David_WHAP Newspaper Project (2)

Est. 500 The Post-Classical Era Price 6d ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY NEWSPAPER Wednesday, December 3, 1402 Major News EventsThe Grand Canal hasfinally been completed! Feudalism and Manorialism The House of Wisdom The Church has split! After several years of appear! opens in Baghdad! Byzantine Emperor Leo III has banned working, this 1,000-mile Feudalism appeared in Europe circa The House of Wisdom, whose the use of icons, because worshipping waterway for once links 850-950 CE. In a Feudalistic society, construction began under them is similar to adoring idols. He northern and southern began the movement of iconoclasm,China, and the Yellow and kings are at the top, above - in Caliph Harun al-Rashid and which included the destruction ofYangtze Rivers. Trade and descending order - nobles, knights, finished in the early 9th century under Caliph al-Mamun, is now religious images or icons. Partly due to transportation were and peasants. A political system iconoclasm and disparate opinionsfacilitated in eastern China based on land control, feudalism open to the public during the between members of the Church,from north to south; sundry Abbasid Dynasty. It includes athings, such as food, grain, includes a lord/landowner that leaders have divided it into two sects: the distributes fiefs (land grants) to library, an academy, and a Roman Catholic Church in the west, and and even people, were vassals in exchange for services, translation center. The House of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the easttransported throughout the such as working the land for crops Wisdom attracts scholars from (the Byzantine Empire). In Catholicism, like grain. Knights can also receive all over the world, and a myriad canal. Also, irrigation fiefs and in return protect their lords' of them have interpreted works mass is offered in latin, the pope has improves and food lands. Peasants pay taxes and supreme authority over bishops, and maintain/farm on a Lord’s self- from Greece, Rome, India, priests may not marry. On the otherproduction rises. In fact, the sufficient manor, and the Lord Persia, and a multitude of other hand, the Eastern Orthodox Church increase in food provides shelter and necessary cultures. In addition, advances conducts services in greek (or other local transportation and safety. Feudalism helps circumscribe have been made in medicine, languages), the patriarch and bishops distinct classes in Europe during the head the Church, the Byzantine Emperor availability help raise Middle Ages, and the classes are physics, geometry, overpowers the patriarch/bishops, and China’s population during regularly inherited. With the majority trigonometry, algebra, biology, priests are allowed to marry. Overall, the of the population as peasants, Lords Eastern Orthodox Church allows greater this period. Despite the and Kings had even more command science, and several other diversity for its people, and the RomanGrand Canal’s innumerable fields. The House of Wisdom Catholic Pope claims ascendancy over over the common people. inspires learning in the Islamic monarchs, emperors, and all types of benefits, it was built with Caliphates, and Muslims are peasant - and forced - known for their consummate people. labor. The millions of peasants that mandatorily learning institutions. were put to work seemdispleased and haveinstigated rebellions.

Events (cont'd) The 100 Years War Editorial: France or England?Genghis Khan unites the Mongols! The 100 Years War was a seemingly endless war against the French andBorn Temüjin, Genghis Khan the English from around 1337 to 1453 - really it lasted 116 years. The war started when King Edward III of England declared himself King of ascended the ranks and became Emperor of France, and also the King of France declared himself as King of England. The English and French Kings believed they were entitled to the other'sMongolia. His title, Genghis Khan, literally means throne due to land control and blood ties, for the territories are so close“Universal Ruler”. In 1206, that the bloodlines to the thrones are related. This abstruse situationhe accomplished the grew into debates and then into animosity, and finally into a war whenunification of the Mongol the English commenced attacks on the French.Empire by linking individual Supposedly, the wealthier and more powerful French military shouldtribes. He created a new have won easily, yet during the very beginning of the war Britainlegal code and reestablished dominated the French with some astounding victories. In the late 14th the military. Also, Genghis century the French sprouted out some demanding victories, then the English retook some power, and later the French did so as well - thisKhan began to elect officials went on for many years. This created a “seesaw affect” for the rest of theon sole talent and not due to war. During the later stages of the war in 1415, King Henry V of Britain took over most of France and married the French king's daughter and specific tribal affiliations. had a son, Henry IV, which was heir to the throne of France . It had looked like the end of France as a whole, but in the 1420s a young teenage girl who was known for being a remarkable Mystic (a person who was believed to have been sent visions from God) named Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) stepped up and led French troops to reclaiming their land and to their overall victory of the war. The war's end was not brought about by a peace treaty; the English recognized the French superiority and realized they could not be challenged any longer .

Editorial Section (cont'd) European Feudalism vs. Japanese Feudalism Feudalism is a prominent factor in the Japanese and the European societies during this post- classical time period. Both societies are constructed of a small noble class, a larger working/peasant class, and the merchant class. In Japan and Europe alike there is little social mobility. During the height of Feudalism, it has helped grow both civilizations' lands and,mainly, wealth. In a Feudal system, peasants are serfs, and are lawfully bound to their place by birth; they work and farm for their landlord in exchange for a share in the profit, some resources, and protection. Serfs are NOT slaves. A very significant difference between Japan and Europe during this era is that the Japanese see peasants with a higher social status than the merchants. They believe that the peasants work for their wellbeing, while the merchants merely sell the work of others for a profit. In contrast, the Europeans see the merchants higher than the peasants, and merchantsoftentimes become wealthy. Also, the treatment of women varies greatly throughout the world: in Japan, women are granted much freedom, can read, and are expected to be brave andhonorable, but in Europe peasant women are seen as weak and fragile and have little freedom, yet noblewomen could inherit land and defend castles. Both Japanese and European civilizations hold strong protection entities. The Japanesehave the Samurais, which protect the peasants and Japanese landlords, or Daimyos. They havebeen very successful, and have even defeated the Mongols. The Europeans, on the other hand, have the knights, which guard the manors and castles of the nobles and landowners. Both the knights and the Samurais serve a code of honor: the knights serve the code of Chivalry, while the Samurais serve the code of Bushido, which states a samurai must serve one master only and must be ready to shed his blood without fear of death. Both codes serve as a guide to moral and honorable ways of living, as well as serving the feudal lord. In addition, the code of Chivalry includes protecting the poor and weak.

Gossip & Advice Columns Peasants have had enough! Be a part of Labor Organizations!The peasant uprisings led to the decline of the Tang/Song dynasties. The peasants endured many hardships, such People should join the different labor unions available, such as the guilds in as forced labor on the Grand Canal by Sui Yangdi. China or Medieval Europe. During thePeasants rebelled, which led to his assassination. Finally, Southern Song era, trade was growingpeasant revolts broke out during the Song Dynasty due to and merchants that specialized in oppressive taxes and corruption. This caused the Song similar products came together to form dynasty to move across the Huang He River. guilds, whereby they could advertise to Another peasant revolt broke out in the Byzantine the local officials and manageEmpire, especially due to discontent with the government competition. Likewise, the firstmanagement. It all started at a chariot race, where poeple European guilds were comprised of people with the same occupations that started to riot. The Blues and Greens (political parties) kept prices up and contributed to theirwere the main factions. Justinian punished the ringleaders security, and later skilled artisansof both the Blues and Greens, which united them because began to form craft guilds as well. Guilds standardized wages, product of a common cause. Throughout the races the crowd quality, working conditions, and chanted the word Nika, which means \"Victory\", and the training of new members. Guilds are imperative to the working classes, and rioters wreaked havoc around the city. their success affects the government and economies of the world. If given a, chance, join a labor union!

Gossip & Advice Column (cont'd) In the Tang Dynasty there were mainly two traditional religions - Buddhism and Daoism. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, a famous Buddhist monk named Xuan Zang went to seek the Buddhist in India. In the process, Buddhist monks in the Tang Dynasty gradually formed a system of ideology which contained different sections of Buddhism. Later, in the Song Dynasty, a blend of Buddhist and Daoistphilosophies (NOT the mysticism) with emphasis on Confucian ethics fused together to create Neo-Confucianism, which rapidly gained favor. During the rapid development of Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism, some religions from foreign states, such as Islam, also spread to China. In Europe we see a rise in Christianity, and in Arabia a rise of Islam. Both religions are monotheistic, both honor the God of Abraham, and both had a split: the Great Schism of 1054 in Christianity, and the Sunni-Shi'a split in Islam. In addition, Christianity and Islam disseminate their religions to distant places, as seen with Muslims entering African societies and Christians' missionaries across Europe.Finally, the Christians fight Reconquista and undertake Inquisition, where they try to expel the Muslims and heretics from Spain. The Buddha Inquisition

ATTENTION! Bubonic Plague alert! Unfortunately, we inform that there have been anywhere from 75 to 200 million people killed by this harsh disease. May their souls rest in peace; we give our condolences to their families. The Bubonic Plague started as a minuscule bacteria that originated in central Asian Mongolia. Also known as the \"Black Death\", this disease spread rapidly across Asia, Anatolia, and Europe along trade routes like those of the Silk Roads and aboard merchant ships, on which this type of bacteria was a common passenger. This virulent disease was carried by rat fleas, which were infected by their hosts, nay rats. Eventually, humans became infected and human contact increased the spread of the Bubonic Plague massively.

The Silk Roads: the world's finest trade routes. Diffusion of ideas: China - idea of paper money, guilds => mainly the Islamic Caliphates and Eastern Europe, IndiaIslamic Caliphates - Islam, idea of bank notes (checks), scientific method, trigonometry, algebra, medicine field, Arabic numerals, (originated in India) => mostly Eastern Europe, India, China Mongols - Bubonic Plague, military strategies, relocation of artisans, nationalism => mostly the Islamic Caliphates, Eastern Europe, China India - Buddhism, Hinduism => China, Southeast Asia Items exchanged: Key Places: chinaware, gunpowder, Constantinople (Byzantium), geometry, math, science, Baghdad(Islamic Caliphates), medical advances, diseases,spices, food, grains, paper, silk, China, and India. Also, caravanserai, or roadside inns. and an abundance of others. Impact of items: The Bubonic Plague obliterated the population in Europe, Mongolia, and parts of the Islamic Caliphates (Middle East). It killed many people and led to social and economic upheavals. The Arabic Numerals were easy to work with and became widely used. Telescopes and microscopes incited scientific research, and the astrolabe helped navigate the seas.The compass, like the astrolabe, facilitated seafaring and traveling by adding a sense of directionand placement. Long-distance travels were now less perilous and could be done with less fear. In addition, Mongols relocated artisans to specific parts of trade routes due to the desire of quality products by wealthy individuals and societies. Gunpowder revolutionized warfare, for it could be used to destabilize enemies and potentially destroy many objects. Also, gunpowder could be utilized for fireworks to create brilliant displays of light with explosions.

The Indian Ocean Trade Routes: fantastic culturalexchanges! Diffusion of Ideas: Islamic Caliphates - Islam, algebra, trigonometry => East Key Places: African (and Swahili) societies, India Quanzhou and Guangzhou (China), India - Hinduism, mainly Buddhism => East Africa, China, Eastern Africa Southeast Asia (Ethiopia, , Mozambique, Somalia), CalicutItems exchanged: (India), Arabia/IslamicIvory, tools, wheats, Caliphatesspices, slaves, silk, and sundry others Impact of items: The compass and shipbuilding innovations improved traveling by sea, thus encouraging trade and communication between societies separated by water even more. Slaves from Africa helped labor in China, Arabia, and Southeast Asia. Slave labor was free and they could be owned like property, which meant most slaves were destitute of basic human rights. Fine porcelain and silk from China were highly demanded by traders and merchants, for many wealthy people sought those expensive products. Also, many port cities grew wealthy due to trade.

Weather Report Around the time period from AD 950-1250, the Medieval Warm Period, or MedievalWarm Epoch, arose. It is a climate change which could be related to many other climateevents around the world, such as being the cause for the Little Ice Age that came after it.The MWP covered an area from Greenland, eastward through Europe, and also someparts of Asia. It was given this name due to higher temperatures than the average in theregion. The temperature change was from about 1.8-3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, making thisevent one of the warmest times in the region. We still do not have a certain reason for this climate fluctuation, due to ourrudimentary technology, equipment, and tools - but we have an idea. Somescientists believe that the cause was an incoming solar radiation paired with a relativeabsence of volcanic activity. It has been said that this has been a very good time for farming and the production ofcrops. Although this climate change did bring many droughts, these were compensatedby the production of food supply.

Sport Section - WeaponsSong/TangAdvancements in weapons technology enhanced by gunpowder, including theevolution of the flamethrower, explosive grenade, firearm, cannon, and land mine,allowed the Song Dynasty to ward off their enemies until the Song's collapse in thelate 13th century. Mongols employed northern Chinese soldiers and used thesesame types of gunpowder weapons against the Song. By the 14th century the firearmand cannon could also be found in Europe, India, and the Islamic Middle East, duringthe early age of gunpowder warfare.Gunpowder Continued ➡️

Medieval Europe Siege TowerThe Middle Ages saw several weapons beingused in Europe, including the trebuchet,javelins, crossbows, and siege towers.Trebuchets could fling heavy objects todestroy castles, for a counterweight was usedto transfer energy into the projectile on a lever.Javelins and crossbows were used from longranges to attack a desired target. Javelins werelong spears thrown by hand, and crossbowsshot projectiles with a trigger system. Finally,siege towers, such as belfries, were used toaccess castles, and usually approached themstealthily disguised and on wheels. They wereusually made of wood, and consisted ofseveral stories, each of which containedattackers with specific tasks.

Local NewsIbn Battuta Women were given more freedom of speech and he was not used to that. He One of the best known travelers of the world is Ibn Battuta. was also surprised by the way people inHe is a Moroccan traveler that visited most of the Islamic Ma'diles and some Sub-Saharan regionsworld, and also many non-Muslim areas over a period of in Africa were too revealing, clothing-more than 30 years. He also visited Timbuktu, where he wise.realized he could \"travel without fear or crime\".Battuta was born in 1303 on the 25th of February. He wasborn in Tangier, Morocco into a family of Islamic legalscholars. In June 1325 at age 21, he left his hometown to goon a journey to Mecca, or a hajj. The trip took him 16 months,for he encountered many safety issues, as well as rebellions.He began his cherished desire by traveling alone, yet soon herealized joining a caravan would help reduce the risk ofattack. Throughout his journey he visited many places,including Tleme, Be-jaia, Tuhis, Alexandria, Cairo, and theMamluk Territory. After he spent the Muslim month of Ramadan in the city ofDamascus, he joined a caravan that was headed south toMedina. After the four days he spent in town he left to followhis path to Mecca. It was then at the completion of hispilgrimage that he took the calling of El-Hajj. After thisadventure he went on searching for more. Battuta, throughout his many journeys all over Asia, oftenexperienced cultural shock. The local customs were differentfrom what he was used to, coming from an Orthodox Muslimbackground. He was surprised and astonished by the waywomen among Turks and Mongols behaved.

Bubonic Plague along the Silk Roads

Fashion/Style Editorial Song/Tang Dynasty Trousers were the acceptable attire for peasants, soldiers, artisans, and merchants, although wealthy merchants could choose to wear more ornate clothing and male blouses that came down below the waist. Scholar-officials' apparel was defined by social ranking system. However, as time went on this rule of rank-graded apparel for officials was not as strictly enforced. Each official was able to display his awarded status by wearing different-colored traditional silk robes that hung to the ground around his feet, specific types of headgear, and even specific styles of girdles that displayed his graded-rank of officialdom. Women wore long dresses, blouses that came down to the knee, skirts and jackets with long or short sleeves. Women from wealthy families could wear purple scarves around their shoulders. The main difference in women's apparel from that of men was that it was fastened on the left, not on the right. Also, women practiced foot-binding to make their feet appear small and, thus, more attractive.