 and Mussolini 98, 99 imports from US 96, 118 expansion of navy 62 see also East Germany; Hitler, Adolf; specific and the Nazi State 26\u20137 rationing 92, 93, 94\u20135, 119, 220, 221, High Seas Fleet 16 battles and campaigns by name; West on Operation Barbarossa 134 Hitler\u2019s modernization and build up of Germany overrules top commanders 123, 141, 226, 316 troops\u2019 rations 264\u20135 27, 34 Gestapo 267, 295 262, 267, 270 Foot, M.D.R. 172 Marine Brigade Ehrhardt 19 Ghana 345 rise to power 13, 20\u20131, 24\u20135 forced labour 106, 213, 220, 225, 278, 295, men, tanks and warplanes, 1939 51 Ghurkas 187 and Rommel 128, 129 Panzer divisions 77 Gibraltar 180 and Soviet Communism 54, 285 317, 334, 336 Replacement Army 267 Gilbert Islands 158, 160, 230, 231 and Stalin 46, 54 Formosa (Taiwan) 31, 158, 240, 326, 347 strength of 270 Giraud, General Henri 113 territorial aims of 27, 34, 42\u20133 Four-Year Plan 42 unprepared for Russian winter 135, Goebbels, Josef 42, 214\u201315, 267, 307 on V-weapons 278 France see also Germany 140\u20131, 189, 298 biography 27 Hitler Youth 26, 27, 220, 262 Allied breakout from Normandy 262\u20133 see also Luftwaffe and German war effort 220\u20131 Ho Chi Minh 161, 344, 345 Allied landing on Riviera 263, 268, 269 and the Armistice 17, 20 and Nazi propaganda 26\u20137, 129 Hodge, General Courtney 269, 284 appeasement 13, 42\u20133 arms production 27, 51, 198, 214, 215, 220 Goering, Reichsmarschall Hermann Hollywood 351 armed forces atrocities 47, 284, 307, 334, 335 and Luftwaffe 78, 84 Holocaust 107, 154, 176\u20137, 300\u20131 Holocaust 107, 154, 176\u20137, 300\u20131 and Reichstag fire 25 Home Army, Polish 234, 273 Free French Forces 110\u201311, 112\u201313, Nazi massacres 138\u20139 suicide 330, 339 home front 182, 198, 234, 268 aware of inevitability of defeat 267, 299 Gold Beach 258, 259 in Britain 60\u20131, 88\u201393 Battle of the Bulge 235, 257, 284\u20135 Gona 166, 167 in Europe 94\u20135 French Expeditionary Corps 253 civilians in wartime 221 Gort, Lord 78 in Germany 214\u201321, 294\u20137 French Forces of the Interior (FFI) 268 cost of war 334 Gothic Line 213, 253 governments in exile 110\u201311 men, tanks and warplanes, 1939 51 declares war on US 119, 143, 147, 149, 154 governments in exile 110\u201311 in Japan 316\u201317 preparations for war 61 dismantling the Nazi state 318\u201319 Graf Spee (German battleship) 47, 63, 122 life under German occupation 106\u20139 smashed by Blitzkrieg 77 economy 19, 26\u20137, 220, 318 Grand Council of Fascism 211 in Soviet Union 188\u20139 D-Day landings 254\u20135, 258\u201361 end of monarchy 18 Great Depression 37, 96, 144 in United States 96\u20137, 168\u201371 declaration of war 46, 55 fate of Germans in ceded territories 334\u20135 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 146, Home Guard 92 deportation of Jews 107 forced labour in 106, 213, 220, 225, 278, homosexuals 177, 301 Dunkirk 78\u201381 295, 334, 336 158, 160, 326 Hong Kong 41, 147, 158, 161, 203 economy 36, 37 Hitler bomb plot 266\u20137 Greater East Asian Conference 160, 161 HMS Hood (British battlecruiser) 122, 123 fall of 70, 82\u20133 home front 214\u201321, 294\u20137 Greece 19, 340 Horii, General Tomarito 166\u20137 fear of Communist revolution in 36 hunting the Bismarck 102, 122\u20133 Horrocks, General Sir Brian 280 French Resistance 83, 106\u20137, 112\u201313, 173, imperial ambitions 16 British intervention in 132\u20133, 274, 275 H\u00f6ss, Rudolf 176 222\u20133, 258, 259, 262, 268 invasion and occupation of Belgium 61, German invasion and occupation 77, 106, Hull, Cordell 203 Italy declares war on 83, 98 70, 77, 106, 108 Hulme, Kathryn 336 liberation of 223, 234, 268\u20139 invasion and occupation of Czechoslovakia 125, 132\u20133, 275 \u201cThe Hump\u201d 247 life under German occupation 106\u20139 13, 50\u20131 Italian invasion and occupation 23, 98, Hungary 19, 134, 339, 340, 341 loss of colonies 330, 345 invasion and occupation of Denmark and capture of Budapest 299 Maginot Line 37, 60, 61, 82, 83 Norway 55, 65, 74\u20135 102, 132, 274, 275 Hungarian Revolution (1956) 341 Phoney War 60\u20131 invasion and occupation of France 61, 70, resistance and civil war 274\u20135 losses on Eastern Front 193 postwar asset-stripping by 242 82\u20133 Greenland 110 pressured to join Axis 132 and postwar division of Germany 338 invasion and occupation of Greece 77, 102, Guadalcanal, Battles of 155, 164\u20135, 230 Soviets overrun 271, 285, 291 problems of inter-war years 36\u20137 132\u20133, 275 Guam 147, 158, 160, 238, 239 H\u00fcrtgen Forest 281, 284 reprisals against collaborators 330 invasion and occupation of Netherlands 70, Guderian, General Heinz 78, 82, 140, 226, 227 signs surrender 83 77, 106, 108 Guernica 38 I and Spanish Civil War 39 invasion and occupation of Poland 43, Guillain, Robert 315, 323 Vichy government 82, 83, 102, 110\u201311, 46\u20137, 51, 54, 55, 58\u20139 Guillaumat, General Adolphe 37 Iceland 96, 143 186, 187 Warsaw Uprising 234, 273 Gulags 225, 273, 335 identity controls 94 World War I 16\u201317 invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia 77, guns see weapons Imphal, Battle of 248, 251 see also de Gaulle, Charles 102, 132, 276\u20137 Gurkhas 248\u20139, 251 India 161, 246, 247, 248 Franco, General Francisco 23, 39, 51, 307 invasion of Soviet Union 71, 77, 85, 89, Gustav Line 213, 252, 253 Franco-Prussian War 16 102\u20133 Guzzoni, General Alfredo 210 armed forces 161 Frank, Anne 107 Battle of Kursk 226\u20137 gypsies see Roma and Burma campaign 234, 251 Frank, Hans 106, 339 defeat at Stalingrad 154, 155, 192\u20135, 198 independence and partition 161, 330\u20131, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 16 drive to the east 190\u20131 H Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 318 Operation Barbarossa 102, 134\u20135, 189 344, 345 Freikorps 18 Red Army offensive 1944 234, 270\u20131 Haakon VII, King of Norway 75, 110 possible Japanese invasion of 159, 161, French Committee of National Liberation reverse at Moscow 140\u20131 Hague Convention 224 (FCNL) 113 siege of Leningrad 102, 135, 136\u20137 Haile Selassie, Emperor 34 248, 249 Friedman, William 117 Italian campaign Halder, General Franz 58 Fuchida, Commander Mitsuo 150 Allied invasion of Italy 212\u201313 fuel, Allied shortage of 268, 269 Allied invasion of Sicily 210\u201311 fall of Rome 252\u20133 354","INDEX Indian National Army 160, 161 Japan (cont.) Koga, Admiral 163 M Indochina 146, 160, 161, 247, 344, 345 invasion of China 40\u20131 Kohima, Battle of 248, 251 Indochina War 161 invasion of India (planned) 248, 249 Kokoda Trail 166\u20137 Maas, River 280 Indonesia 161, 344, 345 invasion of Indochina 146 Komandorski Islands 199 MacArthur, General Douglas 145, 158, 256\u20137 influenza pandemic 17 invasion of Malaya 103, 147, 158, 160, 344 Komorowski, General Tadeusz 273 intelligence invasion of Manchuria 13, 32\u20133, 40, 146, Konev, Marshal Ivan 304 biography 244\u20135 160 Korea 326, 335 and Japanese reconstrucion 342 espionage 173, 174\u20135 invasion of Philippines 147, 158\u20139, 160 Korean War 245, 331, 347 and Japanese surrender 245, 326 secret armies 172\u20133, 223 Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact 140, 247 Kramer, Joseph 301 in New Guinea 164, 165, 166\u20137, 230, 239, secret war 116\u201317 nationalism in 316, 317, 326 Kretschmer, Otto 118, 119 International Brigades 39 naval strength 1941-45 239 Kristallnacht 42, 43, 50, 106 245 International Military Tribunal for the Far in New Guinea 166\u20137 Kruger, General 242 and the Philippines 235, 240, 241, 242, 244 New Japanese Empire 160\u20131 Kuboto Shigenori, Dr 315 and US occupation of Japan 245, 323, 326, East 339 Pearl Harbor 143, 145, 146, 147, 148\u201351 Kuomintang 30\u20131, 40, 41, 142, 246, 247, internment 92, 155, 168 postwar conditions in 338\u20139 338, 339, 343 Iran, British and Soviet forces occupy 130 postwar constitution 339 346\u20137 Mackenzie King, William Lyon 145 Iraq postwar reconstruction 317, 323, 326, 339, Kuribayashi Tadamichi, Lieutenant-General Maclean, Brigadier Fitzroy 277 342\u20133 Macmillan, Harold 275 and Arab League 131 and Potsdam Declaration 319, 322 310, 311 Mafia 211 pro-Nazi coup 102, 130 regains sovereignty, 1952 343 Kuril Islands 326 Magdeburg 294 Ireland 106 shipping losses 316 Kursk, Battle of 193, 198, 226\u20137, 229, Maginot, Andr\u00e9 37, 61 Iron Curtain 67, 173, 305, 340\u20131 Soviet Union enters war with 317, 319, Maginot Line 37, 60, 61, 82, 83 Irrawaddy, River 248\u20139 322, 326, 347 270, 298 Maikop 191, 192 Isle of Man 92 surrender 245, 291, 317, 323, 326\u20137 Majdanek 176, 177, 271, 300 Israel territorial ambitions 31, 32, 33 L \u201cmake do and mend\u201d 92, 94 creation of 131, 177, 301, 345 under siege 314\u201315 Makin 231 West German payments to 335 US declares war on 103, 143, 145, 149 Land Army 92 Malaya 146, 161, 203, 247, 249 Italy US occupation of 245, 323, 326, 338 Langsdorff, Captain Hans 63 African campaigns 71, 98\u20139, 124\u20135, 182, war with China 47, 71, 146, 148, 235, Lanitis, Domnitsa 28 Japanese invasion of 103, 147, 158, 160, 246\u20137, 316 Laos 160, 161 344 187 war effort 317 Lashio 248 Allied invasion Washington Naval Treaty 32, 33 Laskin, General 193 Maleme Airfield (Crete) 133 see also Far East, War in the; Lattre de Tassigny, General Jean-Marie de 82 Malta, siege of 154, 180\u20131, 186 of mainland 99, 181, 185, 211, 212\u201313, Pacific, War in the Latvia 55, 64, 65, 271, 330 Mamayev Kurgan 351 252\u20133, 298 Laurel, Jos\u00e9 161 Mamoru Shigemitsu 326 Japanese-Americans 168 Lausanne Conference 25 Manchuria of Sicily 181, 185, 202, 203, 210\u201311 Jarrow Crusade 36\u20137 Laval, Pierre 82 armed forces 98, 99, 124 Java 158 League of German Girls 220 Japanese invasion of 32\u20133 Java Sea, Battle of the 158 League of Nations 13, 17, 19, 33, 34, as Japanese puppet state (Manchukuo) 40, in Abyssinia 34 Jews at odds with Mussolini 99 36, 65 160, 247 bombing of Malta 180 and Arabs in Palestine 130\u20131 Lebanon 102, 131 reverts to China 330 economy 98, 124 Arm\u00e9e Juive 222 Lebensraum 27, 51, 106 Soviet invasion of 322, 326, 347 enters the war 70, 83, 98\u20139 creation of Israel 131, 177, 301, 345, 345 Leclerc, General Philippe 111, 268, 269 Mandalay 249 fall of Rome 234, 252\u20133 death toll 59, 177, 334 Ledo Road 247, 248, 249 Manhattan Project 322 invasion of Abyssinia 13, 23, 34, 124 as displaced persons 336 Leeb, Field Marshal Ritter von 77 Manila 241, 245 invasion of Albania 23, 51, 98, 132 emigration of German 26 Leigh Light 205 Mann, Thomas 26 invasion and occupation of Greece 23, 98, ghettos 59, 138 Leipzig 290 Mannerheim, Field-Marshal Gustav von 64, 102, 132, 274, 275 Greek 133 LeMay, Curtis 314, 315 invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia 102, Hitler\u2019s\/Nazi view of 21, 26, 56, 138, 176, Lend-Lease scheme 96, 111, 130, 131, 142, 65 132, 277 Mannerheim Line 65 Italian Social Republic 307 301 145, 189, 246, 247 Manstein, Lieutenant-General Erich von 77, joins the Allies 213 Holocaust 107, 138, 176\u20137, 301 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 16, 17 loss of East African empire 99, 102 Kindertransport 50 Leningrad 226, 267 losses on Eastern Front 193 Kristallnacht 42, 43, 50 Manteuffel, Hasso von 284, 285 Mussolini deposed 211 legislation against 26, 106 German advance on 134 Mao Zedong 31, 40, 41, 246, 247, 346\u20137 Mussolini executed by partisans 306\u20137 Nazi massacres 138 liberation of 229, 270 maquis 223 rise of Fascism 20\u20131, 306 in occupied countries 107 siege of 102, 135, 136\u20137 Marco Polo Bridge Incident 40, 142 and Spanish Civil War 34, 38\u20139 rounding up 50, 106, 176, 177, 178\u20139 L\u00e9opold III, King of Belgium 110, 111 Mareth Line 187 surrender of 99, 124, 211, 212 Jodl, General Alfred 284 Lewin, Abraham 178 Mariana Islands 158, 231 territorial ambitions 34 Junge, Traudl 306 USS Lexington (US aircraft carrier) 155, World War I 16, 17 jungle warfare 248\u201351 Battles for the Marianas 235, 238\u20139 unrest after 19, 20 Juno Beach 258, 259 162 Marine Corps War Memorial (Washington see also Mussolini, Benito Jutland, Battle of 16 Leyte Gulf, Battle of 240\u20133, 245 Itaya, Lieutenant Commander 150 Libya 34, 98\u20139, 102, 181 D.C.) 311 Iwo Jima, Battle of 241, 291, 310\u201311 K Marne, River 269 Izyum salient 190 battle for 124\u20135 Marshall, General George 256\u20137, 347 Kamikaze attacks 240, 241, 291, 311, 312, Lindbergh, Charles 96 Marshall Islands 158, 230, 231, 235, 238, 331 J 313, 326 Lingayen Bay 241 Marshall Plan 343 List, Field Marshal Wilhelm 191 Mason, Captain Dudley 180\u20131 Japan Karelia 64, 330 Lithuania 55, 64, 65, 138, 271, 330 massacres, Nazi 138\u20139, 223 Anti-Comintern Pact 34 Kasserine Pass 187 Locarno Pact 23, 36 Masters, Major John 251 armed forces, size of Kwantung Army 1941 Katyn Massacre 59, 111 Lockwood, Captain Kenneth 225 Maznitsa, Nikolai 194 33 Keitel, General Wilhelm 83 London medals 253, 273, 320\u20131 atrocities 241, 313, 335 Kellogg-Briand Pact 36 medical care, in the field 126\u20137 bombing of 162, 246, 247, 314\u201317 Kennedy, John F. 349 the Blitz 88\u201391 Mediterranean convoys 180\u20131 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 315, 317, 322\u20135, Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albert 180, 186, V-weapon attacks on 278, 279 Mediterranean, war in the 98, 99, 180\u20131, 187 326 Long March 31 civilian deaths 317 213, 252, 253 Long Telegram 341 see also Albania; Crete; Greece; Italy; Malta; clash with Soviets over Outer Mongolia 41, Kesselschlacht (cauldron battle) 226 Lorient 253 North Africa, War in; Sicily; Yugoslavia 146 Khalkhyn Gol, Battle of 41, 229 Lorraine 16, 83 compensation to \u201ccomfort women\u201d 335 Kharkov 227 Los Alamos, New Mexico 322 Meiktila 249 constitutional monarchy established 326, 42 L\u00fcbeck 294 Mein Kampf (Hitler) 21, 56, 138 continued fighting after surrender 326 Battles of 190 Luftwaffe Memel 51 democratization of 343 Khrushchev, Nikita 229, 349 and Allied bombing of German cities Merchant shipping 118\u201319, 122, 204\u20135, 206\u20137 economic sanctions against 142, 143, 146, Kiev 134, 135, 227, 229 Merrill\u2019s Marauders 248, 249 148, 316 Kincaid, Admiral 241 294\u20135 Mesopotamia 16 economy 316, 317, 323, 326, 342\u20133 Kindertransport 50 Battle of Britain 70, 84\u20135 Messina 211, 212, 287 empire dismantled 326 Kiska 198 the Blitz 70\u20131, 88\u201391 Metz 287 entrepreneurialism 343 kit bag, contents of 264\u20135 Condor Legion 38, 39 Metzer, Lothar 295, 297 facing defeat 317, 319, 322\u20133, 326 Kluge, Hans Guenther von 262, 263, creation of 27, 34 Meuse, River 269, 284, 285 gains from World War I 19, 32 early skirmishes 62 MI6 173 home front 316\u201317 267 warplanes in 1939 51 MI9 174, 223 imperial ambitions 13, 103, 146, 158, 160, Knauth, Percy 301 see also bombing campaigns Middle East 316, 326 Knickebein 88 L\u00fcneburg Heath 185 invasion of Burma 159, 234, 248\u20139 Kobe 316 L\u00fctjens, Vice-Admiral G\u00fcnter 122 conflicts in the 130\u20131 Luxembourg 108, 110, 269 oilfields 124, 130, 190 Luzon 240, 241 Midway, Battle of 154\u20135, 162\u20133, 164, 166, 230 Lvov (Lwow) 335 Migrations, forced 334 Mihailovic\u2019, Draz\u02c7a 133, 276\u20137 Mindanao 240 Mindoro 241 Ministry of Food 92 355","INDEX Minsk 134, 270 Nazi Party Operation Citadel 226\u20137 Peenem\u00fcnde 278 MIS-X 174 dismantling the Nazi state 318\u201319, 339 Operation Crossbow 278 People\u2019s Liberation Army (PLA) 346, 347 USS Missouri (US battleship) 245, 326\u20137 Hitler and 24\u20135, 56\u20137 Operation Crusader 182 Percival, Lieutenant-General Arthur 158 mobilization figures, World War I 17 life under the swastika 106\u20137 Operation Diadem 253 Pershing, General 256 Model, Walter 263, 269, 270\u20131, 284, 285 the Nazi State 26\u20139 Operation Dragoon 263 Petacci, Clara 23, 290, 307 Mogadishu 99 Nazism 20\u20131, 306 Operation Exporter 130 P\u00e9tain, Marshal Philippe 82, 83, 112, 187 Mogaung 248 rise of 20\u20131, 24\u20135, 306 Operation Gomorrah 215 Peter, King of Yugoslavia 276, 277 Moldavia 330 see also Germany; Hitler, Adolf Operation Husky 210 Pforzheim 294 Molotov, Vyacheslav 203 Operation Market Garden 185, 269, 280\u20131 Philby, Kim 173 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact see Nazi-Soviet Pact Nazi-hunters 177, 339 Operation Overlord 87, 113, 129, 145, 185, Philippine Sea, Battle of the 238\u20139 Monckton, Walter 318 Nazi-Soviet Pact 46, 51, 54\u20135, 58, 64, 330 Philippines Montague, E.A. 28 Neame, Jacqueline 173 223, 255, 258\u201361 Monte Cassino 213, 252 Neave, Airey 225 Operation Pedestal 180\u20131, 186 Allied invasion of 231, 235, 239 Montenegro 276, 277 Netherlands Operation Pluto 255 Battle of Leyte Gulf 240\u20133 Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law Operation Round Up 254 Japanese invasion and occupation of 147, German invasion and occupation of 70, 77, Operation Sealion 70, 85 and Allied advance in Europe 269, 299 106\u20137, 108 Operation Shingle 252 158\u20139, 160\u20131 and Battle of the Bulge 285 Operation Sickle Cut 78\u20139 Phoney War 47, 55, 60\u20131 biography 184\u20135 government in exile 110, 111 Operation Starvation 314, 315, 319 Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 38 and Eisenhower 257, 304 Japan targets colonies 158 Operation Strangle 253 pigeons 208 and invasion of Normandy 255, 262 loss of colonies 330, 345 Operation Ten-go 313, 326 Placentia Bay Conference 203 and invasion of Sicily 210, 211 Operation Market Garden 280\u20131 Operation Torch 183, 186\u20137, 257, 286 Ploesti oilfields 271 and Italian campaign 212 Neutrality Act (US, 1935) 142, 145 Operation Typhoon 135, 140 Poland and North African campaign 125, 187 New Britain 164, 166, 167, 230, 239 Operation Uranus 154, 193 El Alamein 182\u20133 New Deal 37, 144 Operation Watch on the Rhine 284\u20135 armed forces 50, 58, 59, 110, 111, and Operation Market Garden 185, 269, New Georgia 198, 230 Oppenheimer, J. Robert 322 273, 281 New Guinea 160, 230, 231, 241 Oradour 223 at Monte Cassino 252 280\u20131 Allied campaign in 161, 166\u20137, 239, 245 Oran 186 Home Army 234, 273 and Patton 287 Japanese attack on Port Moresby 162, 165 Orel 227 pilots in RAF 59, 111 and race for Berlin 304 New Zealand 55, 344 Orsha 270 monuments and memorials 350\u20131 newspapers, underground 222 Osaka 316 Communists seize power in 341 morale Night of the Long Knives 26 Oslo 74 death toll 273, 334 German civilian 295 Nijmegen 280, 281 OSS (Office of Strategic Services) 173, 174 of servicemen 264\u20135 Nimitz, Admiral Chester 167, 235, 239, 311 Ottoman Empire, break-up of 12, 17 civilian 59 Morgan, General Frederick 254, 255 Battles for the Marianas 238 Outer Mongolia 41, 146, 229 east ceded to Soviet Union 334\u20135 Morgenthau, Henry 96, 338 Coral Sea and Midway 162\u20133 fate of Jews in 59, 178\u20139 Morocco, Torch landings 154, 155, 186 Operation Starvation 314 P German invasion and occupation of 43, Morse code 116 Philippines campaign 240, 241, 245 Mortain 263 NKVD 273 Pacific, War in the 46\u20137, 51, 54, 55, 58\u20139 Moscow Nomonhan, Battle of 41, 229 Battles for the Marianas 231, 238\u20139 government in exile 59, 110 Battle for 140\u20131, 229 Norden, Carl 216 Central Pacific offensive 230\u20131, 235, 314 Hitler\u2019s Polish demands 50 German advance on 134, 135, 189 Norden Bombsight 216 Coral Sea and Midway 162\u20133, 164, 166 Nazi death sqauds in 138 Moscow Conference 203 Normandy, Allied invasion of 87, 113, 129, defending Australia 155, 166\u20137 Polish Corridor 12, 27, 34, 43, 50, 55 Moselle, River 269 Guadalcanal 155, 164\u20135, 230 postwar boundaries 203, 291, 295, Mosley, Oswald 36 145, 185, 254\u20135, 258\u201361 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 315, 317, 322\u20135, motorbikes, German 213 Allied breakout from 262\u20133 326 330 Moulin, Jean 223 Norsk Hydro plant 173 Iwo Jima 241, 291, 310\u201311 postwar government 111 Mount Suribachi 311 North Africa, War in 102, 180, 181 Japan surrenders 245, 317, 323, 326\u20137 repatriation of Germans from western Mountbatten, Lord Louis 247, 248, 249 Blitzkrieg in 77 Japan under siege 314\u201315 Moyne, Lord 131 El Alamein 125, 129, 154, 155, 182\u20133, 185 Japanese offensive 158\u20139 334\u20135 Moynihan, Major John E. 322 Montgomery in 184\u20135 New Guinea campaign 161, 166\u20137, 239, 245 Soviet designs on 51, 54, 203, 295 Mulberry harbours 255, 262 Rommel in 128\u20139 Okinawa 241, 247, 307, 310, 312\u201313, 314 Soviet treatment of 47, 111, 273 Munich Agreement 23, 42\u20133, 50 Torch landings 154, 186\u20137, 286 Philippines campaign 231, 239, 240\u20133 Soviets enter 271, 273 Munich Putsch 21, 24, 26, 56 War in the Desert 124\u20135 see also Far East, War in the Treaty of Versailles 18\u201319 Murata, Lieutenant Commander 150 Western Desert 71, 98\u20139, 182 under German occupation 106 Mussolini, Benito see also Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Pacifism 37 Warsaw Uprising 272\u20133 achievements of 21 Pact of Steel 23, 34, 51, 55 political prisoners 176\u20137 attempts to keep up with Nazi Germany Tunisia Painter-Downes, Mollie 309 Pomerania 299, 304 North Vietnam 345 Pakistan 330, 345 poppies, remembrance 350 98, 99 Northern Expedition 30 Palermo 287 Popular Front 38 biography 22\u20133 Norway 65, 254\u20135 Palestine 130\u20131, 301 Port Moresby 162, 165, 166\u20137 deposed 211 Palestinian Mandate 345 Portugal 106 escape 213 German invasion and occupation of 55, 65, Pan-American Neutrality Zone 143 Potsdam, bombing of 294 execution 290, 306\u20137 74\u20135, 106 Panzer divisions 77 Potsdam Conference 113, 291, 318\u201319, Republic of Sal\u00f2 23, 211, 213 Papandreou, George 275 rise to power 13, 20\u20131 government in exile 110, 111 Papen, Franz von 25 342 see also Italy merchant navy 118 Papua 160, 230 Potsdam Declaration 319, 322 Myitkyina 248 Nuclear war POWs see prisoners of war and German technology 279 see also New Guinea Prague 43, 46, 50\u20131, 340 N Hiroshima and Nagasaki 322\u20135, 348 parachutes 281 precision bombing 216, 217 threat of 319, 348\u20139 paratroops 74, 77, 133, 173, 255, 258\u20139 Prien, Lieutenant Commander G\u00fcnther 62, Nagasaki 291, 315, 317, 322\u20133, 324, 326 see also atomic bomb Paris Nagumo, Admiral 163 Nuremberg, bombing of 294 119 Nancy 287 Nuremberg Laws 26, 106 fall of France 83 Primo de Rivera, General 38 Nanking 347 Nuremberg rallies 25, 27, 221 German occupation of 106, 108\u20139 HMS Prince of Wales (British battleship) 103, Nuremberg war tribunals 221, 301, 330, 339 liberation of 257, 263, 268\u20139 Rape of 40\u20131, 146 VE-Day 308\u20139 122, 123, 158 Naples 212, 213, 277 O Paris Peace Conference 18\u201319 Princip, Gavrilo 16 Narvik 65, 74 partisans see resistance movements Prisoners of war Oder, River 273, 304 Pas de Calais 254, 258 Battles for 74, 75 Odessa 176 Patton, General George S. 185, 256, 257 British 224, 225 NASA 279, 339 Office of Strategic Services see OSS and Allied advance in Europe 268, 269, as displaced persons 336 National Hunger March 36 Oflags 225 in Europe 224\u20135 National Liberation Front (EAM) 274\u20135 Okhapkina, Lidiya Georgievna 137 285, 286, 287, 304 German 92, 138, 191, 192, 193, 225, 263, National People\u2019s Liberation Army (ELAS) Okinawa, Battle of 241, 247, 291, 307, 310, and Allied invasion of Sicily 210, 211, 287 biography 286\u20137 271, 299 274\u20135 312\u201313, 314, 317 and D-Day and Normandy 254, 263, 286, Italian 92, 213, 225 National Republican Greek League (EDES) Olson, Betty M. 309 Japanese 313 Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 25, 27, 28\u20139 287 return of 334\u20135 274\u20135 Omaha Beach landing 258, 259\u201361, 351 and North African campaign 187, 286\u20137 Soviet 134, 138, 140, 225 National Socialist German Workers\u2019 Party see Operation Attila 187 Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia 132 US 224, 225, 284 Operation Bagration 229, 270\u20131, 298 Paulus, General Friedrich 191, 192, 193 Prokhorovka, Battle at 227 Nazi Party Operation Barbarossa 77, 85, 89, 132, Pavelic\u2019, Ante 133 propaganda 114\u201315 Nationalist Party (China) see Kuomintang Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on 103, 119, anti-Nazi 172 Nationalists (Spanish Civil War) 38\u20139 134\u20135, 140, 189, 190 Japanese nationalist 316, 317 NATO 257, 349 Operation Blue 190\u20131, 192 143, 145, 146, 147, 148\u201351 Nazi 26\u20137, 57 Navajo code talkers 117 Operation Bodenplatte 285 of war 350\u20131 Operation Cartwheel 167, 230, 245 prostitution, \u201ccomfort women\u201d 335 Prussia 338 see also East Prussia Pu Yi, Henry 33 Purple code 117 Pyle, Ernie 90 356","INDEX Q Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin (cont.) Schuschnigg, Kurt 42 Soviet Union (cont.) suicide 125, 129, 267 Schutzstaffel see SS home front 188\u20139 Quebec Conference 145, 202, 249, 255 Schweinfurt, USAAF raid on 217\u201319 industry and economy 189, 318, 319 Quezon, Manuel 161, 244 Roosevelt, Eleanor 144, 145 Scobie, General 275 invasion of Manchuria 322, 326, 347 Quisling, Vidkun 75, 106 Roosevelt, Franklin D. scorched earth policy 134, 307 invasion of Poland 46, 59 Scott, Rear-Admiral Norman 165 Iron Curtain 67, 340\u20131 R aid to Allies 96 Seabees 239 and Japanese invasion of China 40, 41 Allied conferences 202\u20133, 210, 295, 319 Secret Intelligence Service see SIS Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact 140, 247 Rabaul 164, 166, 167, 230, 235, 239 and Allied invasion of Normandy 87, 145 Seine, River 268, 269 Nazi massacres in 138 radar 85, 205 attempts to keep US out of war 55, 71, Serbia 276, 277 Nazi-Soviet Pact 46, 51, 54\u20135, 58, 64, 330 radiation sickness 322, 324, 326 Sevastopol 190 partition of Berlin 339 radios 172, 174\u20135, 208\u20139, 223, 280 142, 143 S\u00e8vres, Treaty of 19 postwar asset-stripping of Germany 305, Raeder, Admiral Erich 62, 122 attempts to protect civilians 62 sextants 162\u20133 318, 342 railways, sabotage of 223 and Battle of France 83 Shan Hills 249 postwar division of Germany 338, 339 Ramsay, Admiral Bertram 78\u20139 biography 144\u20135 Shanghai 30\u20131, 40, 347 postwar domination of eastern Europe 67, Rangoon 159, 248, 249 and bombing of Germany 216 Sherrod, Robert 231 111, 291, 340\u20131, 348\u20139 Rastenburg 267, 271 and China 246, 247 Shibazaki, Rear-Admiral Keiji 231 purges 349 rationing and Churchill 96, 103, 145, 202\u20133, 204 Shipston, Major John 251 race for Berlin 304\u20135 and de Gaulle 112, 113 Shumilov, General 193 Romania falls to 275, 277 in Britain 60, 92\u20133, 119 declarations of war 103, 149 Sicily 186 and shaping the postwar world 318\u201319 in Europe 94 and Japanese invasion of China 40, 41 and Spanish Civil War 38\u20139 occupied territories 106 New Deal 37, 144 Allied invasion of 185, 202, 203, 210\u201311 survival of 188\u20139 in Germany 220, 221 and right to self-determination 344, 345 Sidi Bou Zid 187 territorial gains 295, 330 in Japan 316 and Stalin 145, 202\u20133, 319 Sikorski, General Wladyslaw 111, 273 treatment of repatriated citizens 335 in US 169 and US arms production 168 Sinatra, Frank 169 and United Nations 203 Reagan, Ronald 349 Rosenthal, Joe 311 Singapore 158, 161, 203, 249 view of the war in 351 reconstruction Rostock 294 Sino-Japanese War 158, 335 and Warsaw Uprising 234, 273 of Europe 318\u201319 Rostov 191 SIS (Secret Intelligence Service) 172 Winter War 46, 47, 64\u20135 of Germany 342\u20133 Rota 238 Sittang 249 see also Russia; specific battles and of Japan 342\u20133 Rotterdam 77 slave labour see forced labour campaigns by name; Stalin, Joseph Red Army see Soviet Union Royal Air Force (RAF) Slavs 138, 276 Red Cross 126\u20137, 225 Battle of Britain 70, 84\u20135 Slim, General Bill 248\u20139 space race 349 R\u00e9e, Captain Harry 173 the Blitz 88\u201391 Slovakia 43, 46, 270, 271 and German technology 279 refugees 290, 334\u20137 bombing Germany by night 214\u201315, 216 Slovenes 276 flee Soviet advance 295, 298, 334 destruction of German cities 294\u20137 Smolensk 134 Spain 106 Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) 26, 267 early skirmishes 62 Smuts, Jan 55 Civil War 13, 23, 34, 38\u20139, 51 Reichstag, Battle for the 305 Polish pilots in 59, 111 Sobibor 176 Reichstag fire 25, 26 warplanes in 1939 51 SOE (Special Operations Executive) 111, Spartacists 19 Reims 287 see also specific battles and campaigns Special Operations Executive see SOE Rendova 230 Royal Navy 172\u20133 Speer, Albert reparations 12, 19, 21, 24, 25, 342 aircraft carriers 33 equipment 174\u20135, 222 Republicans (Spanish Civil War) 38\u20139 Dunkirk evacuation 78\u201381 and French Resistance 222, 223, 262 as Armaments Minister 198, 215, 220 resistance movements early skirmishes 62\u20133 in Greece 274 biography 221 Albanian 107 hunting the Bismarck 102, 122\u20133 Sofia 340 spies 173 Belgian 222 Mediterranean fleet 98 Solidarity trade union 51 Spruance, Vice-Admiral Raymond 231 Dutch 106, 280 Pacific Fleet 312 Solomon Islands 160, 162, 230, 231, 238, SS (Schutzstaffel) 21, 26 French 83, 106\u20137, 112\u201313, 173, 222\u20133, showdown in the Atlantic 204\u20135 Einsatzgruppen 107, 138, 176 U-boat war 118\u201319 239 Waffen-SS 138 258, 259, 262, 268 World War I 16 Guadalcanal 163, 164\u20135, 167 Stalags 225 governments in exile 111 see also specific battles and campaigns Somaliland 34, 70, 99, 124 Stalin, Joseph Greek 274\u20135 Ruhr 269, 299, 338 Somme, Battle of the 16 Allied conferences 202\u20133, 295, 318\u201319 Italian 211, 213, 307 Battle of the 199, 214 Somme, River 269 biography 66\u20137 Norwegian 75 Rundstedt, General Gerd von 59, 77, 141, sonar 118, 205 and Churchill 202, 203, 275, 340, 341 Philippine 161 Soong May-Ling 41 and German invasion 134\u20135, 140, 141, 192 Polish 59, 273 259, 262, 284, 285 Sorge, Richard 146 and Hitler 46, 54 Soviet 138 Russia South Africa 55, 344 and Iron Curtain 340\u20131, 349 Yugoslav 107, 111, 133, 276\u20137 South Vietnam 345 and Nazi-Soviet Pact 51, 54\u20135, 58, 64 see also SOE civil war in 17, 18 Soviet Union plan for postwar Germany 339 Reynaud, Paul 61, 65, 83 Russian Revolution 12, 17, 20, 64 advance on Germany (1945) 298 and postwar division of Balkans 340 Rhine, River World War I 16\u201317 annexation of eastern Poland 203, 295, 335 and Red Army offensive 1944 270 Allied crossing of 287, 290, 298, 299 see also Soviet Union armed forces and Roosevelt 145, 202\u20133, 319 Operation Market Garden 280, 281 Russo-Japanese War 32, 33 and Tito 277 Rhineland 27, 34, 35, 338 Ruthenia 43 deserters 295 and Warsaw Uprising 273 Rhodesia 345 Ryukyu Islands 312, 313 on Eastern Front 187 and Zhukov 228\u20139 Rh\u00f4ne, River 268 men, tanks and warplanes, 1939 51 see also Soviet Union Riabinkin, Yura 137 S for Operation Bagration 271 Stalingrad, Battle of 154, 155, 189, 191, Ribbentrop, Joachim von 54, 339 purge of Red Army 64, 228 Riga, Peace of 54 SA see Sturmabteilungen reform of Red Army 65 192\u20135, 229, 351 Ritchie, Lieutenant-General Neil 182 Saarland 19, 27, 34, 62, 338, 342 arms production 189, 348 Stauffenberg, Claus von 267 River Plate, Battle of the 47, 63 sabotage atrocities 47, 298, 334 Stilwell, General Joseph 40, 159, 246, 247, R\u00f6hm, Ernst 26 Katyn massacre 59, 111 Roma 106, 176, 301 in Chinese civil war 347 clash with Japan over Outer Mongolia 41, 248, 249 Romania 55, 132, 134, 295, 340, 341 in France 222\u20133, 258, 259, 262 146 Strasbourg 60, 285 fall of 270, 271 in Greece 274 Cold War 326, 339, 348\u20139 strategic bombing 63, 294 losses on Eastern Front 193 secret armies 172\u20133 collapse of 345, 349 Strategic Defence Initiative 349 pressured to allow German occupation 98, St L\u00f4 262 cost of war 334 Student, General Karl 212 St Nazaire 253 Cuban Missile Crisis 349 Sturmabteilungen (SA) 21, 26 132 Saipan 238, 239 death toll 334, 335 Sudan 70, 99 Soviet domination of 275, 277, 291, 340 Sakhalin 326 and decolonization 345 Sudetenland 42\u20133, 50, 334 Rome Salerno landings 212 enters war against Japan 317, 319, 322, Suez Canal 102, 124, 130 fall of 213, 234, 235, 252\u20133 Sal\u00f2, Republic of 23, 211, 213 326, 347 suicide attacks 231, 239, 240, 241, 311, 312, German occupation of 212 Salomon, Lieutenant Sidney 260 expansionist policy 55, 64 Mussolini\u2019s march on 20 San Francisco Conference 203 German invasion of 71, 77, 85, 89, 102\u20133, 313, 326 Rome-Berlin axis 34 San Francisco, Treaty of 343 134\u20135 Sukarno, President 161 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin Sano, Major-General 158 Battle of Kursk 193, 198, 226\u20137 Suluan Island 240 biography 128\u20139 Santa Cruz, Battle of 165 Battle for Moscow 140\u20131 Sumatra 158 Churchill on 125 Saphis, General 275 Battle of Stalingrad 154, 155, 189, 191, Sun Yat-sen 30 and defense of Normandy 129, 255, 262 Savo Island 164 supply lines, Allied problems with 268 in North Africa 77, 102, 124\u20135, 128\u20139, Scapa Flow 62 192\u20135 Suzuki Kantaro, Admiral 317 Scheldt estuary 269, 281 German drive to the east 190\u20131 swastika 21 133, 154, 180\u20131, 182\u20133, 184\u20135, 186\u20137 Schellenberg, General Walter 172 Red Army offensive 1944 227, 234, 263, Swaziland 345 Schepke, Joachim 119 Sweden 65, 106 Schleicher, General Kurt von 25 270\u20131, 304 Sweeney, Major Charles W. 323 Schlieffen Plan 77 siege of Leningrad 102, 135, 136\u20137 Switzerland 106 Schmidt, General Harry 193, 310 German treatment of civilians 334 Sword Beach 258, 259 glasnost era 335 Syracuse 211 Syria 102, 130, 131 357","INDEX T United States (cont.) W Whitworth, Vice-Admiral W.J. 75 bombing Germany by day 216\u201319, Wiesenthal, Simon 339 Taiwan 31, 158, 240, 326, 347 294, 295 Waal, River 280, 281 Wilhelm Gustloff (German passenger liner) Tanggu Truce 40 bombing of Japan 162, 246, 247, 311, Wake Island 147, 158, 160 Tanks and tank warfare 314\u201315 Wall Street Crash 13, 24, 37, 144 298 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 322\u20133 Wan Waithayakon, Prince 160 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 18 American MG3 light tanks 164 on brink of war 142\u20133 Wang Ching-wei 160 Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands 110, comparative number of tanks, 1939 51 Cold War 326, 348\u20139 Wannsee Conference 176 Ghost Division 128 cost of war effort 334 war bonds 169 111 Japanese Type 95 tank 159 Cuban Missile Crisis 349 war cemeteries 351 Wilson, Woodrow 16\u201317, 18\u201319, 144 lessons of Spanish Civil War 39 death toll 169, 334 war criminals Wingate, Orde 248, 249 Panthers 227 declares war on Japan 103, 143, 145, 149 Winter War 64\u20135, 74 Panzer divisions 77, 140, 227, 259, 262 declines membership of League of Nations Japanese 326, 339 Witherington, Pearl 173 Sherman tank 285 19, 36 Nazi 177, 225, 301, 307, 339 Wolf\u2019s Lair 262, 266\u20137 Soviet T-34 189, 227, 270\u20131 economic sanctions against Japan 142, 143 tribunals 339 women Tigers 227 economy and industry 96, 168\u201371 War Power Acts (US) 168 Valentine infantry tank 182 enters World War I 16\u201317 Warburton-Lee, Captain B.A.W. 75 in armed forces 168 see also specific battles and campaigns enters World War II 145 Warsaw 340 \u201ccomfort women\u201d 335 Taranto 98, 99, 148 fears spread of Communism 342, 345, bombardment of 58, 59, 62 in industry 170\u20131 Tarawa 230, 231 347 ghetto 176, 177, 178\u20139 Nazi view of 220 Tedder, Air Chief Marshal 257 Germany declares war on 119, 143, 147, liberation of 273 postwar Japanese 339 Tehran Conference 87, 145, 198, 202, 203 149 Warsaw Uprising 59, 234, 271, 272\u20133 \u201crubble women\u201d (Tr\u00fcmmerfrauen) 339 Ten Year Rule 37 Great Depression 36, 37 Warsaw Pact 349 in SOE 172\u20133 Thailand 158, 160 home front 96\u20137, 168\u201371 Waschau, Fela 336 in workforce 93, 168\u201371, 220, 317 Th\u00e4lmann, Ernst 25 internment of Japanese Americans 155, Washington Conference 202, 230, 235 Wood, Sir Kingsley 62 Tianjin, liberation of 326 168 Washington Naval Treaty 32, 33, 40 Woodlark Island 198 Tibbets, Colonel Paul W. 322, 324 isolationist policy of 36, 47, 51, 55, Wavell, General Sir Archibald 71, 99, 158, Woolton, Lord 92 Timor 158 96, 145 World War I 16\u201317, 350 Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 65, 190 Lend-Lease scheme 71, 96, 111, 142, 145, 249 flawed peace 12, 18\u201319 Tinian 238, 239, 322 168, 189 weapons Wray, Rachel 171 Tippelskirch, General von 270 Marshall Plan 343 Wroclaw 335 Tito 133, 276\u20137 Neutrality Acts 61, 96, 142 25-pounder gun 131 Wuchang Uprising 30, 31 Tobruk 125, 182, 185 Pearl Harbor 103, 119, 143, 145, 146, 88mm anti-tank guns 125 W\u00fcrzburg 294 Tohei, Nori 324 147, 148\u201351 ammunition limber 131 Tojo, Hideki 146, 149, 317, 339 and postwar division of Germany anti-aircraft guns 182 Y Tokyo, bombing of 162, 315, 316, 317 and reconstruction of Germany and Japan anti-personnel mines 227 Tokyo Bay 245 342\u20133 anti-tank mines 227 Yakagi, Admiral 162 Topp, Erich 119 and right to self-determination 344, 345 anti-tank rifles 65 Yalta Conference 113, 145, 202, 203, 295, Torch landings 125, 154, 155, 186\u20137, 286 Strategic Defence Initiative 349 balloon bombs 291, 315 Torgau 290, 304, 305 tanks, warships and planes 1941\u201345 168 bayonets 124 305, 319, 335, 342 torpedo calculators 119 and U-boat war 119, 142 Beretta pistol 277 Yamaguchi, Teruo 312 Toyoda, Admiral Soemu 238\u20139, 240\u20131 Vietnam War 161, 215 bouncing bombs 215 Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral 96, 148, 149, Transjordan 130, 131 Wall Street Crash 24, 37, 144 clandestine 174\u20135, 222 Treblinka 176, 177, 178 women in industry 170\u20131 cluster bombs 315 162, 231 Trieste 277 see also Europe, War in; Far East, War in Colt .45 revolver 287 Yamashita, General Tomoyuki 158, 241 Tripartite Pact 132, 146 the; Pacific, War in the; Roosevelt, Commando dagger 255 York 294 Triple Alliance 16 Franklin D.; specific battles and depth charges 204, 205 USS Yorktown (US aircraft carrier) 162, 163 Triple Entente 16 campaigns by name \u201cFat Man\u201d 291, 322, 323 Ypres, Battle of 16 Tripoli 99, 185, 186 flame-throwers 311 Yuan Shikai 30 Truk 238 Ushijima Mitsuru, General 312 flying bombs 93, 278 Yugoslavia 19, 276\u20137 Truman, Harry S. 257, 340, 341, 345, 347 Usta\u0161a 133, 276 German secret weapons 278\u20139 biography 319 Utah Beach 258, 259 Ghurkha Kukri 248\u20139 Axis invasion and opccupation of 77, 102, at Potsdam Conference 318\u201319 grenade discharger 238 132, 276\u20137 Tsuyoshi, Inukai 33 V hand grenades 83, 99 Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail 64 hedgehog spigot mortars 205 partisans 107, 111, 133, 276\u20137 Tunis, fall of 187 V-1 flying bombs 278\u20139 homing torpedoes 205 Tito\u2019s rule in 111, 277, 340, 341 Tunisia 125, 185, 186\u20137 V-2 rockets 278\u20139, 339 howitzers 186, 253 Turing, Alan 116, 117 Vaillant-Couturier, Marie-Claude 177 human torpedoes (maiale) 180, 181 Z Turkey 16, 194 Valetta 180\u20131 incendiary bombs 89, 315 van der Lubbe, Marinus 25 Japanese cane knife 248\u20139 zaibatsus 342, 343 U Vandegrift, Lieutenant-General 164 jungle 248\u20139 Zervas, General 275 Varkiza, Peace of 275 Katyusha rockets 191 Zhang, Marshal 33 U-boats 62 Vasilevsky, Marshal 191 landmines 183 Zhukov, Marshal Georgy 135, 304 Battle of the Atlantic 198, 199, 204\u20135 VE-Day 307\u20139 Liberty pistol 173 early skirmishes 47, 62\u20133 Vella Lavella 230 \u201cLittle Boy\u201d 291, 322, 323 Battle of Stalingrad 192\u20133 first civilian ship hit by 54, 62 Vercors plateau 223 Long Tom (US 155mm field gun) 263 biography 228\u20139 life on 120\u20131 Verdun, Battle of 16, 17 machetes 165 and German surrender 307 in Mediterranean 180 Versailles, Treaty of 18\u201319 machine- and sub-machine guns 132, Zionist movement 131, 222, 301 monthly losses 1942-43 205 veterans\u2019 associations 351 sinking of merchant ships 206\u20137 Vichy government 82, 83, 110, 187 166\u20137, 259, 274, 282\u20133 U-boat war 118\u201319, 142 mines 62 Walter type 278, 279 and North Africa 102, 111, Molotov cocktails 65 154, 186\u20137 mortars 210\u201311, 248\u20139 Ukraine 134, 138, 203, 227, 271 napalm 315 Ultra intercepts 116\u201317 and Syria 130 Ohka piloted bomb 313 United Nations Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 20, 22, rifles 52\u20133, 304 shells 159 and creation of Israel 345 211, 307 squid depth charge launcher 205 foundation of 145, 202, 203, 235 Vienna 304, 330, 340 Tokarev automatic pistol 140 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Vietinghoff, General Heinrich von 213 V-weapons 89, 278\u20139, 339 Vietnam World War I 16 (UNRRA) 336 see also atomic bomb; bombing campaigns United States French withdrawal from 345 Wedermeyer, General Albert 247 Indochina War 161 Weichs, Field Marshal von 191 armed forces resistance to Japanese 161 Weimar government 18, 21, 24 conscription 142\u20133, 168 Vietnam War 161, 215, 345 Welfare State 93 development of 143 Viipuri 270 Wenck, General 304 naval strength 1941-45 239 Vis 277 Werner, Herbert E. 120 Omaha and Utah Beach landings 258, Vistula, River 58, 271, 273, 284 Werra, Franz von 225 259\u201361 Vistula-Oder offensive 304 West Germany 335, 339, 342\u20133 troops for D-Day 254 Volkssturm 220, 299 West Wall 280 Voronezh 191 Western Front, World War I 16 arms production 96\u20137, 142, 143, Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment 64, 65 Weygrand, General Maxime 78, 82, 83 168, 348 Vosges Mountains 269 358","ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments The publisher would like to thank the Agency (tl); Popperfoto (r). 39 AISA - Science & Society Picture Library: (cr). 130 TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (cla). following for their kind permission to Archivo Iconogr\u00e1fico S. 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LMA \u2013 Lebrecht Music and Arts akg-images: Private Collection (bl). Corbis: 93 TopFoto.co.uk: Stapleton Historical 138 akg-images: Ullstein Bild (br). MEPL \u2013 Mary Evans Picture Library Hulton-Deutsch Collection (br). Getty Collection\/HIP. 94 Birmingham Museum Magnum Photos: Soviet Group (bl). US NARA \u2013 US National Archives and Images: Fox Photos (tc). IWM: (tr). 46 And Art Gallery: (cr). DK Images: IWM, www.historicalimagebank.com: Don Records Administration Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tr) (clb). London (tr). www.historicalimagebank. Troiani (tl). 139 Corbis: Bettmann. 140 akg- Getty Images: Popperfoto (cb). MEPL: (tl). com: Don Troiani (tl). 94-95 IWM: (b). images: RIA Novosti (tr). DK Images: 2-3 LMA: Rue des Archives\/Tal. 4 DK TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (tc). 47 The 95 akg-images: (crb). DK Images: IWM, IWM, London (c). TopFoto.co.uk: (bl). Images: Jamie Marshall (tc). Getty Images: Art Archive: Dagli Orti (A) (c). Corbis: London (tl) (bc) (cra) (fcrb); Judith Miller \/ 140-141 Getty Images: Time & Life Heinrich Hoffmann\/Time & Life Pictures (br). Bettmann (cb); Hulton-Deutsch Collection Huxtins (ftr). IWM: (fclb) (bl) (cla) (clb) (tc). Pictures\/Pictures Inc.. 141 TopFoto.co.uk: 5 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: (tl). Getty Images: March Of Time\/Time & LMA: RA (clb\/coupon) (br). 96 Getty Ullstein Bild (tl). www. (cl). Shutterstock: Stephen Mulcahey (tr). Life Pictures (tr). 48 akg-images: (bl) (br). Images: AFP (bl). IWM: (tl). 97 Getty historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani 6 Conseil R\u00e9gional de Basse-Normandie Corbis: Bettmann (tc); Hulton-Deutsch Images: Keystone. 98 Getty Images: Bob (tr). 142 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures \/ National Archives USA: (tl) (tc). Corbis: Collection (tr). Getty Images: Keystone Thomas\/Popperfoto (cla). 98-99 Getty (tr). TopFoto.co.uk: (bl). 142-143 US Bettmann (bl). Dreamstime.com: J Klune (bc). TopFoto.co.uk: Jewish Chronicle Images: New York Times Co.. 99 IWM: (tl). NARA. 143 Getty Images: Charles E. (cr). US Department of Defense: Archive\/HIP (tl). 49 Corbis: Bettmann\/ 102 akg-images: (tl) (bl); Time & Life Steinheimer\/Time & Life Pictures (tl). 144 Department of the Army. Office of the Underwood & Underwood (tr); Hulton- Pictures (tr). Getty Images: Time & Life Corbis: Bettmann (bl); Oscar White (r). 145 Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations. (br). Deutsch Collection (tl). DK Images: Eden Pictures\/James Jarche (br). MEPL: (bc). The Art Archive: Culver Pictures (tl). The 7 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (br). Camp Museum, Yorkshire (cl); Ministry Of TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (tc). 103 Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection\/ iStockphoto.com: ilbusca (c). Defence, Pattern Room, Nottingham (br). Alamy Images: INTERFOTO Peter Newark American Pictures (c). Getty Shutterstock: krechet (tr). US NARA: US LMA : Interfoto (cb). TopFoto.co.uk: Pressebildagentur (bl). The Art Archive: Images: Keystone (bc); Time & Life Pictures Government (bl). 8-9 Getty Images: Time & Ullstein Bild (bl). 50 TopFoto.co.uk: From Culver Pictures (tr). Corbis: Bettmann (cb). (br). 146 Hoover Institution: (bl). Life Pictures\/US Coast Guard. 10-11 Getty the Jewish Chronicle Archive\/HIP (cra). US Department of Defense: Department TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (bc). 147 Images: Photographers Choice\/Kevin 50-51 Corbis: Bettmann. 51 MEPL: (cra). of the Army. Office of the Deputy Chief of Corbis: Bettmann (br). TopFoto.co.uk: (tr); Summers. 12 akg-images: (bc). The Art 52 DK Images: IWM, Duxford (c); Royal Staff for Operations. (tl). 104 akg-images: Roger-Viollet (l). 148 Getty Images: Time & Archive: Marc Charmet (tr). Corbis: Artillery Historical Trust (cb). 52-53 DK Ullstein Bild (br). Corbis: Bettmann (c). DK Life Pictures (bl). 148-149 US NARA: (b). Bettmann (tc). Getty Images: Hulton Images: IWM, London (c). 54 Corbis: Images: IWM, London (tr). Getty Images: 149 akg-images: (br). Corbis: Bettmann Archive (br); Popperfoto (bl). LMA: Rue des Hulton-Deutsch Collection (r). TopFoto.co. Heinrich Hoffmann\/Time & Life Pictures (bl); (tl). US NARA: (tr). 150-151 TopFoto.co. Archives\/Tal (tl); Private Collection\/Roger- uk: Ullstein Bild (cla). 55 The Bridgeman Keystone (tl). 104-105 LMA : Interfoto\/ uk. 152-153 Alamy Images: Tony Watson. Viollet, Paris (c). 13 The Bridgeman Art Art Library: Private Collection\/Peter Sammlung Rauch (c). 105 akg-images: 154 akg-images: (tr). Getty Images: Scott Library: Private Collection (bl). Corbis: Newark Military Pictures (br). Corbis: Ullstein Bild (cl). Getty Images: Keystone Barbour (tl); Picture Post\/Hulton Archive Bettmann (bc). Getty Images: Keystone Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tr). TopFoto.co. (bl). The Granger Collection, New York: (cb); Popperfoto (crb). LMA: RA (clb). (tl). LMA : Rue des Archives\/Tal (cl). uk: Ullstein Bild (bl). 56 akg-images: (l). (bc). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (br). US 155 The Art Archive: National Archives MEPL: (tr). 14 akg-images: (tr). Getty Corbis: Marcus F\u00fehrer\/dpa (cr). 57 Getty NARA: (tr). 106 DK Images: Jewish Washington DC (tr) (c). Corbis: Bettmann Images: Roger Viollet Collection (bl); Three Images: Hulton Archive (tr); Keystone (tl). Historical Museum, Amsterdam (cb). LMA : (clb) (cb). Getty Images: Time & Life Lions (br). LMA: Rue des Archives\/ Tal (tl). MEPL: (cb); Rue des Archives\/Tallandier RA (cla). 106-107 TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Pictures\/US Navy (tl). 156 Corbis: Bettmann MEPL: (bc). 15 The Art Archive: John (bc). 58 Corbis: Bettmann (cra). LMA : Bild (t). 106-149 Shutterstock: Stephen (br). DK Images: IWM, London (crb). Meek (c). Getty Images: Fox Photos (br); Interfoto (bl). 59 akg-images: (bl). The Art Mulcahey (t). 107 akg-images: (br). Getty Images: Keystone (bl); Time & Life Hugo Jaeger\/Timepix\/Time & Life Pictures Archive: Private Collection\/Marc Charmet 108-109 Corbis: Bettmann. 110 LMA : RA Pictures (tc). The Granger Collection, (bc). IWM: (bl). LMA: Interfoto\/Hermann (tl). 60 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (cra). 110-111 LMA : RA (b). 111 Corbis: New York: (tr). IWM: JE Russell (Lt) \/ Historica Gmbh (tl). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein (ca). IWM: (bl). 60-61 DK Images: Eden Bettmann (tl). Getty Images: Popperfoto Royal Navy official photographer (c). 157 Bild (tr) (cl). 16 The Art Archive: Marc Camp Museum, Yorkshire. 61 Getty (cra). 112 iStockphoto.com: Duncan The Art Archive: (cla). DK Images: IWM, Charmet (bl). DK Images: Collection of Images: Hulton Archive (ca) (br). 62 akg- Walker (cl). LMA : Rue des Archives\/Tal (r). London (tc) (cr). Getty Images: Georgi Jean-Pierre Verney (cl). 16-17 LMA: Rue images: RIA Novosti (br). TopFoto.co.uk: 113 IWM: Gunn (Sgt) (bc); Rue des Archives Zelma\/Hulton Archive (br). IWM: (tr). des Archives\/ Tal (t). 17 Getty Images: Ullstein Bild (bl). 63 Corbis: Underwood & \/Collection Gregoire (br). LMA : Rue des TopFoto.co.uk: (bl). 158 akg-images: (tl). Roger Viollet Collection (br). 18 Getty Underwood. Getty Images: Keystone (cra). Archives\/Tal (tl) (tr). 114 akg-images: (tc). Alamy Images: INTERFOTO Images: General Photographic Agency. 64 TopFoto.co.uk: (t); AP (br). 65 DK The Art Archive: National Archives Pressebildagentur (b). Getty Images: 19 The Bridgeman Art Library: Private Images: Ministry of Defence Pattern Room, Washington DC (fcl). The Bridgeman Art Keystone (tr). 158-193 Conseil R\u00e9gional Collection\/Roger-Viollet, Paris (tl). Corbis: Nottingham (bl). Getty Images: Fox Photos Library: Private Collection\/DaTo Images (tl). de Basse-Normandie \/ National Archives Bettmann (tr). Getty Images: Hulton (tc). IWM: (cra). 66 Corbis: Bettmann (r); Corbis: Swim Ink 2, LLC (cl). Courtesy of USA: (t). 160 Getty Images: Time & Life Archive (bc). MEPL: (cr). www. Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bl). 67 akg- The Museum of World War II, Natick, Pictures. 161 akg-images: Ullstein Bild (tc). historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani images: (tc). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Massachusetts: (cr). Photolibrary: De Corbis: Bettmann (cr); Hulton-Deutsch (cl). 20 akg-images: (bl). Getty Images: Collection (bc). DK Images: IWM, London Agostini Picture Library (tr) (fcr). 114-115 Collection (br). IWM: Palmer (Lt) (bl). 162 Keystone (br). Photolibrary: De Agostini (c). Getty Images: Keystone (tr). 70 akg- Getty Images: Laski Diffusion (bc). 115 Corbis: Bettmann (cla) (bl). Getty Images: Picture Library (tr). www. images: (tc). Corbis: Bettmann (tl) (br). akg-images: (br). The Art Archive: Time & Life Pictures\/US Navy (cra). 162-163 historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani (c). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr); Bundesarchiv Koblenz (fbr); IWM\/Eileen DK Images: IWM, London. 163 The 21 Getty Images: Three Lions (b). LMA: Popperfoto\/Bob Thomas (bc). LMA : Rue Tweedy (tl); Eileen Tweedy (cl) (c). DK Granger Collection, New York: (tr). Interfoto\/Hermann Historica Gmbh (t). des Archives\/Tal (bl). 71 Corbis: Bettmann Images: IWM, London (bc). Photolibrary: 164 The Art Archive: National Archives 22 Alamy Images: MEPL (cr); The London (tl) (bc). Getty Images: Fox Photos (cra); De Agostini Picture Library (cr). 116 DK Washington DC (cra). 164-165 MEPL: (b). Art Archive\/Visual Arts Library (l). 23 akg- Keystone (bl). 72 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). Images: UK Crown (bl). TopFoto.co.uk: 165 Getty Images: Frank Scherschel\/Time images: (ca) (bc) (cr). Getty Images: Getty Images: Keystone\/Horace Abrahams Ullstein Bild (c). 116-117 DK Images: IWM, Life Pictures (b). 166 Corbis: Bettmann (cr). Keystone (tr). 24 The Art Archive: John (bc); New York Times Co. (cr). MEPL: (tc). London. 117 Corbis: Bettmann (br). Getty Newspix Archive\/Nationwide News: Meek (tr). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (b). TopFoto.co.uk: (bl). 73 The Bridgeman Images: Time & Life Pictures (cra). News Ltd (bl). 166-167 DK Images: IWM, 25 Corbis: Bettmann (bc). Getty Art Library: Private Collection\/Peter Courtesy of the National Security London (t). 167 Newspix Archive\/ Images: Keystone (tr). 26 www. Newark Historical Pictures (tc). Corbis: Agency: (bc). Science & Society Picture Nationwide News: News Ltd. 168 The Art historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani Skyscan (tl). Getty Images: Keystone (cr) Library: Bletchley Park Trust (t). 118 IWM: Archive: National Archives Washington DC (tr). 26-27 Getty Images: Hugo Jaeger\/ (br). IWM: (bl). Mirrorpix: (c). 74 Getty (cra). TopFoto.co.uk: (bl). 118-119 The (bc). 169 Corbis: Bettmann (cl); Robert Timepix\/Time & Life Pictures (bc). 27 Images: Hulton Archive (cra). 74-75 MEPL. Art Archive. 119 DK Images: UK Crown Sloan\/Swim Ink 2, LLC (br). 170-171 Getty Corbis: Bettmann (br). 28-29 Corbis: 74-99 Library Of Congress, Washington, (tc). LMA: Interfoto (crb). 120-121 MEPL: Images: MPI. 172 The Art Archive: Eileen Bettmann. 30 The Art Archive: British D.C.: (t). 75 Getty Images: Popperfoto (cb). Illustrated London News Ltd. 122 IWM: Tweedy (cl). DK Images: H Keith Melton Library (br). Getty Images: Topical Press TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (crb). 76 Coote, R G G (Lt) (ca). LMA : Interfoto Collection (bl). 172-173 Getty Images: Agency (t). 31 The Bridgeman Art Corbis: Bettmann. 77 akg-images: (ca). (clb). 122-123 akg-images: Ullstein Bild. Keystone. 173 DK Images: H Keith Melton Library: Private Collection (bc). Cody LMA : RA (cr). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein 123 akg-images: Ullstein Bild (tr). IWM: Collection (br); Ministry of Defence, Pattern Images: (tr). 32 Corbis: Bettmann (bc). Bild (br). 78-79 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch (cr). 124 Getty Images: Keystone (bc). Room, Nottingham (tl). The Kobal 32-33 LMA: Rue des Archives\/FIA (t). 33 Collection. 79 akg-images: (cra). 80-81 124-125 LMA : Rue des Archives (c). Collection: Central Office of Information Getty Images: Popperfoto (br); Time & Life LMA : Rue des Archives. 82 Corbis: 125 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures (tr). (tc). Rex Features: (cr). 174 DK Images: Pictures\/Time Magazine (tr). IWM: (c). 34 Michael Nicholson (cr). US NARA: (b). 126 Alamy Images: Chris Howes\/Wild Courtesy of the late Charles Fraser-Smith akg-images: (tr). Getty Images: Hulton 83 akg-images: (tc). DK Images: IWM, Places Photography (tl). IWM: (c). www. (fbl); IWM, London (cl); H Keith Melton Archive (bc). 35 Getty Images: Popperfoto. London (cl) (cr). LMA : RA (b). 84 IWM: historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani Collection (fcl) (bc) (fbr); RAF Museum, 36 Corbis: David J. & Janice L. Frent (cl). 84-85 Getty Images: Popperfoto. 85 (fcl) (cl). 127 IWM: (br). 128 Getty Images: Hendon (cr). 175 DK Images: IWM, Collection (bc). Getty Images: Popperfoto Corbis: Bettmann (tr). Mirrorpix: (b). 86 Heinrich Hoffmann\/Time & Life Pictures (l); London (cla) (cl) (fbl); H Keith Melton (cl) (t). 37 Corbis: Bettmann (br). Library Getty Images: Keystone\/Horace Abrahams Hulton Archive (tr). MEPL: Explorer Collection (tl) (bl) (br) (clb) (cr) (tc) (tr). Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: Albert M (r); Topical Press Agency\/A. R. Coster (bl). Archives\/Desmarteau (tc). 129 Corbis: 176 akg-images: RIA Novosti (tr). Corbis: Bender (tc). 38 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 87 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd (tl). Bettmann (b). MEPL: (c). www. Bettmann (cl). 176-177 Getty Images: Scott Getty Images: General Photographic Getty Images: Keystone (bc). IWM. historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani Barbour. 177 akg-images: Michael Teller 359","ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (cr). 178-179 akg-images. 180 LMA : RA (cr). Corbis: Bettmann (bc). Shutterstock: LMA: (clb). 280-281 TopFoto.co.uk: AP. Time & Life Pictures (br). www. (ca). National Maritime Museum, Marinko Tarlac (tr). TopFoto.co.uk: 281 Getty Images: The Frank S. Errigo historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani London: (cb). 180-181 IWM: (t); JE Russell Topham\/AP (cla). 230-231 US NARA. 231 Archive\/Hulton Archive (br). IWM: (tc). (cl). 333 akg-images: (bc). The Art (Lt) \/ Royal Navy official photographer. 181 Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (clb). Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (crb). 283 Archive: Mus\u00e9e des 2 Guerres Mondiales Corbis: Bettmann (tr). DK Images: IWM, TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Picturepoint (bl). DK Images: Royal Artillery Historical Trust Paris\/Gianni Dagli Orti (tc). Corbis: Roger London (bc). Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac 232-233 Alamy Images: Chris Howes\/Wild (cra). 284 Getty Images: Heinrich Ressmeyer (bl). Getty Images: AFP (cr) (c); (cb). 182 akg-images: Ullstein Bild (ca). Places Photography. 234 akg-images: (tr); Hoffmann\/Time & Life Pictures (clb). IWM: Keystone (cl); Time & Life Pictures (br). 334 182-183 Getty Images: Popperfoto. 183 Ullstein Bild (tc). Getty Images: Keystone (br). TopFoto.co.uk: (tr). 285 LMA: (tr). akg-images: (tc). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein The Art Archive: (cr). DK Images: IWM, (bc) (br); Wall\/MPI (tl). LMA: Rue des US Army: (b). 286 akg-images: (r). Cody Bild (bl). 334-351 Shutterstock: krechet. London (cla). TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Archives (bl). 235 akg-images: (b). Getty Images: (l). 287 Corbis: Bettmann (bc). 335 The Art Archive: (tl). Getty Images: Picturepoint (tc). 184 TopFoto.co.uk: (r). Images: Time & Life Pictures (tr). TopFoto. Getty Images: Sonnee Gottlieb\/Keystone David Silverman (tr). 336-337 Getty 185 Corbis: Bettmann (tr) (bc). DK Images: co.uk: Ullstein Bild (tl). US NARA: (c). 236 (tr); Martha Holmes (br). The Patton Images: Keystone. 338 www. IWM, London (tc). Getty Images: Hulton Conseil R\u00e9gional de Basse-Normandie \/ Museum: (tl). 290 akg-images: (tc). historicalimagebank.com: Don Troiani Archive (cra). 186 DK Images: Royal National Archives USA: (tr). Corbis: Getty Images: Hulton Archive (crb); Allan (br). 338-339 Alamy Images: MEPL. Artillery Historical Trust (bc). IWM: (tc). 187 Bettmann (tl) (cr). DK Images: Royal Jackson\/Hulton Archive (tr). LMA: (clb). 339 Corbis: Bettmann (tc). Getty Images: Corbis: Bettmann (cl). LMA : (tr). 188 Artillery Historical Trust (cb). Getty Images: TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (tl). 291 Getty Central Press (br); Keystone (bc). 340 akg- Getty Images: Picture Post\/Hulton Archive. Hulton Archive (ca); Popperfoto (bl). 237 images: Gert Sch\u00fctz (ca). 340-341 Getty 189 akg-images: (ca) (br). IWM: (crb). akg-images: (bl). DK Images: Musee de Images: J. R. Eyerman\/Time & Life Pictures Images: Walter Sanders\/Life Magazine\/Time Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (crb\/ l\u2019Air et de l\u2019Espace \/ Le Bourget (tr). IWM: (bc). LMA: (cla). US NARA: (c). US Army: & Life Pictures. 341 Getty Images: Fox background). 190 akg-images: (t). 190-191 (cl). LMA: RA (cb); Rue des Archives (cr). (tr) (tl). 292 akg-images: (clb). Corbis: Photos (bc). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild DK Images: IWM, London. 191 TopFoto.co.uk: Roger-Viollet (tl). 238 akg- Bettmann (ca); The Dmitri Baltermants (cr). 342 akg-images: (ca). Corbis: Horace Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (tl). images: (bl). Getty Images: Peter Collection (tl). DK Images: IWM, London Bristol (bc). 343 Alamy Images: shinypix TopFoto.co.uk: RIA Novosti (tc). 192 akg- Stackpole\/Time & Life Pictures (tc). 238-239 (cb). Getty Images: Keystone (bc). (cra). Corbis: Bettmann (tl). 344 Alamy images: (tr). 192-183 Getty Images: Georgi Getty Images: Hulton Archive (t). 238-287 Courtesy of The Museum of World War Images: INTERFOTO Pressebildagentur (bl). Zelma\/Hulton Archive. 193 Getty Images: Dreamstime.com: J Klune. 239 Getty II, Natick, Massachusetts: (crb). TopFoto. Getty Images: AFP (tl). 344-345 Corbis: G. Lipskerov\/Hulton Archive (ca). Images: J. R. Eyerman\/Time & Life Pictures co.uk: RIA Novosti (tr). 293 Alamy Bettmann (tc). 345 The Art Archive: Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (tc). 194-195 (br). 240 TopFoto.co.uk: (tr). 240-241 US Images: MEPL (cra). Corbis: Bettmann (cb). Mus\u00e9e des 2 Guerres Mondiales Paris\/Gianni The Art Archive. 196-197 Getty Images: NARA. 241 LMA : RA (tr). 242-243 Getty Getty Images: Keystone (br). LMA: Rue Dagli Orti (bl). Getty Images: AFP (fbl); Laski Diffusion. 198 Getty Images: Hulton Images: Popperfoto\/Paul Popper. 244 des Archives (clb). US NARA: (cla). 294 DK Tom Stodda\/Hulton Archive (cr). 346 Cody Archive (tr) (bl) (br); Keystone (bc). Corbis: Bettmann (r). Getty Images: MPI Images: IWM, London (bl). LMA: (ca). Images: (r). Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 347 TopFoto.co.uk: Keystone (tl); Ullstein Bild (bl); Time & Life Pictures (cla). 245 Getty 294-295 akg-images. 294-326 akg-images: (br). The Art Archive: (tc). 199 Cody Images: (tl). Corbis: Images: Time & Life Pictures\/C. F. Wheeler\/ iStockphoto.com: ilbusca. 295 akg- William Sewell (tr). China Tourism Photo Bettmann (tr) (b). Getty Images: Hulton US Navy\/National Archives (bc). Courtesy images: (tc). Getty Images: Time & Life Library: (bc). 348 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (c). 200 The Art Archive: National of The Museum of World War II, Natick, Pictures (cr). 296-297 Alamy Images: Archive (tl). 348-349 Corbis: Bettmann (b). Archives Washington DC (br). aviation- Massachusetts: (cra). Naval Historical INTERFOTO Pressebildagentur. 298 akg- 349 Corbis: Bettmann (tc). Getty Images: images.com: P Jarrett (tr). Corbis: Foundation, Washington, D.C.. 246 images: (br). IWM: (clb). LMA: (t). Ralph Crane\/Time & Life Pictures (cr); Bettmann (c). DK Images: Royal Artillery TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (b). US Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (crb). 299 Keystone (bc). 350 Alamy Images: Avatra Historical Trust (bc). Getty Images: G. NARA: (cl). 247 Corbis: Bettmann (tl). akg-images: (cra). LMA: (tc). 300 akg- Images (t). Getty Images: Scott Barbour Lipskerov\/Slava Katamidze Collection (bl); Getty Images: William Vandivert\/Time & images. 301 Getty Images: Bentley (bl). 351 Alamy Images: Andrew Gransden Time & Life Pictures (tl). 201 Bovington Life Pictures (br). TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Archive\/Popperfoto (cr); George Rodger\/ (bl); Tommaso Sparnacci (br). Corbis: Tank Museum: Roland Groom (cra). Getty Picturepoint (bc). 248 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures (br). 302-303 Getty Reuters (crb). The Kobal Collection: Images: Keystone (bl). TopFoto.co.uk: William Vandivert\/Time & Life Pictures (bc). Images: George Rodger\/Time & Life Mirisch\/United Artists (ca). 352-360 US Ullstein Bild (tl). US NARA: (br). 202 Getty 249 Getty Images: William Vandivert\/Time Pictures. 304 Getty Images: Allan Jackson\/ Department of Defense Images: Hulton Archive (tl). 202-203 & Life Pictures (cr). TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Hulton Archive (bl). Shutterstock: Marinko Alamy Images: Fenris Oswin. 202-230 Picturepoint (cb). 250-251 Getty Images: Tarlac (crb). TopFoto.co.uk: RIA Novosti Jacket images: Front and Back: Corbis: Conseil R\u00e9gional de Basse-Normandie \/ Keystone. 252 Getty Images: Keystone (r); (ca). US NARA: (cl). 305 akg-images: (tl). Hulton-Deutsch Collection Getty Images: National Archives USA. 203 Alamy Popperfoto (cl). Shutterstock: Marinko 306 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (t). Hulton Archive Images: Mediacolor\u2019s (cr). IWM: (tl). Tarlac (clb). US NARA: (bc). 253 DK TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Picturepoint (br). Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (tr). US Images: Royal Artillery Historical Trust (bc). 307 DK Images: IWM, London (c). All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley NARA: (bc). 204 DK Images: Explosion! 254 IWM: (tr). 255 IWM: (bl). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (tc). US The Museum of Naval Firepower (bc). Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (crb). NARA: (br). 308-309 Corbis: US Army\/ For further information see: TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (clb). 205 DK US NARA: (cr). 256 Corbis: Bettmann (r). Handout\/CNP. 310 US NARA: (cra). www.dkimages.com Images: Explosion! The Museum of Naval Eisenhower National Historic Site: 310-311 US NARA. 311 DK Images: Felix Firepower (cra) (br). Getty Images: National Park Service, Museum Management deWeldon (br). Getty Images: Keystone Every effort has been made to gain Heinrich Hoffmann\/Time & Life Pictures Program, photograph by Carol M. Highsmith (tc). LMA: RA (cr). Courtesy of The permission from the relevant copyright (crb). IWM: HW Tomlin (Lt) \/ Royal Navy (cl). US NARA: (bl). 257 Alamy Images: Museum of World War II, Natick, holders to reproduce the extracts that appear official photographer (tc). 206-207 Getty Michael Ventura (tc). Cody Images: (bc). Massachusetts: (c). 312 DK Images: IWM, in this book: Images: Central Press. 208 DK Images: Corbis: Bettmann (cr). 258 IWM: Goodchild Duxford (clb). Getty Images: Keystone (br); IWM, London (c); Royal Signals Museum, A (F\/O) (cl). 258-259 TopFoto.co.uk: MPI\/Hulton Archive (cb). 312-313 Corbis: 28 The Manchester Guardian correspondent Blandford Camp, Dorset (br). IWM: (cr). 209 Ullstein Bild. 259 DK Images: Royal Museum of Flight. E.A. Montague describing the opening of the DK Images: IWM, London (tl) (br); H Keith Artillery Historical Trust (crb). US NARA: 313 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tc). Olympic Games. The Manchester Guardian 3 Melton Collection (bl); Royal Signals (cra). 260-261 Getty Images: Wall\/MPI. Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon: (bl). August 1936. Printed in The Guardian Century Museum, Blandford Camp, Dorset (tr). 210 262 DK Images: IWM, London (clb). LMA: 315 akg-images: (bc). Corbis: Bettmann Part Four 1930\u20131939. Getty Images: Keystone (tc). 211 US (cla) (cra). Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (br). LMA: RA (tc). US Army: (c). 316 81 The Evacuation at Dunkirk, 1940. NARA: (tr). 212 IWM: (t); Gladstone (Sgt) \/ (tr). US NARA: (br). 262-263 DK Images: Getty Images: AFP (bl). 316-317 Getty Eyewitness to History, www. No 2 Army Film & Photographic Unit (tc). Royal Artillery Historical Trust (b). 263 US Images: Keystone. 317 akg-images: (br). eyewitnesstohistory.com (2008). 212-213 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures NARA: (crb). 264 DK Images: IWM, Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tc). 318 120 Iron Coffins: A U-Boat Commander\u2019s War (b). 213 DK Images: IWM, Duxford (cr). London (bl) (cb); RAF Museum, Hendon (cr) TopFoto.co.uk: Gurariya\/RIA Novosti (bl). 1939\u20131945, Herbert A. Werner. Reprinted by Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (crb). (br). 264-265 DK Images: IWM, London 318-319 LMA: Rue des Archives. 319 permission of Henry Holt and Company, LLC. TopFoto.co.uk: Alinari (br). 214 aviation- (tc). 265 DK Images: IWM, London (bc); Corbis: Bettmann (cr). Getty Images: 137 Leningrad Under Siege: First-Hand Accounts images.com: P Jarrett (ca). Getty Images: RAF Museum, Hendon (cl). IWM: (crb). 266 Eileen Darby\/Time & Life Pictures (br). of the Ordeal, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2007. M. McNeill\/Hulton Archive (bc). 214-215 Getty Images: Heinrich Hoffmann\/Time & 320 DK Images: Spink and Son Ltd, London 150 Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941 \u2013 the Japanese Getty Images: Hulton Archive. 215 Life Pictures. 267 akg-images: (br). Getty (tr); IWM, London (cr). 321 DK Images: View Eyewitness to History, Shutterstock: Marinko Tarlac (tl). Images: AFP (bl). TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein IWM, Duxford (fbl); Spink and Son Ltd, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2001). TopFoto.co.uk: Keystone (ca). 216 DK Bild (cra). 268 Getty Images: Keystone London (br). www.historicalimagebank. 290 Bombing of Dresden Permission granted by Images: IWM, London (br). 217 DK (cra). 268-269 akg-images. 269 LMA : Rue com: Don Troiani (cl). 322 DK Images: www.timewitnesses.org Images: IWM, London (br). Getty Images: des Archives (br). 270 akg-images: (cra). Bradbury Science Museum, Los Alamos (bc). 309 A WAC\u2019s War: reminiscences, 1965, Betty Popperfoto (cl). 218-219 Getty Images: 270-271 akg-images: (b). 271 DK Images: Getty Images: Los Alamos National M. Olson, Minnesota Historical Society Hulton Archive. 220 Corbis: Bettmann (cla). Musee de l\u2019Air et de l\u2019Espace \/ Le Bourget Laboratory\/Time & Life Pictures (bl). US 309 London Celebrates VE Day, 1945. TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (tr). 221 akg- (br). TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Picturepoint NARA: (ca). 322-323 Getty Images: Eyewitness to History, www. images: (cl). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (cr). 272 TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild. 273 George Silk\/Time & Life Pictures. 322-333 eyewitnesstohistory.com (2007) (r); Norman Smith\/Hulton Archive (cr). DK Images: IWM, London (cla). Getty US NARA. 323 aviation-images.com: 336 Fela Waschau testimony is used with the 222 Getty Images: AFP (tr). 222-223 LMA Images: Popperfoto (bl). Shutterstock: Mark Wagner (tl). Corbis: Karen Kasmauski permissionof the U.S. Holocaust Memorial : Colonel Jean Louis Mondage. 223 LMA : Marinko Tarlac (cl). Roland Smithies: (c). (cr). Getty Images: U.S. Marine Corps\/ Museum, Washington, DC. Marcel Bernard\/RA (br); RA (tl) (cra). 224 TopFoto.co.uk: Roger-Viollet (cra); Ullstein Hulton Archive (br). Shutterstock: Marinko Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tc). Bild (bc). 274 DK Images: IWM, London Tarlac (tr). 324-325 Getty Images: George DK would like to thank the following people Getty Images: Popperfoto (b). 225 The (crb). Getty Images: AFP (t). 275 Corbis: Silk\/Time & Life Pictures. 326 DK Images: for their assistance on the book: Airey Neave Trust : (br). IWM: (tc). 226 Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tl). IWM: Tanner IWM, London (cla). LMA: RA (bl); Rue des TopFoto.co.uk: Topham Picturepoint (cr). (Capt) (br). www.historicalimagebank. Archives (tl). 327 Corbis: Dave Davis\/ The Wardrobe: The Rifles (Berkshire and 226-227 TopFoto.co.uk: Ullstein Bild (b). com: Don Troiani (tr). 276 Corbis: Bettmann. 330 Corbis: Bettmann (tl) (cb) Wiltshire) Museum and staff 227 akg-images: Ullstein Bild (tl). 228 akg- Bettmann (b). 277 Corbis: Bettmann (tl). (clb) (crb). Getty Images: Keystone (tc); The Army Medical Services Museum and staff images: RIA Novosti (cra). Getty Images: Getty Images: Popperfoto (bc). TopFoto. Hulton Archive (l). 229 Corbis: Bettmann co.uk: Art Media\/HIP (cra). 278 akg- David Silverman (tr). 331 Alamy Images: Helen Peters for the index; Manisha Thakkar (bl); The Dmitri Baltermants Collection (cra). images: (ca). DK Images: IWM, London Bill Bachmann (tr). The Art Archive: for editorial assistance; Roland Smithies, Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures\/British (bc). 278-279 TopFoto.co.uk: Topham William Sewell (cla). Corbis: Bettmann (cb). Martin Copeland, Karen VanRoss, Jenny War Department\/National Archives (cb). Picturepoint. 279 DK Images: IWM, London Getty Images: Joseph Scherschel\/Time & Baskaya for picture research assistance and TopFoto.co.uk: RIA Novosti (tl). 230 (c). TopFoto.co.uk: Roger-Viollet (bl). 280 Life Pictures (tl). 332 akg-images: (cr). Richard Horsford for design assistance Bovington Tank Museum: Roland Groom DK Images: IWM, London (cla). IWM: (ca). Alamy Images: INTERFOTO Pressebildagentur (tr). Cody Images: (tc). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tl) (bl); 360",""]
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