The Movie Book

SMALL WORLD 299 What else to watch: Funny Face (1957) ■ The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964, p.173) ■ Delicatessen (1991) ■ The City of Lost Children (1995) ■ Alien: Resurrection (1997) ■ A Very Long Engagement (2004) techniques all serve as platforms routine to the point where he Amélie (Audrey Tautou) plays jokes for the director’s skill without losing doubts his own sanity, such as by on the bullying grocery-store owner touch with an intimate story: that swapping around door handles in (Urbain Cancelier) for his cruelty to of a young woman finding herself. his apartment and changing the Lucien (Jamel Debbouze). She secretly alarm time on his bedside clock. falls for Nino (Mathieu Kassovitz, far left). Saying without words By the same token, when she tries Amélie has a very pronounced to reignite her father’s dream of because she sees the world in a visual showmanship, which seeing the world, she does so by different way. She notices things underscores one of the movie’s key “kidnapping” his garden gnome other people don’t and acts in a themes—that the most valuable and sending her father photos of way other people would not. This communication is done without it appearing in several exotic is especially so when Amélie finds words. Its central protagonist, the locations. These are disparate herself face to face with her love young waitress Amélie, is so shy goals. One is an act of social interest, Nino. There is no speech that she plots elaborate ways to vigilantism, the other a familial of any kind. They simply look at convey things she is incapable of gesture of love. Yet Amélie goes each other, seeing into the person putting into words. For example, about both in the same way, honestly, and realize they are meant instead of confronting a shop owner manipulating reality to get the for each other. she sees abusing his employee, she person to the place she wants subtly disrupts the owner’s daily them—not out of malice, but Though some criticized Amélie for what was seen as a dated portrait She doesn’t relate to people, of Paris, others fell in love with she was always a lonely child. the way it merges ambition with soulfulness, juxtaposing high- Amélie / Amélie energy visuals and narrative adventure with the simple story of a boy and a girl falling in love. ■

300 WHAT AN EXTRAORDINARY STANCE! LAGAAN / 2001 IN CONTEXT A story about a village cricket The movie is not just a story. match in India under the It is an experience. An GENRE British Raj in the 1890s, experience of watching Musical drama Ashutosh Gowariker’s Lagaan, Once something that puts life Upon a Time in India (to give it its DIRECTOR full title) is one of the few Indian into you, that puts a cheer Ashutosh Gowariker movies to have achieved audience on your face, however and critical acclaim both within WRITERS India and far beyond. depressed you might be. K. P. Saxena (Hindi Sudish Kamath dialogue), Ashutosh The scenario is a simple one. At Gowariker (English a time when the remote village of The Hindu dialogue) Champaner in Gujarat is suffering from a drought, one of the villagers, old-fashioned adventure in which STARS Bhuvan (Aamir Khan), goes to the plucky underdogs get together Aamir Khan, Gracy Singh, local British officer, Captain Andrew to take on the bullies, and it has Rachel Shelley, Paul Russell (Paul Blackthorne), to plead everything you’d expect from such Blackthorne; narrated for relief from the lagaan, or crop a classic story. There is a romantic by Amitabh Bachchan tax. Russell dismisses his plea, but triangle, as Captain Russell’s sister before Bhuvan leaves, he sees the Elizabeth (Rachel Shelley) falls for BEFORE British playing cricket and mocks Bhuvan, who is already pledged 1957 Mehboob Khan’s the game. Incensed, Russell offers to local girl Gauri (Gracy Singh). melodrama Mother India to cancel the villagers’ taxes for There is a jealous lover, Lakha, who, is the first Indian movie to be three years if they can beat his men spurned by Gauri, helps the British. nominated for the Best Foreign in a game—but if they lose, they There are comic characters galore, Language Movie Oscar. will have to pay triple. To the horror and even the poor outsider who of the villagers, Bhuvan accepts the turns out to be a hero. AFTER challenge. The match occupies the 2004 Gowariker’s acclaimed entire second half of the movie, right follow-up to Lagaan, Swades, up to the final, crucial ball. tells the story of a NASA scientist who returns to Crowd-pleasing story his native Indian village. Lagaan’s success at the box office was partly due to its sheer entertainment value. It is a stirring,

What else to watch: The Pride of the Yankees (1942) ■ Mother India (1957) ■ SMALL WORLD 301 Playing Away (1987) ■ Salaam Bombay (1988) ■ Jodhaa Akbar (2008) Ashutosh Gowariker He who has truth and courage in Director his heart shall win in the end. Ashutosh Gowariker is Bhuvan / Lagaan renowned for beautifully shot, well-crafted stories. He was But this is much more than just an but that is also where its political born in Mumbai, India, in entertaining romp. The movie carries message lies: feeling good, feeling 1964. After earning a degree a Gandhian message of redemption valued, is essential to healing the in chemistry, he pursued a and unity, as the fight against the wounds that divide people. career in movies as an actor. oppressor is undertaken entirely It wasn’t until he was in his without violence or bitterness. The Above all, Lagaan is a celebration 30s that he directed his first team’s inclusiveness is Gandhian, of India. It is a beautiful movie that movie, Pehla Nasha (First Love, too: the players include Hindus, a captures the rich and exuberant 1993). His big breakthrough Sikh, a Muslim, and even a Dalit, a colors of the landscape, with its came with Lagaan, followed member of the untouchable caste. ambers, browns, and yellows. by Swades. Romantic comedy Bhuvan has to fight to persuade the Added to this is the acclaimed What’s Your Raashee? (2009) other villagers to accept Kachra, the soundtrack of A. R. Rahman, was a change of direction, Dalit, but Kachra’s maimed hand, that punctuates the movie with but his period drama Khelein the physical symbol of his social captivating songs and music. ■ Hum Jee Jaan Sey, about the handicap, turns out to be his trump Chittagong uprising, put him card, as his misshapen fingers give Bhuvan (Aamir Khan) dances with back on familiar territory. him a remarkable ability to spin the Gauri (Gracy Singh) as the rest of the ball. Lagaan is a feel-good movie, village looks on in one of the movie’s Key movies set-piece musical numbers. 2001 Lagaan 2004 Swades 2010 Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey

302 IT ALL BEGAN WITH THE FORGING OF THE GREAT RINGS THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING / 2001 IN CONTEXT N ot since the biblical epics exploits its special effects, it does of Hollywood’s classical not depend on them. Its success GENRE era has a movie been owes far more to the skill of its Fantasy made on the scale of The director, Peter Jackson, who also Fellowship of the Ring, the first cowrote the screenplay. DIRECTOR installment in the Lord of the Rings Peter Jackson trilogy. For many years, J. R. R. Jackson understood that he had Tolkien’s sprawling fantasy novel to compress the intricate backstory WRITERS was considered to be unfilmable. as much as he could, keep the Peter Jackson, Only with rapid advances in narrative pace fast, and Phillippa Boyens, Fran computer-generated imagery did maintain focus on the Walsh (screenplay); the mythic locations, creatures, central character of J. R. R. Tolkien (novel) and vast battle scenes become a Frodo Baggins (Elijah possibility for a movie director. Wood). In doing so, he STARS However, although the movie fully pulled off the notable Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, feat of pleasing the Viggo Mortensen Much of the BEFORE movie’s critical 1994 Heavenly Creatures, and box-office based on a notorious New success was due to Zealand murder case, brings Jackson’s trimming Jackson critical prestige. of the plot, enhancing the AFTER action sequences, 2005 Jackson’s box-office blockbuster King Kong is a and expanding remake of the 1933 classic. the female roles. 2012–14 Jackson repeats the success of the Lord of the Rings trilogy with a three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien’s novel The Hobbit.

SMALL WORLD 303 What else to watch: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) ■ The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) ■ King Kong (2005) novel’s worldwide legions of fans him, but he does not lose his innate Peter Jackson Director while also engaging with those goodness. Although he has guides viewers who had never read it. and magical objects to aid him on Born in New Zealand in 1961, his journey, in the end it is his Peter Jackson grew up Frodo is an innocent, a hobbit goodness that shields him. fascinated by the fantasy who has come into possession of movies of animator Ray the long-lost ring of power, and Good vs evil Harryhausen, and began with it holds the fate of Middle Behind the complex story is a very making shorts with a Super 8 Earth. Guided by the wizard straightforward fight between good cine camera at nine. He Gandalf (Ian McKellen), he sets and evil. What gives this struggle received no formal education in off on a quest to destroy it in the added nuance and jeopardy is the film, and learned through trial fires of distant Mordor, the evil ring’s insidious power to corrupt and error. His first feature, the land where it was forged. He is all who come near it, including cult-classic horror Bad Taste, protected by a fellowship of eight those on the side of good—the was made in 1987. Fame came others, including men, a dwarf, and stout-hearted members of the with Heavenly Creatures an elf. Frodo’s character matures fellowship. Frodo alone is immune (1994), based on a true-story with each ordeal he overcomes; to the ring’s evil, but his duty as murder committed by two knowledge and experience change the ring bearer becomes an schoolgirls, which won the increasingly burdensome one. Oscar for best screenplay. In 1999, Jackson got the go-ahead In the hands of a lesser director, to make The Lord of the Rings the movie might easily have into three big-budget movies, become a convoluted sword-and- in a deal with Hollywood sorcery saga. Happily, Jackson’s studio New Line Cinema, realization of Tolkien’s world is although the movies were shot entirely in New Zealand. The instead one of the most Return of the King (2003), the successful novel-to- final episode of the trilogy, movie adaptations won 11 Academy Awards, ever produced. ■ including Best Picture. In 2005, Jackson directed a blockbuster Four hobbit friends, remake of King Kong, his Merry (Dominic favorite childhood movie. Monaghan), Frodo (Elijah Wood), Key movies Pippin (Billy Boyd), and 1994 Heavenly Creatures Sam (Sean 2001–03 The Lord of the Rings Astin), set 2005 King Kong off on their 2012–14 The Hobbit epic quest.

YOU NEED MORE THAN GUTS TO BE A GOOD GANGSTER. YOU NEED IDEAS CITY OF GOD / 2002



306 CITY OF GOD S tylish, compelling, and de Deus in Rio de Janeiro, and how hugely entertaining, organized crime there corrupted, IN CONTEXT Fernando Meirelles’ City and, in many cases, destroyed its of God (Cidade de Deus) also has local youth. Yet Meirelles does not GENRE a serious point to make. Told lecture his audience. Instead, he Gangster, crime from the perspective of Rocket uses every stylistic trick in the (Alexandre Rodrigues), an aspiring cinematic book, from inventive DIRECTOR photographer, it is a movie about montages to adventurous camera Fernando Meirelles one of Brazil’s most notorious and work, to ensure the story is vividly impoverished favelas, the Cidade and energetically realized, and WRITERS Bráulio Mantovani engages the audience with (screenplay); Paulo Lins the human tragedy. (novel) In one scene, a gang of STARS children walks through the Alexandre Rodrigues, favela, joking about taking Leandro Firmino, over the slum and the people Alice Braga they would need to kill in the process. It is darkly humorous BEFORE but also horrifying to see 1990 Martin Scorcese’s children bred into violence Goodfellas tells the story of the Mafia from the point from so young an age. of view of mobster-turned- informant Henry Hill. Tale of a city The movie’s action is played AFTER out at an ambitious scale. 2005 Meirelles’s Hollywood Its story spans more than debut, The Constant Gardener, a decade and charts the is a love story set in Kenya. Most of the movie’s 2008 Blindness, Meirelles’s actors were inhabitants movie about an epidemic of of the favelas portrayed in blindness in an unnamed city, the movie. Several went on receives mixed reviews. to appear in Meirelles’ sequel, City of Men. Fernando Meirelles Director Born to a middle-class family City of God, which earned him in São Paolo, Brazil, in 1955, an Oscar nomination for Best Fernando Meirelles studied Director. Since then, he had architecture before winning further critical successes with several awards at Brazilian film The Constant Gardener and festivals with his early shorts. Blindness, for which he was He went on to find success in nominated for the Palme d’Or. Brazilian television, most notably the children’s show Rá-Tim Bum. Key movies His first feature was a children’s movie, The Nutty Boy 2 in 1998. 2001 Maids He made his name nationally in 2002 City of God 2001 with the comedy Maids, and 2005 The Constant Gardener internationally a year later with 2008 Blindness

SMALL WORLD 307 What else to watch: Goodfellas (1990) ■ Casino (1995) ■ Bus 174 (2002) ■ The Constant Gardener (2005) ■ City of Men (2007) ■ A Prophet (2009) experience of growing to adulthood of voice-over, as Rocket summarizes Dadinho, or Li’l Dice, (Douglas in the City of God. To achieve this, the favela’s defining moments, from Silva) is the psychotic kid whose Meirelles did not bind himself to the downfall of the Tender Trio in criminal career takes off after he the narrative constraints of one the late 1960s, to the rise of Li’l Zé massacres the inhabitants of a person’s story. The movie does have as a gang leader in the early 1980s. motel during a robbery. a central character in Rocket, but Rocket observes everything as he is a photographer, an observer characters flourish and die, as high- the opportunity for more stylistic who acts as an audience surrogate, rise buildings rise and cartels fall. experimentation. The movie involved but not involved, there to shifts its focus from one central witness the events in the City of The use of voice-over also protagonist to another, taking turns God as they occur. The movie allows for bolder visual techniques, telling their stories. It takes up the clarifies this intention with its use such as montages that enable a tales of Shaggy, the leader of the faster passage of time, as well as Tender Trio, Benny, the pacifist friend of Li’l Zé, and Knockout Ned, A kid? I smoke, I snort. I’ve killed a working man dragged into gang and robbed. I’m a real man. warfare after his family is attacked. With these switching perspectives, Steak-with-fries / City of God Meirelles turns the favela itself ❯❯

308 CITY OF GOD Relationships, allegiances, and enmities the wicked to thrive and the innocent to perish. This is Angélica Loves Rocket Brothers Goose demonstrated starkly in the Boyfriend (Narrator) Friends movie’s opening sequence, in Benny Clipper which two chickens are about Brothers Shaggy Friends Kills to be plucked and cooked by Li’l Kills Li’l Zé Zé’s gang. A knife flashes as it is Blackie Partners in crime sharpened against a rock. One chicken flinches as the other is Kills Enemies killed, and makes a break for it, Carrot but there is no escape. The Tender Trio Team up against Li’l Zé Rapes When Knockout Ned tries to draw a line between being a Knockout Boyfriend Ned’s hoodlum and his noble vigilante Ned Girlfriend mission against Li’l Zé, the City of God intervenes, just as it does into the central character, with when Shaggy tries to flee the other characters entering only criminal life in the name of love, or when they matter to the overall when Benny decides that he’s too story of the slum. good a person to be a gangster. Each time a character gives in to The sacrificial chicken The city as fate their better nature, that character conveys with the force of a One of the main themes Meirelles is punished. They are protagonists blunt instrument how cheap explores is the favela’s corrosive in their own Greek tragedies, with life has become in the ghetto. effect on everyone it touches. The the city in the role of Fate. violence it spawns does not simply Peter Bradshaw stay among the criminals, but Journalistic ethics rather is all consuming and City of God is a gangster story, The Guardian perpetuates a culture of suffering an impassioned piece of social for all the inhabitants. Meirelles commentary, and an ambitious presents the City of God as an work of visual cinema. Rocket’s entity in itself, a place that allows role as a photographer also allows the movie to touch upon the ethics of journalism in a war zone, or in this case, the act of dramatizing very real problems of poverty and violence. This is highlighted when Rocket confronts a newspaper for Minute by minute 00:32 1:09 1:40 At the beach, Rocket Benny is shot by Blackie at Rocket’s photo of Li’l Zé 00:10 photographs his friends, his farewell celebration. Blackie appears in the newspaper. The Tender Trio rob a motel and meets Angélica for was aiming at Li’l Zé. Carrot He is offered a job, and with Li’l Dice as lookout. We the first time. He buys then kills Blackie. Li’l Zé is pleased by later find out that Lil’ Dice pot to impress her. the publicity. went back afterward and shot everyone in the motel. 00:00 00:15 00:30 00:45 01:00 01:15 01:30 02:00 00:30 00:50 1:26 1:52 As he tries to run from Li’l Dice becomes Li’l Zé Knockout Ned joins Knockout Ned is killed by the police, Shaggy is shot dead. and starts a killing spree to forces with Carrot in a Otto, the son of a murdered Rocket sees his first camera as take over the drug business war against Lil’ Ze. A year security guard. Li’l Zé is a man photographs the body. in the City of God. later, the favela is divided. gunned down by the runts.

SMALL WORLD 309 publishing without his permission Breathtaking and terrifying, set up a workshop in the favela to the pictures he took of Li’l Zé. urgently involved with its train a group of around 100 amateur Rocket is sure that this has placed characters, it announces a actors. The cast of City of God his life in danger, but from the was drawn from this pool of talent. paper’s perspective, the story new director of great gifts and Over the course of several months, comes first. As it turns out, Li’l Zé passions: Fernando Meirelles. they developed scripts through is delighted by the publicity, and improvisation sessions. The social his battle with Knockout Ned is Remember the name. commitment continued after played out in full media glare. The Roger Ebert filming ended as the actors newspaper staff manipulate Rocket received ongoing help to build into taking more pictures in the time there simply were not new lives for themselves. ■ war zones of the City of God, and enough black actors in Brazil the tensions between the desire to make this kind of movie. Two Police corruption to highlight social problems to sell years before filming, Meirelles and rampant drug papers and compassion for those involved in the stories told to do dealing lead to so are never totally resolved. gang wars in the City of God, Actors from the favela where Rocket The majority of the cast for City of finds himself God were not professional actors. caught in As the director explained, at the the middle. Why return to the City of God, where God forgets about you? Stringy / City of God

310 LAUGH AND THE WORLD LAUGHS WITH YOU. WEEP AND YOU WEEP ALONE OLDBOY / 2003 IN CONTEXT O ldboy (2003) is the second body. This theme intensifies as entry in the Vengeance the movie progresses, with both GENRE trilogy by Korean director protagonist and antagonist waging Revenge thriller Park Chan-wook, coming between a war of minds with each other in Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002) which their motives are defined by DIRECTOR and Sympathy for Lady Vengeance suffering, rather than by their urge Park Chan-wook (2005). The fact that Oldboy is the for violent revenge. In this sense, only one without “vengeance” in Oldboy is more than a revenge WRITERS the title is telling, and signifies a movie. It is an examination of Park Chan-wook, Lim difference in focus from the others. despair. When Oh escapes, Chun-hyeong, Hwang he sets out to discover the Jo-yun, Lim Joon-hyung Oldboy is certainly a revenge identity of his captor and (screenplay); Nobuaki movie, but it is concerned more avenge himself, only to Minegishi (comic); Garon with the corroding effect of an Tsuchiya (story) obsession than with the catharsis of killing the one who has STARS wronged. The very Choi Min-sik, Yu Ji-tae, concept, in which Kang Hye-jeong an unassuming loser, Oh Dae-su BEFORE (Choi Min-sik), 2000 Park’s first movie Joint is abducted and Security Area is a thriller set kept prisoner in a on the border with North Korea. room for 15 years without knowing 2002 Park directs Sympathy why, or by whom, is for Mr. Vengeance, the first more about torture of part of his Vengeance trilogy. the mind than of the AFTER A guard restrains Oh Dae-su 2009 Park tries his hand at just as Oh learns the reason for horror with Thirst, the story of his imprisonment. In a gesture a priest becoming a vampire of remorse, he commits a after a failed experiment. gruesome act of self-harm with a pair of scissors.

SMALL WORLD 311 What else to watch: Vertigo (1958, pp.140–45) ■ Infernal Affairs (1990) ■ Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002) ■ Sympathy for Lady Vengeance (2005) ■ Mother (2009) ■ Thirst (2009) ■ Stoker (2013) Oh Dae-su attacks the guards of the prison where he has been held captive for 15 years. The long fight scene was filmed as one continuous shot. find that his imprisonment had orchestral. One gruesome sequence is trying to break free from his itself been designed to avenge is accompanied by the Baroque body. The director forgoes realism an old wrong. chamber music of Vivaldi’s “Four in order to communicate the Seasons.” The original score, by character’s emotional state. Blood opera Jo Yeong-wook, is also classical Perhaps Oldboy’s most vital in style. This creates a grandiose, A similar stepping-out-of-reality ingredient is a stylistic and operatic feel that elevates the story occurs at the end, when we see an technical artistry that above the violence. The same elaborate flashback to the events serves as a counterpoint is achieved visually, too, most we now realize sparked the story to the movie’s violence. memorably in a remarkable special into life. Visually, key characters The director achieves effect in which the camera pans should be young—but no, they this in a number of ways. around Oh Dae-su in his prison look exactly the same as they do First, the sound cell, and his face appears almost to in the present, Oldboy suggesting track is highly vibrate out of its skin, as if his mind that they never escaped the trauma of their past. (Do any of us, the movie asks?) Hi-tech violence South Korean movies at the turn of the century became noted for their violence, but what has been less noticed is the technical artistry that accompanies them. This was never more aptly represented than in Oldboy, a movie that is certainly brutal, but high-mindedly disturbs as much as it viscerally shocks, a revenge movie for both the connoisseur and the gore hound. ■ Park Chan-wook Director Park Chan-wook movie was The Moon Is the was born in Sun’s Dream (1992). This was Seoul, South not a success and it was five Korea, in 1963. years before Park got his next While studying chance to direct. He is best philosophy at college, he known for his Vengeance trilogy. discovered a love of film, and started a film studies group called Key movies the Sogang Fil Community. After graduating, he wrote for movie 2003 Oldboy journals before becoming an 2009 Thirst assistant director. His first 2013 Stoker

312 YOU DON’T KNOW ME BUT I KNOW YOU THE LIVES OF OTHERS / 2006 IN CONTEXT T he Lives of Others was Germany’s Communist regime. It inspired by an image was one of the first serious GENRE formed in the mind of attempts to capture the day-to-day Drama German director Florian Henckel hell of the East German state, in von Donnersmarck. He pictured a which people attempted to live DIRECTOR secret policeman, inert and gray- normal lives without the right to Florian Henckel faced, headphones clamped to his privacy or individual thought. von Donnersmarck ears, listening in on the lives of others because it was his duty to The listener in the attic WRITER “know everything.” Was it really The story centers around a model Florian Henckel possible, Donnersmarck wondered, Stasi officer, Gerd Wiesler (Ulrich von Donnersmarck that this policeman could remain Mühe), who is given the routine job unsentimental about the private of finding incriminating material STARS lives under his surveillance? on a playwright, Georg Dreyman Ulrich Mühe, Martina (Sebastian Koch), by spying on him Gedeck, Sebastian Koch, Set in East Berlin in 1983, and his lover, the famous actress Ulrich Tukur this powerful movie offers a Christa-Maria Sieland (Martina glimpse into the workings of the Gedeck). Installed in the roof of the BEFORE Stasi, the secret police of East 1989 Ulrich Mühe stars in Spider’s Web, West Germany’s Modern German cinema last submission to the Academy Awards before the After the acclaim that greeted the subject of The Baader country’s dissolution in 1990. the New German Cinema of the Meinhof Complex (2008), 1970s, German movies of recent while The Lives of Others 2003 Wolfgang Becker’s Good years have tended to concern and Good Bye Lenin! offered Bye Lenin! is a comedy about themselves with the past. There audiences a human take on the the reunification of Germany. have, of course, been exceptions, dissolution of East Germany. but the most highly regarded AFTER German movies of this century Key movies 2008 The Baader Meinhof have been fascinated by the Complex tells the story of country’s modern history. The 2003 Good Bye Lenin! far-left West German militant Counterfeiters looked back to 2004 Downfall group the Red Army Faction. World War II, as did Downfall. 2006 The Lives of Others The terrorism of the 1970s was 2007 The Counterfeiters

SMALL WORLD 313 What else to watch: The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965) ■ The Conversation (1974) ■ Wings of Desire (1987, pp.258–61) ■ Nikolaikirche (1995) ■ Black Book (2006) ■ The White Ribbon (2009, p.323) During an evening at the theater, Wiesler’s boss, Lieutenant-Colonel Anton Grubitz, points out the target for Wiesler’s surveillance. and personal integrity. The movie underscores this psychological pressure and dread with its desolate depiction of East Berlin, a shadowy, nightmare city of invisible eyes and ears. couple’s apartment building with his the Minister of Culture lusts after Redemption and fall listening equipment connected to Christa-Maria and wants to While The Lives of Others had microphones hidden in the home’s eliminate Georg, Wiesler’s idealism a particular potency for German light switches and walls, Wiesler deserts him. “Is this what we audiences, its success in winning eavesdrops on the couple’s phone signed up for?” he asks his amoral the Oscar for Best Foreign Movie calls, conversations, lovemaking, superior, Grubitz (Ulrich Tukur). proved that its power traveled and arguments. Gradually, he beyond borders. The venality of the begins to appreciate the basic Georg, however, is indeed Stasi was familiar to many who decency and humanity of Georg having politically disloyal thoughts. had felt the chill of repressive and Christa-Maria. When he learns As he falls under suspicion for regimes, or who simply feared a that Georg is being targeted not for writing a subversive article about surveillance state. And in the story any political disloyalty, but because the country’s suicide rate, and the of Georg and Christa-Maria the government’s callous indifference movie featured a classic tortured You never know, from one toward it, for a West German romance, with the sad-eyed secret moment to the next, what magazine, the Stasi blackmails policeman as its mute witness. ■ course any of the characters Christa-Maria into betraying him. And this is where the movie will choose. resonated so strongly for many A. O. Scott former East Germans. The regime functioned by making everyone The New York Times, 2007 complicit in a brutal system, using fear to compel ordinary people to betray their neighbors, colleagues, and families. It forced moral choices between career and love, safety The movie was praised for its accuracy, except in one regard. Historians note there is no record of a Stasi agent ever having saved a target.

314 YOU’LL SEE THAT LIFE ISN’T LIKE FAIRY TALES PAN’S LABYRINTH / 2006 IN CONTEXT F airy tales abound with the unsettling audiences for more sinister and the macabre. than a decade before making Pan’s GENRE Good invariably conquers Labyrinth. In the manner of the Fantasy, war evil, but the battle is hard fought best fairy stories, he succeeds in and evil is not without power. It finding a way both to challenge DIRECTOR seems fitting, then, that one of the innocence and to celebrate it. Guillermo del Toro directors who has best captured the essence of the fairy tale on Fantasy vs reality WRITER movie is one who made his name in Pan’s Labyrinth consists of two Guillermo del Toro horror. Mexican director Guillermo narratives unfolding at the same del Toro had honed his talent for time. One tells the story of Vidal, STARS a captain in General Franco’s Ivana Baquero, Sergi In this magical and Nationalist army who has been López, Maribel Verdú immensely moving film, the sent to the mountains to round two sides of the film come up the remnants of the defeated BEFORE Republicans in the aftermath of 1984 The Company of Wolves together to constitute an the Spanish Civil War. is an early example of the allegory about the soul and the “dark fairy tale” movie genre. The other is the story of his national identity of Spain. stepdaughter, Ofelia. She is a young 2001 The Devil’s Backbone, Philip French girl who is very much lost in the described by del Toro as the world and who, either through her “brother movie” to Pan’s The Observer imagination or by magic (the movie Labyrinth, follows a group of cleverly leaves this question open), boys in a haunted orphanage. escapes to a fantasy realm where she assumes the spirit of a long- AFTER dead fairy princess. 2013 Blockbuster Pacific Rim is del Toro’s take on Japanese A faun sets her three tasks kaiju (monster) movies. to complete before she can be permitted to take her rightful place in the magical kingdom. ❯❯

SMALL WORLD 315 What else to watch: La Belle et la Bête (1946, pp.84–85) ■ Spirit of the Beehive (1973, pp.214–15) ■ The Company of Wolves (1984) ■ Cronos (1993) ■ The Devil’s Backbone (2001) ■ The Others (2001) ■ Hellboy (2004) ■ The Orphanage (2007) This poster with the original Spanish title shows the protagonist, Ofelia, in the main image. Below her is the gnarled, hollow tree that Ofelia must enter for her first task.

316 PAN’S LABYRINTH Vidal and Ofelia can both be way to die.” Ofelia shows the same The film works on so many considered true believers, each conviction when attempting the levels that it seems to change fully convinced of the validity of faun’s tasks. The sense that Vidal’s shape even as you watch it. the world they have built around bad qualities mirror Ofelia’s good themselves. Vidal believes in ones adds a complexity to events Stephanie Zacharek Franco’s cause and admits that as they unfold. he is hunting the stragglers “by The Village Voice choice.” He is a man without doubt, Whether or not Ofelia’s fantasy just as Ofelia is without doubt realm is real is left to the viewer to Both stories feel as textured and when she braves the decide. It is also up to the audience vivid as the other—the Grand horror of the child- Guignol set design of the Pale eating Pale Man to decide which world to pass the they believe in Man’s lair is matched by the second of the more: Ofelia’s specificity of Vidal’s quarters faun’s tests. or Vidal’s. and his eerily controlled shaving In Pan’s routine. This is where the success Labyrinth, of Pan’s Labyrinth lies—not simply evil is just as as a twisted fairy tale, but one that convinced of its righteousness also explores the sadness of the as good. Vidal is not a hypocrite need to escape into a fantasy world. or a coward, and charges into battle without fear. He even tells a doubting comrade that this “is the only Although Ofelia must trust the faun as her guide to the fairy-tale world, he is a mysterious and morally ambiguous character whose ultimate motivations are hard to discern. Guillermo del Toro Director Guillermo del Toro was born in well as setting two movies in Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1964. His Franco-era Spain, The Devil’s debut feature Cronos was released Backbone and Pan’s Labyrinth, in 1992, and proved to be enough to great critical acclaim. Most of a success for producer Harvey recently, he directed the kaiju- Weinstein to grant him a $30 influenced action-adventure million budget to make Mimic, an Pacific Rim. American-set studio horror. It was also around this time that his Key movies father was kidnapped and del Toro was forced to pay a large ransom 1993 Cronos for his release. Del Toro went on to 2001 The Devil’s Backbone achieve Hollywood success with 2004 Hellboy the Hellboy horror franchise, as 2006 Pan’s Labyrinth

SMALL WORLD 317 The movie taps into the traditional The portal will only open if we offer fear of the wicked stepparent, the blood of an innocent. Just a drop a staple of fairy tales. Vidal is of blood: a pinprick, that’s all. It’s the uncaring toward Ofelia, even final task. callous toward her pregnant mother, Carmen; he is using his wife solely The faun / Pan’s Labyrinth as a means to produce a son. With her mother bedridden, Ofelia’s information, and when the doctor movie’s most powerful moments, closest relationship with an adult is puts the dying man out of his we ask ourselves whether she can with the housekeeper Mercedes, misery, Vidal is genuinely puzzled. truly prove she is better than Vidal, who cares for her when her mother When asked why he disobeyed, and if good can still vanquish evil. dies in childbirth. In this respect, the doctor replies contemptuously, the movie subverts the traditional “Captain, to obey—just like that— One common criticism of fairy tale, because while Vidal for obedience’s sake, without fantasy movies is that they lack very much fits the traditional evil questioning, that’s something only a grounding in humanity. Pan’s stepparent mold, Mercedes’s role people like you do.” At that, Vidal Labyrinth is a retort to this, a movie shows that family is not simply shoots the doctor, even knowing deeply rooted in emotion even as blood, but whatever works when it that in doing so, he is putting his it dreams up terrifying monsters. ■ comes to support and affection. wife’s life at risk. The child-eating Pale Man, whom Breaking the rules Later, in the fairy story, Ofelia is Ofelia encounters during her second Obeying rules, even if morally given a frightful order handed down task, is a nightmarish creation—but wrong, is integral to Vidal’s world to her by the faun. In one of the the real monsters are all too human. view. He tortures a partisan for

318 THIS IS OUR DESTINY SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE / 2008 IN CONTEXT Set in Mumbai, Slumdog The story begins with Jamal Millionaire tells the rags-to- Malik (Dev Patel), a penniless GENRE riches story of a kid from the orphan from the slums of Mumbai, Drama slums who tries his luck on a game just one question away from show. The movie’s influences are winning 20 million rupees on DIRECTOR wildly cross-cultural. The source Indian TV’s “Who Wants to Be a Danny Boyle novel, Vikas Swarup’s Q&A, was Millionaire?” But when the show Indian, but the director Danny breaks before the crucial final WRITERS Boyle and screenwriter Simon question, he is arrested on Simon Beaufoy (screenplay); Beaufoy are British. They present suspicion of cheating—for how Vikas Swarup (novel) a Mumbai where traditional Indian could a poor “slumdog” know all and modern global influences are the answers? A cynical police STARS stirred together, backed by a sound inspector (Irrfan Khan) spends the Dev Patel, Freida Pinto, track by A. R. Rahman that mixes night interrogating Jamal, who Madhur Mittal, Anil Indian classical music with hip-hop explains how his answers have Kapoor, Irrfan Khan and house, Bollywood, and R&B. been tied to events in his past. BEFORE Jamal (Dev 1996 Trainspotting, a gritty Patel) and black comedy based on the Latika (Freida novel by Irvine Welsh, shoots Pinto) overcome Danny Boyle to fame. adversity and prejudice to 2002 City of God shows the find love. potential of dramas set in the developing world to have worldwide box-office appeal. AFTER 2012 Boyle directs the 2012 London Olympics opening ceremony, including a Punjabi song composed by A. R. Rahman.

SMALL WORLD 319 What else to watch: Los Olvidados (1950, p.332) ■ Pather Panchali (1955, pp.132–33) ■ Central Station (1998, p.285) ■ City of God (2002, pp.304–09) The movie delves back into earlier The nation watches enthralled Danny Boyle Director moments in Jamal’s life, showing as Jamal (Dev Patel) progresses how he learned each answer. The through the rounds with correct Known for his versatility, audience learns his life story in answers, heading for the 20 million ability to work in many genres, a series of flashbacks, each rupee jackpot. and kinetic camera angles, corresponding to a question. It Danny Boyle made his name begins with the moment when de vivre. Cinematographer Anthony directing tough, funny movies Jamal is five and he and his brother Dod Mantle, using digital cameras with pulsating sound tracks. Salim are fleeing the 1992–93 to their fullest potential, puts the Born in Lancashire, UK, in Bombay Riots. They run into young audience right in the heart of 1956 to Irish parents, he Latika, who will become the love of frantic, vibrant Mumbai. An was brought up Catholic his life. The story reveals other exuberant Bollywood-style dance and considered entering moments in which Jamal and Salim at a train station only further the priesthood. Instead, he use their wits to survive everything cranks up the adrenaline. studied English and Drama from chilling encounters with at Bangor University in Wales, gangsters who maim street children The movie was showered with becoming a theater director to Jamal’s heartache over Latika. acclaim, eventually winning eight and working at the Royal But will it be enough to convince Oscars, including Best Picture Shakespeare Company and the police inspector to set him free, and Best Director for Boyle. And the Royal Court. In 1987, and to find his sweetheart? yet in India and elsewhere, some he started working in TV, felt Slumdog had only gained producing many TV movies. Mixed reception recognition because it had a British He claims that his love The reception of Slumdog Millionaire director, while “real” Indian movies for movies started with in the West was overwhelmingly were ignored. Others felt that its Apocalypse Now (1979): positive. The movie bubbles with view of the Mumbai slums was “It had eviscerated my brain feel-good energy and a raucous joie unrealistic and that the rags-to- completely.” His first feature riches plot was implausible. ■ movie, the black comedy Shallow Grave, was a UK hit. We used to live right there, man. Two years later, Trainspotting, Now, it’s all business. a stylish movie about drug addicts in Edinburgh, propelled Jamal / Slumdog Millionaire him to international attention. Key movies 1994 Shallow Grave 1996 Trainspotting 2002 28 Days Later 2007 Sunshine 2008 Slumdog Millionaire

320 THIS BOX IS FULL OF STUFF THAT ALMOST KILLED ME THE HURT LOCKER / 2008 IN CONTEXT S cripted by reporter Mark of footage that was edited down Boal, Kathryn Bigelow’s The to just 131 minutes. The movie was GENRE Hurt Locker follows the story praised for portraying a viscerally War movie of a three-man US bomb disposal intense, real war experience, team during the Iraq War. It was although detractors criticized its DIRECTOR shot on location in Syria, near the lack of a moral stance. Bigelow offers Kathryn Bigelow Iraqi border. Four handheld little or no comment on the purpose cameras were used to of the war; instead WRITER give a powerfully she focuses Mark Boal plausible newsreel narrowly and effect, out of 200 hours STARS Jeremy Renner, Anthony Staff Sergeant William Mackie, Brian Geraghty James runs from the scene of a controlled explosion. BEFORE He will recklessly return 1986 Oliver Stone’s Platoon to pick up his gloves. shows a ground-level view of the Vietnam War. 2001 Black Hawk Down emphasizes the comradeship of soldiers even as it seems to criticize American policy. AFTER 2010 Paul Greengrass’s Iraq war movie Green Zone uses a handheld camera technique and has a political message. 2012 Kathryn Bigelow makes her adrenaline-fueled movie Zero Dark Thirty about the hunt for Osama Bin Laden.

SMALL WORLD 321 What else to watch: Platoon (1986) ■ The Battle of Algiers (1966, pp.182–87) ■ Black Hawk Down (2001) ■ Green Zone (2010) ■ Zero Dark Thirty (2012) Bigelow’s movie won carriers. Their Kathryn Bigelow Academy Awards for commander is Director Best Movie and Best battle-hardened Director. It was the maverick Sergeant With The Hurt Locker, Kathryn lowest-grossing movie William James Bigelow became the first ever to win Best Picture. (Jeremy Renner). woman to win the Oscar for His team, Sergeant Best Director. Born in California sympathetically on the Sanborn (Anthony in 1951, she began making dilemmas and mental Mackie) and movies even before graduating states of the three main Specialist Owen from Columbia University, characters. In doing so Eldridge (Brian with a short called The Set-Up she in fact creates an Geraghty), become so (1987). Soon she was making anti-war movie more concerned by James’s action movies with Blue Steel powerful than others. recklessness when he (1989), Point Break (1991), and acts without waiting for the bomb science fiction Strange Days Addicted to war disposal robot and without wearing (1995). Her next movie, K-19: The Hurt Locker opens with a his protective suit, that they discuss The Widowmaker (2002), was quotation by US journalist Chris killing him before he gets all three a submarine thriller. Oscar Hedges from his book War is a of them blown up. Yet, interestingly, success came with The Hurt Force That Gives Us Meaning: “The they also seem to admire his Locker, based on reportage rush of battle is a potent and often craziness, and understand what is of the Iraq War. Her movie lethal addiction, for war is a drug.” driving it. The adrenaline of his about the hunt for Osama The Hurt Locker shows how this death wish makes him feel alive. Bin Laden, Zero Dark Thirty After a failed attempt to remove a (2012) was acclaimed but addiction affects the human bomb vest from an Iraqi civilian, also attacked for what psyche. The narrative follows Sanborn begins to unravel critics saw as an apparent the three men through their psychologically, admitting that he endorsement of torture. year’s tour of duty, as they cannot cope with the stress. Once deal with unexploded home in the US, James, on the other Key movies bombs, snipers, and hand, does not cope with real life. He civilians used feels that his purpose is to be in the 1991 Point Break as bomb conflict zone, where the perpetual 2008 The Hurt Locker danger made his life meaningful. 2012 Zero Dark Thirty The movie drew criticism for focusing on a bomb disposal unit: soldiers without the troubling duty of killing anyone on screen. Most, however, praised Bigelow’s feat in putting the viewer inside the “hurt locker”—a psychological prison of pain that comes from constantly being near explosions. ■ As you get older, some of the things you love might not seem so special anymore. Sergeant William James / The Hurt Locker

322 IF I DIE WHAT A BEAUTIFUL DEATH! MAN ON WIRE / 2008 IN CONTEXT S creen portraits of one The documentary, a hybrid person, whether drama or of actual and restaged GENRE documentary, are usually footage, is constructed Documentary about two kinds of lives: those that like a first-rate thriller. are interesting in themselves, and Roger Ebert DIRECTOR those noted for achieving something James Marsh remarkable. James Marsh’s Man Chicago Sun-Times, 2008 on Wire portrays a life that fits into WRITER both categories. It is the story of an night that Petit and his crew broke Philippe Petit (book) audacious high-wire walk between into the World Trade Center and the the twin towers of the World Trade hurdles they had to overcome to STARS Center in 1974, yet it speaks to the enact their stunt; the other tells the Philippe Petit, larger theme of how far a person will broader tale of Petit’s life leading up Jean-François Heckel, go for art. The movie presents French to the event. Everything—from wire- Jean-Louis Blondeau high-wire walker Philippe Petit as a walking across the two towers of man whose art is all consuming, to Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris or BEFORE the point that he risks his life for it. the Sydney Harbour Bridge to 1999 Marsh’s Wisconsin Death Rather than burnish its subject, Man moving to New York City—was in Trip reconstructs strange on Wire derives its power from its preparation for the World Trade events that took place in a focus on Petit’s flaws as well as his Center walk. For Petit, this was small American town at the talent and determination. The more than an ambition—it was the end of the 19th century. viewer is left marveling at how such very reason for his life. ■ a restless personality can attain the 2005 In Marsh’s drama The Zen-like concentration needed to King, a man named Elvis walk across an abyss on a wire. tracks down his reluctant father, a pastor. Raison d’être The movie is structured into two AFTER parallel narratives: the event and 2014 The Theory of Everything, the life. One strand follows the Marsh’s biopic of physicist Stephen Hawking, earned a What else to watch: Wisconsin Death Trip (1999) ■ Touching The Void (2003) Best Actor Oscar for its star, ■ Project Nim (2011) ■ The Imposter (2012) ■ The Theory of Everything (2014) Eddie Redmayne.

SMALL WORLD 323 I’D LIKE TO ASK YOU SOMETHING FATHER THE WHITE RIBBON / 2009 IN CONTEXT H aving spent most of his Murders go unsolved, and mayhem working life in TV, Michael reigns. Meanwhile, the local pastor GENRE Haneke was 47 when he forces his children to wear a white Historical drama made his first movie, The Seventh ribbon for any misdeed they have Continent, in 1989. Since then, his committed. The ribbon is meant DIRECTOR reputation as one of Europe’s most to symbolize the innocence from Michael Haneke important directors has only grown, which they have strayed, but it with movies that are as stark as actually seems to represent their WRITER they are sophisticated, exploring violation by those institutions that Michael Haneke humanity to disturbing effect. should keep children safe—home, family, and church. The ribbon STARS The specter of death means nothing to anyone because Burghart Klaußner, Shot with an exquisitely detailed there is no purity to be found. Christian Friedel, sense of realism, The White Ribbon Leonie Benesch tells the story of life in a small There is a shard of optimism in German village just before World the form of a young couple falling in BEFORE War I. There, a series of cruel and love, but the terrible realization is 1997 In Haneke’s Funny mysterious events sow fear and that a generation of children whose Games, two psychopaths play confusion among the villagers, from development is being warped by cruel “games” on the family the tenant farmers to the baron. authority in the movie would come they have taken hostage. of age as the supporters of Nazism. ■ 2001 Haneke’s The Piano The congregation Teacher tracks the destructive that worships in power of sexual fantasies. the village church is rife with secrets 2005 In Caché (Hidden), and resentments; is Haneke exposes a family to the violence in their its past, but who is behind midst a sign of the the ensuing violence? barbarism that will follow during the AFTER two world wars? 2012 Old age deals a cruel hand in Haneke’s What else to watch: Le Corbeau (1943) ■ Rashomon (1950, pp.108–13) ■ Amour (Love). The Seventh Seal (1957, pp.136–39) ■ The Tin Drum (1979) ■ Caché (2005, p.342)

324 EVERYONE PAYS FOR THE THINGS THEY DO ONCE UPON A TIME IN ANATOLIA / 2011 IN CONTEXT Police work and all Eschewing that comes with cop-show GENRE upholding the law clichés, Nuri Crime, drama has long been a source of Bilge Ceylan’s fascination in movies. The Once Upon DIRECTOR police represent order, and a Time in Nuri Bilge Ceylan for the common good they must endure terrible things Anatolia WRITERS on our behalf. Turkish portrays the Ebru Ceylan, Nuri Bilge director Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s drudgery of Ceylan, Ercan Kesal brooding, tragic movie police work Once Upon a Time in with raw, STARS Anatolia is a tale of cops, unflinching Muhammet Uzuner, doctors, and lawyers as they honesty. Yilmaz Erdogan, Taner search through the night for Birsel, Firat Tanis the body of a murder victim. The policemen and lawyers in Stripping out the artificial Once Upon a Time in Anatolia are BEFORE glamour and excitement that define forced to deal with the horrors they 1997 Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s these professions in most movies, witness while also fulfilling the critically acclaimed debut the movie presents their work as a demands of their respective feature The Town is a punishing journey in an endless bureaucracies. Unable to express dreamlike examination of night that is filled with frustration, their true reactions to what they childhood and family. tension, and very little glory. Here, see, they are allowed very little the officials who uphold law and catharsis. Police officer Naci 2008 In Ceylan’s Three order are heroes not because they (Yilmaz Erdogan) is repeatedly Monkeys, a politician offers a always catch the bad guy, but rebuked for his impulsive reactions family money to cover up a because they give up a part of their to setbacks. When a body is found, hit-and-run accident. humanity so that we don’t have to. AFTER Nobody just dies because they said 2014 Winter Sleep earns they would. Ceylan the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Cemal / Once Upon a Time in Anatolia

SMALL WORLD 325 What else to watch: The Big Heat (1953, p.332) ■ Le Doulos (1962) ■ In Cold Blood (1967) ■ A Short Film about Killing (1988) ■ Insomnia (1997) ■ Zodiac (2007) ■ Three Monkeys (2008) ■ Leviathan (2014) hog-tied and buried in the ground, Nuri Bilge Ceylan Director Naci is the only one in his team to react to the sight truthfully, and for Nuri Bilge Monkeys (2008) and Once Upon that he is taken aside and sternly Ceylan was a Time in Anatolia. He won the told to behave more professionally. born in 1959 Palme d’Or at Cannes in 2014 for in Istanbul, Winter Sleep. Due process Turkey, and A similar incident occurs later studied electrical engineering. Key movies in the movie when Doctor Cemal His first movie, The Town, (Muhammet Uzuner) conducts an gained him instant international 1997 The Town autopsy and discovers something acclaim. His third movie, 2002 Distant horrific about the death. Like the Distant, won a host of awards, 2011 Once Upon a Time police officers, the doctor is not and he continued to enjoy in Anatolia allowed to be affected. All he can critical success with Three 2014 Winter Sleep do is suppress his feelings, write up his report, and stare through Once Upon a Time in Anatolia is a trajectory of the characters’ own the window at the victim’s family thoughtful, original take on some lives: each of them is destined to as they walk away—just as he very well-covered ground. It is not be worn down by their job until will have to do next time, and interested in presenting the police they reach the point of degradation, the time after that. as unflappable action heroes, or just like the body they must find to lawyers as righteous crusaders, eventually put in the ground. There The practicalities of due process or doctors as kind and benevolent. is no rest, and no end in sight. ■ mean that good men are asked to Rather, it focuses on the human treat horror in the same way that cost of being required to witness Kenan (Firat Tanis, center) is the monsters they are hunting treat and interact with the worst of one of two suspects who must travel it; they surrender their right to feel, humanity. The metaphor of one with the police in order to help them because papers need to be filed and endless night symbolizes the find the murder victim’s body. the process needs to be respected.

326 SO WHAT DO YOU LIKE ABOUT BEING UP HERE? GRAVITY / 2013 IN CONTEXT O n one level, Gravity is a Gravity features action sequences simple affair—the tale of shot in long, unbroken takes. When GENRE astronaut Dr. Ryan Stone Stone, trying to reach the safety of Thriller, science fiction (Sandra Bullock) stranded in orbit the International Space Station, is after her shuttle is destroyed, pelted by orbiting debris, the camera DIRECTOR surviving on her wits in the hostile follows her every move, swooping Alfonso Cuarón environment of space. However, and spinning as she tumbles while its story of a lone adventurer through space. These nonstop WRITERS trying to get home could have been sequences allow the audience to see Alfonso Cuarón, told in any movie since the medium with pin-sharp clarity the endless Jonás Cuarón began, director Alfonso Cuarón expanse around her—and to feel uses the very latest in filmmaking exactly what she’s going through. ■ STARS technology, including stunning 3D Sandra Bullock, effects, to create an experience that Before the disaster that destroys George Clooney physically pulls in the audience. their shuttle, Stone (Sandra Bullock) and The result feels like a landmark her colleague Kowalski (George Clooney) BEFORE in cinema history. collaborate on repairs to the telescope. 1995 Ron Howard’s Apollo 13, about the disaster-stricken What else to watch: A Trip to the Moon (1902, pp.20–21) ■ 2001: A Space space mission of 1970, evokes Odyssey (1968, pp.192–93) ■ Alien (1979, p.243) ■ The Right Stuff (1983) a mix of claustrophobia and desolation. 2006 Children of Men, Cuarón’s first science-fiction movie, is set in a future in which all people are infertile. AFTER 2014 Christopher Nolan’s Interstellar follows mankind’s urgent quest to leave dying planet Earth and find a new home among the stars.

SMALL WORLD 327 WE’RE ALL JUST WINGING IT BOYHOOD / 2014 IN CONTEXT I n his own low-key, low-budget Mason Sr. (Ethan Hawke) offers way, Richard Linklater has some rare fatherly advice in a tender GENRE always been interested in scene with his son (Ellar Coltrane); for Family drama revolutionizing movies. Filmed in both, perhaps, childhood has ended. his native Austin, Texas, like his DIRECTOR debut Slacker, Boyhood is at once an Richard Linklater incredibly simple idea and a hugely radical one. Probably one of the most WRITER authentic coming-of-age stories ever Richard Linklater told, it follows its protagonist, Mason (Ellar Coltrane), from the age of six STARS right up to his graduation from Ellar Coltrane, Patricia school at 18. And if the movie feels Arquette, Ethan Hawke real, that’s because it practically is, with Linklater shooting with BEFORE Coltrane and the other cast for a few 1993 Dazed and Confused, days every summer for 12 years, the Linklater’s coming-of-age actors aging in time with the story. movie set in 1970s Texas, does poorly at the box office Capturing childhood which capture the bittersweet, but soon acquires cult status. Boyhood deals subtly with the haphazard, scrapbook nature of changing times: as family life shifts childhood and adolescent memories. 1995 Before Sunrise is the and changes, iPods replace CD first movie in a romantic players and Barack Obama replaces While the focus is on Mason, the trilogy by Linklater starring George W. Bush as president. After other performances are captivating Ethan Hawke as an American Mason’s flaky father (Ethan Hawke) too—notably from Hawke as the in Europe and Julie Delpy as leaves, his mother (Patricia Arquette) man who married too young, Lorelei his French lover. embarks on new relationships. Linklater (the director’s daughter) Everything and nothing happens in as Mason’s sister, and Arquette, 2012 Linklater’s Waking Life, a the exquisitely paced 165 minutes, who would go on to win an Oscar story that takes place within for her role in the movie. ■ a dream, uses a technique called rotoscoping to make real What else to watch: The 400 Blows (1959, pp.150–51) ■ Slacker (1991) ■ Before actors look like animations. Sunrise (1995) ■ Before Sunset (2004) ■ Before Midnight (2013) ■ Girlhood (2014)

DIRECTO

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330 DIRECTORY A ny list of the greatest movies of all time, whether it is 10, 100, or 1,000 titles long, will inevitably be subjective in both its selections and omissions. Indeed, much of the fun of the debate comes from the disagreements it provokes. This section features a selection of the movies that came close to being included in the main section, but did not quite make the final cut. It is, like the main list, subjective in nature, but helps fill some of the inevitable gaps. Spread widely across time, place, and genre, the list provides additional samples from world cinema over the last century or so, a selection of movies to celebrate and to argue over, to watch and to rewatch. Each movie title is followed by the director’s name and the year the movie was released. THE GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY Max Schreck, who played Orlok, THE JAZZ SINGER the movie has a vampire like no Edwin S. Porter, 1903 other, one that is more rat than bat Alan Crosland, 1927 in appearance. This 12-minute short was possibly See also: Sunrise 30–31 The first full-length “talkie” feature the first Western, with cowboys, movie, The Jazz Singer marked the six-shooters, and a rowdy saloon. DR. MABUSE THE GAMBLER beginning of a new era in cinema. The robbers use a fake telegraph to There are about two minutes of stop the train, rob the safe, and Fritz Lang, 1922 synchronized dialogue, plus six hold up the passengers, then take memorable songs, mixed with off on horseback—only to be caught Nine years before making his serial- intertitles. Al Jolson plays Jakie, by a posse, also summoned by killer masterpiece, M, Fritz Lang who defies his religious Jewish telegraph. At one point, a robber explored his fascination with the father in order to pursue a dream fires into the camera— a scene that criminal mind in this silent great of becoming a jazz singer. Jakie had contemporary audiences of German Expressionist cinema. changes his name to Jack and ducking for cover. In doing so, he created the first adopts a “blackface” persona on movie archvillain: the manipulative stage. The story of an immigrant’s NOSFERATU mastermind Dr. Mabuse, who struggle for identity is still a steals secret information to make powerful one, but the blacking up F. W. Murnau, 1922 a fortune on the stock exchange, makes the movie an uncomfortable and cheats at cards to rob the watch for modern audiences. Murnau was a leading light of the wealthy denizens of a decadent, German Expressionist movement, degenerate society. Lang tapped UN CHIEN ANDALOU which emphasized style and into the mood of the Weimar-period symbolism, and this comes to the Germany, which was in political Luis Buñuel, Salvador Dalí, 1929 fore in his vampire movie Nosferatu. and economic turmoil. His trick It is packed with memorable of revealing both the villain and The 16-minute short Un Chien images, from the dark shadow of his methods to the audience Andalou (An Andalusian Dog) the vampire Count Orlok creeping as a device to build suspense was the first movie by Spanish through his castle to Orlok’s look influenced Alfred Hitchcock. director Luis Buñuel, who made of terror as he faces the rising See also: Metropolis 32–33 ■ it in collaboration with Spanish sun before vanishing. And in M 46–47 Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí. It

DIRECTORY 331 is most famous for a heart-stopping the book down to focus on the MESHES OF THE moment in which a girl appears family and their endurance against AFTERNOON to have her eyeball sliced open. the odds. As Ma Joad says at the The movie is a montage of end: “They can’t wipe us out, they Maya Deren and Alexander strange scenes with no apparent can’t lick us. We’ll go on forever, Pa, Hammid, 1943 connection, but Buñuel was later ’cause we’re the people.” The movie eager to stress that there is no marked the first major success for Ukrainian-born choreographer symbolism in this movie. He said Henry Fonda, who played Tom Joad. Maya Deren was one of the most that the eyeball scene came from See also: The Searchers 135 important experimental filmmakers a dream, and that its meaning of the post-World War II years, and can only be established through THE MALTESE FALCON Meshes of the Afternoon, made psychoanalysis. with her husband Alexander See also: The Discreet Charm John Huston, 1941 Hammid, is a landmark of the avant- of the Bourgeoisie 208–09 garde. It lasts just 18 minutes, and, Humphrey Bogart played hard- through unsettling camera angles, FREAKS bitten private detective Sam Spade spirals through the dreams of a as if born to the role in John woman falling asleep at home, Tod Browning, 1932 Huston’s The Maltese Falcon, a where ordinary objects—a knife, stylish and atmospheric thriller. a key—become frightening and Tod Browning’s disturbing US Spade was an entirely new kind of surreal in her subconscious. The horror movie Freaks was banned hero, a tough guy who never yields revelation that movie could explore in the UK for 30 years because of for a moment to sentimentality, and the workings of the mind in this the way it seemed to exploit the Huston’s low-key, shadowy lighting, way was hugely influential. physical attributes of its cast, who and often startling camera angles, worked in a circus sideshow. It brilliantly created the movie’s DOUBLE INDEMNITY has since become a cult classic. shady world. The Maltese Falcon is At a circus, Cleopatra, a beautiful considered the first American film Billy Wilder, 1944 trapeze artist, agrees to marry the noir. It turned Bogart into a dwarf Hans in order to poison superstar and launched Huston’s Billy Wilder’s Double Indemnity him and take his money. But her career as a major Hollywood director. uses the classic film noir setup, plan is foiled and the circus’s other with a femme fatale, shabby “freaks” take their revenge on her SULLIVAN’S TRAVELS motives, betrayal, and murder; in a truly gruesome way. The however, the movie has romance original movie was destroyed, and Preston Sturges, 1941 at its heart. An ordinary insurance only the marginally less unsettling man is persuaded by a beautiful cut version still exists. The movie Sullivan’s Travels is a witty send- blonde (Barbara Stanwyck) to ruined Browning’s career. up of pretentious filmmakers who issue an insurance policy in her make socially worthy drama. Young husband’s name, and then to THE GRAPES OF WRATH director John “Sully” Sullivan (Joel murder him in a staged accident, McCrea) is renowned for his frothy but the plan unravels horribly John Ford, 1940 comedies, but goes on the road as each believes the other has disguised as a tramp in order to betrayed them. The movie gains an Based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 gather material for a serious movie edge by casting against type: Fred novel, The Grapes of Wrath is set in about the downtrodden. He meets MacMurray, so often Mr. Nice Guy Oklahoma, in the Depression years the Girl (Veronica Lake), who hopes in Disney movies, plays the seedy of the 1930s. It tells the story of the to be an actress, and soon realizes insurance man; while Edward G. Joad family, who lose their farm that making comedies that take Robinson, so often the gangster, and journey across the US to people’s minds off their worries is plays the decent investigator. California in search of a better life. of more social use than a serious See also: Sunset Boulevard The movie pares the narrative of movie with a profound message. 114–15 ■ Some Like It Hot 148–49

332 DIRECTORY BRIEF ENCOUNTER heart of film noir. A private eye “everything but the bloodhounds (Robert Mitchum) tries to escape snapping at her rear end,” Eve David Lean, 1945 his seedy past and start a new life worms her way into Margo’s life with a decent girl, but he is and takes over her celebrity—but British director David Lean’s haunted by a beautiful femme at a price, since she ends up in early masterpiece is a simple story, fatale (Jane Greer), with whom the power of manipulative theater based on a Noel Coward play, and he may or may not be in love, and critic Addison DeWitt. The movie very different from the epics, such who may or may not be in love with also features a brief appearance as Lawrence of Arabia, for which him. They are tied together by fate, by a young Marilyn Monroe. he later became better known. and, as she goes on the run for Housewife Laura (Celia Johnson) murder, their mutual destruction LOS OLVIDADOS and Doctor Alec (Trevor Howard) becomes all too inevitable. meet at a train station café. Luis Buñuel, 1950 Tempted into an adulterous affair, THE RED SHOES they pull back because both are, Also known as The Young and at heart, deeply decent people. The Michael Powell and Emeric the Damned, Los Olvidados is shadowy light of the station, and Pressburger, 1948 Buñuel’s retort to neorealist movies. the music of Rachmaninoff’s Piano Set in the slums of Mexico City, it Concerto No. 2, give emotional Powell and Pressburger’s The is the story of two boys: El Jaibo, weight to Johnson’s and Howard’s Red Shoes is both a glorious and who escapes from prison; and understated performances. seductive tribute to the ballet and a Pedro, who is led astray by El Jaibo horror movie full of menace, as as he tracks down and kills the boy MURDERERS AMONG US ballerina Victoria (Moira Shearer), is he thinks put him in jail. To this driven to despair by the ruthless and gritty scenario Buñuel adds his Wolfgang Staudte, 1946 obsessive demands of an impresario, own brand of realism, including Lermontov (Anton Walbrook). The dreams, which for him were as Murderers Among Us was one of movie contains a story within a much a part of life as pots and the first German movies made after story: the 20-minute ballet sequence pans. He eschews a liberal social World War II, completed in the telling Hans Christian Andersen’s conscience for a confrontational Soviet-occupied sector, and tale of “The Red Shoes,” in which a approach that got the movie reflecting Germany’s struggle ballerina is danced to death by a banned in Mexico for many years. to come to terms with its past. pair of magic shoes, echoes the See also: The Discreet Charm Shot in the ruins of Berlin, it tells movie’s main story. of the Bourgeoisie 208–09 the story of a military surgeon See also: A Matter of Life who returns home to find his and Death 86–87 THE BIG HEAT home destroyed. He moves in with a young woman who survived ALL ABOUT EVE Fritz Lang, 1953 the concentration camps. The surgeon plans to kill his captain, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, 1950 “Somebody’s going to pay… who murdered Polish civilians in because he forgot to kill me…” the war, but the woman persuades Dark and bitingly witty, Joseph L. reads the tagline on the poster for him to let the man go to trial. Mankiewicz’s All About Eve is Fritz Lang’s taut film noir, scripted one of the bleakest movies ever by crime reporter Sidney Boehm. BUILD MY GALLOWS HIGH made about show business. At Glenn Ford stars as an honest its heart is a riveting performance homicide detective who becomes Jacques Tourneur, 1947 by Bette Davis as the aging caught up in a world of organized star Margo Channing, who is crime and police corruption. Gloria Known in the US as Out of the Past, targeted by ambitious actress Grahame is the memorable femme the movie Build my Gallows High Eve Harrington (Anne Baxter). fatale, a gangster’s moll who turns captures the grand tragedy at the With a sob story that has against her boyfriend, brutally

DIRECTORY 333 played by a young Lee Marvin. visual style and fast-paced political allegory, but it is unclear Much of the violence occurs editing, plus his ability to give whether its message is attacking offscreen, but that reduces none scenes a huge emotional kick, turn communism, or the oppression and of the movie’s power—honesty it into an epic of true heroism. paranoia created by McCarthyism. may win out in the end, but only The movie is also a study in after exacting a terrible cost. The Japanese social mores, as two TOUCH OF EVIL movie is the ultimate refinement of mutually distrustful social classes Lang’s realistic, brutal style. uneasily come together in pursuit Orson Welles, 1958 See also: Metropolis 32–33 ■ of a common cause. M 46–47 See also: Rashomon 108–13 Crime thriller Touch of Evil was one of the last of the classic film LA STRADA RIFIFI noirs. It is extravagantly theatrical, with the gigantic presence— Federico Fellini, 1954 Jules Dassin, 1955 literally and figuratively—of Orson Welles, who wrote and directed Fellini’s La Strada (The Road) can In French heist movie Rififi, the the movie, and who also plays the be seen as his reaction against the robbery of a jewelry store on bent and bloated cop Quinlan. neorealist movement of which he Paris’s Rue de Rivoli takes place Set on the Mexico–US border, the had been part. It is a determinedly in 20 minutes of almost total story focuses on a Mexican drug unrealistic fable of three circus silence. The effect was so enforcement official (Charlton performers, for whom a theatrical believable that some critics have Heston), who realizes that Quinlan façade hides their inner sadness. called the movie a guide for is corrupt. The movie is famous for The strongman Zampanò buys the criminals. Dassin hated the novel its uninterrupted, three-minute- waif Gelsomina from her mother to on which the movie was based (he long crane tracking sequence, be his comic foil, but he continually changed the villains’ ethnicity to which moves slowly through four abuses her, until she eventually make the story less racist), but this blocks of the troubled town. leaves him for high-wire artist Il only made him work harder to give See also: Citizen Kane 66–71 Matto. In a fit of jealousy Zampanò the movie both tension and heart, kills Il Matto, and Gelsomina is paying meticulous attention to ASCENSEUR POUR desolate. The movie features Fellini’s detail in a way that was to be L’ÉCHAFAUD trademark visual themes, such as imitated later by movies such as figures suspended between heaven Quentin Tarantino’s Reservoir Dogs. Louis Malle, 1958 and earth, and a desolate seashore. See also: La Dolce Vita 160–65 INVASION OF THE Known as Elevator to the Gallows BODY SNATCHERS in the US and Lift to the Scaffold SEVEN SAMURAI elsewhere, Louis Malle’s Ascenseur Don Siegel, 1956 pour l’échafaud is a dark thriller Akira Kurosawa, 1954 about a pair of lovers, Florence Invasion of the Body Snatchers is a (Jeanne Moreau) and Julien (Maurice Kurosawa’s Seven Samurai was science-fiction thriller that reflects Ronet), who plot to murder Florence’s inspired by Hollywood Westerns, the paranoia of the Cold War era. husband. The plan goes horribly and it, in turn, inspired the Western The idea is simple: a doctor is wrong when Julien is trapped in an The Magnificent Seven, but it is mystified when all his patients elevator on his way from the crime very much a Japanese movie, complain to him that their families scene. The claustrophobic shots steeped in the traditions of the have been replaced by impostors. of Paris at night give the movie a Samurai warrior class and notions He soon discovers that the town noirish feel, but there is a sense of honor. The story is a simple has been colonized by alien of realism that anticipates the one—seven warriors band together seedpods that can replicate French New Wave. The action is to protect a village against humans in all but their emotions. accompanied by an atmospheric bandits—but Kurosawa’s stunning The movie has been seen as a jazz score from Miles Davis.

334 DIRECTORY PEEPING TOM played out between New York semiautobiographical novel, gangs, with the Sharks on one side and focuses on the relationship Michael Powell, 1960 and the Jets on the other. The between two friends—shy Austrian movie is made exhilarating by writer Jules and French bohemian Peeping Tom received a negative Leonard Bernstein’s sophisticated Jim—and a free-spirited girl, response on its release, but it is score, hugely memorable songs Catherine (Jeanne Moreau), whom now considered a masterpiece. A such as Tonight and Somewhere, they both fall for. It celebrates photographer (Karlheinz Böhm) with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, friendship but ends in pain introduces himself to women as a and the spectacular dance and betrayal. documentary filmmaker, then sequences directed by Jerome See also: The 400 Blows 150–55 murders them while using a movie Robbins. It won 10 Oscars, more camera to record the terror of their than any other musical, including THE MANCHURIAN dying moments. The movie opens one for Rita Moreno, who made CANDIDATE itself up to various psychoanalytic the song America her own, as Best interpretations as it homes in on Supporting Actress. John Frankenheimer, 1962 the phallic role of the camera. Italso throws a chilling spotlight on the way THE INNOCENTS Shot during the Cuban Missile movies turn audiences into voyeurs. Crisis, when paranoia about See also: A Matter of Life and Jack Clayton, 1961 encroaching Soviet power was at its Death 86–87 height, John Frankenheimer’s Cold The Innocents is a chilling British War conspiracy thriller captures the PSYCHO supernatural thriller inspired by spirit of the times perfectly. It Henry James’s 1898 novella The Turn concerns an apparently heroic Alfred Hitchcock, 1960 of the Screw. Miss Giddens (Deborah American officer, Shaw (Laurence Kerr) is employed as a governess to Harvey), who was captured by Psycho had an extraordinary take care of a girl and a boy, and the Soviets and brainwashed to effect on contemporary audiences. finds that they are haunted by the commit murder when triggered to The shower scene, in which a ghosts of their former governess and do so. Major Marco (Frank Sinatra) woman (Janet Leigh) is stabbed the alcoholic valet who seduced her. is the friend who discovers that the repeatedly, is now one of the most Director Jack Clayton brilliantly KGB “operators” controlling Shaw famous in cinema. The movie set uses dissolves created by editor Jim are actually his mother (Angela new standards for horror movies Clark to suggest ghostly presences, Lansbury) and stepfather. Dark, with its psychological complexity and to bring tension and terror into surprising, and inventively shot in and the way Hitchcock ratcheted everyday scenes such as lessons a style that owes a debt to the up the tension to fever pitch— and bath time. The innocence of French New Wave, it is a gripping, helped by Bernard Herrmann’s the children gradually transforms disturbing satire. extraordinary jagged string score— into something “secret, whispery, as disturbed motel owner Norman and indecent.” DRY SUMMER Bates (Anthony Perkins) dresses up as his mother and turns murderous. JULES ET JIM Metin Erksan, 1963 See also: Vertigo 140–45 François Truffaut, 1962 Metin Erksan’s powerful story of WEST SIDE STORY passion and greed upset critics in Truffaut’s Jules et Jim was a classic his home country when it was Robert Wise and Jerome of the French New Wave, shot in made, because of what they Robbins, 1961 black and white, and packed with considered its negative portrayal of stylistic innovations such as freeze Turkish people, but it is now widely West Side Story takes William frames, wipes (frame transitions), regarded as a masterpiece. The Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and voice-over. The story is based movie tells the story of a selfish and turns it into a dynamic musical on Henri-Pierre Roché’s 1953 tobacco farmer who builds a farm

DIRECTORY 335 to stop water from being lost to his I AM CUBA PERSONA neighbors’ crops, and who is in love with the village girl whom his Mikhail Kalatozov, 1964 Ingmar Bergman, 1966 brother marries. Shot in shimmering black and white, the movie elevates Hidden away in Soviet archives Persona, by Swedish director melodrama into poetry. for three decades, Kalatozov’s Ingmar Bergman, is an intense I Am Cuba was restored following psychological drama that turns JASON AND THE a campaign led by US director into a horror movie as the central ARGONAUTS Martin Scorsese in the 1990s. A relationship unravels. A young joint Soviet–Cuban production, it nurse (Bibi Andersson) is Don Chaffey, 1963 was not well received on release, assigned to take care of a well- and had been mostly forgotten. known actress (Liv Ullmann), Underpinned by Bernard Yet the movie is an extraordinary who has mysteriously become Herrmann’s stirring brass music, document of its time, telling the mute. To fill the silence, the nurse Don Chaffey’s movie makes the story of oppressed peasants in confides in her about her life, most of Ray Harryhausen’s stop- 1950s Cuba, and their resistance, including having an abortion as motion animation of clay models to spurred on by the hope that Fidel a young girl. But things turn nasty bring to life the story of Jason, the Castro’s revolution would bring a when the nurse discovers the hero of Greek mythology who led brighter future. The movie is now actress has been psychoanalyzing his crew, the Argonauts, on a quest also celebrated for its extraordinary her. The actress’s silent rejection for the legendary Golden Fleece. tracking shots in which the camera of the gender-restrictive roles of Harryhausen’s animations have a seems to float magically about— motherhood and nursing is, some distinctive style, and his army of an effect achieved by strapping the critics believe, the focus of the skeletons rising from the ground camera to the cameraman’s waist movie, but it also explores the is impressive even today. Seen on and moving him along a carefully bleakness of illness and madness. the big screen in full color and linked set of pulleys. See also: The Seventh Seal 136–39 sound, Jason and the Argonauts remains a genuinely stirring epic. CLOSELY OBSERVED TRAINS THE GRADUATE ONIBABA Jirí Menzel, 1966 Mike Nichols, 1967 Kaneto Shindo, 1964 Set in Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia, At the time it was released, The Jirí Menzel’s Closely Observed Graduate seemed daring in its Kaneto Shindo’s Onibaba works Trains (known in the US as Closely subject matter, dealing as it does both as a horror movie and a period Watched Trains) is a wry and with intergenerational sex. Young drama. It tells the story of a mother touching look at the perils of sexual college graduate Benjamin Braddock and daughter who set traps and awakening. The grim realities of (Dustin Hoffman) embarks upon a murder samurai in order to survive war are never far away as young sexual relationship with Mrs. during a time of civil war in 14th- station guard Miloš strives to lose Robinson (Anne Bancroft) and then century Japan. Shot in a decidedly his virginity, but Menzel’s witty falls in love with her daughter Elaine chilling black and white, it is a screenplay, inspired by Bohumil Robinson (Katherine Ross), when he. parable of the suffering undergone Hrabal’s book, keeps the focus The apparently conventional happy by all the innocent bystanders firmly on a universal human ending, in which Benjamin stops throughout history. When the problem. Like other movies of the Elaine from marrying the wrong old woman kills one samurai, she Czech New Wave, the movie serves man and escapes with her on a pulls off his mask to find his face as a reminder to Czechs of the bus, is not quite what it seems. The disfigured like a hibakusha (a brutalizing effects of the system movie deliberately aimed to tap into victim of the nuclear bomb). under which they live, but the youth culture with its iconic sound When she wears the mask, her tone is sardonic and gentle rather track (by Simon and Garfunkel), face becomes disfigured too. than strident. setting a trend for youth movies.

336 DIRECTORY BELLE DE JOUR SALESMAN of the build up to a shoot-out, rather than the shoot-out itself. The music Luis Buñuel, 1967 Albert and David Maysles, 1968 by Ennio Morricone gives an epic quality to long, drawn-out scenes Spanish director Luis Buñuel’s This fly-on-the-wall documentary in which almost nothing happens. French movie Belle de Jour appears follows four traveling salesmen on the surface to be a conventional as they peddle illustrated Bibles KES male sexual fantasy in movie form. around suburban New Jersey. A bored housewife, played by the The movie is an example of the Ken Loach, 1969 ravishingly beautiful Catherine “direct cinema” movement of Deneuve, spends her afternoons documentary making, in which Based on Barry Hines’s 1968 novel as a prostitute in a local brothel, lightweight cameras were used A Kestrel for a Knave, Kes was the indulging all kinds of strange to capture everyday life with a first fiction movie made by British requests—a lady of the day (de minimum of interference from director Ken Loach following a jour), rather than of the night. In the filmmakers. The four men string of raw and powerful Buñuel’s hands, the story becomes appear remarkably unaffected docudramas. It tells the story of a poetic, psychological study in by the presence of the cameras, emotionally neglected and bullied which the sex is never graphic but the precariousness and quiet teenager Billy Casper (David and appears almost incidental. desperation of their existence Bradley), who finds inspiration in It blends reality and dreams in a is plain to see. At a motivational training a kestrel he takes from a hallucinatory and beguiling way meeting, the area manager nest on a farm. Through the bird, that leads toward an ending in chillingly points out that he has Billy learns to open his eyes to which, unexpectedly, the woman “eliminated a few men.” The money broader horizons. The lyrical realism and her husband are happy at last. is out there, he says, and if you of the movie and the beautiful shots See also: The Discreet Charm can’t get it, that’s your fault. The of the bird in flight help make this a of the Bourgeoisie 208–09 movie was made in the late 1960s, moving, uplifting movie despite its but depicts an America that has almost inevitable sad ending. ROSEMARY’S BABY changed little since the 1950s. A year later, the Maysles brothers MIDNIGHT COWBOY Roman Polanski, 1968 would document a very different world with their movie Gimme John Schlesinger, 1969 Roman Polanski’s horror movie Shelter, in which they followed about satanic possession was the Rolling Stones on tour. Reverberating to Harry Nilsson’s filmed with an understated realism, jaunty song Everybody’s Talkin’, which has the effect of making ONCE UPON A TIME Midnight Cowboy is a poignant it more frightening. Rosemary IN THE WEST movie that homes in on the (Mia Farrow) and her husband loneliness of the seedy side of life in Guy (John Cassavetes) are Sergio Leone, 1968 the city, yet delivers an ultimately portrayed as a convincingly real upbeat message about the power of couple with a typical set of marital This tense, slow-burning Western relationships. It follows young issues, before their situation takes was a critical and box-office flop on Texan Joe Buck (Jon Voight) as he a sinister turn. Eschewing the its release but is now recognized as arrives in New York determined normal conventions of suspense, Leone’s greatest movie. It is a to make a fortune as a gigolo. Joe’s Polanski gives plenty of hints simple tale of greed and revenge in naivety ensures that his seedy about what is really happening a small town where the railroad is encounters come to nothing, and he next door. Ruth Gordon excels as due to arrive. With Henry Fonda ends up bonding with consumptive the couple’s strange neighbor, cast against type as a killer and con man Ratso (Dustin Hoffman). and won one of the few Oscars Charles Bronson as the mysterious When it transpires that Ratso is ever to go to a horror movie. loner out to get him, the movie dying, Joe gives up his ambitions See also: Chinatown 216–21 revels in the atmosphere and ritual and takes him on a trip to Florida.

DIRECTORY 337 A CLOCKWORK ORANGE LAND OF SILENCE unpredictability in the desert AND DARKNESS that is absent from the ordered Stanley Kubrick, 1971 world of the city. Werner Herzog, 1971 See also: Don’t Look Now 210–13 Adapted from Anthony Burgess’s dystopian novella, A Clockwork Werner Herzog’s documentary THE HARDER THEY COME Orange is an anarchic and follows a deaf-blind German inventive satire that aroused so woman who works on behalf of Perry Henzell, 1972 much controversy over its violent other deaf-blind people. The movie content that Kubrick himself depicts the isolation of severely Perry Henzell’s The Harder They withdrew it from release in the disabled people who are largely Come is the movie credited with UK for 30 years. In futuristic excluded from modern life. The popularizing reggae music beyond London, sociopathic delinquent woman, Fini, has lost her sight its Jamaican home, with a sound Alex (Malcolm McDowell) and and hearing in her youth, but track by Desmond Dekker and The his gang of “droogs” go on a spree many of those she visits have Maytals, and a title track by Jimmy of “ultraviolence” that ends in been born deaf-blind, and struggle Cliff, who also plays the movie’s rape and murder. Alex is later to connect with others in any lead, Ivanhoe “Ivan” Martin. Country arrested, and the institutional way. Their obvious distress is boy Ivan comes to Kingston, violence to which he is in turn harrowing, but Herzog also tries Jamaica, full of hope, but when subjected robs him of his humanity. to convey the possibilities of a every avenue leads to nothing, See also: Dr. Strangelove 176–79 ■ rich inner life for someone whose including the song he wrote and 2001: A Space Odyssey 192–93 contact with the world is through recorded, he turns to drug dealing, taste, smell, and touch. Since the and becomes a trigger-happy HAROLD AND MAUDE 1970s, Herzog has made a number gangster. Despite the movie’s grim of documentaries that attempt to ending, it has an energy that Hal Ashby, 1971 capture a poetic truth about matches its sound track. their subjects’ everyday lives. Hal Ashby’s dark comedy Harold See also: Aguirre, the Wrath A WOMAN UNDER and Maude breaks many taboos in of God 206–07 THE INFLUENCE its story of an unlikely relationship between a young man and a 79- WALKABOUT John Cassavetes, 1974 year-old woman. They meet through their mutual interest in Nicolas Roeg, 1971 A Woman Under the Influence was funerals, but their characters could a family affair, with the director’s not be more different. Harold Based on James Vance Marshall’s wife Gena Rowlands taking the (Bud Cort) is morbid and suicide novel, Nicolas Roeg’s beautiful lead, and with both of the couple’s obsessed, doing his best to thwart and haunting movie Walkabout is mothers in the movie, too. his mother’s efforts to make him about a teenage schoolgirl (Jenny Rowlands plays Mabel, who is so conform to the expectations Agutter) and her young brother (Luc unstable in her desperation to of his privileged upbringing. Roeg) stranded in the Australian please that her husband Nick (Peter Maude (Ruth Gordon) relishes every outback after their father kills Falk) commits her to an institution. moment of life, with a complete himself. They meet an Aboriginal However, Nick proves no better disregard for rules and disdain for boy (David Gulpilil) who helps than Mabel at looking after their money. The movie’s ending reveals them survive in the wild, though children. Upon her release Mabel a secret that explains Maude’s communication between them seems unable to cope, but the attitude. In the background looms is difficult. Metaphors abound children’s profession of love for her the threat of Vietnam for Harold, as in Roeg’s movie, and the outback seems to offer hope. Cassavetes’ his uncle tries to persuade him to has a hallucinogenic intensity, picture of the family is unflinching enlist. It is a warm, irreverent movie full of movement and color, but ultimately liberating in its with moments of comic genius. suggesting a vibrancy and an freedom from judgement.

338 DIRECTORY SHOLAY elite following independence, who Morricone. The movie begins in exploited the poor and became 1916 and tells the story of Chicago Ramesh Sippy, 1975 pawns in the colonial game. steelworker Bill (Richard Gere) who, after a bust-up with his boss, flees Often credited to director Ramesh ERASERHEAD to Texas with his girlfriend Abby Sippy’s producer father G. P. Sippy, (Brooke Adams) and teenage sister Sholay is a Hindi action-adventure David Lynch, 1977 Linda (Linda Manz), who narrates movie, which transported the the movie. They work long hours conventions of the Hollywood David Lynch’s debut feature was in the fields until, seeing a chance Western to India, to create the an enigmatic, low-budget movie to escape poverty, Bill encourages country’s first blockbuster. Set in that became a cult hit. The story Abby to marry the farmer, who the rocky terrain of Karnataka in focuses on Henry Spencer (Jack has apparently just a year to live. southern India, it tells the story of Nance), a label printer with a weird However, the farmer lives on, and two small-time villains, Veeru and shock of hair, whose girlfriend has the story spirals into a tragedy of Jai, who become heroes when a reptilian-looking premature baby. jealousy and biblical plagues. they are hired by a retired police But the basic plot is just a hook for officer to help capture the dacoit an increasing array of unsettling APOCALYPSE NOW (bandit) Gabbar Singh, who is images and scenarios. The movie’s terrorizing their village. Some title comes from a moment when Francis Ford Coppola, 1979 critics condemned the movie’s part of Henry’s head is removed glorification of violence, but it was and taken to a pencil factory to Inspired by Joseph Conrad’s 1899 a huge hit at the box office in India, be made into erasers. novella Heart of Darkness, Coppola’s and quotes from the movie (“What’s See also: Blue Velvet 256–57 Apocalypse Now is set during the going to happen to you now, Vietnam War, as Captain Willard Kaalia?”) are embedded in Indian DAWN OF THE DEAD (Martin Sheen) is ordered to go culture. It is the defining “masala” deep into the jungle and kill Colonel movie—a blend of action, drama, George A. Romero, 1978 Kurtz (Marlon Brando), a decorated comedy, romance, and music. officer who has gone insane and Dawn of the Dead is the classic commands his troops as a XALA zombie horror movie, an demigod. The difficulties faced unrestrained follow-up to Romero’s while filming in the Philippines are Ousmane Sembene, 1975 1968 feature Night of the Living legendary, but the result was a Dead. After the US is devastated by movie of hallucinatory power, with Xala is a movie by Senegalese an infection that reanimates the a relentless sound track that swings director Ousmane Sembene, dead, four friends escape by from roaring helicopter blades to adapted from his own novel. “Xala” helicopter and hole up in a the pounding rock of The Doors. (pronounced “hala”) is the curse of shopping mall, where they have all See also: The Godfather 200–05 sexual impotence that businessman their needs met but are besieged El Hadji believes has befallen him by the living dead. While the movie RAGING BULL after his third marriage. As he is generally regarded as a clever searches for a cure, El Hadji critique of American consumerism, Martin Scorsese, 1980 neglects his business. Finally, a it is also an unashamed gore fest. beggar who has haunted his office Robert De Niro’s Jake La Motta is for years reveals it was he who laid DAYS OF HEAVEN a hungry and desperate boxer who, the curse on El Hadji, for ruining after finally winning a champion’s his own life years before. El Hadji Terrence Malick, 1978 belt, descends into a world of seedy will only be cured by standing bribes. He abuses his wife and all naked while beggars spit on him. Days of Heaven is most memorable his friends, and ends up bloated The movie is seen as a metaphor for for its sumptuous Texan landscapes and overweight. It’s a measure of the French-speaking Senegalese and its captivating score by Ennio Scorsese’s and De Niro’s skill that

DIRECTORY 339 viewers retain their sympathy for government agents move in. The PARIS, TEXAS this angry, frustrated man as he movie is also notable for some desperately tries to prove himself outstanding performances by its Wim Wenders, 1984 to the world. child actors, including Henry See also: Taxi Driver 234–39 Thomas as Elliott and Drew Paris, Texas opens with a man Barrymore as Gertie. (Harry Dean Stanton) wandering THE SHINING See also: Jaws 228–31 lost in the Texan desert, and follows his slow and painful return Stanley Kubrick, 1980 SCARFACE to his old life, as his brother drives him across the country to Los Adapted from Stephen King’s book Brian De Palma, 1983 Angeles to be reacquainted with of the same name, Kubrick’s The his son and wife. Playwright Sam Shining turned the author into a Violent, graphic, and over the top, Shepard wrote the script, producing household name. Jack Nicholson Brian De Palma’s remake of the a sensitive and understated plays the writer (and recovering 1932 Howard Hawks movie pulls no character study that explores the alcoholic) Jack Torrance, who takes punches as it charts the rise and nature of family and fatherhood, an off-season caretaker job at the fall of gangster Tony Montana, as the man, who starts the movie Overlook Hotel in the Colorado played with relish by Al Pacino. mute, gradually regains his voice Rockies, bringing his wife Wendy Montana spirals so far out of control and identity. Shot by Wenders’s (Shelley Duvall) and young son, that he kills his sister’s husband regular collaborator Robby Müller, Danny, to stay with him in the vast, on her wedding night. The movie the movie features stunning, bleak empty building. Over the weeks, divided critics. Some reveled in its shots of the desert and of the Danny is haunted by increasingly detailed characterization; others seedy neon world of the city. horrifying visions as Jack slowly found it unpleasant and clichéd. See also: Wings of Desire 258–61 becomes homicidal, eventually chasing his family with a fire axe BLOOD SIMPLE COME AND SEE and the now-famous cry, “Heeere’s Johnny!” Kubrick laced the movie Joel and Ethan Coen, 1984 Elem Klimov, 1985 with symbolism to produce a horror masterpiece, although King is said The Coens began their directorial Soviet director Elem Klimov’s not to have liked it. careers with this blood-soaked Come and See is one of the few See also: Dr. Strangelove 176–79 ■ debut, a noirish thriller that movies to show the devastation of 2001: A Space Odyssey 192–93 features many of the themes they war without a redeeming gleam would revisit in later movies. A of heroism. Drawing on Klimov’s E.T. THE EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL sleazy bar owner (Dan Hedaya) own boyhood trauma of fleeing hires an even sleazier private the besieged city of Stalingrad Steven Spielberg, 1982 detective (M. Emmet Walsh) to kill during World War II, the movie his wife (Frances McDormand). follows the boy Florya, who Few screen creatures have Through crossing, double-crossing, joins the Belarusian partisans captured the hearts of the world and plain incompetence, the hit to fight the Nazis but is separated as effectively as Spielberg’s E.T., goes bloodily wrong for everyone from his unit. An explosion shatters with its giant, baby eyes and the involved. Yet the Coens succeed his eardrums, and from then on the distinctive cute, rasping voice in making the outcome absurd, movie moves through a series of (spoken by Pat Welsh). Spielberg’s funny, horrible, and inevitable. ever more dire scenes, including direction and Melissa Mathison’s Critic Roger Ebert has remarked one that shows his home village script mix sentiment, sadness, and of the Coens’ skill in plotting that piled high with corpses. There comedy in just the right proportions “they build crazy walls with is no redemption in the movie, or to keep the audience enthralled as sensible bricks,” and this was never flinching, and yet Klimov finds E.T. befriends 10-year-old Elliott more true than in Blood Simple. a strange beauty in the terrible and then faces danger when See also: Fargo 282–83 images he creates.

340 DIRECTORY BRAZIL a priest to perform a passion play. gunrunning ring. It is relentlessly To prepare a thought-provoking pacy and uncompromising in its Terry Gilliam, 1985 production, Daniel draws on violence, with explosive action academic research relating to scenes and slow-motion gunfights Terry Gilliam’s Brazil (which takes the life of Christ, but his novel that become almost balletic even its title from a 1939 song) is part interpretation of the story upsets as they horrify. The centerpiece satire, part fantasy. It is set in a the Church authorities, and he finds of the movie is an action scene in surreal future where people are himself undergoing an ordeal that which a handheld camera follows trapped in humdrum urban lives parallels the Passion itself. The the two cops in a single shot, guns controlled by a Kafkaesque Ministry movie seems to challenge the blazing, through a hospital unit of Information. When an innocent established Church hierarchy, and up in an elevator to another man is wrongly arrested due to a suggesting that it would fail to floor. Woo’s action style has since bureaucratic error and dies in understand Christ if he returned. been widely imitated. custody, records functionary Sam Lowry (Jonathan Pryce) tries to HEARTS OF DARKNESS: A RESERVOIR DOGS make it right, and in the process FILMMAKER’S APOCALYPSE falls in love with the enigmatic Jill Quentin Tarantino, 1992 (Kim Greist) whom he fears may be Fax Bahr, George Hickenlooper, a terrorist working against the and Eleanor Coppola, 1991 Tarantino’s debut feature focuses ministry. The movie is probably the on the aftermath of a diamond most complete representation of Filmed by the director’s wife, heist gone wrong, as the gang Gilliam’s absurdist humor. Eleanor, this behind-the-scenes gathers in a warehouse and tries documentary follows the troubled to identify the traitor in its midst. DOWN BY LAW making of Francis Ford Coppola’s The movie made Tarantino a star, 1979 Vietnam War movie and drew strong performances Jim Jarmusch, 1986 Apocalypse Now. The production from its mostly male cast, including was beset with difficulties that Michael Madsen and Tim Roth. Shot on a low budget in black and paralleled the movie’s actual Its ultraviolence is made theatrical white, Down by Law adopts a narrative, with drunk, high, or by smart, rapid-fire dialogue laced laconic take on life. At some uncooperative stars, bad weather, with pop-culture references. moments bleak and others cheerful, and political problems on location Combined with sharp suits and it tells the story of three misfits— in the Philippines. The movie a retro sound track, the movie down-at-heel disc jockey Zack includes interviews with the introduced Tarantino as a new (Tom Waits), hustler pimp Jack surviving protagonists, in which and stylish filmmaker. (John Lurie), and lost Italian Coppola reflects on the experience: See also: Pulp Fiction 270–75 tourist Bob (Roberto Benigni)— “We were in the jungle, there were who happen to end up sharing too many of us, we had access to too NAKED a prison cell and decide to make much money, too much equipment, a break for it. As they go on the and little by little we went insane.” Mike Leigh, 1993 run through the Louisiana forests, See also: The Godfather 200–05 the story seems part dream, part Naked follows a young man from postapocalyptic nightmare. HARD BOILED Manchester, Johnny (David Thewlis), who, with nowhere else to go, turns JESUS OF MONTREAL John Woo, 1992 up at the London apartment of an old girlfriend (Lesley Sharp). Johnny Denys Arcand, 1989 Hard Boiled is a high-energy wanders the streets, where he has thriller about two unconventional chance encounters, including one Jesus of Montreal tells the story of Hong Kong cops, Tequila (Chow with night security guard Brian a company of actors led by Daniel Yun-Fat) and Alan (Tony Leung), (Peter Wight), who shows Johnny (Lothaire Bluteau) who are hired by who team up to break a the workings of his mundane job.

DIRECTORY 341 “Don’t waste your life,” warns kill Pauline’s mother when she tries so, God will cure Jan. Scandalized, Brian, but this bleak movie ends as to keep them apart. As the girls her local church casts her out, but it began, with Johnny on the move, blur the line between reality and when, at the end, she sacrifices her in the process of doing just that. the fantasy world they create with life, Jan is apparently cured. Director Mike Leigh uses a long stories, pictures, and plastic rehearsal process with his actors to figurines, so does Jackson, creating TASTE OF CHERRY develop characters and scripts for a movie that deals with a grim his movies, and in Naked, he story in a surprisingly uplifting way. Abbas Kiarostami, 1997 provoked a stunning performance See also: The Lord of the Rings: from Thewlis—egoistic, bitter, and The Fellowship of the Ring 302–03 Taste of Cherry, by Iranian director nihilistic, yet funny and endearing Abbas Kiarostami, is a minimalist at times. DRIFTING CLOUDS movie about a man who drives around Tehran, looking for someone SHORT CUTS Aki Kaurismäki, 1996 who will bury him once he has killed himself. We never find out Robert Altman, 1993 Drifting Clouds, by Finnish director why he wants to die. As he drives Aki Kaurismäki, is a wry, tender he picks up various candidates. Based on nine short stories by look at the lives of an ordinary Kiarostami had no script, but Raymond Carver, Robert Altman’s couple brought low by a recession. improvised the dialogue almost as Short Cuts follows the fortunes of Ilona (Kati Outinen) works in a a series of interviews, either from 22 ordinary people in Los Angeles restaurant and her husband Lauri the man’s point of view or that of as their lives interweave over a (Kari Väänänen) is a bus driver. The his passenger. The end, in which few days. The people, played by couple scrape by until both lose the man is seen waiting for death an all-star cast that includes Jack their jobs. Lauri loses his licence for in his grave, is surprisingly uplifting. Lemmon and Julianne Moore, have medical reasons, and although Ilona little in common, and do nothing finds a new restaurant job, she is WERCKMEISTER especially dramatic, but beneath cheated out of her wages. It ends HARMONIES their lives is a sense of insecurity ambiguously, but hopefully, with and unease about the future, the couple opening a restaurant Béla Tarr, 2000 symbolized by a plague of flies and seeing it fill with customers. and earthquake warnings. Altman The Hungarian movie Werckmeister creates a sense of something BREAKING THE WAVES Harmonies consists of just 39 long heroic in their willingness to keep shots in black and white, each a trying, hoping for something better. Lars von Trier, 1996 complete scene in itself. The story is set in a bleak town in winter. A HEAVENLY CREATURES Set in a remote part of Scotland circus arrives, and a stuffed whale in the 1970s, Breaking the Waves is its main attraction. The story is Peter Jackson, 1994 is the strange story of Bess (Emily seen through the eyes of the wise Watson). Deeply religious and fool János (Lars Randolph). János After an early career making low- naive, Bess begins to come out looks after György (Peter Fitz), budget splatter movies, Peter of her shell when she impulsively who believes the world’s problems Jackson had a dramatic change of marries Swedish oil rig worker Jan began with the musical theories direction with this touching movie (Stellan Skarsgård). Things change of 17th-century organist Andreas based on a true story about a dramatically when Jan is paralyzed Werckmeister. It may be an allegory murder in Christchurch, New in a rig accident. He tells her that for Communist-era Hungary. Its Zealand. Two misfit teenagers, rich they can still have a sex life—by target could also be capitalism English girl Juliet (Kate Winslet) proxy—if she will sleep with other or totalitarianism; either way, its and shy New Zealander Pauline men and describe for him her acts. view of humanity is pessimistic, (Melanie Lynskey), develop an Bess debases herself sexually with showing acts of collective brutality intense relationship and decide to other men, believing that by doing committed for no clear reason.

342 DIRECTORY AMORES PERROS and visual inventiveness. On finds himself obliged to care for it. the face of it, the movie tells the The movie is driven by the vibrant Alejandro González Iñárritu, 2000 story of aspiring actress Betty Kwaito music of Zola, described by Elms (Naomi Watts) who arrives one critic as “slowed-down garage Sometimes translated as Love’s in Los Angeles and makes friends music,” and a dynamic score by a Bitch, the Mexican movie Amores with amnesiac “Rita” (Laura Mark Kilian and Paul Hepker. Perros paints a disturbing world, Harring), but it follows many other especially with its graphic scenes little stories whose connection is CACHÉ of dog fighting. The movie is set in cryptic. Lynch described the movie Mexico City, and consists of three as “a love story in the city of Michael Haneke, 2005 stories of loyalty and disloyalty, dreams,” and offered no more each involving a dog and briefly explanation than that. Michael Haneke’s Caché (Hidden) linked by a car accident. Octavio See also: Blue Velvet 256–57 is a French psychological thriller runs off with his brother’s wife; starring Daniel Auteuil and Juliette Daniel leaves his wife for a model GOOD BYE, LENIN! Binoche as a well-to-do couple who who then loses her leg; and the are sent a series of anonymous hitman El Chivo is trying to make Wolfgang Becker, 2003 surveillance videos showing contact with the daughter he the exterior of their home. The abandoned at two years old. Wolfgang Becker’s tender movie videos take on a more disturbing tells a story set in East Berlin just significance when they are IN THE MOOD FOR LOVE before and after the reunification accompanied by crayon drawings of Germany. In 1989, Alex’s mother that reveal an intimate knowledge Wong Kar-Wai, 2000 suffers a nearly fatal heart attack of the man’s early years, when his when she witnesses him being family was considering adopting Chow (Tony Leung) and Su (Maggie arrested while involved in an an Algerian boy. The movie is Cheung) are neighbors in a Hong antigovernment protest. She falls partly about the repressed memory Kong apartment block in 1962. Each into a coma and doctors warn Alex of la nuit noire, the night of October is convinced that their spouse is that any sudden shock—such as the 17, 1961, in Paris, when French having an affair—perhaps with the news that the Berlin Wall has just police massacred demonstrators other’s spouse—and they meet to fallen—could kill her. And so, when against the Algerian War. Haneke discuss it. They are aware that they she awakes, Alex goes through an skillfully handles the political may be in love with each other, but elaborate and touching charade to message while keeping a taut, resist, unwilling to make the same keep her believing that life is edge-of-the-seat menace that mistake as their partners. The carrying on as normal in the GDR. carries the movie along. resignation to their fate is perfectly See also: The White Ribbon 323 underpinned by the movie’s TSOTSI luminous cinematography and the TIMES AND WINDS slow, mesmerizing sound of a Gavin Hood, 2005 repeated Nat King Cole melody. Reha Erdem, 2006 Adapted from an Athol Fugard MULHOLLAND DR. novel, Gavin Hood’s Tsotsi is the Reha Erdem’s Times and Winds is story of David, an inhabitant of a visual poem. It is an affecting David Lynch, 2001 a Johannesburg shantytown. As a look at the lives of three adolescent boy, David finds himself homeless children in a mountain village in Originally conceived as a TV series, and has to grow up quickly to Turkey—two boys, Ömer and Yakup, Mulholland Dr. leaves the viewer become Tsotsi, the brutal leader of and a girl Yildiz. Life in this bleak hanging, almost as if it were a a violent gang. He is stopped short place is harsh, as the villagers try trailer for episodes that will never when he finds a baby in the car of to scratch a living from the soil, but happen. It is full of Lynch’s one of his victims. The helplessness the challenges the three children characteristic enigmatic twists of the baby challenges him as he face in growing up are harder still.

DIRECTORY 343 This is no coming-of-age movie, driven insane. The movie seems to brothers used incidental music but a deeply felt and realistic get to the nub of capitalism’s true for this movie, explaining that its portrait that captures the pain nature: that, ultimately, it is about fairy-tale structure required it. and beauty of young life. domination not profit. TEN CANOES THE SECRET IN THEIR EYES HOLY MOTORS Rolf de Heer and Peter Djigirr, 2006 Juan José Campanella, 2009 Leos Carax, 2012 Ten Canoes was the first Australian Retired Buenos Aires federal agent Holy Motors, a fantasy drama by movie ever made completely in an Benjamín (Ricardo Darín) is writing French director Leos Carax, has Aboriginal language, and with an a novel, but has writer’s block. So been described as a parable of exclusively Aboriginal cast. But it he calls on former colleague Irene human relationships for the internet would be a mistake to think it was (Soledad Villamil) to go over the age. It is a hard movie to pin down, notable for these things alone. In details of a case they worked on however, and is certainly surreal. fact, it is a charming and hugely together 25 years earlier. As It follows businessman Monsieur imaginative movie in which there Benjamin revisits the case, he Oscar (Denis Lavant), who is taken is rich complexity behind apparent rekindles a buried passion for Irene, around Paris in a white limousine, simplicity. Set in the remote as well as revealing the obsessions driven by Céline (Edith Scob), Arnhem Land, at first the story of the other people involved in the entering a bizarre sequence of seems like a simple fable of young case. Campanella splits the action worlds and roles: as assassin, love, but with flashbacks to ancient between the 1990s and the 1970s, a raging father, bag lady, and many times it becomes a mesh of time of brutal military dictatorship, more. It defies narrative logic, and different perspectives. The most in which political murders were seems to combine the worlds of modern time period is shot in black sanctioned by the state. The result Lewis Carroll with those of David and white, while the past is is a movie that works both as a Lynch and Luis Buñuel. brought to life in color, a beautifully tightly scripted thriller with a very simple idea that illustrates how the clever twist, and as a frank THE GRAND past can be as vital as the present. examination of Argentina’s BUDAPEST HOTEL The movie is narrated by David troubled recent past. Gulpilil, who starred in Nicolas Wes Anderson, 2014 Roeg’s Walkabout, and one of the THE KID WITH A BIKE cast is Gulpilil’s son Jamie. In The Grand Budapest Hotel, Wes Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, 2011 Anderson maintains his reputation THERE WILL BE BLOOD for walking the line between folly The Kid With a Bike (Le gamin au and genius. Set in a fictional central Paul Thomas Anderson, 2007 vélo) is the tender story of 12-year- European state between the two old Cyril (Thomas Doret) finding world wars, the story recounts in At the heart of Paul Thomas comfort with a young woman called flashback the comic adventures Anderson’s There Will Be Blood is a Samantha (Cécile de France) who of Gustave H. (Ralph Fiennes), a remarkable performance by Daniel gives him a bicycle after his father legendary concierge, and his Day-Lewis as Daniel Plainview, the abandons him. Samantha is in trusted bellboy Zero Moustafa silver miner turned oilman in his some ways a fairy godmother, but (Tony Revolori and F. Murray ruthless pursuit of wealth. To the Dardenne brothers’ directing Abraham). The plot is driven by persuade small landowners to allow keeps the movie realistic. Their Gustave H.’s attempts to get his him to drill on their land, Plainview work owes a clear debt to neorealist hands on a priceless painting, with presents himself as a prophet of classics about childhood such the rise of fascism providing the profit. He becomes so obsessed as Kes and The Bicycle Thief. In background tension. The film is a with finding oil and destroying his a departure from their previous, fast-moving farce, a love story, and competitors that he is eventually intensely naturalistic work, the a lament for a vanished aged of spa hotels and their eccentric guests.

344 INDEX Numbers in bold indicate main entries. Apocalypse Now 197, 205, 206, 226, Bergman, Ingrid 72–73, 75, 143 319, 338 Best Years of Our Lives, The 45 3D 106, 269 Bicycle Thief, The 37, 45, 94–97, 132 8½ 162, 165 Apollo 13 326 Big Deal on Madonna Street 162, 165 12 Monkeys 172 Arcand, Denys 340 Big Heat, The 47, 332–33 39 Steps, The 44 Arletty 81 Big Sleep, The 12, 65, 75 400 Blows, The 94, 107, 150–55, 158 Armstrong, Robert 49 Bigelow, Kathryn 269, 320, 321 2001: A Space Odyssey 159, 179, Arquette, Patricia 327 Biggest Heroes, The 286 L’arrivée d’un train en gare de Bird, Robert 246 192–93, 247 Birds, The 142, 143 La Ciotat 12 Björnstrand, Gunnar 137, 138 A Artist, The 122 Black God, White Devil 174–75 Ascenseur pour l’échafaud 333 Black Hawk Down 253, 320 À bout de souffle 158, 166–67, 169, Ashby, Hal 337 Black Narcissus 86, 87 196, 286 Ashes and Diamonds 146–47 Blackthorne, Paul 300 Audran, Stéphane 198 Blade Runner 193, 227, 250–55 Abel, Alfred 33 Astin, Sean 303 Blair Witch Project, The 288 Academy Awards 19 Australian New Wave 233 Blind Chance 276 action adventure movies 228–31 Blindness 306 Adam, Ken 177 B Blood Simple 282, 283, 339 Agee, James 118 Blue Angel, The 19, 36 Aguirre, the Wrath of God 206–07 Bacall, Lauren 72, 75 Blue Velvet 197, 227, 256–57 Aiello, Danny 264 Back to the Future 229 Boal, Mark 320 Aimée, Anouk 163, 165 Baader Meinhof Complex, The 312 Body Snatcher, The 180 Albertazzi, Giorgio 170 Bahr, Fax 340 Bogart, Humphrey 13, 45, 72–74, 75, Aldrich, Robert 134 Banderas, Antonio 262 Alekan, Henri 85 Bandyopadhyay, Bibhutibhushan 133 166, 219 Ali: Fear Eats the Soul 159, 222–23 Banerjee, Karuna 133 Boileau, Pierre 107 Alien 226, 243, 252, 253, 298 Banerjee, Subir 132 Bonnie and Clyde 159, 166, 190–91 All About Eve 106, 332 Barbarella 159 Boot, Das 226, 248–49 All the President’s Men 226 Barranco, Maria 262 Borchert, Brigitte 37 All That Heaven Allows 106, 130, 222, 223 Barrault, Jean-Louis 81, 82 Borgnine, Ernest 195 Alland, William 69 Barravento 174 Boucher, Le 159, 198–99 Allen, Woody 226, 240, 241 Barrymore, Lionel 92 Boyd, Billy 303 Almodóvar, Pedro 227, 262 Bastos, Othon 175 Boyhood 15, 269, 327 Altman, Robert 341 Battle of Algiers, The 158, 182–87 Boyle, Danny 269, 318, 319 Amélie 281, 298–99 Battleship Potemkin 19, 28–29, 106 Brackett, Charles 114, 115 L’Amore 106 Beatty, Warren 190, 191 Bradshaw, Peter 97, 218, 308 Amores Perros 342 Beaufoy, Simon 318 Brando, Marlon 106, 116, 117, 184, 190, Amour 323 Beauty and the Beast 84, 227, 280 Anderson, Lindsay 50, 51 Becker, Wolfgang 312, 342 196, 202, 203, 204 Anderson, Paul Thomas 269, 343 Beckett, Samuel 175, 247 Brasseur, Pierre 81 Anderson, Wes 343 Before Sunrise 327 Brazil 340 Andersson, Bibi 137, 335 Belle de Jour 159, 336 Breaking the Waves 341 Andrei Rublev 244, 245 Belle et la Bête, La 84–85 Brecht, Bertolt 175 Andrews, Dana 79 Belmondo, Jean-Paul 166 Breslin, Jimmy 185 Andrews, Julie 180–81 Benchley, Peter 229 Bride of Frankenstein, The 52 Annie Hall 226, 240–41 Benny, Jack 76 Brief Encounter 332 Antonio das Mortes 175 Bérard, Christian 84 British New Wave 158, 159, 168–69, Antonov, Aleksandr 28 Bergman, Ingmar 107, 136–38, 139, Apartment, The 148, 149 222 240, 335 Brokeback Mountain 295 Brown, Joe E. 149 Browning, Tod 331 Bryant, Chris 212

INDEX 345 Buchheim, Lothar-Günther 248, 249 Christie, Julie 210 Curtis, Tony 14, 148–49 Buena Vista Social Club 261 Cinderella 20, 53 Curtiz, Michael 72 Build my Gallows High 118, 332 Cinema Novo (Brazil) 175 Cybulski, Zbigniew 146, 147 Bullock, Sandra 269, 326 Citizen Kane 13, 45, 66–71, 100, Buñuel, Luis 19, 50, 159, 208, 209, D 102, 180 330–31, 332, 336 City of God 268, 304–09, 318 Day, Josette 84 Burn! 184, 187 City Lights 19, 38–41, 95 Dalí, Salvador 19, 50, 208, 330 Buscemi, Steve 282 City of Lost Children, The 298 Dalio, Marcel 60, 61 Clair, René 50 Darabont, Frank 278, 279 C Clansman, The 22, 23 Dardenne brothers, Jean-Pierre Clarke, Arthur C. 192 Caan, James 205 Clayton, Jack 334 and Luc 343 Cabaret 180 Clockwork Orange, A 159, 179, Dark Water 288, 289 Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, The 18, 24–27 Das Gupta, Uma 133 Caché 323, 342 192, 337 Dassin, Jules 333 Cain, James M. 78 Clooney, George 263, 326 Dasté, Jean 51 Calamai, Clara 78 Close Encounters of the Third Kind Davies, Marion 71 Campanella, Juan José 343 Davis, Bette 106, 134 Canby, Vincent 207, 232 193, 226, 228, 230 Dawn of the Dead 338 Canudo, Ricciotto 14 Close, Glenn 249 Day the Earth Stood Still, The 106, 180 Cape Fear 118, 239 Closely Observed Trains 335 Day for Night 152 Capra, Frank 90–92, 93 Clouzot, Henri-Georges 13, 106, Days of Heaven 338 Carax, Leos 343 Dazed and Confused 327 Carette, Julien 60 107, 128 de Heer, Rolf 343 Carné, Marcel 45, 80–82, 83 Cocteau, Jean 84, 85 de Landa, Juan 78 Caro, Marc 298 Coen, Joel and Ethan 268, 282, De Niro, Robert 226, 236, 239 Carr, Charmian 181 De Palma, Brian 239, 339 Casablanca 45, 72–75 283, 339 De Sica, Vittorio 37, 45, 94, 97, 132 Casares, Maria 82 Colbert, Claudette 91 Dead Man Walking 278 Cassavetes, John 134, 263, 337 collision 29 Dead Poets Society 232, 233 Cassel, Vincent 281 color 14, 57 Dean, James 131 Castelnuovo, Nino 173 Coltrane, Ellar 327 Decroux, Étienne 81 Castle of Cagliostro, The 296, 297 Come and See 339 Deer Hunter, The 239 Catch-22 159 Committee Investigating Un-American Del Rey, Geraldo 174–75 Central Station 285 Delicatessen 298 Ceylan, Nuri Bilge 269, 324, 325 Activities 45 DeMille, Cecil B. 114 Chabrol, Claude 166, 198, 199 Company of Wolves, The 314 Demy, Jacques 173 Chaffey, Don 335 Constant Gardener, The 306 Deneuve, Catherine 173 Champlin, Charles 193 Contempt 46, 167 Departed, The 237 Chandler, Raymond 115 Conversation, The 159, 205 Deren, Maya 331 Chanel, Coco 171 Cool Hand Luke 278 Dern, Laura 256 Chang Chen 295 Cooper, Merian C. 49 Deschanel, Zooey 56 Chaplin, Charlie 18, 19, 40, 41, Coppola, Eleanor 340 Devi, Chunibala 132 Coppola, Francis Ford 159, 202, 204, Devil’s Backbone, The 314, 316 44, 51, 95, 96 Diaboliques, Les 107, 128 Chelsea Girls 159, 188 205, 206, 239, 338 Dietrich, Marlene 19, 36, 143 Cheng Pei-pei 294 Corman, Roger 213 Dirty Harry 159 Chiaki, Minoru 110 Cotten, Joseph 70 The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie Chien Andalou, Un 19, 50, 159, 208, The Counterfeiters 312 Coward, Noel 102 159, 208–09 330–31 Crash 268 Disney, Walt 34, 44, 53, 227 Children of Men 326 crime movies 46–47, 134, 190–91, Distant 325 Children of Paradise 45, 80–83 216–21, 270–75, 304–09, 324–25 Divorce Italian Style 165 Chinatown 159, 216–21, 226 Cronenberg, David 227, 268 Django Unchained 275 Chloe 284 Cronos 316 Djigirr, Peter 343 Choi Min-sik 310–11 Crosland, Alan 330 Do the Right Thing 264 Chow Yun-fat 293 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 268, 290–95 Crowther, Bosley 84, 165, 167 Cruel Sea, The 248 Cuadrado, Luis 214 Cuarón, Alfonso 269, 326 Cukor, George 58, 62, 63 Cuny, Alain 164

346 INDEX documentaries 322 F gangster movies 200–05, 304–09 Dogme 95 manifesto 268, 286, 287 Ganz, Bruno 258, 259 Dolce Vita, La 158, 160–65 Fahrenheit 451 152, 213 Garbo, Greta 19 Dommartin, Solveig 260 Fairbanks, Douglas 19 García Lorca, Federico 208 Donen, Stanley 122 Falconetti, Maria 35 Garland, Judy 56 Don’t Look Now 210–13 Falk, Peter 258, 260, 261 Gaynor, Janet 30 Double Indemnity 114, 115, 331 Fallen Idol, The 103 Gedeck, Martina 312 Double Life of Veronique, The 276, 277 Fargo 268, 282–83 Generation, A 146 Down by Law 340 Fassbinder, Rainer Werner 159, Geraghty, Brian 321 Downfall 312 German Expressionism 18, 26, 27, 32, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 58 222, 223 Dr. Mabuse the Gambler 32, 33, 47, 330 Fehér, Friedrich 26 45, 118, 121 Dr. No 158 Fellini, Federico 107, 162, 163, 165, 333 Ghost Actress 289 Dr. Strangelove 158, 176–79, 192 Fernán Gómez, Fernando 215 Giger, H. R. 243 Dracula 44, 45 Festen 268, 286–87 Gilliam, Terry 172, 340 Dreyer, Carl Theodor 35 Field, Shirley Anne 169 Gimpera, Teresa 215 Dreyfuss, Richard 230 film noir 78, 79, 100–03 Girotti, Massimo 78 Drifting Clouds 341 Finney, Albert 169 Gish, Lillian 23, 121 Dry Summer 334–35 Fisher, Carrie 242 Gladiator 253 Duck Soup 48, 240 Fistful of Dollars, A 110 Gleiberman, Owen 275 Duellists, The 253 Fitzcarraldo 206 Glengarry Glen Ross 149 Dugan, Tom 77 Five Easy Pieces 218 Godard, Jean-Luc 46, 152, 158, 159, Dullea, Keir 193 Fleming, Victor 56–57, 58, 62–63 Dumont, Margaret 48 Fonda, Henry 91 166, 167, 196, 286 Dunaway, Faye 190, 191, 218 Fonda, Peter 159, 196, 197 The Godfather 159, 200–05 Dune 257 For Whom the Bell Tolls 72 The Godfather: Part II 159, 202, 205, Duras, Marguerite 170 Forbidden Planet 107 Ford, Harrison 218, 233, 242, 249, 236, 239 E Godzilla 14, 106, 107, 129 252, 255 Goebbels, Joseph 44 Ealing comedies 45, 98–99 Ford, John 135, 331 Golstein, Coco 51 East of Eden 117, 131 Forrest Gump 275 Gone Girl 113 Eastwoood, Clint 249 Foster, Jodie 237, 238 Gone with the Wind 45, 56, 58, Easy Rider 159, 196–97, 218 Frankenheimer, John 334 Eat Drink Man Woman 295 Frankenstein 33, 44, 45, 52, 214 62–63 Ebert, Roger 14, 75, 101, 124, 133, 135, Frantic 218, 221 Gong Li 265 Freaks 331 González Iñárritu, Alejandro 342 188, 199, 236, 260, 264, 285, 309, 322 Freeman, Morgan 279 Good Bye, Lenin! 312, 342 Edison, Thomas 12 French Connection, The 159 Goodfellas 236, 237, 306 Egoyan, Atom 284 French, Philip 63, 314 Goring, Marius 87 Eisenstein, Sergei 19, 28, 29, 245 French New Wave 51, 83, 97, 107, 152, Gowariker, Ashutosh 300, 301 Ekberg, Anita 163 Graduate, The 159, 335 Ekerot, Bengt 137 155, 158, 166, 167, 171, 173, 175, 199 Grand Budapest Hotel, The 343 Elephant Man, The 256, 257 Frend, Charles 248 Grand Illusion, The 60, 61 Enter the Dragon 159 Freund, Karl 18, 46 Grant, Cary 64–65, 142, 149 Entranced Earth 175 From Here to Eternity 106 Grapes of Wrath, The 135, 331 epics, historical 22–23 Front Page, The 64 Gravity 269, 326 Eraserhead 256, 257, 338 Funny Games 323 Great Depression 40, 41, 44, 62, Erdem, Reha 342 Furneaux, Yvonne 163 Erdogan, Yilmaz 324 91, 118 Erice, Victor 214, 215 G Great Dictator, The 40 Erksan, Metin 334 Great Train Robbery 18, 330 Escape from Alcatraz 278 Gable, Clark 63, 91 Green Mile, The 278, 279 E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial 227, 230, 339 Gallipoli 232, 233 Green Zone 320 experimental movies 170–71, 188 Gangs of New York 237, 268 Greenaway, Peter 170 Exterminating Angel, The 208 Greene, Graham 45, 47, 101–03 Greengrass, Paul 320 Greenwood, Joan 99 Griffith, D. W. 18, 22, 62 Grimm, Brothers 53, 85 Guillén, Fernando 262 Guinness, Alec 45, 98, 99, 158, 242 Gunton, Bob 279

INDEX 347 H Hobbit, The 269, 302–03 Jo Yeong-wook 311 Hoffman, Dustin 159, 190, 249 Joan of Arc 58 Hackman, Gene 159, 191 Holden, William 115, 195 Johnson, Ben 195 Hadjadj, Brahim 185 Holm, Ian 284 Johnston, Sheila 73 Hagen, Jean 123 Holy Motors 343 Joint Security Area 310 La Haine 281 Honda, Ishiro 129 Jolson, Al 19, 30 Haley, Jack 57 Honma, Noriko 110–11 Jules et Jim 152, 334 Haller, Ernest 63 Hood, Gavin 342 Julien Donkey-Boy 286 Hamer, Robert 98, 99, 168 Hopper, Dennis 159, 196, 197, 218, 256 Jurassic Park 228 Hamill, Mark 242 House of Flying Daggers 292 Hammerstein II, Oscar 180, 181 Howard, Leslie 63 K Hammid, Alexander 331 Howard, Ron 326 Hand, David 53 Howard, Trevor 101 Kael, Pauline 15, 50, 80, 133, 148, 213 Handke, Peter 258–61 Hudson, Rock 130 Kalatozov, Mikhail 335 Hands of Orlac, The 26, 27 Human Beast, The 60, 61 Kamath, Sudish 300 Haneke, Michael 269, 323, 342 Hunter, Kim 87, 116 Kanal 146, 147 Hannah, Daryl 253 Hurt Locker, The 269, 320–21 Kane, Charles Foster 68–71 Hannah and Her Sisters 240, 241 Huston, John 148, 218, 331 Kapò 184, 187 Hanson, Curtis 268 Hutchinson, Pamela 31 Karas, Anton 100 Hara, Setsuko 126, 127 Karloff, Boris 44, 52, 121, 159 Hard Boiled 340 IJ Kassovitz, Mathieu 281, 299 Harder They Come, The 337 Kaurismäki, Aki 341 Harold and Maude 337 I Am Cuba 335 Kaydanovsky, Aleksandr 246 Harryhausen, Ray 49, 269, 303 Ice Storm, The 292, 295 Kazan, Elia 106, 116, 117, 131, 203 Hauer, Rutger 252 Idiots, The 286 Keaton, Buster 18, 19, 34, 44, 114 Hawke, Ethan 327 Ill Met by Moonlight 87 Keaton, Diane 205, 240–41 Hawks, Howard 64, 65, 148 In the Mood for Love 342 Keitel, Harvey 236, 239 Hayden, Sterling 176 Indiana Jones 226, 229, 230 Kelly, Gene 122–23, 124, 173 Hays Code 44 Innocents, The 334 Kelly, Grace 143 Hearst, William Randolph 45, 71 Inside Llewyn Davis 282 Kes 336 Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker’s Interstellar 326 Khan, Aamir 300–01 Intolerance 18, 22–23 Khan, Irrfan 318 Apocalypse 340 Invasion of the Body Snatchers Khan, Mehboob 300 Heaven 276 Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey 301 Heavenly Creatures 302, 303, 341 107, 194, 333 Kiarostami, Abbas 341 Hedges, Chris 321 The Invisible Man 45, 52 Kid Auto Races at Venice 18 Hedren, Tippi 143 It Always Rains on a Sunday 98, 168 The Kid with a Bike 343 Hellboy 316 It Happened One Night 90, 91, 93 Kieslowski, Krzysztof 276, 277 Helm, Brigitte 33 Italian neorealism 94–97 Kill Bill: Vol. 1 269, 272, 275 Helmore, Tom 142 It’s a Wonderful Life 88–93, 142 Kind Hearts and Coronets 45, Henckel von Donnersmark, Florian 312 Ivan’s Childhood 245 Henreid, Paul 73–75 Jackson, Peter 269, 302, 303, 341 98–99, 158 Henzell, Perry 337 Jackson, Samuel L. 274 King, The 322 Hepburn, Katharine 13 Jacob, Irène 276 King of Comedy, The 236 Hermann, Irm 222 Jagger, Mick 210, 213 King Kong 44–45, 49, 84, 269 Herrand, Marcel 81 Jamieson, Wendell 93 King Kong (remake) 302, 303 Herrmann, Bernard 70 Jannings, Emil 36 King, Stephen 278, 279 Herzog, Werner 206, 207, 337 Janowitz, Hans 26 Kinski, Klaus 206 Hickenlooper, George 340 Jarmusch, Jim 340 Kiss Me Deadly 134, 272 Higashiyama, Chieko 126 Jason and the Argonauts 49, 335 Klimov, Elem 339 Hiroshima mon amour 170 Jaws 14, 15, 226, 228–31, 243 Koch, Sebastian 312 His Girl Friday 64–65 Jazz Singer, The 19, 30, 40, 122, 330 Korda, Alexander 62, 103 Hitchcock, Alfred 19, 27, 44, 71, 91 Jesus of Montreal 340 Korine, Harmony 286 Jet Li 292 Kosma, Joseph 81 107, 128, 142, 143–44, 198, 199, 227, La Jetée 159, 172 Koundé, Hubert 281 230, 256, 334 Jeunet, Jean-Pierre 298 Kovacs, Ernie 149 Hitler, Adolf 36, 40, 69, 77, 149

348 INDEX Kragh-Jacobsen, Søren 286 Loach, Ken 97, 168, 184, 336 Married Woman, A 167 Krzyzewska, Ewa 146, 147 Lockwood, Gary 193 Marsh, James 322 Kubrick, Stanley 158, 170, 176–78, Lodger, The: A Story of the martial arts movies 159, 268, 290–95 Martin, Jean 186 179, 192–93, 226, 247, 252, 337, 339 London Fog 19 Marx Brothers 44, 48, 240 Kuleshov, Lev 29 Lombard, Carole 76 Kumiko, the Treasure Hunter 282 Look Back in Anger 168, 169 Chico 48 Kundun 237 Lord of the Rings, The: The Fellowship Groucho 48, 241 Kurosawa, Akira 13, 106, 107, 110, Harpo 13, 48 of the Ring 302–03 Zeppo 48 111–13, 129, 333 Lord of the Rings, The trilogy 269, 302 MASH 159 Kürten, Peter 46 Lorre, Peter 46, 47, 75 Mastroianni, Marcello 162–63, 165 Kyô, Machiko 110 Lost Highway 268 Matsushima, Nanako 289 Lubitsch, Ernst 45, 76, 77 Matter of Life and Death, A 86–87 L Lucas, George 226, 242 Matthau, Walter 64, 149 Lugosi, Bela 44 Mauch, Thomas 206 LA Confidential 268 Lulli, Folco 128 Maura, Carmen 262 La Pointe, Ali 184, 187 Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis Mayer, Carl 26 Lady from Shanghai, The 102 Mayer, Edwin Justus 76 Lagaan 300–01 12, 14, 18, 20 Maysles brothers, Albert and David 336 Lanchester, Elsa 52, 118 Lynch, David 13, 170, 227, 256, 257, Mean Streets 236, 237, 239 Land of Silence and Darkness 337 Meeker, Ralph 134 Lang, Fritz 13, 18, 19, 30, 32–33, 44, 46, 268, 338, 342 Meirelles, Fernando 268, 306, 307–09 Méliès, Georges 12, 13, 18, 20, 47, 79, 252, 330, 332–33 M 21, 84, 269 Larsen, Thomas Bo 287 Menzel, Jiri 335 Lasseter, John 280 M 32, 44, 46–47 Merrill, Virginia 40 Last Tango in Paris 203 McCarey, Leo 48 Meshes of the Afternoon 331 Last Temptation of Christ, The 237 McDaniel, Hattie 62, 63 “Method” acting technique 117, 203 Last Year at Marienbad 159, 170–71 McDormand, Frances 283 Metropolis 19, 30, 32–33, 46, 47, 252 Laughton, Charles 118, 121 MacDowell, Andie 263 Mickey Mouse 34, 53 Laura 79 McKellen, Ian 303 Micmacs 298 Leachman, Cloris 134 Mackie, Anthony 321 Midnight Cowboy 159, 336 Lean, David 98, 332 MacLachlan, Kyle 256 Mifune, Toshiro 110, 111 Léaud, Jean-Pierre 152 Macy, Wiliam H. 282 Miles, Vera 135 Lebanon 248 Mad Max 226 Miller, Arthur 94 Lederer, Charles 64 Magalhães, Yoná 174 Mira, Brigitte 223 Lee, Ang 268, 292, 295 Maggiorani, Lamberto 94 Mist, The 279 Lee, Bruce 159 Magnificent Seven, The 110 Mitchell, Margaret 62 Lee, Spike 227, 263, 264, 272, 281 Magritte, René 209 Mitchum, Robert 118 Lefebvre, Louis 51 Maids 306 Miyazaki, Hayao 296, 297 Legrand, Michel 173 Malanga, Gerard 188 Modern German Cinema 312 Leigh, Janet 143 Malcolm, Derek 83, 166 Modern Times 40, 96 Leigh, Mike 340–41 Malcolm X 264 Monaghan, Dominic 303 Leigh, Vivien 62, 63, 116, 117 Malick, Terrence 338 Monroe, Marilyn 148–49 Lemmon, Jack 64, 114, 148, 149 Malle, Louis 333 monster movies 44–45, 49, 52, 106, 129, Lengyel, Melchior 76 Maltese Falcon, The 45, 72, 75, 100, 228–31 Leone, Sergio 336 montage 29 Levring, Kristian 286 166, 218, 219, 331 Montand, Yves 128 Life and Death of Colonel Blimp, The Man Who Fell to Earth, The 210, 213 Montenegro, Fernanda 285 Man Who Knew too Much, The 144 Mori, Masayuki 110 86, 87 Man on Wire 322 Moritzen, Henning 287 Life of Pi 295 Manchurian Candidate, The 334 Morrissey, Paul 188 Lindblom, Gunnel 137 Manhattan 241 Mother India 300 Lindsay, Joan 232 Mankiewicz, Herman J. 71 Motorcycle Diaries, The 285 Linklater, Richard 263, 272, 327 Mankiewicz, Joseph L. 332 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Little Fugitive 155 Mantle, Anthony Dod 319 90, 91, 93 Lives of Others, The 312–13 Maoz, Samuel 248 Mühe, Ulrich 312 Livingston, Margaret 30 Marais, Jean 84 Mulholland Dr. 256, 257, 342 Marker, Chris 172