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[kaM% 2] vad% 6] tuojh&ekpZ 2022 Vol: 2, Issue: 6, January–March 2022 izkXT;ksfrdk PRAGJYOTIKA iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr vkSj fganh www.pragjyotikapatrika.com

lwpuk 1- ;g if=kdk fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ds ekudksa ds vuqlkj ^ih;j fjO;wM ,aM jsÝhM* 'kks/k if=kdk gSA 2- if=kdk esa izdkf'kr gksus okys ys[kksa dk IysxfjTe (Plagiarism) ijh{k.k vfuok;Z gSA 3- 'kks/k ys[k fganh vFkok vaxszth Hkk\"kk esa gksuk pkfg,A 4- 'kks/k lanHkZ] rF;] oDrO; vkfn dk Li\"V mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A 5- 'kks/k ys[k ekSfyd ,oa vizdkf'kr gksuk pkfg,A 6- ys[k esa 'kks/k lanHkks± dk mi;ksx vdknfed 'kks/k fu;eksa esa gksuk pkfg,A 7- 'kks/k ys[k ds lkFk ys[kd viuk laf{kIr ifjp;] ikliksVZ vkdkj dk QksVks] bZesy rFkk eksckby uacj vo'; HkstsaA 8- 'kks/k ys[k 2500 ls 5000 'kCnksa rd dk gks ldrk gSA daI;wVj ij vafdr 'kks/k lkexzh gh Lohdkj dh tk,xhA 9- vki ys[k [email protected] ij Hkst ldrs gSaA 10- izR;sd vad dh lwpuk if=kdk dh osclkbV www.pragjyotikapatrika.com ij miyC/k jgsxhA 11- 'kks/k if=kdk dh fdlh Hkh lkexzh dk fcuk vuqefr vU;=k izdk'ku vuqfpr gSA 12- 'kks/k i=k gekjh fo'ks\"kK leh{kk lfefr (Peer & Review Committee) ds }kjk f}&Lrjh; lehf{kr gksdj izdk'ku gsrq LohÑr fd;k tkrk gSA 13- if=kdk ds lHkh in voSrfud ,oa ifjorZuh; gSaA 14- if=kdk dk izdk'ku iw.kZr% vO;olkf;d gSA

[kaM % 2] vad % 6] tuojh& ekpZ] 2022 ikz XT;kfs rdk iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr vkSj fganh lkfgR;] ekufodh] lekt foKku vkSj izn'kZudkjh dykvksa dh ^ih;j fjO;wM ,¡M jsizQhM* 'kksèk if=kdk laiknd ijke'kZ eaMy izks- pUnu dqekj çks- uUn fd'kksj ik.Ms; jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] dyk ladk;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh& 110007 jktLFkku& 302004 vfrfFk laiknd çks- Kkurks\"k dqekj >k izkpk;Z] vkRekjke lukru èkeZ egkfo|ky;] MkW- izHkkalq vks>k fnYYkh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYYkh& 110021 MkW- ef.k dqekj çks- gjh'k dqekj 'kekZ fl¼kFkZ fo'ofo|ky;] dfiyoLrq] fl¼kFkZuxj] leh{kk lfefr mÙkj çns'k& 272202 çks- f=kHkqou çlkn çks- fgrsaæ feJ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh& 110007 ukWFkZ& bZLVuZ fgy fo'ofo|ky;] f'kykWUx] çks- çdk'k ukjk;.k e?s kky;& 793022 fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh& 110007 çks- lat; dqekj fetksje fo'ofo|ky;] vkbtksy] çks- jkds'k dqekj mikè;k; fetksje& 796004 dk'kh fganw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] fMtkbfuax ,oa Vkbfiax vkfon vyh] fnYYkh mÙkj çns'k& 121005 doj fMtkbfuax çks- vksdsu ysxks xkSjo flag] fnYYkh jktho xkaèkh fo'ofo|ky;] bZVkuxj] lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLo`Qfrd vè;;u dsanz] fnYYkh&110089 v#.kkpy çns'k& 791111 CENTRE FOR LITERA RYA ND CULTURAL MkW- fnO;T;ksfr egar STUDIES (CLCS), DELHI-110089 Ñ\".kdkar gkafMd jkT;Lrjh; eqÙkQ fo'ofo|ky;] xqokgkVh] vle& 781017 MkW- ujsaæ 'kqDy usg: Lekjd laxzgky; ,oa iqLrdky;] fnYyh& 110011

Volume : 2, Issue : 6 , Junuary -March, 2022 Pragjyotika Peer-Reviewed& Refereed Journal of Literature, Humanities, social science and Performing Arts Editor Advisory Board Prof. Chandan Kumar Prof. Nand Kishore Pandey Faculty of Arts University of Rajasthan, Jaipur University of Delhi, Delhi-11007 Rajsthan-302004 Guest-Editor Prof. Gyantosh Kumar Jha Principal, Atmaram Sanatan Dharma Dr. Prabhansu Ojha Dr. mani Kumar College, Delhi University, Delhi- 110021 Peer-Review Committee Prof. Harish kumar Sharma Prof. Tribhuwan Prasad Siddharth University Kapilvastu, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 Siddharth Nagar (UP)-272202 Prof. Prakash Narayan University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 Prof. Hitendra Mishra North-Eastern Hill University, Prof. Rakesh Kumar Upadhyay Banaras Hindu University Shillong, Varanasi (UP)-121005 Meghalaya-793022 Prof. Oken Lego Prof. Sanjay kumar Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Arunachal Pradesh-791111 Mizoram-796004 Dr. Dibyajyoti Mahanta Designing & Typing Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open Avid Ali, Delhi University, Guwahati, Assam-781017 Cover Designing Dr. Narendra Shukla Gaurav Singh, Delhi Nehru Memorial Museum and lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLo`Qfrd vè;;u dsanz] fnYYkh& 110089 Library, CENTRE FOR LITERA RYA ND CULTURA L New Delhi-110011 STUDIES (CLCS), DELHI-110089

lkfgR;] ekufodh] lekt foKku vkSj vuqØef.kdk çn'kZudkjh dykvksa dh =kSekfld 'kksèk if=kdk& çkXT;ksfrdk laiknd % izks- panu dqekj vfrfFk laiknd % MkW- izHkkalq vks>k@ MkW- ef.k dqekj çkXT;kfs rdk] •Ma % 2] vda 6% ] tuojh&ekp]Z 2022 Hkkjr eas fganh dks jk\"VªHkk\"kk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,&lh-dkeyksok © lkfgfR;d ,oa lkLa Ñfrd vè;;u dæas ] fnYyh (Hkkjr) &vk'kqrks\"k % 07 CENTRE FOR LITERA RYA ND CULTURA L ektqyh ds fganh çpkjd STUDIES (CLCS), DELHI, (INDIA) &ekèkwT;Z dey gtkfjdk % 12 çdk'kd % v{kj ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVhª C;Vw l]Z fnYYkh& 110090 iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr vkSj fganh &izks- ykypan jke % 16 A kshar Publisher& Distributors, fetksje esa fganh ds c<+rs pj.k Delhi-110090, Mo. 9711255121 &çks- lat; dqekj % 26 laikndh; dk;kZy; % ;wfuV uacj& 108 (çFke ry)] iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk Hkk\"kkbZ ifjn`'; vkSj fganh oèkZeku] ,lh ekdZsV] lh-,l-lh] CykWd& bZ] lsDVj& 18] &çks- fgrsaæ dqekj feJ % 39 jksfg.kh] fnYyh& 110089 (Hkkjr) f=kiqjk esa fganh ds çfr c<+rh vkReh;rk bZ& Eksy % [email protected] &equhUæ feJ % 43 UNIT N0. 108 (1ST FLOOR), VA RDHMA N, AC ef.kiqj esa fganh dh fLFkfr MARKET, C.S.C, BLOCK-E, SECTOR-18, ROHINI, & MkW- bZ- fot; y{eh % 47 DELHI-110089 (INDIA) f=kiqjk esa fganh Hkk\"kk o lkfgR; % ,d voyksdu okf\"kZd ewY; % O;fÙkQxr çfr vad % 250 &MkW- dkyh pj.k >k % 51 okf\"kZd % 1000 fons'kksa esa çfr vad % US $ 5 flfDde esa fganh f'k{k.k okf\"kZd % US $ 15 &Nqdh ysIpk % 54 laLFkkxr okf\"kZd % 1500 eqæd % v{kj ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVhª C;Vw l]Z fnYYkh& f=kiqjk esa dyk vkSj fganh 110090 &MkW- vferk feJ % 57 Akshar Publisher & Distributors, ef.kiqj esa fganh dk ifjn`'; &MkW- vkj-ds- eksch flag % 60 Delhi-110090, Mo.: 9711255121 flfDde esa fganh bl if=kdk esa çdkf'kr ys•dksa ds er vkSj LFkkiukvksa &lqokl nhid % 63 dk ^lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLÑfrd vè;;u dsaæ] fnYyh* o ^çkXT;ksfrdk* dk lger gksuk vko';d ugha gSA vle ds ekjokM+h leqnk; vkSj fganh çdkf'kr lkexzh ds mi;ksx ds fy, Lokeh@çdk'kd &tkfgnqy nhoku % 67 dh vuqefr vko';d gSA fdlh Hkh fookn ds fuiVkjs dk U;k; {ks=k fnYyh gksxkA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa fganh dh fodkl ;k=kk LokfeRo % lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLÑfrd vè;;u dsaæ] &vuar feJ % 71 fnYyh (Hkkjr) fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr % dy] vkt vkSj dy CENTRE FOR LITERA RYA ND CULTURA L STUDIES (CLCS), &ehuk{kh % 75 DELHI, (INDIA) ns'k dks tksM+rh gqbZ iwoksZÙkj dh fganh &lw;Zçdk'k % 80

laiknd % çks- pUnu dqekj iow kÙsZ kj vkjS fgna h ds çes dh dgkuh ijq kuh gAS iUægoha dks uk;d cukus esa lg\"kZ rS;kj jgkA T;ksfr vxjokyk fganh 'krkCnh esa vlfe;k ds ,d cgqr çfl¼ dfo gq, Jhear lsoh Hkh FksA ;g vktknh ds igys dh ckr gSA rc vle 'kadjnsoA Jhear 'kadjnso vle lfgr laiw.kZ çkXT;ksfr\"kiqj vkt dk vle ugha cfYd iwokZsÙkj dk vf/dka'k {ks=k ds lekt] lkfgR; vkSj thou&cks/ ds dsaæ esa gSaA tc vle esa gh vkrk FkkA HkfÙkQdky py jgk Fkk rc iwokZsÙkj ds lkfgR; esa 'kadjnso lfØ; FksA 'kadjnso dh jpukRedrk cztHkk\"kk ds jk\"Vªh; lkaLÑfrd :i ls lkr jkT;ksa dk] flfDde dks feyk Lo:i dk çek.k gSA vle esa uo oS\".ko vkanksyu nsa rks vkB jkT;ksa dk] ;g Hkw&Hkkx HkkSxksfyd :i ls cztcqfy#@cztkoyh esa laHko gksrk gSA cztcqfyècztkoyh dekscs'k ,d tSlk gSA vkt ftls ge iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dgrs ctz Hkk\"kk] vlfe;k] efS Fkyh] lLa Ñr vkjS ckXa yk dk lfEefyr gSa] og Lo;a esa vusdkusd Hkk\"kkvksa&cksfy;ksa] tutkfr;ksa] :i gSA 'kadjnso us vius thou esa nks ckj Hkkjr dk Hkze.k u`R;&laxhr] dykvksa] ouLifr;ksa] oU;thoksa] ikfjfLFkfrd fd;k FkkA os vius lkfgR; esa dgha Hkh vle 'kCn dk fofo/rkvkas vkjS ykds lLa Ñfr;kas dks leVs s g,q gAS flfDde ç;kxs ugha djrAs Hkkjro\"kZ mudh jpuk/ferZ k ds dæas eas gAS ls yds j v#.kkpy rd vkjS ukxkyMaS ls yds j f=kijq k rd] ;gh og fcanq gS tgk¡ ls eSa iwokZsÙkj vkSj fganh ds laca/ dks Hkkjr ds bu vkB jkT;ksa esa yxHkx nks lkS ls vf/d le>rk gw¡A tutkfr;k¡ fuokl djrh gAaS budk fgna h ls ifjp; HkkokRed de] rkfdZd T;knk gSA eSa ,slk blfy, dg jgk gw¡ fd uoacj 2017 dh ckr gSA rstiqj fo'ofo|ky; ds mÙkjh Hkkjr] if'peh Hkkjr ;k nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa fganh ls vfrfFk x`g ds ,d dejs esa eSa n;ky Ñ\".k cksjk ls ckr I;kj vkSj ?k`.kk ds laca/ Hkkoqdrk dsafær vf/d gSaA ^esjh dj jgk FkkA n;ky Ñ\".k ckjs k vlfe;k] fgna h vkjS ctz cfq y ekr`Hkk\"kk gS] esjh ekr`Hkk\"kk ugha gS*& okyk rdZA iwokZsÙkj esa ds fo}ku jgsA vc os u'oj 'kjhj esa ugha gSaA os ,dukFk fganh dks ysdj ;g rdZ ugha gSA vlfe;k&cksMks ls] cksMks Hkxorh lekt ls FksA vle ds cjisVk l=k ls lacaf/r FksA &dkchZ ls] dkchZ&feflax ls] feflax&U;h'kh ls] eksuik& l=k cksys rks eBA cjisVk l=k Jhear 'kadjnso dk deZLFky lksuksoky ls] fdl Hkk\"kk esa laokn djsa\\ vkidks ;gk¡ cSBs jgk gSA •Sj] n;ky nk us ,d ckr dgh&^pkScs th] T;ksfr yxrk gksxk fd iwokZsÙkj ds lkrksa&vkBksa jkT;ksa dk ekeyk vxjokyk ds f•ykiQ vxj vki dqN cksysaxs uk rks vle ,d tSlk gS tcfd vki ogk¡ tk, rks irk pyrk gS fd esa vkx yx tk,xhA T;ksfr vxjokyk dh cgqr çfr\"Bk gS ogk¡ foiqy ek=kk esa Hkk\"kkbZ ,oa lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk gSA ;gk*¡ A yqlkbZ fgYl tks vc fetksje dgykrk gS] esa fganh vkidks irk gS] dkSu gS T;ksfr çlkn vxjokyk\\ ;s 19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z esa fcfz V'k lsuk ds xksj•kyh yksxksa lTtu ,d ekjokM+h O;kikjh FksA vlfe;k lkfgR; esa fganh ls igq¡phA vkt ogk¡ rhl çfr'kr ls vf/d yksx fganh ds Nk;koknh ;qx ds lekukarj jpuk&le; ds uk;d gSa& cksyus] fy•us vkSj le>us esa #fp j•rs gSaA Ldwyh Lrj T;ksfr çlkn vxjokykA budk tUefnu vle esa ^f'kYih ij N% lkS ls vf/d çkFkfed vè;kid] vkB lkS ipkl fnol* ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS vkSj iwjs vle esa ls vf/d ekè;fed fo|ky; ds vè;kid vkSj ik¡p lkS lkoZtfud vodk'k jgrk gSA eSa ;g lwpuk vkidks ;g ls vf/d mPp ekè;fed fo|ky; ds vè;kid fganh esa crykus ds fy, ns jgk gw¡ fd iwokZsÙkj dk lekt] laLÑfr] gAaS ,d lkS ipkl ls vf/d fgna h los h lLa Fkk,a gAaS fetkjs e lkfgR; vkjS dyk dh los k djus okys ,d ekjokMh+ O;fÙkQ fo'ofo|ky; esa fganh dk laiUu foHkkx gSA eq>s ,d çlax Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 4

;kn vk jgk gS&ysaxiqbZ gokbZ vîós ls ckgj fudykA çks- ef.kiqj ds eSrs;h oS\".ko gSaA ogk¡ xq# dks vks>k dgrs lat; th us xkM+h Hkst j•h FkhA fetks MªkbZoj FkkA xkM+h esa gSa vkSj vle esa yksdukVÔ gS vkstkikfyA fcgkj ds ,d cSBrs gh mlus ^D;k djrs Fks lktuk] rqe gels nwj jgdj* lTtu gekjs gh ftys ls Fks f'ko'kaHkq vks>kA yacs le; rd ctkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA eSaus iwNk&fganh tkurs gks\\ mlus vle esa ea=kh jgsA yksx oksV nsrs Fks fd ;s xq# vks>k gSaA vaxzsth esa mÙkj fn;k& fyfVy fcV ljA bldk mYys• eSaus pkgs usr`Ro dk eqík gks ;k Hkk\"kk dk eqík gks& iwokZsÙkj ds fetksje ds fganh fnol ds dk;ZØe esa fd;k rks fetksje yksx mnkj jgs gSaA Hkjr f=kikBh] f'ko'kaHkq vks>k] f=kos.kh fo'ofo|ky; ds mi&dqyifr us dgk fd rhl lky çlkn] erax flag vkSj eueksgu flag th vlfe;k lekt igys ,slk ugha FkkA çks- lat; th us uwjh vkSj yyeksvuk ds usrk jgs gSaA ,d v'kksd fla?ky gSaA ewy :i ls fganh dks eq>s vkbtkWy ?kqekus ds fy, HkstkA eSaus uwjh ls dgk& çns'k ds jgus okys gaAS muds iwotZ vle esa O;olk; djus rqEgkjs firkth D;k djrs gSa \\ uwjh us dgk& og cSad esa gSaA x,A rstiqj esa Msfd;k tqfy fo/kulHkk {ks=k esa Hkkjh erksa fiQj eSaus iwNk& vki dSls fganh esa vk xbZ\\ uwjh us crk;k ls thrrs gSaA eSa ;g mnkgj.k blfy, ns jgk gw¡ fd iwokZsÙkj fd mlus Lukrd dkeW lZ eas fd;k gAS ^firkth us dgk fgna h dk eu oSlk ugha gS tSlk vki v•ckjksa ls le>rs gSaA i<+ks] fganh esa ukSdjh gSA fganh esa ukSdjh Fkh blfy, fganh v•ckj vkSj v•ckjh •cjksa ls vxj vki iwokZsÙkj dks esa vk xbZ*A yyeksvuk us fganh lkfgR; esa ih,p-Mh- dh le>saxs rks ,d xyr le> gksxhA gAS fetks gaS vkjS muds firk ljdkjh vf/dkjh gAaS og fgna h esa vk, D;ksafd fganh esa ukSdjh gSA blfy, dg jgk gw¡ fd vçSy 1934bZ- esa egkRek xka/h xqokgkVh x,A vf•y iwokZsÙkj ds lkFk fganh ds laca/ dks rkfdZdrk ls le>k tk Hkkjrh; gfjtu lsod la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus ldrk gSA ;g Hkk\"kk iwokZsÙkj ds vkilh leqnk;ksa ds chp vlfe;k yksxksa ls dgk fd vkidks fganh lh•uh pkfg,A vkSj iwokZsÙkj o 'ks\"k Hkkjr ds chp ,d laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i 1936bZ- esa xqokgkVh esa vf•y Hkkjrh; fganh çpkj lfefr esa fodflr gks jgh gSA lkFk gh jkstxkj dh Hkk\"kk ds :i dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ,d ckr crkÅ¡\\ ,d Fks iafMr fo'ks'oj esa Hkh fodflr gks jgh gSA nÙk'kekZA oks lu~ 1919bZ- ls gh fMCkzwx<+ ls ^çdk'k* uked fganh lekpkj i=k fudkyk djrs FksA vc rks iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr es?kky; esa rks ikapoh] NBha vkSj lkroha d{kk esa rks esa iwokZapy çgjh] nSfud iwokZsn;] çkr% •cj] nSfud çsj.kk fganh vfuok;Z Hkk\"kk ds :i esa i<+kbZ tk jgh gSA usgw Hkkjrh vkSj lSfUVuy tSls fganh lekpkj i=k gtkjksa dh (NEHU) esa laiUu fganh foHkkx gSA v#.kkpy çns'k tc la[;k esa fcdrs gSaA usiQk Fkk (uksFkZ bZLV ÚafV;j ,tsalh) rHkh ls ogk¡ ds fo|ky;kas eas fgna h vfuok;Z Hkk\"kk ds :i eas i<k+ bZ tkrh FkhA vle ds rhulqfd;k dks rks nwljs fcgkj ds :i esa 'k#q vkrh fgna h f'k{kd rks fcgkj vkjS mÙkj çn's k ds gh ykxs tkuk tkrk gSA vle vkSj v#.kkpy çns'k dh fo/kulHkk FksA vc rks ogk¡ v#.kkpy ds gh LFkkuh; ;qod&;qofr;k¡ esa rks fganh esa loky iwNs tkrs gSaA fganh vle dh czãiq=k fganh f'k{kd gSaA iklh ?kkV esa] cksefMyk esa] rokax esa t; ?kkVh dks cjkd ?kkVh ls tksM+rh gSA vle esa ,d ftyk gS fgan ls vfHkoknu djrs gq, yksx fey tk,xsaA v#.kkpy fMekglkÅA ogk¡ dk 'kgj gS gkiQykxa A ogk¡ gkiQykxa h fgna h ns'k dk ,dek=k ,slk jkT; gS tgk¡ lkekU; vfHkoknu esa cksyh tkrh gSA fneklk leqnk; ds yksx bls cksyrs gSaA tSls ^t; fgan* cksyk tkrk gSA iwokZsÙkj dh dbZ Hkk\"kkvksa dh og dgsa& rqe dqÙkk ge •k;k ; rks bldk eryc rqEgkjs fyfi nsoukxjh gks pqdh gSA v#.kkpy esa eksuik] feft o dqÙks us gesa dkV fy;k (Your dog has bitten me.)A tSls vdkdh Hkk\"kkvksa dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA vle esa fefj] dkbs Z dgs fd ge vkxs fxjxs k rks vk'k; gS Please drop me feflax vkSj cksMksa dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA ukxkySaM esa there- e>q s ogk¡ NkMs + nkAs eaS etkd ugha dj jgk gA¡w vki vMkxh] lsek] jsXek] pk•s vkSj usikyh dh fyfi nsoukxjh xxw y ij •kts dj n•s yhft,A ekdS k feys rks gkiQykxa gSA flfDde esa ysipk] HkMikyh vkSj fyEcw dh fyfi t:j tkb;xs kA vle dk fgy LV's ku g]S èkjrh dk LoxZ gAS nsoukxjh gSA lqfu, ,d ckr crkÅ¡] vkidks ef.kiqj esa fo\".kqfç;k leqnk;ksa esa tks jkl&yhyk vkfn dk eapu gksrk v#.kkpy ukxjh lLa Fkku] ef.kijq fgna h ifj\"kn]~ dUs æh; gS mlds vf/drj laokn Hkkstiqjh esa cksys tkrs gSaA gS uk fganh laLFkku] iwokZsÙkj lkfgR; vdkneh] fetksje fganh jkspd ckr! çpkj lHkk tSls dbZ laLFkku fganh ds çpkj&çlkj esa] 'kCndks'k fuekZ.k esa yxs gq, gSaA ckck jk?konkl] tequk 5 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk çlkn JhokLro] xksihukFk cjnyS] nsokdkar c#vk dk Peer-Reviewed Journal

iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa fganh ds fodkl esa vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku fodkl ds pj.kksa dks Li\"V fd;k gSA bl vad dk vxyk gSA dkchZ leqnk; esa tuknZu ikBd us vkthou Hkk\"kk rFkk y•s çk-s lta ; deq kj dk gAS çk-s lta ; deq kj us vius y•s lekt ds fy, dk;Z fd;kA ef.kiqj esa iafMr N=kèot ^fetksje esa fganh ds c<+rs pj.k* esa fetksje esa fganh ds 'kek]Z dk'S kke dtaq fcgkjh] t;æas 'kekZ vkfn dk uke fo'k\"s k fodkl dk 'kk/s ijd vè;;u çLrrq fd;k gAS çk-s ykypna :i ls mYys•uh; gSA es?kky; esa ds'ko 'kekZ] fo'oukFk] jke }kjk fyf•r ^iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr vkSj fganh* esa iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr iÁukFk cjBkdqj] fetksje esa fp=k egar vkfn fganh ds jkT;ksa esa fganh ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks foLrkj ls crk;k çpkjdksa ds ekè;e ls iwokZsÙkj esa fganh çpkj&çlkj dk x;k gAS euq hUæ feJ dk y•s ^f=kijq k eas fgna h ds çfr c<r+ h dk;Z fujarj vkxs c<+kA vle esa Ñ\".k ukjk;.k çlkn vkReh;rk* bl rF; dh O;k[;k djrk gS fd fganh fdl ekxèk] /eZnso frokjh] v#.kkpy esa uanfd'kksj ikaMs;] çdkj f=kiqjk esa laokn ds lkFk&lkFk jkstxkj dh Hkh Hkk\"kk vksdsu ysxks] v#.k dqekj ikaMs;] ukxkySaM esa czt fcgkjh gAS çk-s fgræas deq kj feJ }kjk jfpr y•s ^iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr dk dqekj] f=kiqjk esa jesaæ dqekj iky] f'kykax esa fnus'k pkScs] Hkk\"kkbZ ifjn`'; vkSj fganh* esa iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dh Hkk\"kkbZ fgrsaæ feJ] fetksje esa lh- dkeyksok] lat; dqekj fofo/rk crkrs g,q fgna h Hkk\"kk ds egRo dks crk;k x;k gAS fetks&fganh] dksdcjd&fganh] •klh& fganh] U;h'kh& fganh] MkW-bZ- fot; y{eh dk ys• ^ef.kiqj esa fganh dh fLFkfr*] yqlkbZ&fganh] ukxkeh& fganh ds chp laokn ds rarq cusA eSa Nqdh ysIpk dk ys• ^flfDde esa fganh f'k{k.k*] MkW- bu lHkh dks ç.kke djrk gw¡A nks uke] tks ckj&ckj iwokZsÙkj vferk feJk dk ys• ^f=kiqjk jkT; dh dyk vkSj Hkk\"kk*] vkSj fganh ds laca/ksa ds mYys• gksus ij vkrs gSa os gSa& lqokl nhid dk ys• ^flfDde esa fganh* iwokZsÙkj ds vknj.kh; MkW- Ñ\".kxksiky th vkSj mÙkj deykckMh l=k] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa fganh dh fLFkfr dks O;k[;kf;r dj jgsa ektqyh ds l=kkf/dkj vkpk;Z tuknZunso xksLokeh thA gSA ^çkXT;ksfrdk* ds bl vad esa MkW- dkyhpj.k >k] MkW- Hkkjr jk\"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa vkSj fganh dks lPps vFkks± esa tkfgnqy nhoku] ehuk{kh] lw;Zçdk'k] vuar feJ] MkW- vkj- jk\"VªHkk\"kk cukus esa bu egkuqHkkoksa dks ns'k ;kn j•sxkA ds- eksch flag ds ys• ladfyr gSA bu lHkh ys•ksa ds }kjk iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr vkSj fganh ds fofo/ lanHkks± dk ewY;kadu ^çkXT;ksfrdk* if=kdk dk ;g vad ^iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr vkjS fd;k x;k gAS ^çkXT;kfs rdk* dk ;g vda iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr vkjS fganh* ij dsafær gSA bl vad esa loZçFke ^Hkkjr eas fganh fganh ds jpukRed laca/ksa ds ewY;kadu dk ,d bZekunkj dks jk\"VªHkk\"kk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,&lh-dkeyksok* 'kh\"kZd esa ç;kl Hkj gSA ,sls vkSj ç;klksa dh vko';drk gSA lHkh lh- dkeyksok th dk vk'kqrks\"k frokjh }kjk fy;k gqvk fo}ku ys•dksa dk vkHkkj ftUgksaus vius egRoiw.kZ ys•ksa ls lk{kkRdkj gSA lh- dkeyksok th dk fetksje esa fganh çpkj bl vad dks le`¼ fd;k gSA ^çkXT;ksfrdk* ds laikndh; çlkj esa fo'ks\"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us Jh lh- lewg] çdk'kd vkSj çdk'ku dk;Z ls tqM+s gq, yksxksa ds dkeyksok th ds blh ;ksxnku dks js•kafdr djrs gq, çfr gkfnZd ÑrKrk O;ÙkQ djrk gw¡A iÁJh ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k gSA dkeyksok th ds bl lk{kkRdkj ds ekè;e ls iwokZsÙkj esa fganh dh fodkl ;k=kk t; fgan] t; fganhA rFkk fetksje esa fganh dh fLFkfr dk irk pyrk gSA bl vad dk igyk ys• ek/wT;Z dey gtkfjdk Ñr ^ektqyh laiknd ds fganh çpkjd* gSA bl ys• esa ek/wT;Z th us vle çks- pUnu dqekj fLFkr fo'o ds lcls cM+s unh }hi ektqyh esa fganh ds dyk ladk;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; fnYyh&110007 Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 6

Hkkjr eas fganh dks jk\"VªHkk\"kk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,&lh-dkeyksok (in~eJh lh-dkeyksok ls vk'kqrks\"k frokjh dh ckrphr) &vk'krq k\"s k uke% lh- dkeyksok iqjLdkj ,oa miyfCèk;ka% ekrk dk uke% fdyY;gvkÄh 1& vuqHko dk nqb iQkWV(usikyh) iqLrd ds fy, firk dk uke% lh- Ygqvkupsek tUefrfFk% 17 uoacj 1948 bZ- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ¶Hkk\"kk& Hkkjrh lEeku¸ (2003& tUeLFkku% xzke& ekeiqb] ftyk& yksaÄV~ykb]fetksje 04 bZ-) ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA f'k{kk% Lukrd] dyk fu\".kkr(M.A.)fganh lkfgR;] 2& fganh fetkS 'kCndks'k iqLrd ds fy, ekuo f'k{kk fu\".kkr (M.Ed.) lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; us ¶jk\"Vª lEeku¸ dk;Z% fganh Hkk\"kk] lkfgR; ,oa f'k{kk ds çpkj&çlkj (2005&06 bZ-) ls lEekfur fd;kA gsrq lfØ; :i ls dke fd;kA fganh çoh.k(ch,) dh 3& fetksje ds jkT;iky ,e-,e-y•sjk th }kjk fganh ekU;rk gsrq egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA çpkj ds fy, ¶ykbiQ Vkbe vphoeVas ¸ (2009& Ñfr;k¡ % fganh fetkS 'kCndks'k (2000 bZ-)] fetkS 10 bZ-) iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA tutkfr;ksa ifjp;kRed laf{kIr bfrgkl (2016 bZ-)] 4& Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk ¶in~e Jh¸ (2020 bZ-) ls lkekU; Hkk\"kk foKku] lkekU; euksfoKku] vuqHko dk nqb lEekfur fd;k x;kA iQkWV(usikyh)] fetkS ,dkadh dk fganh esa vuqokn (d)& ohj •qokÄpsjk] ys•d& çks- yyVykÄfy;kuk f•;kÄrsA iÁJh ls lEekfur lh- dkeyksok th }kjk fganh (•)& jkuh jkSiqbfy;kuh] ys•d& çks- yyVykÄfy;kuk çpkj&çlkj esa fd, x, dk;ks± ,oa miyfCèk;ksa ij f•;kÄrs] ,oa vU; jpuk,aA 'kksèkkFkhZ vk'kqrks\"k frokjh dh ckrphrA 7 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& lj lknj ç.kkeA lh- dkeykos k th& cgrq & cgrq vk'khoknZ ] •cw vkxs c<k+ As vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& lj vkidks fganh ds çpkj&çlkj ds egku dk;Z gsrq iÁJh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd, tkus ij gkfnZd cèkkbZ ,oa 'kqHkdkeuk,¡A lh- dkeyksok th& cgqr& cgqr èkU;oknA vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& lj fganh ds çpkj&çlkj gsrq vkidh thou& ;k=kk dSlh jgh vkSj vkius dkSu& dkSu ls dk;Z fd,\\ lh- dkeyksok th& lcls igys fetksje dh tks HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr gS] mldks le>uk cgqr t:jh gS D;ksafd bldk lhèkk lacaèk fganh ls gS iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds ftrus Hkh jkT; gSa ogk¡ ij FkksM+h cgqr fganh py tkrh gSA nwljh ckr Peer-Reviewed Journal

vle esa Hkh yksx fganh pyk ysrs gSaA vle dh Hkk\"kk la?k\"kZ pyrk jgkA bl nkSjku ljdkj us 20 ls 25 yksxksa dks vlfe;k] fganh ls dkiQh feyrh&tqyrh Hkk\"kk gS blfy, fganh i<+kus ds fy, j•k ijarq ;g uke ek=k ds Fks D;ksafd ogk¡ ij yksx fganh le> tkrs gSaA rhljh ckr vk tkrh gS os cPpkas dks i<k+ rs ugha FkAs fiQj vyxkookfn;kas us dgk fd v#.kkpy dks ysdjA v#.kkpy çns'k esa fiNys 30 ls 35 ge vktknh pkgrs gSa] blfy, vki fganh ugha i<+k,¡xas vkSj lkyksa esa fganh us cgqr rjDdh dh gS] ogk¡ ij lSdM+ksa Nk=kksa u dksbZ lh•sxkA fiQj 1972bZ- esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fetksje us fganh esa ih,pMh dj j•h gSA ogk¡ ij dksbZ leL;k ugha dks vle ls vyx djds ,d dsaæ'kkflr çns'k cuk fn;kA gSA blds ckn vkrk gS ukxkySaM] ukxkySaM ds ikl nks ,slh blds ckn ^fetks jk\"VHª kk\"kk çpkj lfefr* dk uke cnydj txg gSa tgk¡ ij fganh Hkk\"kh ckgqY; turk jgrh gSA ,d ^fetksje fganh çpkj lHkk* dj fn;k x;kA nhekiqj gS ogk¡ ,d cM+k jsyos LVs'ku gS ogk¡ ij fganh py tkrh gS nwljk nhiQw gSA mudh tks laidZ Hkk\"kk gS ukxkeht bl rjg lHkk us viuk ,d Lora=k vfLrRo LFkkfir vkSj vaxzsth gSA tks ukxkeht Hkk\"kk gS mlesa 50 ls 60» fd;kA blls igys ;g vle ds vèkhu Fks] rks ;g yksx fganh ds 'kCn fey tkrs gSaA bl çdkj ukxkySaM esa Hkh yksx oèkkZ ls tqM+s Fks] oèkkZ dk gh ç'u i=k pykrs FksA ikBÔØe] VwVh& iQwVh fganh Hkk\"kk le> ysrs gSaA mlds ckn vkrk gS ikBÔiqLrd Hkh oèkkZ dh pykrs FksA Lora=k lHkk cuus ds ef.kiqj] ef.kiqj esa oS\".ko fganqvksa dk ,d cM+k tRFkk jgrk ckn bUgksaus lkspk fd lcdqN fetksje ls fd;k tk,A bu gSA muds ftrus iqtkjh gSa eFkqjk esa vkdj jgrs gSa] blfy, fnuksa eSa ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+krk FkkA rks ogk¡ ls esjk dksbZ ogk¡ Hkh yksx dkiQh gn rd fganh cksy o le> ysrs gSaA fo'ks\"k lacaèk ugha FkkA 1997bZ- esa fetksje ljdkj us ;g vc vkrk gS f=kiqjk] f=kiqjk esa caxkyh Hkk\"kk cksyh tkrh gS dgk fd ge fetksje fganh çpkj lHkk ds vèkhu vkidk vkSj caxkyh ,oa fganh esa T;knk varj ugha gSA ;g ge lc VªkaliQj djsaxsA ogk¡ tkdj vki dkWyst dks ftank djks rks tkurs gSa fd f=kiqjk esa vki ?kql tk,axs fganh ysdj rks bl rjg ls 1997bZ- esa flracj ls ysdj fnlacj rd ds vkidks ijs'kkuh ugha gksxhA chp geus dksf'k'k dh ;g irk yxkus dh fd dkWyst esa D;k& D;k deh gSA mlds ckn tks dfe;k¡ irk pyh muesa vc var esa fetksje vkrk gS] fetksje iwoZ dh vksj dqN bl çdkj gSa& E;kaekj ls f?kjk gqvk gS vkSj nf{k.k esa ckaXykns'k gS blds vykok dNq ef.kijq l]s dNq vle l]s dNq f=kijq k ls yxk 1- buds ikl viuh dksbZ tehu ugha gS] Hkou Hkh gqvk gAS ;gk¡ ij 0» yksx fganh cksyrs ga]S D;ksafd ;g blZ kbZ ugha gSA ckgqY; {ks=k gSA oSls ;gk¡ ij lkr Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA ftuesa cM+h Hkk\"kk cudj orZeku esa mHkjh gS& fetks Hkk\"kkA 2- tks ;gk¡ fganh i<+kbZ tkrh FkhA ftls ;gk¡ ij yksx vU; N% Hkk\"kk ds 'kCn fetks Hkk\"kk esa fey tk,axsA tc ch-,- eku dj pys Fks] mls dsaæ ls ekU;rk çkIr ugha FkhA fetks Hkk\"kk esa ;gk¡ vkWfiQl gksrk gS] cktkj o ppks± esa Hkh ;gh gS blfy, ;gk¡ dh lia dZ Hkk\"kk fetks Hkk\"kk gAS blfy, 3- buds ikl ,dsMfed cksMZ Hkh ugha FkkA ;gk¡ fganh ux.; ds cjkcj gSA fetksje dk ;g ,d 4- 1954 ls 1998 rd cPpksa us O;ogkj esa dHkh HkkSxksfyd ifjp; gqvkA vc ge fganh ysdj pysaxsA fganh ç;ksx ugha fd;k FkkA ;gk¡ ij tks ps;j ilZu Fks] lfpo Fks mudks Hkh fganh ugha vkrh FkhA budk lkjk 17 uoca j 1954b-Z dks ^vle jk\"VHª kk\"kk çpkj lfefr* fjdkWMZ fetks Hkk\"kk esa fy•k tkrk FkkA ds lkStU; ls ^fetks jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr* dk xBu 5- fganh lh•us okys tks Nk=k gksrs Fks mudks fetksje fd;k x;k FkkA dqN yksxksa us dksf'k'k dh fd fganh dks ljdkj ls dksbZ Nk=ko`fÙk ugha feyrh FkhA ysdj vkxs c<+k tk, ijarq bu yksxksa us lfefr rks •M+h dj blds ckn Nk=ko`fÙk ds fy, eSaus cksMZ ls dbZ ckj nh ysfdu dke ugha gks ik;kA 'kk;n nks ls rhu çfr'kr cSBd dh vkSj eSaus dgk fd eSa cPpksa dks fnYyh] vkxjk mUgksaus dke fd;k ,slk eq>s yxrk gSA 1960bZ- ls 1966 bZ- Hkze.k djkuk pkgrk gw¡A cksMZ us dgk gekjs ikl iSls ugha ] fiQj 1971bZ- vkSj ,sls gh dke pyrk jgk] blh nkSjku gaS vkSj fiQj dgk fd ge vkidks 50000 nsaxs vki 50 vyxkooknh rRo mHkj dj lkeus vk;kA ftls ge fetks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ?kqek dj ys vkb,A ml le; fetksje us'kuy ÚaV(MNF) dgrs gSaA bu yksxksa us dgk fd ge ljdkj dk ,d çkoèkku Fkk fd 10 ;k 15 ls vfèkd yksx Hkkjr ds ugha g]aS geas Hkkjr ls vktknh pkfg,A 20 o\"kk±s rd ;fn fetksje ls ckgj tkrs gSa rks mUgsa <kbZ yk• #i, dh lgk;rk nh tk,xhA blds ckn esa 37 cPpksa dks ysdj Peer-Reviewed Journal fnYyh vk x;kA lc fganh ds cPps FksA blesa esjk viuk tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 8

•pZ Ms<+ yk• gqvkA blds ckn gekjs cPpksa dks Nk=ko`fÙk x;kA 1987 ds vklikl eSaus ,d xhr fy•k& feyuk 'kq: gks xbZA ge ,d Fks] ge ,d gSa] tx dks vkt lqukuk gS] blds ckn eSaus dkWyst dks ekU;rk fnykus ds fy, vc dksbZ rkdr dksbZ Hkqykok] 1999&2000bZ- esa dbZ ckj dksf'k'k dh rks dsaæ ls ,d gesa HkVdk u ik,axs] Vhe ewY;kadu djus vkbZ] Vhe dh vè;{k dsaæh; fganh ,drk ds èkkxs esa tqM+dj] funs'kky; dh vè;{k MkWDVj iq\"iyrk rustk FkhA rhu vkSj èkqu gh èkqu bByk,axs] lnL; Fks ftuesa ,d fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds çksiQslj ekuork dk nhi tykdj] MkWDVj oekZ th vkSj lfpoky; ls ,d lnL; ukud paæ xhr ;gh ge xk,axs] vkjS MkDW Vj Fkxa k jru vk,A bUgkuas s viuh fjikVs Z dfS cuVs dks ge ,d Fks ge ,d gSaA lkSaih vkSj 5 eghus 17 fnu ckn eq>s fnYyh ls ,d blds ckn gesa lHkk us ,d jk\"Vªh; xhr fy•us ds VsyhiQksu vk;k tks Vhe dh vè;{k MkWDVj iq\"iyrk rustk dk FkkA mUgksaus eq>s cèkkbZ nh vkSj dgk fd vkids dkWyst fy, dgkA rc eSaus xhr fy•k& dks ^dyk çoh.k* vFkkrZ ~ ch, rd dh ekU;rk fey xbZ gAS vkvks feydj xk,¡ ge] xhr lcdks lquk,¡ ge] blds ckn eq>s dgk x;k fd fganh fetks 'kCndks'k gSa lc blds larku ge] dh vko';drk gSA 1997bZ- ls 2000bZ- rd eSaus fganh& uke bldk Hkkjr egku] fetks 'kCndks'k(27000) 'kCnksa dk rS;kj fd;k tks fnYyh ekrk rq>s lyke] esa Hkh ifCy'k gqvkA blds ckn eSaus Dykl& 4] 6] 8] 10] tx esa gks rsjk uke] I;w bu ikap d{kkvksa ds fy, eSaus ^fganh okrkZyki iqLrd ekrk rq>s lyke] ekyk* rS;kj dhA bldks rS;kj djus esa eq>s 6 eghus dk •wu ls lhp dj] vk¡lw ls Hkhxk] le; yxkA blds çdk'ku dk •pZ lHkk us mBk;kA eSaus bl rjg geus bls ltk;k] blds ckn fganh O;kdj.k nks Hkk\"kkvksa fganh vkSj fetksje esa vkvks lquk,¡ bldh dgkuh] lekukarj :i ls cuk;kA gesa fetksje lkfgR; dk vuqokn dqckZu dj ns viuh tokuh] djus ds fy, lHkk us dgkA blds ckn euaS s yyVykÄfy;kuk oans ekrje] f•;kÄrs dh fetkS ,dkadh dk fganh esa vuqokn fd;k] ns'k gS ge lcdkA ftlds uke bl çdkj gSa& fgan f'k•j ls flaèkq ygj rd] e#Hkwfe ls f•yrs peu rd] (d)- ohj •qokÄpsjk] fy•k eSaus gS u;k bfrgkl] ys•d& çks- yyVykÄfy;kuk f•;kÄrs vej T;ksfr gS bldh fu'kkuh] (•)& jkuh jkSiqbfy;kuh] ns'k gS ohjksa dk vku ij ejus okyksa dk] ys•d& çks- yyVykÄ fy;kuk f•;kÄrs mÙkj] nf{k.k] iwoZ] if'pe] blds ckn eSaus ch, ds fy, fganh esa ljy Hkk\"kk ohjksa dh xkFkk ls HkjiwjA foKku] ljy f'k{kk euksfoKku iqLrd fy•hA blds ckn blds ckn eSa viuh f'k{kk vkSj 'kq#vkrh thou dks fetksje ljdkj us eq>s dgk fd vki fganh esa fetks tutkfr;ksa dks ysdj dke dfj,A ,d lky dh dM+h ysdj FkksM+k viuk ifjp; crkrk gw¡A esjs firkth vkehZ esa esgur ds ckn eSaus ^fetks tutkfr;ksa dk ifjp;kRed Fk]s os Nfq ê;ð kas eas vk, e>q s vkjS ejs h ek¡ dks lkFk yds j uis Qk laf{kIr bfrgkl* iqLrd fy•hA bl iqLrd dh 8000 (t;jkeiqj) pys x,A eSaus 'kq#vkr dh f'k{kk vkehZ Ldwy çfr;k¡ çdkf'kr gqbZ ftls eSaus çR;sd jkT;iky] yksdlHkk] esa dhA blds ckn firkth us iQkSt NksM+ nh vkSj og pys jkT;lHkk] fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkfn dks HkstkA eSaus dbZ xhrksa ds vk,A eaS nks lky rd ogk¡ HkVdrk jgk vkjS blds ckn eauS s ekè;e ls fetks tutkfr;ksa dks le>kus dk ç;kl fd;kA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gh iQkSt TokWbu dj yhA 9 ls 10 lky bl ij eSaus ,d iqLrd ¶eè;dkyhu fetkS dkO; lkfgR; rd ukSdjh djus ds ckn firkth dh xjhch ds dkj.k eSaus ds lkr vej xk;d¸ fy•hA iQkSt NksM+ nh esjs 6&7 HkkbZ cgu Hkh FksA tqykbZ 1973bZ- blds ckn eq>s ns'kHkfÙkQ xhr fy•us ds fy, dgk Peer-Reviewed Journal 9 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk

dks fetkjs e ljdkj us e>q s fefMy Ldyw ds fy, f'k{kd in vk'krq k\"s k frokjh& fetkjs e ds ykxs kas dk vkids dk;k±s ij fu;Ùq kQ fd;kA 1982b-Z ls 1984b-Z rd euaS s B.Ed. fd;kA vkSj fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dks ysdj D;k çfrfØ;k jgh\\ 1989b-Z eas euaS s ugs w fo'ofo|ky; ls ,e-,- fd;kA vkxjk eas euaS s M.Ed. fd;kA ejs h f'k{kk lgh rjhds ls ugha gks ikbAZ lh- dkeyksok th& ;g vkius cgqr vPNk loky fd;k gSA eSa rhu Hkk\"kkvksa dks i<+ o fy• ysrk gw¡& usikyh] ,d ckj eSa cpiu esa 1961bZ- ds vklikl dh ckr fetks vkSj fganhA eSaus ¶vuqHko dk nqb iQkWV(usikyh)¸ gS] eq>s vius nknk&nknh ls feyus tkuk Fkk vkSj esjs ikl iqLrd dh jpuk dh] rks blds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iSls ugha FksA ml le; eSa cgqr NksVk FkkA esjs ikl iSls u ¶Hkk\"kk&Hkkjrh lEeku¸(2003&04 bZ-) ls lEekfur fd;k gksus ds dkj.k eSa yxkrkj 7 fnuksa rd iSny taxyksa ls gksrk x;kA rc yksxksa us dgk ;g gksrk D;k gSA blds ckn eSaus gqvk vius xk¡o igq¡pkA blh çdkj tc firkth vkehZ ls fgna h& fetks 'kCndk's k r;S kj fd;k] ftlds fy, e>q s ekuo okil vk x, Fks rc eaS Ldyw eas gh Fkk vkjS ejs s ikl Ldyw lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; us jk\"Vª lEeku ls 2005&06 bZ- dh Mªsl ds vykok dksbZ BaM ds diM+s ugha gksrs Fks rc esa lEekfur fd;kA blds ckn Hkh yksxksa us ogh dgk fd eSa ,d dksus esa fBBqj dj jkr fcrk;k djrk Fkk vkSj xehZ ;g gksrk D;k gSA 2009&10bZ- esa fetksje ds jkT;iky ,e- esa ePNjksa dh ck<+ vk tkrh Fkh] rks eSa muls fuiVus ds ,e- y•js k th us jktHkou cyq kdj e>q s fgna h ds çpkj&çlkj fy, dsjksflu rsy dks vius 'kjhj ij yxkrk FkkA ftldk ds fy, ¶ykbiQ Vkbe vphoesaV¸ iqjLdkj ls lEekfur vlj nks&rhu ?kaVs rd gksrk Fkk vkSj eSa ;g dk;Z jkr esa nks fd;kA blds ckn Hkh yksxksa us dgk fd ;g gksrk D;k gSA rhu ckj djrk FkkA rc mtkyk gksrk FkkA vfèkdka'k yksx ;g ugha tkurs fd eq>s iÁJh D;ksa fn;k x;kA ysfdu vc èkhjs&èkhjs yksx tkuus yxs gSaA 2002bZ- esa vk'kqrks\"k eSa rqEgsa ,d xhr lqukrk tks esjs cgqr djhc Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d ;kstuk ds rgr dsaæ ljdkj us gSA è;ku ls lqfu,xk& fetksje dks <kbZ lkS (250) fganh f'k{kdksa dh iksLV nhA bl ;kstuk ds rgr vkaèkz çns'k dks 450 fganh f'k{kd dh cgqr •kstk ftanxh dks esjs vtht] iksLV nh xbZ Fkh ftlesa ls 120 iksLV gh ogk¡ ds eq[;ea=kh gj cnyrs ekSle esa esjs gchc] us Lohdkj fd;kA 'ks\"k cph lhVksa ds fy, dbZ iwohZ jkT; dSls feyrk u Fkk bldk jax o :i us nkok fd;k ijarq fetksje dh rjiQ ls eSa x;k Fkk vkSj gj tjZs esa iQSyk gqvk bldk otwnA eSaus 200 vkSj lhVsa ysdj vFkkZr~ dqy feykdj 450 lhVsa clar ds ngyht esa •kstk bls] ysdj eSa okil ykSVkA vc dkiQh yksx lh• jgs gSaA peu ds gj xqy ls iwNk bls] lc us dgk vHkh rks Fkk ;gha dgha] vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& Hkkjr dh jktèkkuh fnYyh ls vka•ksa esa lius fy, ;gha dgha] dkiQh njw vkjS foÙkh; lgk;rk ds vHkko eas vkidks fgna h ds cgqr •kstk ftanxh dks esjs vthtA çpkj vkjS çlkj eas fdu puq kfS r;kas dk lkeuk djuk iMk+ \\ cjlkr ds cknyksa esa •kstk bls] cwanksa vkSj ckSNkjksa ls iwNk bls] lh- dkeyksok th& igyh lcls cM+h pqukSrh rks ;g lcus dgk vHkh rks Fkk ;gha dgha] gS fd lekt lkFk ugha nsrk gSA nwljh ;g gS fd ;gk¡ bZlkbZ vka•ksa esa I;kl fy, ;gha dghaA fe'kujh tc vk, rks muds lkFk Hkkjrh; dqyh cu dj ir>M+ ds ohjkus esa •kstk bls] vk, Fks] ftlls ;gk¡ ds yksxksa esa ;g èkkj.kk cuh gS fd lw•s iÙks Vgfu;ksa ls iwNk bls] vaxzst vkdk gSa vkSj mudh Hkk\"kk bTtrnkj yksxksa dh Hkk\"kk lc us dgk vHkh rks Fkk ;gha dgha] gSA tcfd muds lkFk tks dkys yksx vk,] og lHkh ukSdj ek;wl vka•ksa esa v'd fy, ;gha dgha] gSa vkSj budh Hkk\"kk dksbZ ek;us ugha j•rh gSA ;g èkkj.kk cgqr •kstk ftanxh dks esjs vtht] 100 o\"kks± rd pyrh jghA blfy, ;gk¡ dksbZ fganh ugha gj cnyrs ekSle esa esjs gchc] lh•uk pkgrk FkkA yksxksa us grksRlkfgr djus dk Hkh ç;kl dSls feyrk u Fkk bldk jax o :i] fd;kA yksxksa dh ckrsa lqudj dfBukb;k¡ ikj djds eaS ckgj gj tjZs esa iQSyk gqvk bldk otwnA vk;kA çksiQslj 'kekZ] çksiQslj lat; flag vkSj çksiQslj vxj ejs h ftna xh dks le>uk gS rks bl xhr ds ekè;e vf•ys'k us fganh foHkkx ds ekè;e ls dkiQh dk;Z fd;kA ls le> ldrs g]aS ;g xhr ejs h ftna xh ds cgrq utnhd gAS buds funZs'ku esa 15& 20 yksxksa us ih,pMh dh gSA djhc Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 10

14 lky rd eSa gsM jgk vkSj eSaus 400 ls 500 fo|kFkhZ Hkk\"kk esa dk;Z gks jgk gS vFkkZr~ brus de yksxksa ds vaxzsth rS;kj fd, tks fganh i<+k jgs gSaA tkuus ds ckotnw vxj vxa tsz h eas dk;Z gks ldrk gS rks brus vfèkd yksxksa ds fganh tkuus ds ckotwn mlesa dk;Z D;ksa vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& orZeku Hkkjr ljdkj iwohZ jkT;ksa ugha gks ldrk gSA ljdkj dks bPNk'kfÙkQ ds lkFk dk;Z dks ysdj vfèkd ltx fn•kbZ iM+rh gS] pkgs fodkl dk djus dh vko';drk gS vU;Fkk pkgs ftruh uhfr cuk ysa eqík ;k ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls dusfDVfoVh ;k f'k{kk dh fcuk tehuh Lrj ij iw.kZ :i ls ykxw fd, liQyrk ugha ckr gkAs ljdkj }kjk fd, tk jgs bu ç;klkas dk D;k çHkko fey ldrhA iM+ jgk gS\\ vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& fganh çpkj&çlkj ds fy, tks lh- dkeyksok th& cgqr vPNk loky fd;k gS ykxs bl dk;Z dks vkxs c<k+ ,xa s ;k tks ljdkj bl dk;Z dks vkiusA eSa viuh O;fÙkQxr jk; crkuk pkgrk gw¡ fd bl vkxs c<+k,xh muds fy, vkidk D;k lans'k gksxk\\ le; ns'k dks cgqr vPNh ljdkj feyh gS] dke djus okyh ljdkj feyh gAS eaS iwoZ dh ljdkjksa ij dksbZ fVIi.kh lh- dkeykos k th& lcdks gekjk lna 's k gS fd ijw s ru ugha d:axkA ysfdu dHkh& dHkh eq>s nq• gksrk gS fd vkSj eu ls fganh dh lsok djsaA iwjh bZekunkjh ds lkFk lsok bruk dqN gekjh Hkkjr ljdkj gekjs lekt ds fy,] fetks djsaA fganh ds çpkj çlkj esa tks Hkh foÙkh; lgk;rk feys lekt ds fy, dj jgh gS] mls fetks lekt le>uk ugha mldks bZekunkjh ls •pZ djsaA fganh lHkk vkSj lfefr ls pkgrk gSA D;ksafd budh ekufldrk dqN jktuhfrd nyksa gekjh xqtkfj'k gS fd og tks Hkh vuqnku feys mldk ds dkj.k Hkzked cuh gqbZ gSA bUgsa yxrk gS fd Hkktik lnqi;ksx djsaA bZekunkjh igyh 'krZ gS] la?k\"kZ dh ço`fÙk ljdkj fgna vq kas dh ljdkj gS vkjS tc ;g 'kklu eas vk,xh nlw jh 'krZ g]S bPNk'kfÙkQ dks >dq us u nAas ljdkj ls vujq kès k rks ykxs kas dks fgna w èkeZ viukuk iMxs+ kA bl fo\"k; ij eaS tk& gS fd fcuk lR;kfir fd, fdlh lHkk] lfefr dks vuqnku tkdj ds yksxksa dks crkrk gw¡ fd ;g lc Hkze gS D;ksafd u nas] ftruh vko';drk gks mruk vuqnku nsaA ,d ckr ukxkySaM esa chtsih ds 15 foèkk;d gSa ysfdu ,slk dqN vkidks vkSj crkuh gS] 2004bZ- esa geus Lo.kZ t;arh lHkk ugha gks jgk gSA gesa fodkl pkfg,A ysfdu nq• gksrk fd dk vk;kstu fd;k Fkk rks eSaus dsaæh; fganh funs'kky; dh yksx fojksèk djrs gSa] ijarq eSa ;g Hkh dgw¡xk fd yksxksa dks vè;{k MkWDVj iq\"iyrk rustk dks vkeaf=kr fd;k Fkk vkSj le>kuk iM+sxk] dguk iM+sxk fd ge fodkl nsaxsa] jkstxkj og mifLFkr Hkh gqbZ FkhA rks ml le; geus ,d ¶Lo.kZ nsaxsaA yksxksa dks le>kus ds fy, èkeZxq#vksa ls ckr djuh t;arh Lekfjdk if=kdk¸ fudkyh Fkh] mlesa nks&rhu ys[k iM+sxh vkSj dguk iM+sxk fd gesa èkeZ ls dksbZ eryc ugha fganh esa Fks vkSj lHkh fetks Hkk\"kk esa Fks ftldk eSaus vuqokn gS ge vkids fy, jkLrk cuk,xa ]s vLirky cuk,xa ]s jkts xkj fd;k FkkA bl if=kdk dk eSa eq[; laiknd FkkA ¶Hkwyh nsaxsA tehuh& Lrj ij dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSA fcljh ;knsa] xhrksa ds >jks•s ls¸ uked ys• eSaus Hkh fy•k FkkA vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& fganh Hkkjr dh lcls vfèkd cksyh vkSj le>h tkus okyh Hkk\"kk gS vkSj bls jktHkk\"kk dk vk'kqrks\"k frokjh& vkils ckr djds cgqr vPNk ntkZ çkIr gSA fganh dks jk\"VªHkk\"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk nsus ij yxk ljA vkxs ds thou ds fy, esjh rjiQ ls vkidks vkidk D;k lq>ko gS\\ cgqr&cgqr 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ vkSj ç.kkeA lh- dkeyksok th& Hkkjr esa cgqr Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh lh- dkeyksok th& eSa pkgrk gw¡] rqe cM+s vkneh gSa ij ge lc Hkkjrh; gSaA eSa iQkSt ds le; ls gh ;g cuks] ih,p-Mh- dj yks] <sj lkjk vk'khokZnA eq>s ys• dk ekurk gw¡ Hkkjr esa fganh dks jk\"VªHkk\"kk cuk;k tkuk pkfg, bra tkj jgxs kA vkjS bls vkt ls 20 ls 30 o\"kZ iow Z jk\"VHª kk\"kk dk ntkZ fey tkuk pkfg, Fkk ijarq ljdkj dh bPNk 'kfÙkQ ds vHkko esa vk'kqrks\"k ,ls k ugha gks ik;kA ljdkj dks ;g ?kk\"s k.kk djuh pkfg, fd ih,p-Mh] vxys 5 o\"kk±s ds ckn ge fgna h dks vkxs c<k+ ,xa s vkjS bldh fganh foHkkx dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djuk pkfg,A vkt tgk¡ ij Hkh vaxzsth fnYYkh fo'ofo|ky; fnYYkh&110007 11 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk beZ ys % [email protected] Peer-Reviewed Journal

ektqyh ds fganh çpkjd & ekèkwT;Z dey gtkfjdk ektqyh Hkkjr ds iwokZsÙkj esa fLFkr vle çns'k esa ,d ds la;qÙkQ ç;kl ls ektqyh ds l=kksa dks èkehZ; f'k{kk dk unh }hi gSA czãiq=k ds ân; esa orZeku eas ;g }hi fo'o ,d eq[; dsaæ cuk;k x;k vkSj mUuhloha lnh ds var rd esa loZo`gr unh }hi ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA lokZuUn ;gh l=k f'k{kk dk dsaæ cuk jgkA orZeku le; esa Hkh lksuksoky ljdkj }kjk lu~ 2016bZ- esa ftyk ?kksf\"kr bl fofoèk tkfr&tutkfr viuh ijaijkxr f'k{kk pyk gh jgs ektqyh dks Hkkjr dk bdykSrk unh }hi ftyk gksus dk gaS vkjS lkFk esa l=kkuqLFkku Hkh cuk gqvk gS eqÙkQ lkaLÑfrd xkSjo çkIr gSA 880 oxZ fd-eh- esa iQSyk ;g }hi fofoèk fo'ofo|ky;A mUuhloha lnh ds eè; Hkkx esa bZlkbZ;ksa laLÑfr;ksa dk ,drk LFky gSA eè;dky esa egkiq#\"k Jh }kjk èkeZ çpkj ds fy, çdkf'kr if=kdk ^v#.kksn;* ds ear 'kadjnso vkSj Jh Jh ekèkonso us blh ektqyh }hi dks fojks/ esa ;gha ektqyh ls vle dk çFke lkIrkfgd oS\".ko èkeZ çpkj dk çeq• dsaæ cuk;kA ;gk¡ dbZ l=kksa dk v•ckj ^vle foykfluh* lukru èkeZa ,oa vlfe;k LFkkiu dj ijw s çn's k dh ykxs kas dks o\"S .kookn dh f'k{kk nhA laLÑfr ds çpkj gsrq fudykA ;gk¡ ds yxHkx 79 çfr'kr lf=k;k u`R;] xhr] f'kYi dyk vkfn 'kadjh laLÑfr dk yksx f'kf{kr gSaA èotkokgd ektyq h vle dh lkLa Ñfrd jktèkkuh gAS nkus kas xq#vksa dk feyu Hkwfe ef.kdkapu {ks=k ektqyh dbZ tkfr& Hkkjr fofoèkrk esa ,drk dk ns'k gSA iwjs ns'k esa tutkfr;ksa dk fuokl LFky gSA çÑfr dh xksn esa ;g unh yxHkx rhu gtkj Hkk\"kk,¡ ,oa cksfy;k¡ çpfyr gaSA Lokèkhu }hi 'kL;';keyk gAS feflxa ] nms jh] dNkjh] doS r]Z dvs krs ] Hkkjr esa fganh T;knk jkT;ksa esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk gksus ukFk] eVd] czkã.k] dfyrk] lqfr;k] vkgkse] dksp vkfn ds dkj.k lafoèkku fuekrZ kvksa us bls jktHkk\"kk dk ntkZ fn;k fofoèk lEçnk;ksa ds yksxksa dk ,d txg feydj fuokl ij vfganh Hkk\"kh {ks=kksa esa tSls iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa okl djrs djuk laiw.kZ çns'k esa vf}rh; gS] vkSj blh dkj.k ;g fofoèk yksxksa ds fy, fganh dks viukuk FkksM+k dfBu jgkA leUo; Hkwfe gSA pkjksa vkSj un czãiq=k ls f?kjk gqvk ;g unh }hi vkè;kfRed] lkaLÑfrd ifjos'k dk ,d okgd tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 12 gSA ;gk¡ dh gok esa laxhr gS] dhrZu dh èofu ifjos'k dks uouhr :i çnku djrh gSA feflax ?kjksa ls vkrh ,sfure dh èofu] nsmjh xkoksa ls vkrh chlksa dh èofu ektqyh }hi dk ,d lqUnj o.kZu çLrqr djrk gSA f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ns•sa rks ektqyh ,sfrgkfld dky ls gh f'k{kk dk ,d çeq• dsaæ jgk gSA ikSjkf.kd le; esa fofoèk tutkfr;ksa us bls ra=k&ea=k dh f'k{kk dk dsaæ Hkh cuk;k FkkA eB eafnj] l=k ,oa tutkrh; ?kjksa ls çkIr lk¡phikr iksFkh tSls ra=k lkjka'k] rkaf=kd fofèk] ra=k&ea=k vkfn bldk çek.k gAaS eè;dky eas ijw s vle çn's k eas ftl HkfÙkQ vkUnksyu dk pje çHkko ns•us dks feyrk gS] mldk dsaæ Hkh ;gh ektqyh jgkA 'kadjnso vkSj ekèkonso Peer-Reviewed Journal

bUgsa fganh lh•us ds fy, mPpkj.k ,oa orZuh dh Hkk\"kk esa vkSj ;g fo|ky; ektqyh }hi esa fganh Hkk\"kk çpkj dk oSKkfud rjhdksa dks viukuk dfBu vuqHko gksrk gSA çFke ç;kl gAS O;kl th ?kj&?kj tkdj fgna h dh mi;kfs xrk mPpkj.k ds le; eq•eaMy ds gj va'k ls èofur gksrh ds ckjs esa crkdj iBu&ikBu gsrq Nk=k •kstus yxsA mUgksaus èofu;k¡ fudyuk ;gk¡ ds HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k esa fuokl crk;k fd ektqyh egkfo|ky; ds fjVk;MZ vè;kid djrs yksxksa ds fy, FkksM+k d\"Vdj gS ij vkèkqfud le; ukjk;.k 'kekZ] vkuan gtkfjdk] deykckM+h xYlZ vdkneh esa ,d Hkk\"kk ls lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dks tksM+uk vR;ar t:jh gSA ds fjVk;MZ vè;kfidk nfy c#vk mÙkQ fganh fo|ky; ls vaxzsth tSlh 'kfÙkQ'kkyh Hkk\"kk ds fo#¼ vxj dksbZ Hkk\"kk çFke fo'kkjn mikfèk çkid cusaA vkfFkZd :i ls dkiQh MVdj •Mh+ gks ldrh g]S rks og gS fgna hA bl dkj.k Hkkjr laiUu ektqyh ds lkèkkj.k yksxksa esa fganh mruh çpfyr u ds iwokZsÙkj esa fLFkr vle çns'k esa dqN tu uk;d fganh gksus ds dkj.k dkykarj esa og fo|ky; can gks x;kA vle ds çpkj ds fy, fujarj tqM+s jgsA vle çns'k ds iVy ij jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr }kjk vk;ksftr okf\"kZd fganh ijh{kk ns•sa rks yksdfç; xksihukFk cjnyS og çFke O;fÙkQ gSa eas dbZ 'kk•k,¡ g&Sa ifjp;] çFkek] çofs 'kdk] çckès k] fo'kkjn ftUgksaus fganh çpkj dks egÙo fn;kA vle ds çFke ,oa çoh.k (nks •aM) buds fofoèk Lrj gaSA çoh.k dks eq[;ea=kh cudj mUgksaus fganh dks mPp fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa Lukrd mikfèk ds led{k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ml le; fuf'pr fd;kA fganh çpkj gsrq vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj çoh.k mikfèk çkIr yksxksa dks ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa fganh lfefr dh LFkkiuk mUgksaus dh vkjS lkykuk nl gtkj #i, f'k{k.k dk ekSdk Hkh feyrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd bl laLFkk dks nsus yxsA dkykarj esa ;g lfefr fganh çpkj esa ijh{kk dh yksdfç;rk vle esa c<+us yxhA ektqyh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh jghA fganh ds çpkj dh ;g jk\"VªHkk\"kk fo|ky; can gksus ds dkj.k fganh çpkj esa fiQj lzksrfLouh èkkjk cgrs&cgrs ektqyh unh }hi igq¡phA tgk¡ og rRijrk ugha fn•kbZ nhA mlh fo|ky; ls çosf'kdk dbZ egku O;fÙkQ;kas ds vikj ifjJe ls ;g Hkk\"kk ykds kUs e•q h mikfèk çkid mÙkj deykckM+h l=k ds oS\".ko ukjk;.k cuhA gtkfjdk th ds ân; esa fganh ds fy, vxkèk HkfÙkQ Hkko txk FkkA Hkkjr ds dbZ jkT;ksa esa l=kh;k dyk çnf'kZr djus lkaLÑfrd :i ls le`¼ bl unh }hi esa chloha ds nkSjku mUgsa ;g eglwl gqvk fd fganh Hkk\"kk lh•uk lnh ds vafre Hkkx rd dksbZ fganh iBu& ikBu dh Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, fdruk t:jh gSA Ñ\".k tUe Hkwfe esa bl lqfoèkk miyCèk ugha FkhA fo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa esa Hkk\"kk dh O;kfIr ns•dj •qn dks bls lefiZr djus ds fganh Hkk\"kk dks xSjt:jh le>k tkrk FkkA ml dky •aM fy, mUgksaus gh eu cuk fy;k FkkA 1966bZ- esa tc ukjk;.k esa vle ds çfl¼ fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Hkh fganh iBu& gtkfjdk rhu lky ds Fks] rHkh mudks lksesLoj ck;u ikBu dh lqfoèkk ugha FkhA tc 'kgjksa esa gh fganh dh ;g cw<+kHkxr vius lkFk czãpkjh cukdj ektqyh ds mÙkj fLFkfr gks rks ektqyh }hi rks lcls vyx ,d vdsyk }hi deykckM+h l=k ysdj vk,A lksesLoj xk;u cw<+kHkxr ls gSA vaxzsth ds c<+rs çHkko ds lkFk lkaLÑfrd :i ls Hkh lkfuè; çkIr dj vfr de mez esa gh ojxhr] HkfVek] if'peh lLa Ñfr Hkkjrh;rk ij gkoh gkus s yxh FkhA vlfe;k xhr] u`R; ds lkFk&lkFk egkiq#\"kksa }kjk fyf•r 'kkL=kksa esa yksxksa us Hkh bl ladV dks c•wch eglwl fd;k vkSj fiQj mUgksaus ikafMR; gkfly fd;kA cky voLFkk esa gh og l=k ektqyh tSls }hi esa Hkh 'kq: gqvk fganh çpkj vkUnksyuA ds eq[; ikBd cuas] vkSj gj jkst vius vuqiu daB ls 1955bZ- esa jktLFkku ls vk, y{ehukjk;.k O;kl th us dhrZu] nle vkfn iksFkh i<+dj lHkh oS\".koksa dks lqukus vius dqN vU; lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ektqyh unh }hi esa fganh yxsA vius lqUnj 'kjhj vkSj uouhr daB ds dkj.k ukVdksa f'k{k.k çkjaHk fd;kA ektqyh }hi ds ikjS kf.kd f'k{kkuqLFkkuksa (Hkkmuk) esa Hkh og vkd\"kZd ukV~Ô vfHkusrk cusA viuh eas ls ,d ^ektyq h vkmuh vkVh ges pUæ mPprj ekè;fed thouh eas mUgkuas s ;g mYy•s fd;k gS fd mÙkj deykckMh+ fo|ky;* esa fganh f'k{kd ds :i esa O;kl th us viuk l=k esa gh mUgksaus xksihjke cj xk;u ls mtkikyh f'k{kk] deZ thou 'kq: fd;kA vlfe;k yksxksa esa fganh Hkk\"kk ds ijekuUn cj ck;u ls l=kh;k uR` ;] xhr] ukVd vkfn f'k{kk çfr v#fp dks mUgksaus c•wch le>k FkkA mUgksaus irk ,oa cyksajke cjxk;u ls ikBd f'k{kk çkIr dhA çkIr yxk;k fd bldk dkj.k f'k{kk dk vHkko gh gSA 1971bZ- thouh ls gesa ;g irk yxk fd lu~ 1976bZ- ls gh og eas mUgkuas s lo'sZ oj iQdq u] fuR;kuna c#vk] ciq kjke 'kbfd;k Hkkjr ds fofoèk LFkkuksa ij l=kh;k laLÑfr ds çn'kZu gsrq tSls fganh çsfe;ksa dh enn ls vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr tkus yxsA fnYyh] eækl] dksydkrk] gSnjkckn] iatkc] ds vèkhu ^ektqyh jk\"VªHkk\"kk fo|ky;* dh LFkkiuk dh Peer-Reviewed Journal 13 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk

dsjy] Hkksiky vkfn LFkkuksa ds vykok vle çns'k esa c•wch vuqHko fd;k fd bl çdkj dsoy iBu&ikBu ls fofoèk f”kyksa ij Hkh mUgksaus l=kh;k dyk çnf'kZr dhA lu~ gh fganh dks O;kid :i ugha çnku fd;k tk ldrkA blh 1986bZ- ds x.kra=k fnol vk;kstu ds fnYyh esa Hkkx ysus dkj.k yksxksa dks fganh Hkk\"kk ds çfr vkdf\"kZr djus gsrq okys vlfe;k dykdkjksa esa ukjk;.k gtkfjdk th Hkh ,d mUgksaus ukVd fy•dj dbZ LFkkuksa ij çn'kZu fd;kA muds Fks] iwjs ny ds lqUnj çn'kZu ls mUgsa loZJs\"B ny ds :i }kjk fyf•r fganh ukVd gSa& ^Jhear 'kadjnso* vkSj ^èkuq\"k esa lEekfur fd;kA laiw.kZ ns'k esa Hkze.k dj mUgksaus fganh Hkax* ftudks mUgksaus Nk=kksa dh enn ls iwjs }hi ds fofoèk Hkk\"kk dh ç;kstuh;rk dk c•wch vuqHko fd;k Fkk vkSj LFkkuksa ij •sykA dsoy ektqyh esa gh ugha] çns'k ds ektqyh }hi esa fganh çpkj O;kid :i ls djus ds fy, fofoèk LFkkuksa ij muds }kjk jfpr ukVd yksxksa }kjk •syk og ladYic¼ gq,A ektqyh jk\"VªHkk\"kk fo|ky; ls gh x;kA Jh ear 'kadjnso ,d ,dkadh ukVd gS tgk¡ uke?kj çosf'kdk ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dj tksjgkV] rstiqj] y•heiqj esa 'kadjnso ,oa HkÙkQx.k cSBdj fofoèk fo\"k;ksa ij ppkZ vkfn LFkkuksa ls çoh.k çFke •aM rd dh i<+kbZ laiw.kZ dh djrk fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA nwljs ukVd èkuq\"k Hkax esa jke }kjk vkSj dbZ fganh çsfe;ksa dh enn ls mUgksaus iqu% 1985bZ- esa lhrk Lo;aoj esa f'ko èkuq\"k Hkax dh dFkk of.kZr gSA ektqyh jk\"VªHkk\"kk fo|ky; ds LFkku ij bdykSrk fganh cztkoyh Hkk\"kk esa fyf•r mudk ukVd ^jke ou xeu& egkfo|ky; ^ektqyh jk\"VªHkk\"kk egkfo|ky;* dh LFkkiuk lhrk gj.k] ckyh oèk* vkt Hkh dbZ l=kksa esa •syk tkrk dhA fganh ds fy, muds vUnj tks vuar çse Fkk mldk gSA tgk¡ jke dh ou ;k=kk] jko.k }kjk lhrk gj.k ,oa okuj fun'kZu gesa rc feyk tc egkfo|ky; LFkkfir dj çFke jkt ckyh dk Jh jke }kjk oèk dh dFkk cztkoyh Hkk\"kk o\"kZ og çoh.k vfa re •Ma ds ijh{kk grs q •nq ijh{kkFkhZ cuAs esa of.kZr gSA muds }kjk fyf•r vlfe;k ukVd& ^eksekbZ dkykarj esa ukjk;.k gtkfjdk th }kjk fganh lsrq fuekZ.k dk dVk xM+* vkSj ^Kkuh nkjk* gSA eksekbZ dVk xM+ ukVd esa ;g Øe dHkh #dk ughaA dsoy Nk=k&Nk=kk gh ugha vkgkse ohj ykfpr ojiQwdu dh dFkk vkSj Kkuh nkjk esa fookfgr iq#\"k& efgyk] cqtqxZ lHkh dks gtkfjdk th us ,d Kkuh pjokgk ds thou esa ?kfVr ,d uSfrd dgkuh fganh dk fo|kFkhZ cuk;kA ns•rs&ns•rs dqN gh lkyksa esa of.kZr gSA muds }kjk jfpr nks vlEiw.kZ ukVd gaS& ^gekjk egkfo|ky; esa 300 ls Hkh T;knk ijh{kkFkhZ ijh{kk nsus yxsA ektqyh* vkSj ^egkiq#\"k ekèkonso*A ukjk;.k gtkfjdk vkSj un czãiq=k ds dkj.k bl }hi ds yksxksa dks gj lky f•rsaæ ukFk ljdkj nksuksa vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr ds çy;adkjh ck<+ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA 1998bZ- ds O;ofLFkrk lHkk esa lnL; gq,A fganh çpkj dks thou dk Hk;kog ck<+ ls egkfo|ky; dk vLFkk;h Hkou VwV x;kA mís'; cukus okys ukjk;.k th dks lu~ 2012bZ- esa 50 o\"kZ ikuh ds cgko rst ds dkj.k dqN Hkh lkexzh ugha cpkbZ dh vk;q esa bgyksd ls ijyksd çkfIr gqbZA muds fo;ksx ls tk ldhA ck<+ ds ckn ljdkj ls vkfFkZd enn u feyus ektqyh ds yksx dkiQh eekZfgr gq, ij fganh çpkj dk tks ds dkj.k ,d NksVk lk Hkou fuek.Z k fd;k x;k] tgk¡ lHkh liuk mUgksaus ns•k Fkk og #dk ughaA mUgksaus tks lsrq fuek.Z k Nk=kksa ds fy, ikBnku vlaHko lk yxus yxk FkkA fganh dks fd;k Fkk og vkt rd e”kcrw gAS oreZ ku le; eas ektyq h thou dk y{; cukus okys ukjk;.k gtkfjdk th #ds ughAa ds dksus&dksus esa jk\"VªHkk\"kk fo|ky; gSA deykckM+h esa bl çkÑfrd vkink us tSls mUgsa vkSj O;kid lksp çnku :eh 'kbfd;k] vf•y Bkdqj] eqfgdkar cksjk cjck;u] dhA mUgksaus ektqyh unh }hi ds dbZ LFkkuksa ij jk\"VªHkk\"kk xjeqj esa f•rsUæ ukFk ljdkj] VV;k xk¡o esa f'kokuh c#vk] fo|ky; •ksydj nwj&nwj ds Nk=kksa ds fy, fganh f'k{kk dks cuxk¡o esa egsaæ Hkq;k¡] tsaxjkb esa vf'ouh nys] ektj nsmjh vklku cuk;kA orZeku le; esa muds }kjk LFkkfir yxHkx esa jsfgrk nsmjh] jruiqj esa eky isxq] Ne;krh esa jes'k 15 fo|ky; iwjs ektqyh esa gaSA muls igys ektqyh ds dbZ lsukifr orZeku le; esa fganh çpkj gsrq dk;Zjr gaSA muds O;fÙkQ vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr ls tqM+s gq, Fks] tSls fujarj ç;kl ls ektqyh èkhjs&èkhjs fganh Hkk\"kk ds {ks=k esa mes'k eqnS] d.kikb eqnS] èkhjsu 'kbfd;k] t;ar cjk vkfnA vkxs c<+ jgk gSA mÙkj deykckM+h l=k igys ls gh oS\".ko ijarq mUgksaus ektqyh }hi esa fganh f'k{kk dk tks vkUnksyu laLÑfr ds lkFk&lkFk vU; lkekftd dkj.kksa dk Hkh 'kq: fd;k og lcds fy, vkn'kZ cukA yksx muds lkFk ekxZn'kZd jgk gSA orZeku l=kkfèkdkj Jh Jh tuknZu nso tqM+us yxsA vf•y Bkdqj] :eh 'kbfd;k] fjrkeuh cksjk] xksLokeh th dh otg ls fganh çpkj dh ;g èkkjk vkSj cfcrk 'kbfd;k vkfn deykckM+h jk\"VªHkk\"kk egkfo|ky; foLr`r :i ls vkxs c<+hA mUgksaus dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ds rRdkyhu f'k{kd cusA ukjk;.k gtkfjdk th us ;g fganh Hkk\"kk çpkj lEcUèkh Hkk\"k.k j•sA fganh Hkk\"kk ds o`gr Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 14

çpkj ds fy, mUgksaus jktèkkuh fnYyh ds dksbZ yksxksa ls vk;ksftr ijh{kk esa çoh.k mikfèk çkIr djus ds ckn Hkh laokn fd;kA ijarq ;k;kojh rs”kh gj fdlh ds vUnj ugha fo|ky;ksa esa fganh f'k{k.k dk ekSdk ugha feyrk] blh gksrhA yk•ksa esa ,d fudyrk gS tks vius lq•h thou ls dkj.k bu jk\"VªHkk\"kk fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh Nk=kksa dk vkuk de nwj ladV dks viuk ik,A ,slk gh ,d egku O;fÙkQRo gaS gks x;k gAS O;kogkfjd thou dks T;knk egÙo nus s okys bu fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds fganh foHkkx esa çksiQslj pUnu yksxksa esa fganh dh ç;kstuh;rk cksèk de gS] ,oa fganh dqekj thA çHkq bZ'oj ds vkÞoku ls fcuk dqN lksps pkScs mPpkj.k esa vlqfoèkk gksus ds dkj.k yksx vaxszth dks T;knk th ektqyh unh }hi igq¡psA ;gk¡ vkdj lc tkfr& egÙo nsus yxs gSaA izks- fnus'k dqekj pkScs th dgrs gSa fd tutkfr;ks ls laokn dj bl }hi dh fofoèkrk dks le>us ¶Hkk\"kkbZ leUo; dh n`f\"V ls fganh dks yksdfç; cukus vkSj yxsA vc fganh çpkj dks feyk Fkk ,d ckSf¼d :iA dbZ Hkkjr dk lPpk çfrfufèkRo djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; lkekftd dfBukbZ;ksa ds ckotwn pkScs th #ds ugha] dbZ ckj eap ij laLÑfr dh vfHkO;fÙkQ ds ekè;e cuus dh ;ksX;rk vfiZr fganh Hkk\"kk dh mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa le>krs le; mUgsa djuh gksxhA¸ mudk vfHkIkzk; ;g gS fd fganh dks fu;eksa ykxs kas ls dVq okD; Hkh luq us iMs+ FkAs mudk y{; egki#q \"kkas ls ckgj fudkydj yksdksUeq•h cukuk gksxkA fganh Hkk\"kk }kjk çofrZr laLÑfr dks Hkkjreq•h cukuk gSA mUgksaus ;g vkjS lkfgR; dks laiw.kZ Hkkjr dh Nfo dks çfrfcafcr djuk vuqHko fd;k fd fganh çpkj ds fy, fganh Hkk\"kh {ks=k ds gksxkA ,slk rHkh gksxk tc yksxksa dks mlh çdkj Hkk\"kk yksxksa dk è;ku bl Hkwfe dh vksj •hapuk t:jh gSA O;ogkj dh NwV nsaxs ftl çdkj mUgsa lqfoèkk gksA ektqyh blhfy, mUgksaus dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa] lHkk& lfefr;ksa esa }hi esa fganh çpkj ds fy, O;fÙkQxr ,oa lkewfgd Lrj ij bl {ks=k ,oa ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr;ksa ds ckjs esa crkus yxsA ns'k loZçFke ekufldrk esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk gS] rkfd ds fofoèk fo}ku yksxksa dks gj lky vius lkFk ektqyh yksx vius O;fDrxr Lrj ,oa laLFkkxr Lrj ij fganh dks ykdj pUnu th bl unh }hi dks ns jgs Fks ,d O;kid vfèkd yksdfç; cuk ldsaA Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk\"kkvksa dks Hkkjrh; ifjp;A muds vkJ; esa vkt ektqyh f”kys ds fganh esa 'kkfey dj mls foLr`r :i çnku dj turkeq•h dbZ Nk=k fganh esa mPp f'k{kk çkIr dj jgs gaSA cztkoyh cukuk vR;ar t:jh gSA ljdkj dks Hkh fganh Hkk\"kk ds fy, Hkk\"kk fganh ls feyrh&tqyrh ,d Hkk\"kk gS ftls Jhear dk;Z djuk t:jh gS] rkfd vfèkd ls vfèkd yksx bl 'kadjnso us dkO; jpuk ds fy, rS;kj fd;k FkkA oS\".ko Hkk\"kk ls tMq As+ lLa Fkkvksa dks iBu&ikBu ds vykok lkLa Ñfrd èkeZ dks Hkkjreq•h cukus ds fy, 'kadjnso us bl Ñf=ke dk;kZs }kjk fganh Hkk\"kk dks tux.k rd ysdj tkuk gksxkA Hkk\"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k FkkA ijarq ;g gekjh gh vdeZ.;rk ektqyh unh }hi ij fganh çpkj vkUnksyu vkSj vfèkd gS fd ml fopkjèkkjk dks ge Hkkjre•q h cukus eas vkt rd O;kid cus ;gh ykxs kas ls vi{s kk g]S rkfd ,d fon's kh Hkk\"kk foiQy gSA l=kkfèkdkj Jh Jh tuknZu nso xksLokeh ds ds Åij vius Hkk\"kk dk mi;ksx yksx xoZ ls dj ldsaA usr`Ro esa gj lky jkl iwf.kZek ds fnu cztkoyh Hkk\"kk esa jkl •syk tkrk gSA ftlls ;g Hkk\"kk yqIr gksus ls cps vkSj lUnHkZ % bls feys ,d loZHkkjrh; ifjp;A 1- nf{k.kikr l=k esa çkIr gLrfyf•r ikSjkf.kd iksFkh] fo'o dk loZ o`gr unh }hi ektqyh vkt Hkh 2- f}Hkk\"kh jk\"Vª los d % ebZ 2010bZ- % iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr eas fgna h o\"S .ko lLa Ñfr dk èotkokgd gAS ;gk¡ dh tkfr&tutkfr;kas esa fganh çpkj djuk ,d pqukSrh gS ftls le;&le; ij çpkj dh leL;k,¡ ,oa lekèkku % Mk-W fnu's k deq kj pkcS ]s dbZ yksxksa us Lohdkjk gSA ijarq vkt Hkh ;gk¡ ds xk¡oksa ds 3- Loxh;Z ukjk;.k gtkfjdk }kjk fyf•r vçdkf'kr thouh] yksxksa us fganh dks mruk ugha Lohdkjk gSA fganh lh•us ds 4- lk{kkRdkj % fy, yksxksa esa og mRlkg ugha gksus ds dkj.k ektqyh ds ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa fganh f'k{kd dk çk;% vHkko ns•k y{ehukjk;.k O;kl % fjVk;MZ fganh f'k{kd] tkrk gSA lHkh Nk=k v\"Ve d{kk ds ckn fganh NksM+ nsrs gSaA vf•y Bkdqj % fganh f'k{kd] dksbZ bls fuokfZ pr fo\"k; ds :i esa xgz .k djrk g]S rks mUgsa Hkh mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij tkdj mls NksM+uk iM+rk gS] deykckMh+ jk\"VHª kk\"kk egkfo|ky;] D;ksafd iwjs f”kys esa mPp ekè;fed Lrj ls gh fganh fo\"k; f•rsaæ ukFk ljdkj % fganh f'k{kd] ugha i<+k;k tkrkA vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr }kjk xjejq Jh ykfs gr jk\"VHª kk\"kk fo|ky;] eqfgdkar cjck;u % fganh fo'kkjn] 15 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk l=kh;k f'kYih ,oa f'k{kd] ekyk gtkfjdk % LoxhZ; ukjk;.k gtkfjdk th dh èkeZiRuh] dfjuk gtkfjdk % bfrgkl vè;srk] ektqyh dkWyst Peer-Reviewed Journal

iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr vkSj fganh & izks- ykypan jke iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk vFkZ Hkkjr ds lokZfèkd iwohZ fn'kk ftlls fgna h ds çfr ogk¡ ds ykxs kas eas #fp inS k gbq Z vkjS og esa fLFkr jkT;ksa ls gSA ftlesa v#.kkpy çns'k] vle] vketu rd lqyHk gks ldhA ef.kiqj] es?kky;] fetksje] ukxkyS.M] flfDde vkSj f=kiqjk dqy vkB çns'k gSaA ^v#.kkpy çns'k* dks iw.kZ jkT; dk v#.kkpy çns'k Hkkjr dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSA bls ntkZ 1987bZ- esa feyk] fdUrq mlls iwoZ 15 o\"kks± rd lkefjd n`f\"V ls Hkkjr dk fgLlk gh ugha] cfYd cgqr (1972&87 bZ-) ;g jkT; dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k jgkA Hkk\"kk tkx#d cuk;k x;kA ogk¡ dh turk n's k çes rFkk jk\"VHª kfÙkQ dh n`f\"V ls v#.kkpy esa 42 cksfy;k¡ cksyh tkrh gS vkSj ls Hkjh gqbZ gAS phuh lfS udksa ds vokafNr ?kqliBS dh lwpuk ;gk¡ dh vfèkdka'k Hkk\"kk,¡ frCcrh& cehZ ifjokj ls lEcUèk lcls igys ogk¡ dh turk dks gkrs h gS vkjS os rjq ra Hkkjrh; j•rh gAaS ;g Hkk\"kk lkLa Ñfrd cgyq jkT; gS vkjS exq ykas ds lSfudksa dks nsrs gSaA lhekorhZ gksus ds dkj.k lsuk ds tokuksa 'kklu ls eqDr jgk gSA v#.kkpy l?ku ouksa ls vPNkfnr dh vkoktkgh c<+us rFkk turk ls tqM+us esa laidZ Hkk\"kk dk fgeky; ioZr Üka`•yk ds varxZr vkrk gSA bls mxrs lw;Z dke fganh c•wch djrh gSA çkÑfrd lq• dh n`f\"V ls Hkh dk çns'k Hkh dgrs gSaA ;gk¡ ç;qDr gksus okyh Hkk\"kkvksa dh ;g i;ZVu dk çeq• dsUæ jgrk gS] mlls Hkh fganh dk dksbZ viuh fyfi ugha gS fliQZ •keVh lewg dh ,dek=k fodkl gks jgk gSA v#.kkpy çns'k dh turk Hkh çns'k ls ,slh Hkk\"kk gS ftldh viuh fyfi gSA 'ks\"k Hkk\"kk,¡ nsoukxjh ckgj fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk rFkk vU; çeq• 'kgjksa esa fyfi esa gh ç;qDr dh tkrh gSaA gj çns'k dk dksbZ u dksbZ vkrh& tkrh gSA vkokxeu] i;ZVu] ck”kkj] foKkiu] fganh feFkd gksrk gSA v#.kkpy dk Hkh çkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu fiQYe rFkk xkuksa us Hkh ogk¡ fganh dk o`gr lalkj l`ftr bfrgkl feFkdksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA fd;k gSA çkÑfrd lkSan;Z vkSj lkaLÑfrd lEiUurk dh n`f\"V ls v#.kkpy çns'k dk dksbZ 'kkuh ugha gSA ;g ns'k tgk¡ rd Hkk\"kk dk loky gS] v#.kkpy Hkk\"kk ,oa dk iwohZ jkT; gSA v#.kkpy ds iwohZ Nksj ij ,d NksVk& laLÑfr cgqy gksus ds lkFk gh mldh laidZ Hkk\"kk fganh gSA lk xk¡o ^dkgks* gS tks Hkkjr& phu lhek dk vkf•jh xk¡o gkyk¡fd ljdkjh dkedkt] i=k& O;ogkj vaxzsth esa gksrk gAS gS fdUrq ck”kkj] ;krk;kr] jks”kxkj vkfn {ks=kksa esa fganh dk ç;ksx çpfyr gSA gkyk¡fd dsUæ ljdkj ds vkns'k }kjk v#.kkpy çn's k dh lhek pkj n's kkas ds lkFk yxrh gAS 1956bZ- ls fganh fo\"k; dks v#.kkpy çns'k ds fo|ky;ksa if'pe esa HkwVku] iwoZ esa E;kaekj (cekZ) rFkk mÙkj esa esa iBu&ikBu gsrq vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;k FkkA frCcr vkSj phuA ;gk¡ ls 'ks\"k Hkkjr esa ços'k ds dsoy nks gh jkLrs gSaA ,d vle ds jkLrs vkSj nwljk ukxkyS.M ds ns•k tk, rks v#.kkpy çns'k esa fganh dk ç;ksx jkLrAs Hkkjr vkjS phu eas rukruh ds dkj.k ;g çn's k ge's kk O;ogkj jktHkk\"kk dh n`f\"V ls ^d* {ks=k dh rjg gksrk gSA ppkZ dk fo\"k; jgrk gSA ;gk¡ ds fuoklh bZ'oj esa vkLFkk ysfdu mldh fxurh ^x* {ks=k esa dh tkrh gSA Hkk\"kk ds j•rs gaS rFkk çÑfr itw d gAaS lkFk gh U;k;fç; vkjS n;kyq {ks=k esa dke djrs gq,] Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk laLFkku] eSlwj rFkk Hkh gSaA HkwVku] frCcr rFkk E;kaekj dh lhekvksa ds lkFk jk\"Vhª ; 'kfS {kd vulq èa kku vkjS çf'k{k.k ifj\"kn~ us v#.kkpy yxus okys {ks=kksa ds yksx ckS¼ èkeZ ds vuq;k;h gSaA fdUrq çns'k dh {ks=kh; Hkk\"kkvksa ij cgqr dke fd;k gSA ,u-lh- ogk¡ dk eq[; èkeZ bZlkbZ vkSj fgUnw gSA gkyk¡fd dqN n'kd bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk çdkf'kr fganh dh ikBÔiqLrd ^v#.k igys tSu] flD• rFkk bLyke ds vuq;kf;;ksa us viuh Hkkjrh* ogk¡ ds ^fo|ky;ksa* esa o\"kks± rd i<+kbZ tkrh jgh gS mifLFkfr ntZ dh gSA ;s çk;% çoklh yksx gSa tks O;kikj] Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 16

fuek.Z k rFkk ljdkjh dk;kyZ ;kas eas dke djrs gAaS mUgha ykxs kas fiQj mUgas viuk cuk,]¡ igys mudh Hkk\"kk lLa Ñfr ls vius ds lkFk mudh vkLFkk] èkeZ rFkk laLÑfr Hkh jkT; esa vk dks tksMa+s fiQj mudks viuh Hkk\"kk laLÑfr lsA xbZ gSA gkyk¡fd lkEçnkf;d >xM+s ;k mUekn ;gk¡ ugha ik, tkrs gSaA fofoèk Hkk\"kk& Hkk\"kh èkeZ rFkk laLÑfr ds vkilh iwokZsÙkj çns'k ^vle* Hkkjr ds mÙkj& iwoZ dk ços'k esytksy ls ogk¡ lkekftd lkSgknZ c<+k gS vkSj fganh laidZ }kj gSA bldh Hkh çkÑfrd lq\"kek vuqie gSA vle pk; Hkk\"kk gksus ds ukrs laokn rFkk O;ogkj dk ekè;e Hkh cuhA ckxkukas ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gAS gj&s Hkjs ou] cãz i=q k dh gkyk¡fd vklikl ds tks iwokZsÙkj jkT; gSa] os Hkh iM+ksfl;ksa ufn;k¡ vkSj mudh 'kk•k,¡ pk; ds fo'kky ckxku vkSj dh rjg viuh Hkk\"kkvksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA ;g dgk tk rsy& {ks=k ds fy, mYys•uh; gaSA HkkSxksfyd :i ls vle ldrk gS fd ç'kklfud dk;Z rFkk fo|ky;ksa esa iBu& if'pe caxky esa ,d& nks fdyksehVj yEch Hkwiêðh ls ikBu dh ekè;e Hkk\"kk vaxzsth gS] ijUrq f}rh; ;k r`rh; flyh xqM+h ds ikl 'ks\"k Hkkjr ls tqM+k gqvk gSA bldh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fganh ç;ksx dh tkrh gSA vUrjkZ\"Vªh; lhek HkwVku vkSj ckaXykns'k gSaA vle Ñf\"k çèkku ns'k gSA tgk¡ èkku dh nks çtkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;gk¡ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd v#.kkpy çns'k cgqHkk\"kk& iVs kª fs y;e rFkk çkÑfrd xlS ] dk;s yk] puw k] iRFkj] xusz kbV] Hkk\"kh jkT; g]S fdUrq fganh ds çfr ogk¡ ds yksxksa esa çse vkjS pk; vkSj i;ZVu jkT; ds çeq• m|ksx gSaA fdUrq vU; ln~Hkko ns•us dks feyrk gSA fganh çpkj&çlkj dh m|ksxksa esa •kn] phuh] dkxt] pkoy dh feysa] •k| laLFkkvksa us Hkh fganh ds çpkj&çlkj ds fy, dne mBk, çlaLdj.k rFkk js'ke dh •srh vkfn 'kkfey gSA vle gSaA ckdh jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa v#.kkpy çns'k fganh ds v#.kkpy çns'k] es?kky;] ukxkyS.M] ef.kiqj] f=kiqjk vkSj dkiQh fudV fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA oSls Hkh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr fetksje vkfn jkT;ksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA lu~ 1885bZ- ds ckn dkbs Z çknfs 'kd lhek ugha gkrs hA mlds ckys us okys tgk&¡ tgk¡ tc Lora=krk vkanksyu us tksj idM+k rc jk\"Vªh; vkUnksyu tk,¡xs] ogk¡&ogk¡ rd Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr Hkh ;k=kk djrh ds lkFk jk\"Vªh; ,drk ds fy, jk\"VªHkk\"kk fganh dh tk,xhA iwokZsÙkj ds çns'kksa esa fganh Hkk\"kh turk] O;kikj rFkk vko';drk yksxksa dks eglwl gksus yxh Fkh] fdUrq vle jksth&jksVh dh ryk'k esa ogk¡ igq¡pdj viuh Hkk\"kk vkSj esa fganh dks ysdj dksbZ laLFkkxr ç;kl ugha gq,A 1926bZ- laLÑfr dks Hkh ck”kkj dh Hkk\"kk esa cnyk gSA bl n`f\"V ls esa igyh ckj fo|ky;ksa esa fganh& f'k{k.k dks ,d fo\"k; ds v#.kkpy çns'k esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj rFkk iBu&ikBu :i eas txg feyh tcfd vc ogk¡ rhljh d{kk ls vkBoha ds fy, fLFkfr;k¡ cgqr vuqdwy gaSA FkksM+s ç;kl ls fganh dk d{kk rd vfuok;Z fo\"k; ds :i esa fganh i<+kbZ tkrh gS csgrj fodkl ogk¡ ds tuekul }kjk gks ldrk gSA ftl vkSj nloha rd ,sfPNd fo\"k; ds :i esaA 1934bZ- esa tc rjg ls Hkkjr ljdkj us iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa ds fy, fo'ks\"k xkaèkhth ^vf•y Hkkjrh; gfjtu lsok la?k* dh LFkkiuk ds idS st vkoafVr fd;k gS ;k blls fganh dk foLrkj Hkh gqvk fy, vle vk, Fks rks mUgkuas s vius lca kès ku eas fgna h lh•us gSA vkus okys o\"kks± esa fganh ds çxkeh ç;ksx dks è;ku esa dh ckr dgh FkhA xkaèkhth ls çHkkfor gksdj dqN ukxfjdksa j•dj vxj jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr] dsUæh; fganh laLFkku] us dgk fd ge fganh& f'k{k.k& çf'k{k.k dk dk;ZØe rks jktdh; fganh f'k{kd& çf'k{k.k laLFkku] jkT; o dsUæ 'kq: dj ldrs gaS] fdUrq ,slk djus ds fy, gesa dksbZ fganh ljdkj ds dk;kyZ ;] flues k] ehfM;k vkjS fofHkUu Vys hfotu dk O;fÙkQ pkfg,] D;ksafd gekjs ikl fganh fl•kus okyksa pSuy ds dk;kZy; ;k budh 'kk•k,¡ v#.kkpy çns'k esa dh deh gSA bl ckr ls larq\"V gksdj xkaèkhth us ckck •ksyh tk,¡ rks og fuf'pr gh v#.kkpy çns'k ds fodkl jk?konkl dks fganh çpkjd ds :i esa fu;qDr djds vle esa viuk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA v#.kkpy ls Hkst fn;kA vle igq¡pdj ckck jk?konkl us fganh Hkk\"kh çdkf'kr fganh i=k ^v#.k& Hkwfe* dh fganh ds çpkj&çlkj yksxksa dks fganh& f'k{k.k ds fy, fu;qDr fd;kA ;s lHkh esa vge Hkwfedk gSA fdUrq blds vfrfjDr Hkh i=k& çf'kf{kr vè;kid rks ugha Fks] fdUrq vlfe;k Hkk\"kk tkurs if=kdkvksa o lekpkj i=kksa dk çdk'ku jkT; ds fy, Fks tks fganh ds çpkjd ds :i esa çpkj&çlkj dk dk;Z egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA v#.kkpy çns'k dh tula[;k djus yxAs dNq ykxs blh chp dk'kh fo|kihB tlS s jk\"Vhª ; cs'kd de gS] fdUrq yksx cgqr tkx:d gSaA mudh laLFkku esa vè;;u ds fy, x,A ckn esa mUgsa jk\"VªHkk\"kk tkx#drk dks jk\"VªHkfÙkQ dk tkek igukdj ns'k dh eq[; çpkj lfefr] oèkkZ }kjk lapkfyr fganh vè;kiu eafnj esa èkkjk esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA igys ge muds cusa çf'k{k.k ds fy, Hkst fn;k x;kA bUgha ds vFkd ç;kl ls 17 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

vle esa fganh dk çpkj&çlkj c<+k vkSj vkxs pydj f'kYi] u`R;] laxhr] dyk& lkfgR; laxhr] fFk,Vj] fiQYe ^vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr* dk xBu gqvkA vkfn {ks=kksa esa c<+&p<+dj fgLlk ysrs jgs gSaA ftl rjg ls fganh çns'kksa esa xaxk unh dk LFkku gS mlh rjg ls vle vle dk fganh Hkk\"kh jkT;ksa ls xgjk lEcUèk jgk gSA esa czãiq=k unh dkA vle esa vkjf{kr ouksa] jk\"Vªh; m|kuksa] vk”kknh ds iwoZ ls gh fcgkj] jktLFkku] mÙkj çns'k ls yksx vH;kj.kksa rFkk vkæZ Hkwfe dh çpqjrk ds dkj.k ;gk¡ nqyZHk ;gk¡ vkrs& tkrs jgsA vle ds yksxksa dk vU; jkT;ksa ds çtkfr ds i'kq i{kh ik, tkrs gAaS dkthjxa k vH;kj.; vle yksxksa ds lkFk lEidZ gqvk vkSj dbZ çdkj ds lEcUèk cusA iwjs ns'k& nqfu;k esa fo[;kr gSA o\"kks± rd vle esa psjkiw¡th D;ksafd tks Hkh O;fÙkQ dgha fdlh vU; çns'k esa tkrk gS] lcls vfèkd o\"kkZ ds fy, tkuk tkrk jgk gSA i;kZoj.k vius lkFk viuh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr dks Hkh ys tkrk gSA rFkk çkÑfrd lqUnjrk ds fy, vle cgqfoèk gSA vyx& og cs'kd dke& dkt ds fy,] fctusl& O;kikj ds fy, vyx iQy] iQwy] ikSèks] i'kq& i{kh dh vyx& vyx ogk¡ dh {ks=kh; Hkk\"kk dks viukrk gS] fdUrq ?kj& ifjokj esa tkfr;k¡& çtkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA vkt Hkh og viuh viuh Hkk\"kk dk gh ç;kxs djrk gAS gkykf¡ d exq ydky vkjS laLÑfr] lH;rk] Hkk\"kk] dyk] fFk;sVj xhr& laxhr ds {ks=k vaxzstksa ds tekus esa Hkh ns'k ds vusd Hkkxksa ls fganh Hkk\"kh esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku cuk, gq, gSaA dyk] xhr laxhr fFk;sVj ykxs kas dk vle eas vkuk& tkuk yxk jgrk FkkA fdUrq vxa tsz kas vkSj fiQYe dh nqfu;k] Hkk\"kk dh lhek esa c¡èks ugha jg us tc pk; ckxku dk foLrkj fd;k ml le; fcgkj] ldrsA blhfy, mUgsa O;kid ck”kkj dh t:jr gksrh gSA mM+hlk] eè; çns'k vkjS mÙkj çns'k vkfn vusd fganh Hkk\"kh fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj fganh nqfu;k ,d cgqr cM+k ck”kkj gSA jkT;ksa ls yksxksa dks ykdj clk;kA vc rks ^pk;* m|ksx esa mlls tqM+dj vle dh Hkk\"kk] laLÑfr] dyk] laxhr] dke djus okys vfèkdka'k yksx fganh dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA fiQYe vkfn dk rks fodkl gks gh jgk gS lkFk esa fganh Hkh mudh tkrh; igpku vkSj laLÑfr vkt Hkh fganh gSA iQy& iQwy jgh gSA vle ds 'kSf{kd laLFkku& fo|ky;ksa fo'ofo|ky;ksa] vkfn esa fganh esa vè;;u& vè;kiu c<+k vle eas lcls cMk+ unh }hi ektyq h eas bls lkjS ÅtkZ gSA blls Li\"V gksrk gS fd vle dh turk fganh esa #fp dk mRiknu vkSj czãiq=k unh ds Åij lcls vkd\"kZd ys jgh gSA fganh laidZ Hkk\"kk] dyk txr dh Hkk\"kk] lw;kZLr ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA vle ls xqokgkVh esa lcls vè;;u&vè;kiu dh Hkk\"kk fctusl& O;kikj dh Hkk\"kk NksVs cls gq, czãiq=k unh ds }hi gSaA ns'k dk igyk rsy rFkk lkoZnsf'kd Hkk\"kk ds :i esa dke dj jgh gSA pw¡fd dk dqvk¡ vkSj rsy dh 'kksèk'kkyk vle ds fMxcksbZ esa gSA fganh dk ck”kkj ds lkFk ,d xgjk fj'rk gSA blfy, fganh vle Hkkjr dk ,dek=k ,slk jkT; gS tks rhu çdkj ds vkSj vleh nksuksa ds chp Hkk\"kkbZ vknku& çnku dh cgqr js'ke dk mRiknu djrk gSA pk; ds mRiknu esa vle dk gh xqatkb'k gSA ,sls voljksa dh ryk'k dh tkuh pkfg, dksbZ 'kkuh gh ugha gSA fganh ds çpkj&çlkj ds fy, dbZ ftlls bu nksuksa ds chp fudVrk c<+s vkSj vleh ds lkFk lkjh laLFkk,¡ vuojr dke dj jgh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fganh yksxksa ds fnyksa dh Hkk\"kk cusA ftl çns'k esa fganh ds vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk lfefr xqokgkVh] dsUæh; fganh laLFkku çpkj&çlkj ds brus laxBu vkSj laLFkku gSa ogk¡ fganh dk xqokgkVh] vle jkT; jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr] tksjgkV] Hkfo\"; rks mTtoy gksxk gh] blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gSA jktdh; fganh f'k{kd& çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;] xqokgkVh] jktdh; fgna h f'k{kd& çf'k{k.k lLa Fkku ukFkZ xoq kgkVh rFkk iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa esa ef.kiqj dks Hkkjr dk jRu dgk jktHkk\"kk foHkkx] x`gea=kky;] vle ljdkj vkfn fganh ds tkrk gSA igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk ef.kiqj cgqr gh •wclwjr jkT; çpkj&çlkj esa mYys•uh; Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA gS ftls yksx ^lqugjh èkjrh* dgrs gaSA ef.kiqj dh lhek,¡ fetksje] vle vkSj ukxkyS.M jkT;ksa ls tqM+rh gaSA ef.kiqj vle esa cM+h la[;k esa çoklh etnwj dke djrs gSa& dh ?kkVh ,d iBkj gSA mldh igkfM+;k¡ ,oa ioZrekyk,¡ dkedkt] fctusl O;kikj] ck”kkj rFkk lkaLÑfrd mRloksa Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhekvksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gaSA ef.kiqj ij ds volj ij vleh ds lkFk&lkFk fgna h dk O;kid ç;kxs caxky ds Ñ\".k HkDr pSrU; egkçHkq dk çHkko jgk gSa] gks jgk gSA vleh Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR; cgqr le`¼ gS] fdarq gkyk¡fd ioZrh; f”kyksa esa vfèkdka'k tula[;k bZlkbZ èkeZ fganh ds lkFk mlds ?kfu\"B lEcUèk gaSA vleh Hkk\"kk dk ds mikldksa dh gSA ef.kiqj esa 19oha 'krkCnh esa bZlkbZ èkeZ ys•d] dof;=kh rqjUr fganh esa vkuk pkgrk gS blfy, dk çpkj 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA ?kkVh esa eqfLyeksa dk Hkh ,d fganh esa vuwfnr gksdj 'kh?kz gh O;kid lekt ls tqM+ tkrk gSA 'kq: ls gh vle ds yksx vdknfed] jktuhfrd] tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 18 Peer-Reviewed Journal

oxZ gS ftudk lEcUèk lqUuh lEçnk; ls gSA •sy ds 1972bZ- rd yxHkx 25 o\"kks± rd ef.kiqj dsUæ 'kkflr bfrgkl esa ef.kiqj ikjEifjd •syksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA çns'k Fkk mlds ckn ;g iw.kZ jkT; cukA dkaL; ind ekuk tkrk gS fd ^iksyks* dk çkjEHk ef.kiqj ls gh gqvkA fotsrk vkSj yxkrkj 5 ckj dh fo'o ckWfDlax fotsrk eSjh nwljk yksdfç; •sy ukdS k nkMS + Hkh gAS vktdy rks ef.kiqj dkWe us ns'k vkSj vius jkT; ef.kiqj dks oSf'od xkSjo jkT; jk\"Vªh; •sykas] jk\"Vªe.My •syksa] ,f'k;kbZ •syksa rFkk çnku fd;kA mUgsa dbZ lkjs jk\"Vªh; iqjLdkj çkIr gSaA gky vksyfEid •syksa esa cM+h la[;k esa ns'k dk çfrfufèkRo gh esa mUgsa iÁJh ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA ef.kiqj djrk gAS ef.kijq dh vFkOZ ;oLFkk Ñf\"k] ou] mit] m|kxs ] vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk ,d vyx :i gS] tgk¡ fofHkUu •uu] O;kikj rFkk i;ZVu ij vkèkkfjr gSA jkT; ds ?kjsyw leqnk;ksa us ,d lkekfld laLÑfr esa viuk& viuk LFkku mRiknu esa Ñf\"k dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA ;g jks”kxkj nsus cuk;k gSA ef.kiqj dh lkekfld laLÑfr vkSj jk\"Vªh; ns'k okyk lcls cM+k {ks=k gSA D;ksafd ef.kiqj dh vfèkdka'k ds fy, xkSjo dh ckr gSA budk mYys• Hkkjrh; lkfgR; tula[;k xk¡o esa jgrh gSA nks frgkbZ yksx viuh thfodk eas vo'; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk\"kk vkjS lkfgR; dh nfq u;k ds fy, Ñf\"k ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA gLrf'kYi Hkh jkT; dk lkefldrk ds fcuk iQy& iQwy ugha ldrhA fganh dks egÙoiw.kZ m|ksx gSA diM+s ij d<+kbZ csar vkSj ck¡l uxhus iQyus& iQwyus& foLrkj ds fy, ;g lkekfldrk gh rFkk ydM+h dk dke] crZu vkSj èkkrq f'kYi xqfM+;k vkSj mldh rkdr gS] 'kfÙkQ gSA ns'k dk çR;sd jkT; O;oLFkk f•ykSus vkfn ij ef.kiqj gLrf'kYi dk O;kid çHkko gSA vkSj dsUæ ls tqM+dj vf•y Hkkjrh; gksuk pkgrk gS fganh •kldj dqVhj m|ksx] gFkdj?kk m|ksxksa esa efgyk,¡ ikjaxr mleas egÙoi.w kZ Hkfw edk fuHkk ldrh gAS blfy, ef.kijq eas gSA ,d rjg ls dg ldrs gSa ef.kiqj dh efgykvksa dh fganh dk foLrkj vkSj Hkfo\"; mTToy gSA egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd thou esa ns•h tk ldrh gSA jkT; ds reke mRiknuksa dk es?kky; rks es?kksa (cknyksa) dk ?kj gSA ;gk¡ Å¡ph& O;kikj vkSj ysu& nsu efgykvksa }kjk gh fd;k tkrkA dg Å¡ph igkfM;k¡ gSaA njvly es?kky; viuh •wclwjrh ds ldrs gaS fd ef.kiqj esa efgykvksa dk LFkku dkiQh Å¡pk fy, tkuk tkrk gAS vkiS fuofs 'kd dky eas f'kykUW x dks ^iow Z vkSj Lora=k gSA ;gk¡ dh efgykvksa us vaxzstksa dks Hkh ekr nh dk LdkWVyS.M* dgk tkrk Fkk Hkkjr ds mÙkj& iwohZ jkT;ksa FkhA esa es?kky; gh ,dek=k jkT; gS tgk¡ ekr`oa'kh; lekt dk çpyu gS] blesa oa'k ijaijk ek¡ ds uke ls pyrh gSA ;gk¡ pw¡fd bEiQky esa ck”kkj O;oLFkk efgykvksa ds gkFk esa efgykvksa dks fo'ks\"k vfèkdkj çkIr gSaA ;gk¡ lcls NksVh gAS ;g mudh viuh vkRefuHkjZ rk] vfLerk vkjS l'kfDrdj.k yM+dh gh iwoZtksa dh lEifÙk dh Lokeh gksrh gS] tcfd dk çrhd gSA os viuh vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj vfLerk ds fy, ekek bl lekt eas ,d ijke'knZ krk gkrs k gS tks lHkh ekeykas yM+rh gSa vkSj mldh j{kk ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSaA os esa vafre fu.kZ; ysrk gSA ukxfjd vkanksyu] eknd nzO;ksa ds nq#i;ksx] 'kjkc•ksjh rFkk efgykvkas ds fo:¼ gkus s okys vijkèkkas vkjS jktuhfrd ;gk¡ rhu çe•q tutkfr;k&¡ •klh] xkjk]s vkjS t;fa r;k eqíksa ij yM+kbZ Hkh yM+rh gaSA ef.kiqj dh turk mRlo èkehZ fuokl djrh gSaA bUgha tutkfr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij es?kky; gS vkSj muds mRlo Ñf\"k laLÑfr ls tqM+s gq, gSaA u`R; vkSj dks rhu {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls& •klh laxhr muds thou dk vfHkUu vax gaSA çkphu dky ls fgYl esa •klh tutkfr] xkjks fgYl esa xkjks tutkfr vkSj ef.kiqj Hkkjr vkSj cekZ ds chp Hkwfexr O;kikj dk ekxZ t;afr;k fgYl esa t;afr;k tutkfrA es?kky; ds bfrgkl jgk gSA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds le; Hkh ;gk¡ tkikfu;ksa vkSj dks n•s sa rks ogk¡ blZ kbZ fe'kufj;kas dk igp¡q uk ,d egÙoi.w kZ fe=k jk\"Vªksa dh iQkStksa ds chp dbZ ;q¼ yM+s x,A lqHkk\"k ?kVuk FkhA èkeZ çpkj ds lkFk gh bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us f'k{kk pUæ cksl ds usr`Ro esa bf.M;u us'kuy vkehZ ef.kiqj esa ds fy, vkjS LokLF; dk çc¡èk Hkh fd;kA blh lsok Hkkouk ços'k dj eksbZjax igq¡p xbZ FkhA gkyk¡fd f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds ekè;e ls os vius èkeZ] Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr dk esa tkikfu;ksa ds ihNs gVus ds dkj.k 14 vçyS 1944b-Z dks çpkj&çlkj djrs FksA çkjaHk esa tks •kfl;ksa ds fy, Ldwy eksbZjax esa lqHkk\"k pUæ cksl us jk\"Vªh; èot iQgjk;kA vaxzstksa •ksys x, ogk¡ caxkyh fyfi ykxw dh xbZ ckn esa Ldwyksa esa ls eqfÙkQ ds ckn ef.kiqj lafoèkku vfèkfu;e] 1947bZ- ds jkseu fyfi dk ç;ksx gksus yxkA •klh] xkjks vkSj t;afr;k varxZr 1949bZ- esa ef.kiqj dk Hkkjr esa foy; gqvkA yksxksa us tc jkseu fyfi viukbZ rks cgqr ,sls fo}ku gq, ftUgksaus ckbZcy rFkk bZlkbZ lkfgR; dk LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds 19 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

vuqokn fd;k ftls fe'kujh Ldwy esa ykxw fd;k x;kA dsUæ dj fn;k x;k gkyk¡fd lqHkk\"k paæ cksl lu~ 1927 ds iwoZ esa es?kky; vle jkT; ds varxZr vkrk FkkA ckn yxkrkj f'kykWUx vkrs jgsA viuh çFke ;k=kk esa cksl us ,d iorZ h; fjlkWVZ dks cehZ tsyksa esa lJe dnS ds nkjS ku 1972bZ- esa es?kky; vyx jkT; cukA igys ;g vle dk viuh lsgr esa vkbZ fxjkoV ls mcjus ds fy, lokZfèkd ,d ç'kklfud dUs æ FkkA blfy, ;gk¡ cãz lekt vkna kys u] mi;qDr LFkku ds :i esa p;fur fd;kA es?kky; cgqr gh caxky iqutkZxj.k rFkk jkeÑ\".k fe'ku ls vkus okys u, le`¼ jkT; gSA es?kky; dh jktèkkuh f'kykWUx esa dbZ fopkjksa dk ges'kk lEeku fd;k tkrk FkkA bu vkanksyuksa us 'kSf{kd laLFkku •ksys x, gSaA tSls mÙkj& iwoZ u fliQZ fopkj fn,] cfYd lekt esa psruk ykus ds fy, iorZ h;@fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mÙkj& iow Z {k=s kh; f'k{kk lLa Fkku] ogk¡ ds yksxksa esa f'k{kk dk çpkj&çlkj Hkh fd;kA czã NCERT rFkk NTPC vkSj IFLU gSA lkFk gh vU; ljdkjh lekt rFkk jkeÑ\".k fe'ku us u dsoy •klh fgYl esa laLFkku gSa] tgk¡ iwjs ns'k ds yksx dke djrs gSaA ;s yksx vusd Ldwy •ksys] cfYd mUgksaus ijksidkj gsrq rks nok•kus viuh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds lkFk es?kky; vk, gSaA T;knk Hkh •ksysA lu~ 1924bZ- esa jkeÑ\".k fe'ku }kjk •ksyk x;k ls T;knk laokn] mRlo] lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe fd, tk,¡ fo|ky; vkt Hkh fliQZ es?kky; dk çfrf\"Br fo|ky; gSA vkSj mudh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr dk lEeku fd;k tkuk es?kky; esa lksgjk (psjkiw¡th) fliQZ Hkkjr esa ugha cfYd iwjs pkfg,A mUgsa Hkh ns'k ds lÙkk 'kh\"kZ 'kklu esa txg nh tk, fo'o esa lcls vfèkd o\"kkZ ds fy, tkuk tkrk Fkk] tks rks fuf'pr gh ldkjkRed ekgkSy rS;kj gksxk fganh muesa vc ekflujke (es?kky;) gSA es?kky; dk cM+k gh cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA xkSjo'kkyh vrhr] le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr rFkk vn~Hkqr Hkw& ifjn`'; jgk gSA vaxzsth 'kklu dky ls gh jkT; ns'k iwokZsÙkj çns'kkas esa fetksje uhys ioZrksa dk çns'k ekuk Hkj esa [;kfr çkIr Ldwyksa ds fy, çfl¼ jgk gSA Hkkjr ds tkrk gSA ;g mÙkj iwohZ Hkkjr ds nf{k.kh Nksj ij fLFkr gSA •wclwjr jkT;ksa esa 'kkfey es?kky; i;ZVdksa dk ialnhnk bldh vrjkZ\"Vªh; lhek,¡ nf{k.k vkSj iwoZ esa E;kaekj rFkk i;ZVu LFky gSA tks çns'k f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa çkphu le; ls if'pe esa ckaXykns'k ls yxrh gSaA blds if'pe esa f=kiqjk fo[;kr gks] i;ZVu LFky ds fy, tkuk tkrk jgk gks] rFkk mÙkj esa vle vkSj ef.kiqj jkT; gSA bldk HkkSxfyd fctusl& O;kikj rFkk ljdkjh dk;Zyk;ksa dk dsUæ gks ogk¡ {ks=k lkefjd egÙo dk gSA fetksje esa clus okys yksx fuf'pr :i ls fganh ds fy, fodkl djus] iQyus& iQwyus fetks dgykrs gSaA dbZ lewg gSa tks fetksa ds :i esa tkus dk Hkjiwj volj gSA cs'kd fganh ;gk¡ f}rh;& r`rh; Hkk\"kk tkrs gSaA fetksa ds lxksrh; yksx iwjs mÙkj& iwohZ Hkkjr cekZ ds :i esa i<+kbZ tkrh gSa] fdarq laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa rFkk ckaXykns'k esa jgrs gSa Ckwza vkSj pDek fetksje ds nwljs lokZfèkd cksyh tkrh gSA dsUæ ljdkj ds tks dk;kZy; ;k tutkfr lewg gSaA usikfy;ksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k fetksje 'kSf{kd laLFkku ogk¡ Hkk\"kk ds {ks=k esa dk;Z dj jgs gSa mUgsa ds vyx& vyx fgLlksa esa iQSyh gqbZ gSA es?kky; dh cksyh vkSj Hkk\"kk dks fganh ds lkFk rqyukRed :i ls tksM+us rFkk vuqokn ds ekè;e ls ,d& nwljs ds 19oha 'krkCnh ds çkjaHk esa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;k¡ èkeZ ds djhc ykus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A D;ksafd ck”kkj vkSj çpkj&çlkj ds fy, fetksje vkbZa FkhA fetksje ds yksxksa ehfM;k fganh Hkk\"kk ds foLrkj vkSj fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ dk çeq• èkeZ bZlkbZ gS] D;ksafd bZlkbZ fe'kufj;k¡ tgk¡ Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA tkfgj gS es?kky; blls oafpr ;k xbZ ogk¡ èkeZ ds çpkj&çlkj ds lkFk f'k{kk vkSj LokLFk misf{kr ugha gSA igys ;g dgkor çpfyr Fkh fd d'ehj lEcUèkh eyw ç'ukas dks lca kfs èkr djrh gbq Z viuh Hkk\"kk vkjS èkjrh dk LoxZ gS] fdarq vc es?kky; dks ^iwoZ dk laLÑfr dh vksj yksxksa dk è;ku vkÑ\"V fd;kA bZlkbZ LdkWVyS.M* dgk tkrk gSA dkathjxk us'kuy ikdZ tks ,d fe'kufj;ksa ds èkeZ çpkj dk fetksje dh efgykvksa ij lhax okys xSMs ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS] es?kky; esa fLFkr gSA nwjxkeh vlj gqvkA bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us efgykvksa ds fy, bl jkT; dk ,sfrgkfld egÙo Hkh gS D;ksafd Lokeh if'peh f'k{kk 'kq: dhA 'kq: esa rks yM+dks dh f'k{kk dks foosdkuan vkSj lqHkk\"k paæ cksl tSls egÙoiw.kZ O;fÙkQ;ksa us gh çkFkfedrk nh xbZ fdarq ckn esa yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dks vkSifuosf'kd dky esa f'kykWUx vk, Fks vkSj dqbZuVksu Hkh çkFkfedrk nh xbZA f'kf{kr yM+fd;ksa dks fe'kufj;ksa us Lekjd gkWy esa ,d çsj.kknk;h O;k[;ku fn;k FkkA bl gkWy ukSdfj;k¡ çnkudj mUgsa vkRefuHkZj cuk;kA fetks yksxksa esa dk ukedj.k ckn esa jkeÑ\".k fe'ku foosdkuan lkaLÑfrd oèkw ewY; pqdkus dh çFkk gS 'kknh ds ckn oèkw ewY; fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS ftldk Hkqxrku nwYgs ds ifjokj }kjk oèkw Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 20

ifjokj ds eqf•;k dks fd;k tkrk gSA dqN va'k 'kknh ds lewg gSa mruh gh mudh viuh& viuh Hkk\"kk,¡ gSaA jkT; esa nkSjku fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'ks\"k Hkqxrku o\"kks± rd fd;k tkrk ,slh cgqr lkjh miHkk\"kk,¡ gS tks vcksèkxE; gaSA blls lewgksa gSA fetks ds yksxksa }kjk eq[; Hkk\"kk fetks dk gh ç;ksx gksrk ds vanj laokn eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vxzsath gS ftls yq'kkbZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl Hkk\"kk dk lEcUèk dks jkT;Hkk\"kk ds :i esa ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tcfd dqdh phu Hkk\"kk lewgksa ls gS tks frCcr cehZ ifjokj dh vleh dh ,d f•pM+h cksyh ukxkeh vc ,d vke Hkk\"kk ,d çe•q Hkk\"kk gAS fetks vxa tsz h ds lkFk ;gk¡ dh jktdh; cu xbZ gSA ukxk dk bfrgkl cgqr foLr`r gS ;gk¡ ds yksxksa Hkk\"kk Hkh gSA gkyk¡fd jkT; esa cxkayh] gekj] y•sj] ekjk] us fczfV'k bf.M;k ljdkj ds lkFk feydj nksuksa fo'o usikyh] ikoh] ikbFks rFkk FkkM# vkfn Hkk\"kk,¡ vkSj cksfy;k¡ ;q¼ksa esa Hkkx fy;kA çFke fo'o ;q¼ esa nks gtkj ukxk gSaA fetks dh viuh dksbZ fyfi ugha gSA Jfed lfS ud Úkla Hkts s x,A Úkla ls ykVS us ds ckn 1918 esa mu yksxksa us ukxk Dyc dh LFkkiuk dh ftlls fetks dh fyfi jkseu gS ftlesa 34 v{kj 'kkfey gSA vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu dh lgk;rk Hkh gqbZ vkSj ckn esa blh fetks dk viuk Hkk\"kk lkfgR; gS] fdarq bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa ds Dyc us ukxk vfLerk dh ryk'k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ;ksxnku ls vaxzsth dk cksyckyk Hkh gSA fetksje Hkkjr dk fuHkkbZA tqykbZ 1960bZ- esa rRdkyhu çèkkuea=kh if.Mr vfHkUu vax gS blhfy, ogk¡ dh turk] Hkk\"kk& laLÑfr tokgjyky usg: rFkk ukxk ihiqYl dUosa'ku ds usrkvksa ds vdsyh u iM+ tk, blfy, fganh Hkk\"kk] lekt vkSj eè; vkilh lykg e'kojs ds ckn 16 lw=kh; le>kSrs ij laLÑfr ls tksM+dj mUgsa fodkl dh eq[; èkkjk esa yk;k lgefr cuhA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjr ljdkj us tk ldrk gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc fetks vkSj fganh ds Hkkjrh; l?a k ds vra xrZ ukxky.S M dks ,d i.w kZ jkT; ds :i chp vuqokn ds ekè;e ls ,d& nwljs dks tksM+k tk,A esa ekU;rk nhA 1 fnlacj 1963bZ- dks ukxkyS.M Hkkjrh; pw¡fd fctusl] O;kikj] jksVh] jks”kxkj rFkk ljdkjh vkSj la?k dk 16ok¡ jkT; cu x;kA ftlds varxZr 11 f”kys gaS jktdh; dk;kZy;ksa esa jktHkk\"kk fganh ds lkFk mudh vkSj dksfgek ml jkT; dh jktèkkuh cuhA Hkk\"kkvksa dks çkFkfedrk nsuh gksxhA tc ge fdlh dh ekr`Hkk\"kk dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSa ;k mldh ekr`Hkk\"kk dk iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr eas flfDde fgeky; dk LoxZ dgk tkrk lEeku djrs gSa rks mldh lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr] ioZ& gSA cM+s& cM+s ioZrksa ls f?kjk ;g ,d NksVk&lk jkT; gSA R;kSgkj] jhfr&fjokt ds lkFk •qn dks tksM+rs gSaA muds fy, bldh lhek mÙkj esa phu& frCcr ls feyrh gS rFkk iwoZ fgna h fon's kh ;k vifjfpr Hkk\"kk ugha gAS ifjo's k e]as ehfM;k esa HkwVku] nf{k.k esa if'pe caxky dk nkftZfyax rFkk e]as f'k{k.k lLa Fkkuks eas fgna h ç;Dq r gks jgh gAS t:jr gS mls if'pe esa usikyA flfDde dk ewy uke LoxZ gSA iM+kslh lkaLFkkfud :i nsdj fganh esa vuqokn dj T;knk ls T;knk ns'k ds usikyh yksx bls pkoyksa dh ?kkVh dgk djrs FksA çpkfjr& çlkfjr djus dhA fganh ds ekè;e ls lÙkk usiky vkSj ;gk¡ ds LFkkuh; yksxksa ds chp vkilh lEcUèk çfr\"Bkukas rd vklkuh ls igp¡q k tk ldrk gAS blfy, fgna h Hkh cus gq, gSa cfYd ysipk MsUtkWx vkSj fyEcl tkfr vkjS fetks ds chp lkLa Ñfrd eys & feyki djus ls Hkk\"kkbZ lewgksa esa 'kknh fookg Hkh gksrs gSaA 'kknh dj ds tc yM+dh nwfj;k¡ de dh tk ldrh gSaA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa vius ?kj vkrh gS rks mls lqfge dgdj iqdkjrh gSA lqfge dh rjg ;gk¡ Hkh fganh dk Hkfo\"; mTToy gS t:jr gS ftls u;k ?kj dgk x;kA u;k 'kCn lqf•e ;gh ckn esa igy dhA flfDde gks x;kA flfDde esa rhu eq[; tkfr leqnk;ksa esa ysipk] HkwfV;k rFkk usikyh gSa tks çÑfr ds mikld gSa] iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa ukxkyS.M mRloksa dk çns'k gSA ;gk¡ lkFk gh og ckS¼ rFkk fgUnw èkeZ ds mikld Hkh gaSA ioZr lky Hkj mRlo euk, tkrs gSaA ukxkyS.M ds iwoZ esa E;kaekj dh iwtk flfDde esa ,d cM+k R;kSgkj gS ftls lHkh rFkk v#.kkpy çns'k if'pe] vkSj mÙkj esa vle rFkk leqnk; eukrs gSaA flfDde esa tkfr] oa'k] èkeZ rFkk tsMaj nf{k.k eas ef.kijq jkT; gAS ukxky.S M eas 16 çe•q tutkfr;k¡ vkfn dk dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gSA jkT; ljdku us efgykvksa rFkk vusd mitkfr;k¡ fuokl djrh gSaA jhfr& fjoktksa] ds fy, iapk;rksa rFkk ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa 33 çfr'kr Hkk\"kk rFkk os'kHkw\"kk dh n`f\"V ls çR;sd tutkfr fof'k\"V vkj{k.k dk çkoèkku fd;k gSA ;gk¡ dh efgyk,¡ vkfFkZd vkjS vuBw h gAS gkykf¡ d os vyx& vyx Hkk\"kkvkas dk ç;kxs Hkwfedk fuHkkus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa Lora=k gSaA djrs gSa tksfd frCcrh cehZ ifjokj ds varxZr vkrh gSA jkT; esa le`¼ Hkkf\"kd ijEijk gS vkSj ftrus tutkrh; ukxkyS.M Lor% cgqHkk\"kk& Hkk\"kh jkT; gS fdUrq 21 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

lkekfldrk mldh rkdr gSA ;gh lkekfldrk vkSj çfr mudh #fp dks vkdf\"kZr djus ds fy, flfDde dh yksdra=k Hkkjr dh rkdr gSA ftl rjg nqdkuksa ds chp Hkk\"kkvksa dk fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr esa LFkku nsuk gksxkA nqdkusa iQyrh& iQwyrh gSaA Bhd mlh rjg Hkk\"kk,¡ Hkh ,d& mudh vfLerk vkSj igpku dks fganh Hkk\"kk lkfgR; esa nwljs ls tqM+dj le`¼ gksrh gSaA fganh dh lkekfldrk LFkku vkSj egÙo nsuk gksxkA fiQj ge lHkh rjg dh nwfj;k¡ ukxkyS.M dh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr dks vius esa lekfgr dj feVk ldrs gaS vkjS mUgas viuh Hkk\"kk vkjS lLa Ñfr eas 'kjhd ldrh gSA t:jr gS muds djhc tkus dh gSA mudh dj ldrs gSaA Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds chp var%fØ;k ls Hkk\"kkvksa ds lEeku ds lkFk mudh laLÑfr dk lEeku Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk fganh Hkh e”kcwr gksxhA fganh rHkh djds ge fganh dk fodkl dj ldrs gSaA ogk¡ fganh dk vaxzsth dh txg ysxhA csgrj fodkl vkSj foLrkj dh viwj laHkkouk,¡ gSaA usiky ls lVs gksus ds dkj.k usikyh gh ogk¡ dh laidZ Hkk\"kk gS iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr eas f=kijq k viuh HkkxS kfs yd vkjS ikfjfLFkfr fiQj Hkh vfèkdrj fgLlksa esa vxzsth vkSj fganh cksyh vkSj dh fofoèkrk ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS ;k ;g dg ldrs gSa le>h tkrh gSA eq[; tkfr;ksa vkSj mitfr;ksa dh viuh& fd og fofoèkrkvksa dk çns'k gSA bl fofoèkrk esa gh viuh Hkk\"kk,¡ Hkh O;ogkj esa gSaA mldh le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr Hkh tqM+h gqbZ gSA f=kiqjk esa vyx&vyx tkrh; lewgkas] èkekZsa ds yksx jgrs gSa tks vius lu~ 1947bZ- esa Lokèkhurk ds mijkar flfDde dks laxhr] u`R;] yfyr dykvkas] yksd lkfgR;] okLrqf'kYi fo'ks\"k jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k x;k ftlds varxZr j{kk] fons'kh rFkk gLr& f'kYi ds ekè;e ls thou dk mRlo eukrs gSaA lEcUèk] lapkj vkfn dk fu;a=k.k Hkkjr ljdkj ds ikl Fkk f=kiqjk dh lhek mÙkj& iwoZ esa vle rFkk fetksje ds lkFk tcfd flfDde esa jkt'kkgh dks tkjh j• fn;k x;kA ckn mÙkj if'pe vkSj nf{k.k esa ckaXykns'k ds lkFk yxrh gSA esa jkt'kkgh ds fo:¼ yksxksa dk vkØks'k c<us yxkA f=kiqjk esa 19 tutkfr lewg gSaA ftudh dqy tula[;k 31- yksdra=k LFkkfir djus ds fy, flfDde 16 ebZ] 1975bZ- 05 tcfd 70» xSj tutkrh; lewg gSa tutkrh; yksxksa esa dks Hkkjrh; la?k dk iw.kZ jkT; cu x;kA viuh çkÑfrd f=kiqjh vFkok nsoceZu leqnk; cgqla[;d gS tcfd xSj •wclwjrh rFkk LFkkf;Ro ds dkj.k flfDde i;ZVdkas dk tutkfr leqnk; vfèkdrj caxkyh rFkk ef.kiqjh yksx gSaA fç; i;VZ u LFky gAS ;gk¡ n's k fon's k ls vuds i;VZ d vkrs vU; tutkfr lewgksa esa Hkhy eq.Mk] laFkky] ysIpk] eSrsbZ gSaA ukFkqyk] phu vkSj Hkkjr dk flfDde fLFkr eq[; lhek rFkk •kfl; vçoklh gSa tks eè;çns'k] fcgkj] mM+hlk] LFky gS tks xaxVksd ls 50 fdyksehVj nwj gSA flfDde if'pe caxky] HkwVku] es?kky;] flfDde vkfn çns'kksa ls Hkk\"kk] lkfgR;] laLÑfr] ioZ] R;kSgkj jhfr& fjokt èkeZ ;gk¡ vkdj cl x, gSaA pDek vkSj eks?k vjkdku tkfr;k¡ vkfn dh ekU;rkvksa ds vkèkkj ij cgqr gh fLFkj çns'k gSA gSa tks igkM+h jkLrksa ls ;gk¡ ços'k dj xbZA ekuk ;g tkrk ;gk¡ fdlh rjg dk fookn çk;% ugha feyrkA yksdra=k ds gS fd ekf.kD; 'kkldksa us caxkfy;ksa dks f=kiqjk esa clus ds fodkl dh n`f\"V ls ;g jkT; cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA fy, çsfjr fd;kA mUgksaus èkhjs&èkhjs ckaXyk Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR; dks viuh laLÑfr esa 'kkfey dj fy;kA çf'kf{kr i;ZVu ;gk¡ dk eq[; O;olk; gSA i;ZVu gh ,d ,slk yksxksa dh deh ds dkj.k ekf.kD; 'kkldksa dks caxky ls {ks=k gS tks vyx&vyx Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr;ksa dks LFkku vè;kid] MkWDVjksa] odhyksa dks ;gk¡ vkus ds fy, fueaf=kr miyCèk djkrk gSA ;gk¡ fganh dks vU; Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk fd;k x;kA èkku dh •srh dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, feytyq dj fodkl djus dk vPNk volj gks ldrk gAS Hkwfeghu •sfrgjksa dks ;gk¡ cqykus dh vko';drk iM+hA fdra q fctuls &O;kikj rFkk ykxs kas ds vkokxeu dks lfq uf'pr caxkyh yksxksa ds lkEçnkf;d naxksa ds Hk; ls Hkkxdj caxky djus ds fy, lkaLÑfrd Lrj ij dke djus dh t:jr ds dqN yksx Hkh f=kiqjk esa vk clsA ohj foØe ekf.kD; gSA ,slk ugha gS fd flfDde esa fganh tkuus okyksa dk us mUgsa LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk dhA ns'k foHkktu ds vHkko gS ;k fganh ds yksx ogk¡ ugha ig¡qps gSaA ck”kkj vkSj mijkar iwohZ ikfdLrku ls cM+h la[;k esa caxkyh ;gk¡ vk,A ehfM;k dh miyCèkrk ls Hkk\"kkvksa ds chp vkilh lEcUèkksa dks èkkj nsus ds fy, vuds varHkkZ\"kk;h dk;Z'kkyk,¡ dh tk 1971bZ- ds foHkktu rFkk iwohZ ikfdLrku dh eqfÙkQ ldrh gSaA ioZ R;kSgkjksa esa ogk¡ ds yksxksa dh laLÑfr ds vkSj ckaXykns'k fuekZ.k ds lkFk cM+h la[;k esa 'kj.kkFkhZ ;gk¡ lkFk fganh laLÑfr dk feyktqyk dk;ZØe fd;k tk vkdj cl x,A yxHkx 60» tula[;k bUgha caxkfy;ksa dh ldrk gSA 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dh miyCèkrk rFkk fganh ds gSA jcM+ dh •srh] eRL; ikyu] èkku] eNyh dk mRiknu Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 22

gkFkksa ls cqus diM+s] ydM+h dh uDdklh] ck¡l dh oLrqvksa dk volj gSA fganh vkSj f=kiqjk dh turk ds chp vkfn ds fy, Hkh f=kiqjk tkuk tkrk gSA ck¡l dh 250 HkkbZpkjk] Hkk\"kk lkfgR; rFkk lkaLÑfrd {ks=k esa vknku& çtkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ ikbZ tkrh gAS f=kijq k eas ckys h tkus okyh e[q ; çnku rHkh laHko gS tc ge fganh Hkk\"kk lkfgR; esa vuqokn Hkk\"kkvksa esa ckaXyk Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;] dks dkWdcjkWd rFkk ds ekè;e ls mUgas LFkku nas vkjS ge vufw nr gkds j mu rd bldh micksfy;k¡ vkSj ef.kiqjh 'kkfey gaSA dkWdcjkWd igp¡q As fgna h bl {k=s k eas lrs q dk dke dj ldrh gAS iow kÙsZ kj Hkk\"kk dk çknqHkkZo frCcrh cehZ ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk ls gqvk Hkkjr ds lHkh jkT; Hkk\"kkbZ fofoèkrk lkaLÑfrd foiqyrk ftldh fyfi ckaXyk gSA ckaXyk Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR; dks ds fy, tkus tkrs gAaS Hkk\"kk ds Lrj ij mudh viuh {k=s kh; ekf.kD; 'kkldksa dk laj{k.k çkIr jgk gS johUæukFk VSxksj Hkk\"kk,¡ rks gSa gh] lkFk gh fctusl& O;kikj] Je jks”kxkj] dk Hkh f=kijq k eas vkuk&tkuk yxk jgk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i lEidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fganh ç;ksx dh tkrh gSA fganh ds mUgksaus cM+h mRÑ\"V jpuk,¡ f=kiqjk çokl ds nkSjku fy•hA fy, ;g {ks=k cgqr moZj gSA vè;;u& vè;kiu ds :i esa foHkktu ds ckn iwohZ ikfdLrku ds vfLrRo esa vk tkus fganh fo\"k; ds :i esa i<+kbZ tkrh gSA tks ckaXyk tkurs gSa ls f=kiqjk ds mÙkjh] nf{k.kh rFkk iwohZ lhek 'ks\"k Hkkjr ls os fganh Hkh tkurs gSa vkSj ,sls yksxksa dh tula[;k& 60 ls vyx gks xbZA blds vykok igkfM+;ksa vkSj NksVh& NksVh 70 çfr'kr gSA Vsdfj;ksa ds dkj.k vle dk lM+d ekxZ Hkh ckfèkr gks x;kA Hkkjr ds lkFk vius lEcUèkksa dks dk;e j•us ds iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa fganh ç;ksx ds fy, xkaèkh th dh fy, mlds ikl Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; esa foy; gh ,dek=k Hkwfedk dks ;kn djuk T;knk çklafxd yxrk gSA iwjs Hkkjr fodYi FkkA D;ksafd f=kiqjk esa 'kkgh 'kklu lekIr gks x;k esa fganh ds foLrkj vkSj ç;ksx dh fpark xkaèkh dks D;ksa gqbZ\\ FkkA vafre 'kkld jktk ohj foØe fd'kksj ekf.kD; ds & xkaèkh th ds nf{k.k vÚhdk ls ykSVus ij mUgsa Kkr gqvk nsgkar ds lkFk gh f=kiqjk 1949bZ- esa jkuh dapu çok nsoh fd fganh ds fojksèk esa vaxzsth ljdkj] dkaxzsl ds vfèkdka'k }kjk gLrk{kfjr ,d foy; le>kus ds rgr Hkkjrh; usrk rFkk vaxzsth jkt pykus okyh ukSdj'kkgh iM+h FkhA og x.kjkT; esa fey x;kA ohjfoØe fd'kksj ekf.kD; dfo fdlh Hkh rjg ls fganh dk foLrkj] fodkl vkSj mlds johUæukFk VSxksj rFkk mudh jpukvksa ds vuU; HkDr FksA jk\"VªHkk\"kk ;k laidZ Hkk\"kk rFkk jktHkk\"kk ds :i esa LohÑfr mUgha ds dgus ij johUæukFk VSxksj ds fuèku ij ,d fnu ugha pkg jgh FkhA xkaèkh th dks yxk fd ;g rks ,d •kl dk jktdh; 'kksd ?kksf\"kr fd;k x;kA VSxksj us dqN viuh rjg dh lkft'k gSA nf{k.k vÚhdk ls ykSVus ds mijkar egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ f=kiqjk çokl ds nkSjku fy•h FkhA ohj mUgksaus lkjs fojksfèk;ksa ds f•ykiQ ekspkZ •ksy fn;kA fganh pUæ ls ysdj ohj foØe fd'kksj ekf.kD; rd lHkh ds leFkuZ eas xkèa kh th us tkjs nkj leFkuZ tVq kuk 'k:q fd;k] ekf.kD; 'kkldksa us johUæukFk VSxksj dh egÙokdka{kh fganh dh cgqr lh i=k& if=kdk,¡ fudkyuh 'kq: dj nha] ifj;kstuk if'pe caxky ds cksyiqj esa ^fo'o Hkkjrh* dh Lo;a mlesa fy•us yxs vkSj ns'k dh turk ls fganh ds çfr LFkkiuk ds fy, •qydj vkfFkZd enn dhA VSxksj us gh leFkuZ tVq kus eas yx x,A n's k dh turk ls fgna h eas i=kkpkj f=kiqjk ds dqN lqçfl¼ dykdkjksa dks fo'o Hkkjrh esa tkus çkjaHk fd;kA dk fun'sZ k fn;k vkjS ;g f=kijq k dk gh ;kxs nku gS fd fo'o Hkkjrh dh ikBÔp;kZ esa ef.kiqjh u`R; 'kSyh dks Hkh xkaèkh us nf{k.k ds pkj çkarksa vkaèkz] rfeyukMq] dsjy lfEefyr fd;k x;kA vkSj dukZVd ls fganh ds çfr leFkZu tqVk;k rFkk fganh ds çfr vuqdwy ekgkSy cuk;kA mUgksaus vusd çHkko'kkyh f=kiqjk {ks=kiQy dh n`f\"V ls cgqr NksVk jkT; gS fdUrq usrkvksa dks fganh ds i{k esa fd;k tks vklku dke ugha FkkA iM+kslh jkT; caxky ds lkFk feyrh& tqyrh laLÑfr rFkk xkaèkh dh n`<+ bPNk 'kfÙkQ Fkh fd laiw.kZ ns'k esa fganh laidZ ckaXykns'k dh lhek ds vkj&ikj O;kikfjd ekxZ rFkk Ñf\"k dh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa iQys& iQwys] D;ksafd fganh gh og Hkk\"kk vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh cM+h lEHkkoukvksa ds dkj.k gS tks iwjs ns'k dks ,d lw=k esa ck¡èks jg ldrh gS] blh esa fo'ks\"k egÙo gSA ckaXyk ;gk¡ dh eq[; Hkk\"kk gSA ftldk og lekgkj 'kfÙkQ gS tks lHkh dks lekfgr dj ldrh gSA xgjk lEcUèk fganh ls gSA uotkxj.k dky ls ckaXyk vkSj fganh esa mÙkjksÙkj fodkl gqvkA pw¡fd f=kiqjk esa ckaXyk Hkk\"kk lu~ 1924bZ- esa csyxk¡o esa gq, dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku esa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS blfy, fganh dks iQyus& iQwyus vè;{kh; oDrO; esa mUgksaus dgk fd ¶fuf'pr vofèk ds varxZr çkarh; dk;kZy;ksa] foèkku eaMyksa ,oa vnkyrksa dh 23 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Hkk\"kk ml çkar dh Hkk\"kk gksuh pkfg,] fdarq fganh lkjs Peer-Reviewed Journal

fganqLrkfu;ksa ds varçkaZrh; O;ogkj ds fy, lcls vPNh Hkk\"kk,¡ rFkk iow kÙsZ kj ds jkT;kas dh LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvkas vkjS fgna h Hkk\"kk gksxhA¸ (laiw.kZ xkaèkh okÄ~e; •aM 17] uothou ds lkFk feydj T;knk ls T;knk dke fd;k tkuk pkfg,A VªLV] vgenkckn] 1960 bZ-] i`- 1009) fganh dk bu lHkh Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk var%fØ;k ls mUgksaus tksj nsdj dgk fd ¶;g ckr lHkh dks Li\"V iwokZsÙkj dh çkarh; Hkk\"kkvksa vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa dk :i ls le> yus h pkfg, fd fgna h dks çknfs 'kd Hkk\"kkvkas dk fodkl gksxkA lkFk gh fganh dk fodkl gksxk vkSj vaxzsth LFkku drbZ ugha yus k gAS mls vra çkraZ h; fopkj dk ekè;e dh tMas+ detkjs gkxas hA fgna h dks jktHkk\"kk cukus ds ihNs tks cuuk gS vkjS lHkh vf•y Hkkjrh; lxa Bukas dh vfèkÑr Hkk\"kk fpark Fkh og ;gh fd çkarh; Hkk\"kk,¡ var%fØ;k djas vkSj dk LFkku yus k gAS ¸ (;xa bfa M;k] 31 tuojh] 1929) jktHkk\"kk] laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fganh var Hkk\"kkbZ dk dke djAas vf•y Hkkjrh; lxa Bukas dh Hkk\"kk cuAs ;g le; cgrq xkaèkh dh fpark fganh dks varçkZarh; fopkj dh Hkk\"kk mi;qDr gSA ljdkjsa Hkh fganh dk fodkl çkarh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds vkSj vf•y Hkkjrh; laxBuksa dh vfèkÑr Hkk\"kk cukus dk lkFk&lkFk pkgrh gSaA iwokZsÙkj dk fodkl fganh ds lkFk mís'; iwjs ns'k dks ,d lw=k esa tksM+uk FkkA D;ksafd vaxzsth feydj gksxk rks os fganh dk vfHkUu vax cuh jgsxha vkSj 'kklu vaxzsth Fkksidj çkarksa dks mudh Hkk\"kk ds ekè;e ls ns'k dh jk\"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v•aMrk v{kq..k jgsxhA bl yM+kuk vkSj iQwV Mkyuk pkgrk FkkA xkaèkh bl lp dks tku n`f\"V ls iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa esa mudh Hkk\"kkvksa dk fodkl gh ugha le> Hkh jgs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd ¶vaxzstksa us vR;ar vko';d gSA tSls& tSls mudh viuh Hkk\"kkvksa dk ;fn vaxzsth ds LFkku ij çkarh; Hkk\"kkvksa ;k fganh dks fodkl gksxk oSls& oSls laidZ Hkk\"kk fganh LFkku ysxh vkSj egÙoi.w kZ LFkku fn;k gkrs k rks vkt çkra h; Hkk\"kk,¡ vk'p;tZ ud ijkèkhurk dh çrhd Hkk\"kk vaxzsth dk LFkku ?kVrk tk,xkA :i ls le`¼ gksrh] eSa Hkk\"kk ij bruk tksj blfy, nsuk pkgrk gw¡ fd jk\"Vªh; ,drk çkfIr dk ;g lcls egÙoiw.kZ bl lEcUèk esa vacsMdj Hkh ;kn vkrs gSaA mUgksaus lkèku gSA bldk vkèkkj ftruk n`<+ gksxk mruk gh ç'kLr çkarh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks çk¡r ds xBu ds lkFk ekU;rk nh fdarq gekjh ,drk gksxhA¸ (The Educational Philosophy of mu çkarksa esa laidZ Hkk\"kk rFkk jktHkk\"kk ds :i esa fganh dks Mahatma Gandhi, Page No. 223) viukus ds fy, dgk Fkk vkSj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa çkoèkku fd;k FkkA mUgsa ekywe Fkk fd çkarh; Hkk\"kk,¡ vxj jkT;ksa esa xkaèkh th us dgk jk\"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v•aMrk cuk, jktHkk\"kk dk LFkku ysxha rks ogha mudh igpku 'kh?kz gh j•us ds fy, fgna h dk çpkj&çlkj vkjS mldk vfèkdkfèkd jk\"Vªh;rk esa cny tk,xh tks jk\"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v•aMrk ç;ksx iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g n`<+ ds fy, •rjk cusxhA blfy, jktHkk\"kk fganh dh n`f\"V ls çfrKk vkSj ladYi leLr Hkkjroklh dk gksuk pkfg,A iwjs Hkkjr dks ^d* ^c* ^x* xhrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k FkkA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa jktHkk\"kk ds lkFk fganh laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i iwokZsÙkj ds cgqr lkjs jkT;ksa esa tks bZlkbZ fe'kufj;k¡ xbZ esa LFkkfir gAS vxj budh tM+s detksj gqb± rks jk\"Vªh;rk ds mUgkuas s vxa tsz h dk ,ls k fcjok jkis k fd og vc o{` k cu jgk •rjs iSnk gksaxsA blfy, Hkkjr ljdkj Lis'ky iSdst nsdj gSA og o`{k ugha cuuk pkfg, blfy, çkarh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa dks ^jk\"Vª* dh eq[;èkkjk esa ykuk pkgrh lkFk fganh dk fodkl t:jh gSA t:jr gS xkaèkh dh gh gS vkSj vc iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr viuh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr rFkk rjg n`<+ çfrK gksdj iwokZsÙkj esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dks viuh vfLerk ds lkFk u fliQZ Hkkjr cfYd nqfu;k ds c<+kus dhA xkaèkh ds fopkjksa dks vc lkS cjl gks jgs gSa rc ekufp=k ij Nk;k gqvk gSA ls fganh dh fLFkfr esa mÙkjksÙkj fodkl gqvk gSA iwokZsÙkj ns'k dh eq[; èkkjk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;g lgh le; gS tc gk¡ ;g dguk vlaxr u gksxk fd 1947bZ- ds ckn ;s mudh çkarh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa rFkk fganh {ks=k viuh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds lkFk dqN vyx& vyx dh var%fØ;k dh tk,A elyu v#.kkpyh (usikyh] iM+s gq, FksA cM+h lw>cw> ds lkFk mUgsa Hkkjrh; ,drk vkSj vleh rFkk ;gk¡ dh LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa] ef.kiqjh vFkok v•aMrk esa feyk;k x;k FkkA Hkk\"kkbZ vfLerk] laLÑfr gh ers bs ]Z ckXa yk] •klh] xkjks rFkk vU; LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvk]as fetks igpku dk vkèkkj gkrs h gAS vxj og vyx& vyx iM+ xbZ (yq'kkebZ)] caxkyh] ekjk] usikyh] ikvks] ikbZrs] ukxkeh] rks gekjh ,drk] v•aMrk Hkh njdsxhA ;g fpark çR;sd HkwfV;k] xq:ax] ysipk] fyacq] exkj] eka>h usokjh] jkbZ] Hkkjroklh dh gksuh pkfg,A blfy, iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa fganh 'ksjik] rekax] frCcrh] dkWdcjkWd] gkstkfxjh] osjtq] ysckax] Hkk\"kk dks mudh LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk feydj dk;Z cksvkfu] >we] laxjkbZ& yksx gkbZ gkd vkfn çeq• çkarh; tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 24 Peer-Reviewed Journal

djuk gksxkA cgqr lkjh Hkk\"kk,¡ vkSj laLÑfr;k¡ feV jgh gaS ckSjk tk,xkA t:jr gS ml vikj Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr dh D;ksafd muds cksyus& le>us okys feV jgs gSaA Hkkjr dh fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds lkFk ef.kdkapu feyuA ;g fpark mudks cpkus vkSj lajf{kr djus dks gh Hkk\"kk ds Lrj feyu ftruk Hkkoiw.kZ gksxk] ,d& nwljs dk çfriwjd gksxk ij tks 'kklu&lÙkk og 'kk\"s k.k u djs blfy, mudh Hkk\"kkbZ mruk gh Hkkjr jk\"Vª viuh Hkk\"kkbZ vkSj lkaLÑfrd vfLerk laLÑfr dks jk\"Vªh; ekufp=k ij ykuk gksxk mlesa fganh dh ds {ks=k esa rkdroj gksxkA fo'oxq: cuuk gS rks fdlh dks çeq• Hkwfedk gksxhA u NksM+rs gq, lcdks viukuk gksxkA ge ;g nkos ds lkFk dg ldrs gSa fd iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa fganh dk Hkfo\"; mTToy dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd iwokZsÙkj ds jkT; Hkkjrh; gAS Hkk\"kk vkSj laLÑfr dk og •tkuk gS tks mls ik,xk og 25 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

fetksje esa fganh ds c<+rs pj.k &çks- lat; dqekj ¶gesa rks viuksa us ywVk gS] xSjksa esa dgk¡ ne FkkA vfèkdkfj.kh FkhA fetksje esa fganh ds fodkl dh dgkuh esjh d'rh ogk¡ Mwch] tgk¡ ikuh de FkkAA¸ dqN blls fHkUu ugha gSA fetksje esa fganh dks dbZ çdkj dh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;kas vkjS puq kfS r;kas ls nks pkj gkrs s jguk vk”kknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa jk\"VªHkk\"kk fganh ds fodkl iM+k gSA dh dgkuh dNq ,ls h gh jgh gAS fetkjs e tlS s iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr ds dqN jkT;ksa ,oa nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dqN jkT;ksa esa fganh dh fetksje iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr ds 8 jkT;ksa (7 cguksa vkjS ,d nqxZfr dqN ,slh gh gqbZA 1857bZ- ds çFke Lora=krk laxzke HkkbZ) esa ls ,d gSA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds lcls nf{k.k esa dh vliQyrk ds ckn laiw.kZ jk\"Vª esa fganh dks Hkjiwj I;kj vofLFkr ;g Hkkjr dk vafre jkT; gSA HkkSxksfyd n`f\"V ls feykA og laiw.kZ jk\"Vª dks ,drk ,oa v•aMrk ds ,d lw=k fetksje nks fn'kkvksa ls nks fHkUu ns'kksa& iwoZ ,oa nf{k.k esa esa fijksus okyh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa mHkjh] ftlesa xqyke Hkkjr oekZ (E;kaekj) ,oa if'pe esa ckaXykns'k dh varjkZ\"Vªh; vius l•q & n•q ] gkL;& #nu] gkj& thr] LoIu vkjS lhekvksa ls f?kjk gqvk gAS rhu vU; Hkkjrh; jkT;& ef.kiqj] ;FkkFk]Z xkjS o vkjS LokfHkeku dh liQy vfHkO;fÙkQ dj jgk vle vkSj f=kiqjk blds mÙkj vkSj if'peksÙkj esa vofLFkr FkkA blfy, vkèkfq ud fgna h lkfgR; ds ç.krs k ckcw Hkkjrnas q gaSA fetksje dh HkkxS kfs yd] lkekftd] lkLa Ñfrd] ,fs rgkfld gfj'pæa us fy•k& vkjS Hkk\"kkbZ fof'k\"Vrk ogk¡ fgna h ds çpkj&çlkj vkjS fodkl dks çHkkfor djrh jgh gAS fetkjs e eas fgna h ds çpkj&çlkj ,oa ¶fut Hkk\"kk mUufr vgS] lc mUufr dks ewyA ,fs rgkfld fodkl dks ikp¡ pj.kkas eas ckV¡ dj n•s k vkjS le>k fcu fut Hkk\"kk Kku ds feVr u fg; ds 'kwyA¸1 tk ldrk gAS 1947bZ- rd yxkrkj pyus okys jk\"Vªh; Lora=krk vkanksyu ds nkSjku fganh us tutkx`fr iQSykus esa viuh 1- vifjp; dk nkSj (1890bZ- rd) egrh Hkwfedk vnk dh] ftlds dkj.k ml nkSj ds lHkh 2- çkjafHkd ifjp; dk nkSj (1890 ls 1947bZ- egÙoi.w kZ Hkkjrh; jkturs kvkas us ,d Loj eas fgna h ds egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;kA blfy, jk\"Vªfirk egkRek xkaèkh us rd) dgk& ¶fganh ds fcuk jk\"Vª xwaxk gSA¸ vk”kknh ds iwoZ 3- ifjp; dh çxk<r+ k dk nkjS (1947 ls 1959b-Z jk\"Vªh; Lora=krk vkanksyu ds nkSjku fganh us vius bl jk\"Vªh; nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu liQyrkiwoZd fd;k vkSj rd) Hkkjrh; turk us Hkh Hkjiwj I;kj] Lusg] J¼k] fo'okl vkSj 4- vfo'okl ,oa njq ko dk nkjS (1959 ls 1987b-Z rd) eku& lEeku nrs s g,q mls vius ân; ds lokPsZ p vklu ij 5- lgt fodkl dk nkSj(1987bZ- ls vc rd) jk\"VªHkk\"kk ds :i esa fojkteku fd;kA ijarq vk”kknh feyrs gh fLFkfr;k¡ cnyus yxha vkSj vifjp; dk nkSj (1890bZ- rd)% jk\"VªHkk\"kk fganh {kqæ {ks=kh; jktuhfr dh f'kdkj gks xbZA tc Hkkjr dk lafoèkku cuk rks 14 flracj] 1949bZ- dks Hkkjr esa ,d dgkor vfr çpfyr gS fd ^rhu dksl vuPq Nns 343 ds rgr fgna h dks jktHkk\"kk dk xkjS o efq 'dy (yxHkx 9 fdyksehVj) ij ikuh cnys vkSj ukS dksl ls fey ik;k vkSj mlds iSjksa esa vaxzsth dh csfM+;k¡ ges'kk (yxHkx 27 fdyksehVj) ij ok.kh (Hkk\"kk)*A ;g dgkor ds fy, Mky nh xbZa] ftl LFkku dh og ,dN=k dsoy Hkkjr ij gh ugha cfYd fo'o ds vU; Hkkxksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA fo'o esa yxHkx 195 ns'k gSa] ftuesa vkt Peer-Reviewed Journal yxHkx 6] 909 Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA fo'o Hkj esa cksyh tkus okyh dqy Hkk\"kkvksa dh yxHkx ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkk\"kk,¡ tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 26

Hkkjr esa cksyh tkrh gSaA blfy, mi;ZqÙkQ dgkor Hkkjr ij 5- iksb(Pawi)& iksb VksÄ T;knk lVhd lkfcr gksrh gSA bl vFkZ esa Hkkjr cgq Hkk\"kh fetksje esa jgus okyh fetks tutkfr;k¡ vkt fetks laLÑfr;ksa okyk ns'k gSA fetksje dh fetks tutkfr;k¡ Hkk\"kk dk bLrseky djrh gSaA fo}kuksa us fetks Hkk\"kk dks fetks Hkk\"kk dk ç;ksx djrh gSaA frCcrh& ceZu Hkk\"kk ifjokj ls lEcUèk ekuk gSA ijarq bldh Hkk\"kkbZ çÑfr dk xgu vè;;u djus ls bldh 1750bZ- ds iwoZ fetks tutkfr;ksa ds iwoZt E;kaekj dh mRifÙk dh i`\"BHkwfe esa mi;ZqÙkQ ik¡p LFkkuh; cksfy;ksa dk ysuV~ykÄ unh vkSj Hkkjr E;kaekj dh lhek ij cgus okyh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ifjyf{kr gksrk gS& nf{k.kh fetksje esa fV;km unh ds chp okys fpu fgYl okys {ks=k esa jgrs FksA jgus okyh ykb tkfr dh Hkk\"kk ^ykb VkÄs *] Egkj tkfr }kjk Hk;da j vkdky vkjS vU; LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;kas ds n\"q ifj.kkekas cksyh tkus okyh ^Egkj VksÄ*] mÙkj iwohZ fetksje ds ikbÞrs ls cpus ds fy, 1750bZ- ls ysdj 1850bZ- ds chp tkfr;kas }kjk ckys h tkus okyh ^ikbÞrs VkÄs *] jkYrs mitfr;kas fofHkUu fetks tutkfr;ksa }kjk Hkkjr vkSj E;kaekj dh lhek dh Hkk\"kk ^jkYrs VksÄ* vkSj ^yq'ksbZ VksÄ* ;k ^nqgfy;ku ij cgus okyh fV;km unh dks ikj dj fetksje (Hkkjr) VksÄ*] tks fetksje dh loZçeq• laidZ Hkk\"kk rFkk jktHkk\"kk ds orZeku {ks=k esa ços'k fd;k x;kA buds vkxeu ds iwoZ ^fetks VksÄ* dk çeq• vkèkkj ekuh tkrh gSA tgk¡ mi;qÙkQ Hkh dqN nwljh tutkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ fuokl djrh Fkh] ftuds çFke pkj cksfy;ksa dk igys ls viuk vyx&vyx çlkj lkFk budk la?k\"kZ gqvkA fetks tutkfr;ksa ds iwoZtksa us mUgsa {ks=k Fkk] ogha ^nqgfy;ku VksÄ*] ftls yq'ksbZ Hkk\"kk Hkh dgk ijkftr dj ;gk¡ ls Hkkxus ij e”kcwj fd;kA rc ;s tkrk g]S dk viuk dkbs Z fo'k\"s k çlkj {k=s k ugha FkkA dekcs 's k tutkfr;k¡ fetksje NksM+dj mÙkj ,oa if'pe dh vksj c<+ ;g laiw.kZ fetksje esa FkksM+h cgqr cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh xbaZ vkjS rc ls fetks tutkfr;k¡ LFkkbZ :i ls ;gha cl xbAaZ FkhA vkjaHk esa yq'ksbZ Hkk\"kk dsoy ekSf•d :i vFkkZr~ cksyh fganh Hkk\"kk dh fetks fonq\"kh MkW- lh-b- thuh viuh iqLrd rd gh lhfer FkhA ijarq fuR; c<+rs vius 'kCn HkaMkj vkSj ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;* esa fy•rh gSa ç;ksxdrkZvksa dh c<+rh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa gh yq'ksbZ fd ¶ogk¡ ls 19 oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjkèkZ esa Hk;adj vdky cksyh ifjiDo gksrh xbZA vr% vius çkjafHkd dky ls gh ds dkj.k vius ewy LFkku ls py iM+s vkSj rRdkyhu ;g cksyh vU; tkfr;ksa vkSj mitkfr;ksa ds eè; laidZ JÄ•qy] fc;rs vkSj Fknks uke dh detksj tkfr;ksa dks Hkk\"kk cu xbZA ijarq fyfi ds vHkko ds dkj.k fetks tkfr;kas •nsM+ dj vkt ds fetks {ks=k esa LFkkfir gks x,A¸1 vkjS mitkfr;kas ds eè; çpfyr lia dZ Hkk\"kk gkrs s g,q Hkh ;g rhoz xfr ls mUufr ugha dj ikbZA fo}kuksa dh jk; gS fd 10 oha ls 13 oha 'krkCnh ds dkykarj esa cnyrh gqbZ jktuhfrd& lkekftd chp cekZ esa bjkorh unh dh ?kkVh ds fNUyqÄ (vkfn uke ifjfLFkfr;kas eas lHkh fetks tutkfr;kas us ,d lkekU; lia dZ vkÅikrkÅÄ& Upataung) ds çokl dky esa gh orZeku Hkk\"kk dh vko';drk eglwl dhA blfy, mUgksaus viuh& fetks Hkk\"kk dk tUe gqvk] ftls igys yq'ksbZ cksyh dgk viuh Hkk\"kkvkas dh fo'k\"s krkvkas ,oa 'kCnkofy;kas dks feykdj tkrk FkkA orZeku esa ;g fetks Hkk\"kk ds uke ls tkuh tkrh ,d ubZ lia dZ Hkk\"kk dh vkèkkjf'kyk j•h] ftls fetks Hkk\"kk gSA 18 oha 'krkCnh vkSj 19oha 'krkCnh esa tc fpu fgYl dgk x;kA orZeku esa ç;qÙkQ fetks Hkk\"kk esa mi;ZqÙkQ lHkh 5 ds fNUyqÄ uked LFkku dks NksM+ dj fetks tutkfr;ksa ds Hkk\"kkvksa ds 'kCn ik, tkrs gSaA fetks Hkk\"kk dh ,d fo'ks\"krk iwoZt orZeku fetksje esa vk, rks LFkkuh; Hkk\"kk esa bl ;g Hkh gS fd ,d gh 'kCn mPpkj.k dh fHkUurk] xs;rk vfHk;ku dks ^FyÄ Rykd* (Thlang Tlak) dgk x;kA vkjS cyk?kkr ds vkèkkj ij vyx& vyx vFkZ çnku djrs ml le; tkfrxr vkèkkj ij ;s ik¡p eq[; nyksa esa c¡Vdj gSaA fetks Hkk\"kk çkjaHk ls gh ekSf•d jgh gS D;ksafd bldh fetksje esa vk, FksA bu ik¡p vyx&vyx tkfr;ksa ds dksbZ viuh fyfi ugha FkhA blfy, blesa 19oha 'krkCnh vkèkkj ij gh fetksje dh ik¡p micksfy;ksa dk tUe vkSj rd fyf•r lkfgR; dk ,dne ls vHkko jgk gSA ;|fi fodkl gqvkA2 ;s tkfr;k¡ vkSj cksfy;k¡ fuEufyf•r gSa& fetks Hkk\"kk esa yksd lkfgR; (yksddFkkvksa ,oa yksdxhrksa vkfn) jpuk dh iqjkuh ijaijk jgh gS] ftls vc fo}ku tkfr cksyh @ Hkk\"kk (VksÄ) lax`ghr ,oa laikfnr dj çdkf'kr djk jgs gSaA budk vc 1- y'q kbs Z @ ngq fy;ku Hkk\"kk(Lues i @ Luhsia )& y'q kbs Z VkÄs dqN vuqokn Hkh vaxzsth ,oa fganh esa çdkf'kr gqvk gSA 2- jkYrs(Ralte)& jkYrs VksÄ 3- Egkj(Hmar)& Egkj VksÄ Peer-Reviewed Journal 4- ibÞrs(Paihte)& ibÞrs VksÄ 27 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk

ijra q ml nkjS eas fetkjs e eas jgus okyh fetks tutkfr;kas esa foHkkftr dj mÙkjh yq'kkb fgYl dks vle vkjS nf{k.kh dk dkbs Z fo'k\"s k lia dZ fo'o ;k Hkkjr ds 'k\"s k fgLlkas ls ugha y'q kkb fgYl dks cxa ky eas feyk fn;kA 1892 eas iuq % fetks FkkA vkokxeu ds lkèkuksa ds vHkko] lM+dksa ,oa ekxks± dh foækgs mHkjk] ftls vxa tsz kas us cjq h rjg dpq y fn;kA ;g fcfz V'k vuqifLFkfr] lnkcgkj o\"kkZ ouksa dh l?kurk] ouksa esa fgald 'kklu dky dk vfa re fetks foækgs FkkA¸3 thoksa dh mifLFkfr] fetks tutkfr;ksa dk lH;rk ds fodkl ds çkjafHkd voLFkk esa gksuk] 'ks\"k fo'o ls laidZ ckn esa lkekz T;okn dh Nrjh rys blZ kbZ fe'kufj;ksa dk dh mudh vfuPNk vkSj mudk fgald O;ogkj vkSj ^gsM vkxeu fetksje esa gqvkA 1894bZ- esa bZlkbZ èkeZ çpkj ds gaVj* (flj dkVus okyh) tutkfr dk gksuk] çÑfr ij fy, nks vaxzst bZlkbZ fe'kujh jsojsaM ts-,p- ykWjsu vkSj mudh vR;fèkd fuHkZjrk] vius çkÑfrd vkokl esa larq\"V jos jMas ,iQ- MCY;-w lfs ot fetkjs e vk,A mUgkuas s fetkjs e ds gksuk vkfn çkÑfrd] HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd fetks tutkfr;ksa esa bZlkbZ èkeZ dk çpkj çkjaHk fd;kA bl vkSj lkaLÑfrd dkj.kksa ls fetksje laiw.kZ Hkkjr ds fy, çdkj lkezkT;oknh 'kfÙkQ vaxzstksa ds fetksje esa ços'k ls ,d nq:g LFkku Fkk] ftlds njok”ks lHkh ds fy, can FksA fetksje dk }kj 'ks\"k fo'o ds fy, •qyk vkSj fetks ,sls esa fetksje ds njok”ks fdlh Hkh fganh Hkk\"kk Hkk\"kh ds tutkfr;k¡ fo'o dh nwljh tkfr;ksa ds laidZ esa vk;ha vkSj fy, Hkh can Fks vkSj fetks tutkfr fdlh nwljs ls feyus rc muesa cnyko dk ,d uohu nkSj çkjaHk gqvkA dks bPNqd gh ugha FkhA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk LokHkkfod ifj.kke Fkk vifjp; vkSj nwjhA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fetksje vkxs pydj vU; vaxzst bZlkbZ fe'kujh Hkh fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dk rks loky gh ugha mBrk gS (Hkkjr) vk, vkSj mu lc yksxksa us feydj bZlkbZ èkeZ D;ksafd fcuk laidZ ds laidZ Hkk\"kk ;k ekè;e Hkk\"kk dh çpkj esa viuk& viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA MkW- lh-b- thuh vko';drk gh ugha gksrh gS vkSj fetks tutkfr;k¡ vkilh fy•rh gSa fd ¶ckn esa ogk¡ bZlkbZ èkeZ çpkj ds okLrs nks laidZ esa fetks Hkk\"kk dk ç;ksx djrh gqbZ 'ks\"k fo'o ls fe'ku LFkkfir gq,& cSifVLV fe'ku (11-01-1894) vkSj dVdj fetkjs e eas ,dkra okl dj jgh FkhA lia .w kZ ,fs rgkfld osY'k çslcsVsfj;u fe'ku (31-08-1897)A¸4 bu bZlkbZ lk{; blh ckr dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA fe'kufj;ksa ds lg;ksx vkSj fczfV'k lkezkT;oknh Ny& dy& cy ds tksj ls cM+s iSekus ij fetksje ds fetks çkjafHkd ifjp; dk nkSj (1890 ls 1947bZ- rd)% tutkfr;ksa dk bZlkbZ èkeZ esa èkekZarj.k djk;k x;kA ifj.kke ;g gvq k fd 1890b-Z rd lia .w kZ fo'o ls dV dj fetkjs e 1890b-Z ds ckn fetks tutkfr;kas dh fgla d xfrfofèk;kas ds taxyksa esa ,dkdh thou;kiu djus okyh vfèkdka'k ,oa cnyrh gqbZ jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc vaxzstksa us fetks tutkfr;ksa dk 1947bZ- rd vk”kknh ds vkrs& vkrs fetksje esa ços'k fd;k vkSj ;gk¡ ds lHkh xzke çeq•ksa ;k bZlkbZ èkeZ esa èkekZarj.k gks pqdk FkkA dsoy Ckzw ,oa pdek eqf•;kvksa (yy) dks ijkftr dj laiw.kZ fetksje dks tSlh dqN tutkfr;k¡ gh blls vkaf'kd :i ls vNwrh fczfV'k lkezkT; dk fgLlk cuk fy;kA MkW- lh-b- thuh cphaA bZlkbZ èkeZ esa èkekZarj.k ds ckn fetks tutkfr;ksa us viuh iqLrd ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;* viuh ijia jkxr lLa Ñfr] èkkfedZ fo'oklkas ,oa jhfr fjoktkas eas fy•rh gaS fd ¶fetks ykxs kas us viuh lkefjd xfrfofèk;kas dks tkus ;k vutkus esa R;kxuk çkjaHk dj fn;k] ftlesa dks lehi ds flyYr] dNkj vkSj pVxk¡o ds igkM+h {ks=kksa dgha& u& dgha muds u, èkeZ vkSj muds laxBuksa dh rd foLrkj çnku fd;kA lu~ 1871&72bZ- esa fetks tkfr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS] ftls vkt dksbZ Lohdkj ugha us dNkj ds pk; ckxkuksa rd viuk èkkok cksyk] ftlesa djuk pkgrk gSA mUgksaus vusd yksxksa dks ekjus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vaxzst dU;k dk vigj.k Hkh dj fy;kA ifj.kkeLo:i vaxzsth çkjafHkd nkSj esa èkeZ çpkj ds nkSjku bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa lsuk us vkijkfèkd xfrfofèk;ksa dks nckus ds fy, fetks dks Hkk\"kkbZ dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA èkeZ çpkj gsrq igkfM+;ksa esa ços'k fd;k] ftlds dkj.k dqN le; ds fy, bZlkbZ èkeZ ds ,dek=k ifo=k xzaFk ^ckbfcy* dk fetks Hkk\"kk fetks tuksa us viuh xfrfofèk;ksa dks jksd fn;kA 1890bZ- esa esa vuqokn vkSj mldk çdk'ku t:jh FkkA blfy, mi;ZqÙkQ fetks tuksa us vaxzstksa dh fdykcanh vkbtsy (vkbtksy) nksuksa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us 1894 ls 1896bZ- ds chp jkseu vkSj pkÄfly ij èkkok cksy fn;kA çR;qÙkj esa vaxzstksa us fyfi esa vko';drkuqlkj dqN gsjiQsj dj fetks Hkk\"kk djkjk tokc fn;k vkSj 1891bZ- esa fetks {ks=k dks nks f”kyksa (yq'ksb)Z dks fyfic¼ fd;kA bUgksaus fetks Hkk\"kk dks fy•us ds fy, jkseu fyfi ij vkèkkfjr ,d fyfi fodflr dhA Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 28

fetks Hkk\"kk dks fy•us esa fuEu Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa dk ds fyf•r lkfgR; dk bfrgkl dqy tek lok lkS lkyksa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS% dk gS vkSj og Hkh vaxzstksa ds fetksje vkxeu vkSj fetks tutfr;ksa ds bZlkbZ èkeZ dks viukus ds ckn dk gSA bZlkbZ A (v@vk)]A W(vks)] B(ch)] CH(pks)] D(nh)] èkeZ] fetks Hkk\"kk gsrq jkseu fyfi dk bLrseky vkSj E(,)] F(,iQ)] G(th@,d)] NG(,Ä)] H(,p)] vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh ,oa lH;rk ls ifjfpr djokus gsrq I(b@bZ)] J(ts)] K(ds)] L(,y)] M(,e)] N(,u)] fetks lekt fczfV'k lkezkT; ,oa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa dk O(vksm)] P(ih)] R(vkj)] S(,l)] T(rh)] T(Vh)] vkHkkjh gS] ftldh vfHkO;fÙkQ çk;% lHkh fetks fo}ku U(m@Å)] V(oh) vkSj Z(ts)A (dqy& 25)5 •qysvke djrs gSaA MkW- lh-b- thuh viuh iqLrd ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;* esa fy•rh gSa fd ¶lu~ iqu% vçSy 1898bZ- esa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa ds }kjk 1910bZ- bZ- esa tkdj i`Fkd fetks eSfVªd ikl dj ik;kA fetkjs e ds lcls igys Ldyw (fe'ku) dh LFkkiuk vkbtZ kys lu~ 1924bZ- esa i`Fkd fetks cuk rks 1945bZ- esa nwljk fetks esa dh xbZ vkSj ,d fo\"k; ds :i esa fetks Hkk\"kk ds igyh ckj ,e-,- ikl dj ldkA bls ,d l•q n foLe;dkjh vè;;u&vè;kiu dk nkSj çkjaHk gqvkA ifj.kke Lo#i ?kVuk gh ekusaxs fd tks tkfr lnSo ls fuj{kj jgh] og brus lSdM+ksa o\"kks± rd fyfi foghu jgus okyh fetks Hkk\"kk dk vYidky esa vfèkd lk{kj cuh rFkk viuh f'k{kk O;oLFkk fodkl dk;Z rhoz xfr ls gksus yxkA jkseu fyfi dh dks lqn`<+ vkSj oSKkfud cukus esa ,d u;k dhfrZeku o.kZekyk ds vuqlkj gh bl Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dks Hkh fufeZr LFkkfir djus eas liQy gbq AZ bl vk'p;tZ ud liQyrk dk fd;k x;kA vaxzsth fe'kufj;ksa }kjk fetks Hkk\"kk vkSj jkseu Js; tgk¡ ,d vksj fetks tkfr dh yxu'khyrk dks feyuk fyfi ds ekè;e ls f'k{kk vkSj èkeZ dk çpkj&çlkj fd;k pkfg, ogha nwljh vksj bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa ds vuojr ç;kl tkus yxkA bZlkbZ èkeZ ds çpkj gsrq ^ckbfcy* ,oa vU; dks HkhA¸8 èkkfeZd xzaFkksa dk fetks Hkk\"kk esa loZçFke vuqokn fd;k x;kA MkW- lh- b- thuh viuh iqLrd ^iwokZapy çns'k esa 1890bZ- esa vaxzstksa ds fetksje esa ços'k ds ckn ;gk¡ fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;* esa fy•rh gSa fd ¶LFkkuh; yksxksa dky dh xfr dkiQh rs”k gks xbZ vkSj fetks tutkrh; dks mudh viuh ekr`Hkk\"kkvksa esa èkeZçpkj djus vius ewy lekt rsth ls ifjofrZr gksus yxkA ekuo lH;rkvksa ds fl¼kar ds varxZr bu fe'kufj;ksa us rc rd fyfi jfgr bfrgkl esa tks phtsa gtkjksa lkyksa esa ?kfVr gqbZa] fetksje esa vkSj ekSf•d :i esa gh çpfyr fetks Hkk\"kk dks 1894bZ- esa og lHkh dqN ,d lkS lkyksa esa ?kfVr gks x;kA vaxzstksa vkSj jkseu fyfi çnku dh vkSj ckbfcy dks fetks Hkk\"kk esa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa dh çsj.kk ls fetks tutkfr;ksa us if'pe vuqfnr fd;kA fetks Hkk\"kk esa çLrqr ckbfcy dks fetks dh vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh dks ,d >Vds esa iwjh rjg ls Hkk\"kh i<+ ldsa rFkk bZlkb;r dks viuk ldsa] bl mís'; ls viuk fy;kA fetks yksxksa dks lk{kj cukus dh vko';drk (fe'kufj;ksa dks) eglwl gqbZ vkSj rc mUgksaus fetksje esa lu~ 1903bZ- vaxzstksa us tc fetksje esa ços'k fd;k rc os vdsys esa çkbejh Ldwy •ksy fn,A rc rd fuj{kj fetks tkfr Hkh ugha FksA vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkFk cM+h la[;k esa fganh Øe'k% vfèkd la[;k esa •qyrs x,A Lokèkhurk ds igys cksyus okys fganqLrkuh lSfud vkSj deZpkjh Hkh FksA bl rd bu lkjs Ldwyksa dks çkbejh vkjS fefMy ijh{kk,¡ fe'ku çdkj fetks tutkfr;ksa dk vaxzsth cksyus okys vaxzstksa ds gh lapkfyr dj çek.ki=k forfjr djrk jgkA eSfVªd dh lkFk&lkFk fganh cksyus okys lSfudksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ls Hkh ijh{kk fo'ofo|ky; }kjk gh yh tkrh FkhA¸7 laidZ gqvkA ;|fi vaxzst vfèkdkjh vaxzsth Hkk\"kk dks çJ; nsrs FksA ijarq O;kogkfjd Lrj ij fganh cksyus okys lSfudksa fyfic¼ gksus ds dqN o\"kks± ds Hkhrj gh fetks Hkk\"kk ,oa vU; deZpkfj;ksa ls fetks tutkfr;ksa dk T;knk laidZ çkjafHkd f'k{kk dk ekè;e Hkh cu xbZA mlls bl Hkk\"kk ds gks jgk Fkk] bl çdkj fganh Hkk\"kk dk çFke laidZ fetks fodkl Øe dks vis{kkÑr rs”k xfr çkIr gqbZA rc ls gh tutkfr;ksa ls gqvk vkSj lkaLÑfrd ,oa Hkk\"kkbZ vknku& fetks Hkk\"kk esa vè;;u] vè;kiu ,oa ys•u dk nkSj çkjaHk çnku dh çfØ;k çkjaHk gqbZ] ftlls fetks tutkfr;k¡ fganh gqvk vkSj rc ls gh fetks Hkk\"kk dk fyf•r lkfgR; çkIr Hkk\"kk ls ifjfpr gqbZaA vkxs pydj fetks tutkfr;ksa us ;g gksrk gSA 22 vDVwcj 1896bZ- dks fetks Hkk\"kk esa fyf•r eglwl fd;k fd vaxzst ekfyd gSa vkSj fganqLrkuh lSfud çFke iqLrd ^fetks ftj frj cq* (Mizo Zir Tir Bu) dk muds ukSdj ;k xqykeA bl lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd cksèk çdk'ku gqvkA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd fetks Hkk\"kk Peer-Reviewed Journal 29 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk

us bu nksuksa tkfr;ksa dh Hkk\"kkvksa ds çfr muds utfj, dks ifjp; dh çxk<+rk dk nkSj (1947 ls 1959bZ- cny fn;kA mudh n`f\"V esa vc vaxzsth ekfydksa dh Hkk\"kk rd)% Fkh rks fganh xqykeksa vkSj ukSdjksa dhA blfy, fetks tutkfr;kas us fotrs kvkas dh Hkk\"kk vxa tsz h dks c<k+ ok nus s dh 1947 esa Hkkjr dks vk”kknh feyus ds ckn vaxzstksa ds lkezkT;oknh 'kfÙkQ dh pky dks lg\"kZ Lohdkj dj fy;k le; ls pyh vk jgh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh rjg gh vkSj mls vius ân; ls yxk fy;kA fganh vius ns'k dh fetksje dks vle jkT; ds varxZr ,d f”kyk ds :i esa Hkk\"kk gksdj Hkh xqykeksa dh rjg ifjR;ÙkQ jghA vaxzstksa dh j•k x;k vkSj rc mldk uke ^yq'kkbZ fgYl fMfLVªd* FkkA bl pky dks pqukSrh nsus okyk ml le; fetksje esa dksbZ rc fetksje esa fganh dk çpkj&çlkj ifjp; dh çkjafHkd ugha FkkA D;ksafd fetksje ml le; rd jktuhfrd] voLFkk ls vkxs c<+kA vle jkT; dh jktèkkuh xkgS kVh FkhA lkekftd ;k lkaLÑfrd fdlh Hkh :i esa Hkkjr ls vius lHkh vfèkdkfj;ksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ ogha ls gksrh dks tqM+k gqvk eglwl ugha djrk FkkA fganh Hkk\"kk ds fetks FkhA fu;qfÙkQ;ksa esa T;knkrj vle] caxky] iwohZ Hkkjr vkSj fo}ku Jh lh- dkeyksok vius vkys• ^fetksje esa fganh usiky ds yksxksa dh fu;qfÙkQ;k¡ gksrh FkhaA ;s lHkh vfèkdkjh lksp dh nfjærk* esa bl ekufldrk dks mtkxj djrs gq, vkSj deZpkjh fganh tkurs vkSj cksyrs FksA çfrfnu ds fy•rs gSa& ¶1880&90bZ- ds n'kd esa vaxzst bl çns'k esa ç'kklfud dk;ks± esa fetksje dh turk dk lkeuk bu vk,A blls igys fdlh ckgjh O;fÙkQ;kas ls fetks tutkfr;kas vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ls gksrk Fkk] ftlls mudk dk O;kid lEcUèk ugha ds cjkcj FkkA vxa tsz kas ds lkFk dNq ifjp; fganh ls Hkh gksrk FkkA cnyh gqbZ jktuhfrd vkSj Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksx Hkh Fks] ijarq muesa varj FkkA vaxzst lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fetksje dh turk dks vc ckgj vkdk Fks] vU; muds xqykeA fetks tutkfr;ksa esa nks ckrsa •kldj flypj vkSj xkSgkVh Hkh tkuk iM+rk Fkk] ,sls esa ?kj dj xbZ% (d) xksjs vkdk gSa] ekfyd gSaA lEekfur laçs\"k.k gsrq mUgsa fganh dh vko';drk eglwl gksrh Fkh thou thrs gSaA (•) muds lkFk vk, vU; yksx muds D;ksafd fetksje ls ckgj mudh ekr`Hkk\"kk& yq'kkbZ @ fetks ekrgr dke djus okys ukSdj pkdjA vkxs pydj mUgsa dkbs Z ugha tkurk FkkA fetkjs e eas fgna h ds çpkj&çlkj eas bu bl lPpkbZ dk Hkh irk pyk fd fganqLrkuh vaxzstksa ds ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds vykok Hkkjrh; lSfudksa] O;kikfj;ksa ukSdj gh ugha] xqyke Hkh gSaA ifj.kke esa nks u, 'kCn ,oa etnwjksa dh Hkh egrh Hkwfedk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lsuk ds LFkkuh; yksxksa dh Hkk\"kk esa Lor% tqM+ x,& ^lki* vkSj T;knkrj lSfud fganh Hkk\"kk Hkk\"kh FkhA blfy, tgk¡& tgk¡ ^okb*Z A ^lki* (lkgc dk uis kyh mPpkj.k) vFkkrZ ~ ^lkgc* muds e[q ;ky; vkjS diaS Fk]s ogk&¡ ogk¡ mudk lia dZ ^ekfyd*] ^okbZ* vFkkZr~ ^fganqLrkuh* tks lkgc yksxksa ds vklikl ds LFkkuh; fetks ykxs kas ls gkrs k FkkA bl çdkj vèkhu gSaA nksuksa dkSeksa dh Hkk\"kk ds çfr eku&lEeku dh vkilh ckrphr ls èkhj&s èkhjs fetks ykxs fgna h tkuus vkjS lhek& js•k dk fuèkkZj.k Hkh blh ds vuqikr esa fd;k x;kA le>us yxAs vkxs pydj bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa ds dk;Z us bl lhek js•k dks vkSj Hkh iq\"V fd;kA¸ fetksje esa igys dksbZ m|ksx& èkaèkk ugha FkkA fetks lekt viuh t:jrksa ds fy, çÑfr ij fuHkZj FkkA ijarq ¶tkrh; c¡èku ls eqÙkQ fetks tutkfr;ksa esa fdlh nks fetksje esa vaxzstksa ds ços'k ls lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd dkSeksa dks ysdj bl çdkj dh lksp dh vlekurk igys ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rsth ls cnyus yxhA vaxzstksa ds tkus vkSj dHkh ugha mith FkhA vr% viuh jhfr;ksa ds lkFk LoPNan vk”kknh ds ckn bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkSj Hkh rsth ls thou fcrkus okys tutkfr;kas eas vxa tsz h Hkk\"kk ds çfr #>ku cnyko vk;kA Hkkjr ds prqj vkSj lkgfld O;kikjh vkSj fganh Hkk\"kk ds çfr mnklhurk dk chtkjksi.k Hkh bUgha fetkjs e ds nxq eZ LFkkukas ij Hkh O;kikj ds fy, igp¡q us yxAs ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k gqvkA¸9 Li\"V gS fd bl ekufldrk O;kikfj;ksa dh enn ds fy, etnwj vkSj dqyh Hkh ;gk¡ us ml nkSj esa vkSj mlds ckn Hkh fetksje esa fganh ds igq¡psA ;g çfØ;k vk”kknh ds iwoZ ls gh çkjaHk gks xbZ FkhA çpkj&çlkj dks ladqfpr fd;kA fiQj Hkh bu ,sfrgkfld vk”kknh ds ckn bl çfØ;k esa vkSj T;knk xfr vkbZA fganh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us fganh dh igq¡p fetks tutkfr;ksa rd cukbZ Hkk\"kk& Hkk\"kh bu O;kikfj;ksa] etnwjksa vkSj dqfy;ksa us Hkh vkSj fganh ds dqN 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fetks tutkfr;ksa ds fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk yksxksa }kjk vkilh nSfud O;ogkj esa fd;k tkus yxkA fuHkkbZA buds laidZ esa vkdj fetksje ds lqnwj {ks=kksa ds fetks yksx Hkh fganh Hkk\"kk ls FkksM+k cgqr ifjfpr gksus yxsA Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 30

fnu& çfrfnu ds esytksy ds fy, nksuksa rjiQ ds yksxksa ds Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ykxw gqvk] ftlesa fganhrj çkarksa esa fy, ,d& nwljs dh Hkk\"kk dks tkuus vkSj lh•us dh jktHkk\"kk fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dk Hkh ladYi fy;k x;k e”kcwjh FkhA ckgjh yksx èkhjs&èkhjs LFkkuh; Hkk\"kk& fetks FkkA vius laoSèkkfud çkoèkkuksa ds rgr dsaæ vkSj jkT; lh•us yxs vkjS fetks ykxs fgna h lh•us yxAs bl vra %fuHkjZ rk ljdkjksa us Hkh fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj ds fy, us fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dks xfr çnku dhA ml dk;Z fd,A vk”kknh ds ckn fetkjs e eas fgna h ds çpkj&çlkj le; rd fetks tutkrh; lekt ds lkFk&lkFk fetks dks xfr çnku djus ds fy, ^vle jk\"Vª Hkk\"kk çpkj Hkk\"kk cgrq fodflr ugha FkhA fetks Hkk\"kk eas cgrq de 'kCn lfefr*] xkSgkVh] vle] ^jk\"Vª Hkk\"kk fganh lfefr*] oèkkZ] FksA ftlls vHkh rd mudk dke py tk jgk FkkA ij egkjk\"Vª vkSj dsUæh; fganh laLFkku] vkxjk lfØ; FkhaA cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fetks lekt esa cgqr rsth ls ^vle jk\"Vª Hkk\"kk çpkj lfefr*] xkSgkVh ds varxZr 17 ifjorZu gks jgk FkkA blfy, ftu oLrqvksa vkSj Hkkoksa ds uoacj] 1954bZ- dks ^tkSje fganh çpkj lfefr* dh LFkkiuk fy, fetks Hkk\"kk esa 'kCn ugha Fks] mls fetks lekt us dksykflc 'kgj esa dh xbZA vk”kknh ds ckn çkjafHkd nkSj vaxzsth ;k fganh ls lhèks& lhèks viuk fy;kA bl çdkj esa ^yq'kkbZ fgYl fMfLVªd* esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dk ldS Mk+ as fgna h 'kCnkas dk fetks Hkk\"kk eas ço's k gvq kA mnkgj.kkFkZ xq#rj nkf;Ro ;s gh laLFkk,¡ mBk jgh FkhaA ^yq'kkbZ fgYl fuEu 'kCnksa dks ns•k tk ldrk gS% fMfLVªd* esa 1952bZ- esa Ldwyh ikBÔØe ds varxZr ,d fo\"k; ds :i esa fganh dks LFkku fn;k x;kA fetksje esa fganh fetks Mizo fganh ds çkjafHkd çpkjdrkZvksa esa Jh lsysrFkÄk vkSj Jh nsÄNqÄk dk uke vej gSA fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj esa pkSdk @ jlksbZ?kj pkSdk Choka buds ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku dk mn~?kkVu djrh gqbZ MkW- lh- cknke @ ew¡xiQyh cknke Badam b- thuh fy•rh g&aS ¶fgna h çpkj ds vxnz rw ekus tkus okys eVj @ puk pkuk Chana loZJh lsysrFkÄk vkSj nsÄNqÄk ml le; vle ljdkj vkyw @ vkyw A lu }kjk rhrkckjh esa lapkfyr ,do\"khZ; fganh f'k{k.k çf'k{k.k nky @ nky Dal ikBÔØe esa nhf{kr gksdj fetksje ykSV vk, vkSj rnqijkar phuh @ phuh Chini Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys fetks yM+ds& yM+fd;ksa dks fganh fep @ ejpk Hmarcha fl•kus dk dk;Z djus yxsA¸ ewyh @ ewyk Mula iko@ ikokikok Pava ¶bu nksuksa vxz.kh fganh f'k{kd çpkjdksa ds fujarj ljdkj @ lksjdkj Sawrkar ç;kl Lo:i ml le; ds Ldwyh Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds cM+k lkgc @ cksM+ lki Bawrh Sap vfrfjÙkQ o;Ld yksx Hkh fganh i<+us yxsA mu o;Ldksa esa fdrkc @ dkWih ys•k cq Lehkhabu ls dqN vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr] xqokgVh }kjk jax @ jkSax Rawng ladfyr (lapkfyr) fganh dh çkjafHkd ijh{kkvksa esa cSBrs cksjk @ cksjk Buara vkSj muesa mÙkh.kZ gksrs jgsA mUgha fnuksa muesa ls dqN vfèkd ;gk¡ ;g è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd vk”kknh ds igys mRlkgh fetks ;qok vle ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr felkekjh vaxzstksa ds lkFk vkSj vk”kknh ds ckn Lora=k :i ls vle] dsaæ esa fganh f'k{kd çf'k{k.k ikBÔØe ikl djus esa caxky vkSj usiky ds xks•kZyh yksx gh vfèkdrj fetksje liQy jgsA bl rjg lhfer (la[;k esa) vkSj dsaæ dh vk, FksA blfy, fetks tutkfr;ksa dk fganh ls igyk ijh{kkvksa esa liQy O;fÙkQ vle ljdkj }kjk fetks f”kys ifjp; bUgha yksxksa ds ekè;e ls gqvkA vle] caxky vkSj ds Ldwyksa esa fganh vè;kid fu;qÙkQ gksrs jgs vkSj vius& uis ky ds xk•s kyZ h ykxs ftl çdkj fgna h dk mPpkj.k djrs vius fo|ky;ksa esa vle jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr }kjk Fks fetks tutkfr ds ykxs kas us mlh çdkj fetks Hkk\"kk eas mls çdkf'kr ikBÔ iqLrdksa dh lgk;rk ls fganh i<+krs jgsA¸ viuk fy;k vkSj mldk mPpkj.k Hkh dekscs'k mlh çdkj 10 fganh ds çkjafHkd çpkjdrkZvksa esa ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ djus yxsA rks dqN 'kCnksa esa ifjorZu Hkh ns•us dks feyrk uke Jh oh- ,y- Äkgdk dk Hkh gSA 1954bZ- ls vki fganh gAS çpkjd dk dk;Z dj jgs FksA 1956&1957bZ- esa vki vk”kknh ds ckn 14 flracj] 1949bZ- Eksa fganh dks csfld Vhpj Vªsfuax laLFkku esa fganh f'k{kd fu;qÙkQ gq,11 jktHkk\"kk dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA 26 tuojh] 1950bZ- dks Peer-Reviewed Journal 31 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk

vkSj fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj ds dk;Z dks vkxs vdky esa gq, vikj tku& eky dh {kfr ,oa vle c<k+ ;kA ljdkj dh laosnughurk vkSj fetksje ds yksxksa dh mis{kk us fetksje ds yksxksa ds eu esa vkØks'k ,oa foæksg dk Hkko ;gk¡ ;g Hkh è;ku nsus okyh ckr gS fd fetksje esa Hkj fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i ^fetksje us'kuy iQsekbu ÚaV* fganh ds T;knkrj çpkjd vkSj f'k{kd LFkkuh; fetks Hkk\"kk (1959bZ-) uked ekspkZ cukdj fetksje dh turk us Hkk\"kh FksA fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj esa LFkkuh; fetks Hkk\"kk ljdkjh uhfr;kas dh dVq vkykps uk çkjHa k dhA vkxs pydj Hkk\"kh yksxksa ds ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku dks js•kafdr djrh gqbZ ;g vkØks'k fojksèk ,oa foæksg esa cny x;kA MkW- lh-b- thuh mYykl ls fy•rh gSa& ¶;g tkudj Hkh vkuan dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS fd ,dkèk viokn dks NksM+dj mUgha fnuksa vle jkT; dh ubZ Hkk\"kk uhfr lkeus vkbZA lHkh fo\"k;ksa ds f'k{kd ewyr% fetks oklh gSaA¸12blh ckr vlfe;k Hkk\"kk dks vle jkT; dh jktHkk\"kk ?kksf\"kr fd;k dks Jh lh- dkeyksok cgqr tksj nsdj nkos ds lkFk dgrs x;k] ftldk vle jkT; ds xSj vlfe;k Hkk\"kh lhekar gSa fd& ¶fetks tutkfr;ksa esa dbZ yksx ,sls Fks tks VwVh& {ks=kksa us fojksèk fd;kA MkW- lh-b- thuh viuh iqLrd esa bl iQwVh gh lgh] fganh cksyrs& le>rs Fks vkSj bls O;ogkj ?kVuk vkSj mlds çHkko dk mYys• djrh gqbZ Li\"V esa ykrs FksA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha fd ml le; dksbZ fganh fy•rh gSa fd ¶lu 1960bZ- esa vle ljdkj vlfe;k çseh bl çns'k esa vk;k gksxk] ughaA fetksje gh D;ksa] lewps Hkk\"kk dks jkT; dh ljdkjh Hkk\"kk cukus ds fy, foèkku jk\"Vª ds ikl ,ls k dkbs Z lcrw ugha gS ftlds lgkjs ;g dgk lHkk esa foèk;sd ys vkbZA ;|fi bl foèk;sd dk earO; tk lds fd vrhr esa fdlh fganh çseh ds ik¡o blds jkT; esa cls caxkfy;ksa dks vlfe;k dh vfLerk Lohdkj çpkj&çlkj ds fy, bl çns'k ij iM+s FksA¸ djkuk Fkk] ijarq ioZrh; tkfr;ksa us vk'kk ds foijhr ;g vuqHko fd;k fd vlfe;k dks mu ij yknus dk ;g ,d ¶lewps jk\"Vª dh vkReokfguh fganh cspkjh rks viuksa \"kM~ÔU=k gSA xkjks usrk Jh fofy;elu laxek us vle dh vogsyuk ds nnZ dh ekjh ;ksa gh jksrh HkVdrh bl eaf=keaMy dh lnL;rk ls viuk R;kxi=k ns fn;kA ioZrh; çns'k ds pkS•V ij vk igq¡ph Fkh ftls dqN iqjkus lSfudksa urs kvkas dh f'kykUW x eas ,d cBS d vk;kfs tr dh xb]Z ftleas vkSj i<+s fy•s yksxksa us iukg nh FkhA¸13 lHkh jktuhfrd nykas ds urs k lfEefyr gks x,A ifj.kkeLo:i loZnyh; ioZrh; lEesyu (vky ikVhZ fgYl yhMlZ) dk lp pkgs tks Hkh gks ij ;s os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Fkha ftUgkuas s 'kHq kkjHa k gvq k] ftlus vkxs vkus okys le; eas iF` kd iorZ h; vk”kknh ds ckn fetkjs e eas fgna h ds çpkj&çlkj dks xfr jkT; vkanksyu dks viuk usr`Ro fn;kA¸14 Li\"V gS fd çnku dh vkjS fetks lekt dk fgna h ls ifjp; dks çxk<+ vlfe;k Hkk\"kk dks vle jkT; dh jktHkk\"kk cukus dh jkT; cuk;kA ljdkj dh dksf'k'k us xSj vlfe;k Hkk\"kk Hkk\"kh dks vkanksfyr fd;k vkSj muesa jktuhfrd psruk dk lapkj vfo'okl ,oa nqjko dk nkSj (1959bZ- ls 1987bZ- fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i mUgksaus Hkk\"kkbZ vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkèkkj rd)% ij vius dks laxfBr fd;k vkSj bl fcy dk fojksèk fd;kA vkxs pydj ;g vkanksyu Hkk\"kkbZ vkSj lkaLÑfrd iw.kZ jkT; cukus ds iwoZ fetksje vk”kknh ds ckn ls gh le:irk ds vkèkkj ij vle ls iF` kd Lor=a k jkT; fuek.Z k vle jkT; dk ,d f”kyk ek=k FkkA fetks fo}kuksa dk dh ek¡x ds vkanksyu esa cny x;kA ;gk¡ ;g è;ku j•us vkjkis gS fd ml le; vle ds ljdkjh r=a k ds }kjk lHkh dh t:jr gS fd MkW- lh-b- thuh bl ?kVuk dk mYys• ekeyksa esa fetksje dh turk dh vk'kkvksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa es?kky; ds lanHkZ esa djrh gSaA ijarq bl foèks;d dk çHkko dh mis{kk dh tkrh FkhA bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 1959& 60bZ- es?kky; ds vfrfjÙkQ vle jkT; ds vU; xSj& vlfe;k esa fetksje esa Hk;kud vdky iM+kA lkekU;r% fetksje esa Hkk\"kh lhekra {k=s kkas ;Fkk& fetkjs e] ukxky.S M vkjS v#.kkpy çfr 50 o\"kks± ds ckn ck¡l iQwyrs gSa vkSj mlesa iQy yxrs çns'k ij Hkh leku :i ls iM+ jgk FkkA blfy, bl ?kVuk gSaA ck¡lksa ds chtksa dks •kdj pwgksa dh çtuu {kerk cgqr us fetksje ds yksxksa dks Hkh jktuhfrd :i ls laxfBr c<+ tkrh gS] ftlls mudh vkcknh esa rsth ls o`f¼ gksrh fd;k vkSj fetks Hkk\"kkbZ vkSj lkaLÑfrd vfLerk dh gSA c<+h gqbZ la[;k ds lkFk pwgksa dh iQkSt viuh Hkw• igpku dh ekax vkSj vkanksyu dks xfr feyh ftlus fganh feVkus ds fy, xk¡oksa ,oa ?kjksa esa j•s gq, vuktksa ds HkaMkjksa ij èkkok cksyrh gS vkSj mUgsa pV dj tkrh gSA vuktksa dh tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 32 deh ds dkj.k Hkq•ejh dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj vdky iM+rk gSA 1959& 60bZ- esa fetksje esa iM+s Hk;kud Peer-Reviewed Journal

ds çpkj&çlkj ds jkg dks vxys rhu n'kdksa rd lqj{kk lsuk us nck fn;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh us'kuy ÚaV ds dqN daVdkdh.kZ fd;kA Lo;alsfo;ksa us ljdkjh vkns'kksa dk mYya?ku vkSj foæksgh xfrfofèk;kas dks tkjh j•kA bl çdkj dh foækgs h xfrfofèk;k¡ cnyrh gbq Z tfVy ifjfLFkfr;kas eas vdky dh foHkhf\"kdk ikd vkSj cehZ fetks ds lg;ksx ls 1968bZ- rd tkjh jghA dk lkeuk djus ds fy, xfBr ^fetks us'kuy iQsekbu iQyr% iwjs {ks=k dks v'kkar ?kksf\"kr dj fn;k x;k vkjS lqj{kk ÚaV* (1959 bZ-) ^fetks us'kuy ÚaV* (,e-,u-,iQ-& lsukvksa dks ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk djus vkSj 1961 bZ-) esa cny x;k vkSj iw ykyMsaxk ds usr`Ro esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus ds vkns'k ns fn, x, FksA bUgha fetksje dh turk us vle vkSj Hkkjr ls vyx gksus dk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fetks {ks=k dks vle jkT; ls i`Fkd dj l'kL=k Lora=krk vkanksyu çkjaHk fd;kA MkW- lh-b- thuh jkT; dk ntkZ çnku dj fn;k x;kA¸16 fy•rh gSa fd ¶fetks tuksa ds fy, lu~ 1959bZ- dk ^ekmrke* (ekmrke ¾ nqfHkZ{k) jktuhfrd psruk dk ,d n'kd ls T;knk yacs pys bl l'kL=k vkanksyu dkj.k fl¼ gqvk] lkFk gh os vkxs ukxk tkfr ds cfynkuksa vkSj la?k\"kZ ds mijkar 21 tuojh] 1972bZ- dks fetksje dks vkSj rntfur ojnkuksa (miyfCèk;ksa) ls Hkh voxr Fks ghA dsaæ 'kkflr çns'k dk ntkZ çkIr gqvkA blh fnu fetks ukxk foækfs g;kas dh Hkh bu miyfCèk;kas us fetks ;oq k oxZ dks tutkfr;kas ds fuokl LFkku gkus s ds dkj.k Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkdf\"kZr fd;kA iQyr% os vius Hkw& Hkkb;ksa ds HkkX;ks¼kj }kjk bl çns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd ukedj.k fetksje fd;k ds fy, dqN dj ej& feVus ds fy, rS;kj gks x,A --- x;kA MkW- lh-b- thuh fy•rh gSa fd ¶lu~ 1953bZ- esa iQyr% ^fetks nqfHkZ{k lgk;rk ÚaV* dks ^fetks us'kuy dty vyh dh vè;{krk esa rhu lnL;h; jkT; iquxZBu ÚaV* esa lu~ 1961bZ- esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA ml ÚaV vk;kxs fu;Ùq kQ gvq k ftlds vU; nks lnL; loJZ h ân;ukFk dk mís'; fetks fgYl ds fy, Lora=krk vkSj çHkqlaiUurk dqat: vkSj ds-,e- ifudj FksA vÙkQwcj 1955bZ- esa jkT; çkIr djuk FkkA¸15 fnXHkzfer fetks ;qodksa dk ewy mís'; iuq xBZ u lEcUèkh viuh vk[;k çLrrq dhA --- mÙkQ lLa rfq r;kas Lora=k jk\"Vª dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk] ftlesa phu ewy ds ls çsfjr gksdj fetks foæksfg;ksa dh c<+rh ek¡x ds ifjçs{; fetks fuokfl;ksa ds jgus okys fetksje] ef.kiqj] oekZ vkSj esa lu 1972bZ- esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fetksje jkT; dh iwohZ ikfdLrku ds f”kyksa dks 'kkfey djus dh ea'kk Fkh LFkkiuk dks Lohdkj dj mlds i`Fkd vfLrRo dh ?kks\"k.kk vkSj bl lcds ihNs ^fetks us'kuy ÚaV* ds usrk iw dj nhA¸17 vkSj mlds Ms<+ n'kd ds ckn 1986bZ- esa Hkkjr ykyMsaxk dk fnekx dk;Z dj jgk FkkA 28 iQjojh] 1966 ljdkj ,oa ^fetks us'kuy ÚaV* ds chp gq, 'kkafr le>kSrs dks ^fetks us'kuy ÚaV* ds l'kL=k yM+kdksa us iwjs fetksje ds mijkar 1987bZ- esa fetksje dks iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k ds ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ij vkØe.k dj mUgsa vius dCts esa x;kA bl çdkj vk”kknh ds yxHkx pkj n'kdksa ds mijkar ys fy;kA bl vkanksyu dks rRdkyhu iwohZ ikfdLrku (vc fetksje iw.kZ jkT; cu ik;k vkSj ;gk¡ ds yksx vle ,oa ckaXykns'k) vkSj phu dh ljdkj rFkk oekZ dh fetks dsaæ dh vlaosnu'khy o neudkjh uhfr;ksa ls eqÙkQ gksdj tutkfr;kas dk v?kkfs \"kr leFkuZ çkIr FkkA vkikr fLFkfr dks Lojkt dh jkg ij vxzlj gks ik,] ,slk fetks fo}kuksa dh ns•rs gq, Hkkjr dh rRdkyhu çèkkuea=kh Jherh bafnjk vke èkkj.kk gAS ijra q pkj n'kdkas rd feys mi{s kk] vekuoh;rk] xkaèkh dks dBksj fu.kZ; ysuk iM+k vkSj Hkkjrh; lsuk dks vlaosnu'khyrk] fgalk] Hkz\"Vkpkj] ywV vkSj dBksj neu ds fLFkfr dks laHkkyus ds fy, rqjar Hkstk x;kA MkW- lh-b- na'k us fetks yksxksa ds fnyks fnekx esa vle ,oa Hkkjr ds thuh fy•rh gaS ¶oLrrq % bu leLr foækgs h fetks xfrfofèk;kas yksxksa (okbZ ¾fons'kh) ds çfr vfo'okl] uiQjr ,oa ds ihNs ^fetks us'kuy ÚaV* ds vè;{k ykyMsaxk dh vkØks'k Hkjus dk dke fd;kA Jh lh- dkeyksok cgqr lw>cw> gh dk;Zjr FkhA 1966bZ- dh iQjojh ds vafre fnu lkoèkkuh ls fy•rs gSa fd ¶;g og le; Fkk tc fetks ^fetks us'kuy ÚaV* us ljdkj ds fo#¼ foæksg dj fn;k tutkfr;ksa dks jktuhfrd vogsyuk dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA vkSj vkbtksy rFkk yqÄysbZ ds ljdkjh dks\"kkxkj rFkk vU; jktuhfr ds v•kM+s esa lkSrsysiu ds nnZ dks >syuk iM+kA dk;kZy;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk {ks=k ds Hkhrjh Hkkxksa esa Hkh vaxzstksa dh nklrk ls fudy dj vius gh cy cwrs ij ns'k vkØe.k fd;kA bu foæksgh xfrfofèk;ksa ls fucVus ds fy, dh eq[; èkkjk ls tqM+us dh bPNk] ns'k ds fy, dqN dj ljdkj us lqj{kk nyksa dks Hkstk tks Ng ekpZ dks vkbtksy xqtjus dh ykylk] rsy& foghu ckrh dh rjg èkhjs&èkhjs vkSj rsjg ekpZ dks yqÄysbZ igq¡psA fuLlansg foæksfg;ksa dks cq>us yxh] eqj>kus yxhA var esa tkdj ns'k dh eq[; èkkjk 33 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

ls u tqM+ ikus ds dkj.k budk varLry vkgr gqvk] buds ^fganh vkSj fetks Hkk\"kk dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV;ksa dk eeZ ij pksV yxhA¸18 ftldh ifj.kfr vle ,oa dsaæ dh O;frjsdh vè;;u* ds çkDdFku esa vkxs fy•rh gSa fd ljdkj vkSj ogk¡ ds yksxksa ds çfr fgald çfrjksèk esa gqvk] ¶mlh Lora=krk la?k\"kZ ds le; fetksje esa f'k{kk& nh{kk ds ftldk ,d :i fganh dk Hkh fojksèk FkkA fganh Hkk\"kk dh {ks=k esa Hkh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gksus yxh FkhaA blfy, eSa Hkh fetks fonq\"kh vkSj fetks yksdlkfgR; dh eeZK lqJh vkj- nwljksa ds lkFk f'kykWUx esa i<+us xbZA f'kykWUx esa dqN fnuksa yyFykeqvkuh vius vkys• ^jk\"Vªh; ,drk dk ekè;e& rd jgus ds ckn ifjfLFkfr;ksa us eq>s fganh i<+us ds fy, fganh* esa vius O;fÙkQxr thoukuqHko dks lk>k djrh gqbZ ^jk\"Vª Hkk\"kk fganh lfefr*] oèkkZ] egkjk\"Vª esa <dsy fn;kA fy•rh gSa fd ¶esjk tUe fetksm ifjokj esa gqvk gSA ,sls ---oèkkZ igq¡pus ds ckn Hkh eSa fganh i<+us ds fy, rS;kj ugha ifjokj vkSj lekt esa fganh& okrkoj.k fcydqy gh ugha FkhA ,d eghus rd eSa fganh dh o.kZekyk dks Hkh ;kn ugha FkkA¸19 fganh Hkk\"kk dh fetks fonq\"kh vkSj fetksje fganh dj ikbZ FkhA eSa vpkud tkx xbZ] ;g le>dj fd fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;] vkbZtksy dh iwoZ çkpk;kZ MkW- ,p- gekjh jk\"Vª Hkk\"kk gS] bldks tkudj eq>s ykHk feysxkA --- nsÄfdeh dk iwjk cpiu Hkh bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa chrk FkkA nks lky ds ckn eSa fetksje ykSV dj fganh vè;kfidk cu blfy, fganh Hkk\"kk esa fyf•r viuh iqLrd ^fganh vkSj xbZA¸21 ;|fi fganh Kku ls MkW- ,p- nsÄfdeh dks rRdky fetkms Hkk\"kk dh O;kdjf.kd dkfs V;kas dk O;frjds h vè;;u* ykHk gqvkA 1973bZ- esa fetksje okfil vkrs gh os fganh ds çkDdFku dh 'kq#vkr os cpiu dh mUgha dVq f'kf{kdk fu;qÙkQ gks xbZa vkSj ukS o\"kks± ds vuqHko ds ckn Hkkoukvksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vfHkO;fÙkQ ls djrh gSaA os 1982bZ- esa mudk inLFkkiu fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k Hkh Li\"V :i ls Lohdkj djrh gSa fd ¶jktuhfrd mFky& egkfo|ky;] vkbtZ kys eas dj fn;k x;k] tgk¡ vkxs pydj iqFky ds çHkko ls cpiu esa eSa fganh ls cgqr ?k`.kk djrh mUgksaus çkpk;kZ ds in dks Hkh lq'kksfHkr fd;kA blh çdkj FkhA D;ksafd fetksmje viuh Lora=krk ds fy, Hkkjr ls ^Jh vkj- tgybs ;k fetks tutkrh; ykxs kas eas lcls igys ljdkj ds f•ykiQ la?k\"kZ dj jgk FkkA ftlds dkj.k fganh esa LukrdksÙkj(,e-,-) dh mikfèk çkIr djus okys uiQjr Hkko Hkh eu esa mRiUu gksus yxk FkkA¸20 O;fÙkQ FksA tks 1978 bZ esa xqokgkVh fo'ofo|ky; ls ,e- ,-(fganh) dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djrs gSa vkSj tks vkxs pydj fetksje esa fganh Hkk\"kk ds çfr yksxksa ds bl utfj, us 1985bZ- esa fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;] vkbZtksy blds çpkj&çlkj ,oa fodkl dks cgqr çHkkfor fd;kA ds çkè;kid vkSj çkpk;Z curs gSaA*22 fiQj Hkh fetksje ds fganh dks dsaæ dh Hkk\"kk ekuk x;k vkSj fganh ds fojksèk dks cgqla[;d turk dk Hkko vc Hkh fganh ds çfr nksLrkuk dsaæ dk fojksèk le>k x;kA fganh dk fojksèk ,d Hkk\"kk ds ugha gks ik;k FkkA Jh tsV ch- NqÄk ^esjh vfoLej.kh; :i esa de vkSj dsaæ ds çrhd ds :i esa T;knk fd;k ;k=kk* uked laLej.k esa vius fganh f'k{kd cuus dh •q'kh x;k] tlS k fd iwoksÙZ kj ,oa nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dqN vU; jkT;ksa vkjS fetkjs e eas fgna h ds çfr ykxs kas dh Hkkoukvkas dk lda rs esa Hkh ns•us dks feyrk gSA dksbZ Hkh Hkk\"kk laçs\"k.k dk djrs gq, fy•rs gSa fd ¶1997 ebZ dk eghuk FkkA eq>s ekè;e gksrh gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx 80 çfr'kr turk fganh fganh vè;kid dh ukSdjh fey xbZ FkhA ml xk¡o (in cksyrh] le>rh] i<+rh vkSj fy•rh gSA blfy, Hkkjr dh LFkkiuk) dk uke Fkk ydW hA ejs s ifjokj okys lHkh •'q k FkAs eq[; Hkwfe ds yksxksa ls laokn ds fy, fganh dk Kku ikl iM+ksl ds yksx eqckjdckn nsus vk,A --- nks fnu dh vfuok;Z gAS ijra q fgna h dks dæas (dh Hkk\"kk) dk çrhd eku r;S kjh ds i'pkr~ eaS ydW h ds fy, vkbtZ kys ls jokuk gvq kA fy;k x;k vkSj dsaæ ds çrhd fganh dk fojksèk dsaæ dk djhc 280 fdyksehVj dh yach ;k=kk esa eSa vdsyk igyh fojksèk le>k x;k] ftldh otg ls fetksje esa fganh dk ckj tk jgk FkkA --- (cl esa) brus esa ,d lTtu us eq>ls çpkj&çlkj ,oa fodkl ckfèkr gqvkA {ks=kh; jktuhfrd iwNk& toku yM+ds] rqe dgk¡ tk jgs gks\\ eSaus bruk dgk 'kfÙkQ;ksa ,oa gfLr;ksa us viuh {kqæ jktuhfrd egÙokdka{kk fd yWdh tk jgk gw¡A esjk bl çdkj mÙkj nsus dk rkRi;Z dh iwfrZ ds fy, fganh (Hkk\"kk) dh cfy p<+k nhA ijarq Fkk fd oLrqr% gekjs fetksje esa fganh dks ugha pkgrs gSaA vkxs pydj fLFkfr;k¡ dNq ifjofrrZ gkus s yxhA fetkjs e ds ifj.kkeLo:i ckr yach& pkSM+h gks tk,xhA vr% eSa ;g dNq le>nkj ykxs ;g le> jgs Fks fd lia .w kZ n's k ls tMq u+ s pkgrk Fkk fd T;knk loky u djsaA og pqi jg x;kA¸23 ds fy, fganh dk Kku vfuok;Z gS vkSj blds Kku ls gj ml le; gkykr fganh ds cgqr vuqdwy ugha FksA fiQj Hkh çdkj dk ykHk gh gksxkA MkW- ,p- nsÄfdeh viuh iqLrd tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 34 Peer-Reviewed Journal

oÙkQ ,oa cnyrs gkykr ds rdkts us fetksje esa fganh ds vkfFkdZ ] jktuhfrd vkjS lkLa Ñfrd thou eas fetks ,dkfèkdkj çpkj&çlkj dks dqN gok nhA dh çfØ;k viuh iw.kZrk dh vksj rsth ls vkxs c<+h vkSj tSls&tSls fetksje esa fetks ,dkfèkdkj dh çfØ;k viuh ^vle jk\"Vª Hkk\"kk çpkj lfefr*] xqokgkVh ds varxZr iw.kZrk dh rjiQ vkxs c<+rh xbZ oSls&oSls fetksje esa dsaæ 17 uoacj] 1954bZ- dks ftl ^tkSje fganh çpkj lfefr* ds fojksèk dh Hkkouk 'kkar gksrh pyh xbZ vkSj tSls& tSls dh LFkkiuk dksykflc 'kgj esa dh xbZ FkhA 1972bZ- esa fetksje esa dsaæ ds fojksèk dh Hkkouk 'kkar gksrh xbZ] oSls& vle jkT; ls vyx gksdj fetksje ds dsaæ 'kkflr çns'k olS s fgna h ds fojkès k dk rki Hkh ef¼e iMu+ s yxkA fetkjs e cu tkus ds ckn mldk uke cny dj ^fetksje fganh ç'kklfud] vkfFkdZ ] 'k{S kf.kd vkjS fpfdRlh; vkfn t:jrkas çpkj lHkk* dj fn;k x;k vkSj bldk eq[;ky; Hkh ds fy, Hkkjr ij cgqr T;knk fuHkZj gSA bu vko';drkvksa vkbtZ kys LFkkukra fjr dj fn;k x;kA cnyrh gbq Z ifjfLFkfr;kas dh iwfrZ ds fy, fetksje ds yksxksa dks vius çns'k ls ckgj esa u, uke ds lkFk lkslkbVh ,DV ds rgr bl laLFkk dk tkuk iMr+ k gAS vius çn's k ls ckgj tkus ij LokHkkfod :i iathdj.k djk;k x;k vkSj ^Jh vkj- tgysb;k dks bldk ls mu dk ikyk fganh ls iM+rk gSA laiw.kZ ns'k ds vyx& çFke vè;{k cuk;k x;kA*24 mlds ckn ;g laLFkk vkt vyx {ks=kksa dh ;k=kk djus ij os lgt gh ;g eglwl rd blh uke ls dk;Z dj jgh gSA orZeku esa Jh vkj ch djus yxrs gSa fd dsoy fetks Hkk\"kk ds ekè;e ls mu yyeylkse vè;{k vkSj Jh yyjsetqvky lfpo dk in txgksa ij dke djuk ;k ogk¡ ds yksxksa ls lEcUèk cukuk Hkkj laHkky jgs gSaA fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj esa bl dfBu dk;Z gSA rc LokHkkfod :i ls fganh dh laidZ laLFkk dh cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA bl laLFkk ds Hkk\"kk ds :i esa egÙkk dks os eglwl djrs gSaA jkT; ds ;ksxnku dks js•kafdr djrs gq, Jh lh- dkeyksok fy•rs Hkhrj dh jktuhfr viuh txg ij gS ijarq ;g O;kogkfjd gSa& ¶fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr le> gh vkt fetksje esa fganh ds lgt fodkl esa vkSj fetksje ljdkj ds vèkhu ekè;fed vkSj mPp lgk;d fl¼ gks jgh gSA rHkh fetksje esa fganh ds egÙo ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr fganh vè;kidksa esa ls 85 dks Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxk vkSj mls viukus dh çfr'kr dks fganh fl•kus vkSj mUgsa orZeku in ds fy, vko';drk eglwl dh tkus yxhA rc mldk Lokxr Hkh rS;kj djus esa fetksje fganh çpkj lHkk dk gh gkFk gS] tks fd;k tkus yxkA okLro esa cgqr cM+h miyfCèk gSA¸25 vkt Hkh ;g laLFkk vius xq#rj drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu iwjh f”kEesnkjh ls dj jgh fetksje esa fganh ds fodkl dks ;krk;kr ds lkèkuksa gSA vkt Hkh ;g laLFkk fetksje ds lHkh f”kyksa esa ^vius vkSj vkèkqfud lapkj Økafr us Hkh xfr çnku dhA 1990bZ- 50 fganh çpkj dsaæ] 8 fganh fo|ky;ksa vkSj ,d jk\"VªHkk\"kk ds vklikl ls Hkkjr esa tks nwjlapkj dh Økafr gqbZ] ml egkfo|ky; ds lkFk fetksje ds lqnwj xk¡oksa esa fganh ds nwjlapkj dh Økafr vkSj jsfM;ks] Vhoh] baVjusV] daI;wVj] çpkj&çlkj dk liQy dk;Z dj jgh gSA* 26 vkSj vius eksckby rd Hkkjr vkSj fetksje ds yksxksa dh lgt igq¡p çcksèk] ikjaxr vkSj çoh.k ikBÔØeksa ds ekè;e ls fetksje us fetksje dks iwjs fo'o ds dkiQh utnhd yk fn;kA ,slh esa fganh iBu& ikBu dks çksRlkfgr dj jgh gSA fLFkfr esa nwjlapkj ds bu ekè;eksa dk çpkj&çlkj fetksje ds ?kj& ?kj esa Hkh gqvk vkSj bu ekè;eksa dk bLrseky lgt fodkl dk nkSj (1987bZ- ls vc rd)% djds fetksje ds yksx Hkkjr ds vU; fgLls ls lgtrk ls tqM+us yxsA bu ekè;eksa us fetksje esa Vhoh pSuyksa dk fetkjs e eas nks n'kdkas ls T;knk pys fgla d vyxkooknh çpkj&çlkj fd;kA bu Vhoh pSuyksa ij çlkfjr gksus okys vkanksyu us fetksje esa fganh ds fodkl dks vo#¼ fd;kA fganh fiQYeksa] xkuksa vkSj lhfj;yksa dh igq¡p fetksje ds ysfdu bl vyxkooknh vkanksyu ds ifj.kke Lo:i tc ?kj& ?kj rd gqbZA NksVk Hkhe] dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr] 1972bZ- esa vle ls vyx dj fetksje dks dsaæ 'kkflr vkidh vnkyr] dlkVS h ftanxh dh] mM+ku] ohjk] lkoèkku çn's k cuk;k x;k vkjS 1987b-Z eas fetkjs e dks i.w kZ jkT; dk bafM;k] Økbe isVªksy] oans ekrje] ukfxu vkfn fganh ntkZ fn;k x;k] rc ls ;gk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rsth ls cnyus lhfj;y fetks Mfcax ds lkFk fetksje ds ?kj ?kj esa ns•s yxhaA rc ls fetksje ds ç'kklu] O;kikj vkSj lekt esa tkrs gSaA nwjlapkj dh bl Økafr dk ykHk ysus ds fy, vkSj fetks ,dkfèkdkj dh jktuhfr çkjaHk gqbZA tks Hkkouk fganh fiQYeksa] xkuksa vkSj lhfj;yksa ls euksjatu ikus ls vyxkooknh vkanksyu ds nkSjku mRiUu gqbZ Fkh mlds ifj.kke Lo:i Lor=a k jkT; curs gh fetkjs e ds ç'kklfud] Peer-Reviewed Journal 35 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk

fetksje ds yksxksa ds fnyksa esa fganh dh tks ciQZ n'kdksa ls bl nkSj esa fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj esa dbZ teh gqbZ Fkh] og èkhjs&èkhjs fi?kyus yxhA vc fetksje ds laLFkkvksa dh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA ^fetksje fganh VSfDl;ksa esa vkfej •ku dh igyh fiQYe ^d;ker ls çpkj lHkk* rks iwoZ ls gh fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj d;ker rd* ds xkus&^ikik dgrs gSa csVk uke djsxk---*] ds dk;Z esa lfØ; FkhA mldh lfØ;rk orZeku nkSj esa Hkh ^xtc dk gS fnu lquks rks tjk---* tSls fganh xkus lqukbZ nsus yxkrkj cuh jghA blds vykok ^16 vÙkQwcj 1975bZ- dks yxsA fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj esa nwjlapkj dh Økafr dsUæh; fganh laLFkku] vkxjk ds vèkhu dsaæ ds lg;ksx ls vkSj tulapkj ds ekè;eksa dh Hkwfedk dh rjiQ b'kkjk vkbZtksy esa ^fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k laLFkku* dh LFkkiuk djrs gq, lqJh vkj- yyFykeqvkuh fy•rh gSa fd ¶LVkj dh xbZ ftls 29 vxLr] 1986bZ- esa fetksje ljdkj us Iyl ds djksM+ifr dk;ZØe ls Hkh yksx fganh lh•us dh ^fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;* esa ifjorZu djus dh vksj tkx`r gq, gSaA vkdk'kok.kh ls çlkfjr ^fganh lcd* bPNk trkbZ ftls dkiQh fojksèk ds ckn dsUæh; fganh ls Hkh dbZ yksx ykHkkfUor gks jgs gSaA os bUgsa fu;fer :i laLFkku] vkxjk us eatwjh ns nhA*30 ;g egkfo|ky; yxkrkj ls lqurs gSaA mls NksM+uk ugha pkgrs gSaA¸27 tc LokHkkfod ^fganh f'k{kd fMIyksek*] ^fganh f'k{kd çoh.k lfVZfiQdsV* :i ls fetksje esa fganh dh Lohdk;Zrk c<+hA rc iwoZ ds vkSj ^fganh f'k{kd ikjaxr* ikBÔØe (ch-,M- dkslZ) dk fetks Hkkouk ds foijhr dqN ,sls Hkh fetks ifjokj vkSj liQy lapkyu dj jgk gSA ^viuh LFkkiuk ls ysdj vfHkHkkod ns•us dks feyus yxs ftUgksaus lpsr :i ls 1998bZ- rd ;g egkfo|ky; vkbZtksy 'kgj ds bysfDVªd vius cPpkas dks Hkkjr ds nlw js 'kgjkas vkjS çn's kkas eas i<u+ s ds osÄ esa fdjk, ds Hkou esa pyrk jgkA ftls ckn esa fy, HkstkA rkfd muds cPps f'k{kk çkfIr ds lkFk&lkFk vkbZtksy 'kgj ds gh vij fjifCyd osÄ esa LFkkukarfjr vius n's k ls ifjfpr gks ldas vkjS mldh lia dZ Hkk\"kk fgna h dj fn;k x;kA dbZ o\"kks± ds vFkd ç;kl ds ckn dsaæ dks lh• ldsa vkSj mls vkRelkr dj ldsaA Jh lh- ljdkj }kjk lajf{kr vkSj lapkfyr fganh Hkk\"kk ;kstuk ds dkeyksok Li\"V fy•rs gSa fd& ¶vkt gkykr cnys gSaA varxZr egkfo|ky; dks Hkou fuekZ.k gsrq 1997 bZ esa èku vfèkd ls vfèkd ykxs fgna h lh•uk pkgrs gaS vkjS rks vkjS ] jkf'k dh çkfIr gqbZa vkSj fetksje jkT; ljdkj ds lg;ksx lkES ; vkjS f'kf{kr ifjokj ds ykxs Hkh vius cPpkas dks fgna h ls vkbtZ kys 'kgj ds njq RykÄ {k=s k eas egkfo|ky; ds vius fl•kus ds fy, çsfjr dj jgs gSaA gj dksbZ pkgrk gS fd Hkou vkSj ifjlj dk liuk lkdkj gks ik;kA*31 2000bZ- ls FkksM+h cgqr fganh vo'; lh•sA¸28 fganh Hkk\"kk ds çfr fetks egkfo|ky; nqjRykÄ ds vius blh ifjlj ls fganh ds tutkfr;ksa ds bl n`f\"V ifjorZu ds dkj.kksa dk Jh lh- ikBÔØeksa dk liQy lapkyu dj jgk gSA vkt Hkh dkeyksok vkn'kZoknh mÙkj nsrs gq, fy•rs gSa fd ¶;fn fetksje esa fganh ds vè;;u vè;kiu vkSj çpkj&çlkj esa vrhr esa ;gk¡ ds tutkfr fganh fojksèkh Fks rks vkt budh ;g egkfo|ky; egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA ^fetksje lksp esa bruk cM+k ifjorZu dSls vk;k\\ mÙkj Li\"V gSA u fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;* ds iwoZ çkpk;ks± % MkW- rs”k ;gk¡ ds yksx dHkh fganh fojksèkh Fks] u vkt gh gSaA gk¡] ukjk;.k yky] Mk-W y{eh ukjk;.k yky] Mk-W d-s Vh- fo'oukFk] vrhr esa fganh ds çfr buds eu esa udkjkRedrk dk eq[; MkW- jke Ñiky dqekj] MkW- ihrkEcj] Jh vkj- tgysb;k] dkj.k fganh ds vkSfpR; dks lgh <ax ls u le> ikuk] MkW- lh- pksÄFkueksbZ] MkW- vkse çdk'k 'kqDyk] MkW- f'ko buds xkjS oi.w kZ bfrgkl ls vufHkKrk] blds 'kCn HkMa kj dh deq kj] Mk-W ,p- yynÄs fdeh] Mk-W ybq l gkmÉkj (oreZ ku fo'kkyrk ds çfr vKkurk vkfn ds lkFk&lkFk blds çkpk;Z)_ çkè;kidksa % Jh lh- dkeyksok] çks-bZ- lh- ftUuh] lkfgR; ds eèkqjre Hkko ,oa xfjek dks u le> ikuk Hkh Jherh ÄwjNhÄh] Jherh t;k eq•thZ] Jherh fceyk FkkA¸ pkSgku] MkW- fnus'k dqekj f}osnh] MkW- gfcy dhjks] lqJh vkj- yyFykeqvkuh] Jh ouyyiQsyk] MkW- yyeqvkuvksek ¶ijarq vkt okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA fetks lkbyks] MkW- vt; dqekj j.kthr] Jh yyNqvkuvksek] MkW- tutkfr fgna h dh okLrfodrk dks le>us yxh gAaS buds ejhuk yyFykeqvkuh] MkW- twMh yy,Äokjh] Jherh vra Lry eas bl Hkk\"kk ds çfr I;kj ,oa vkLFkk tks lIq r voLFkk yyykes tvq kyh gkÉS kj] Jh yyjes fl;kek] Mk-W ,fytkcFs kh] eas Fkh] mi;Ùq kQ okrkoj.k ikdj iYyfor gkus s yxh gAS tks Jherh ouyyikjh fpatu vkfn fetksje esa fganh ds fu'p; gh n's k dh ,drk vkjS v•Ma rk ds fy, ehy dk vè;;u] vè;kiu vkSj çf'k{k.k ls tqM+s jgs gSa vkSj fganh iRFkj fl¼ gkxs kA¸29 tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 36 Peer-Reviewed Journal

ds çpkj&çlkj esa viuh egrh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj jgs djsA blh ,d O;kogkfjd Kku dks çkIr djokus ds vius gSaA fetksje ds fganh ds T;knkrj Ldwy f'k{kd ^fetksje Li\"V mís'; dks è;ku esa j•dj fetksje ds f'k{kk foHkkx fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;* ls gh çf'k{k.k çkIr djrs gSa] us vius Ldwyh fganh ikBÔØe dks Hkk\"kk dsafær cuk;k gS tks bu f'k{kdksa dh lfØ;rk ls gh laHko gks ikrh gSA u fd vU; vfèkdk'a k vfgna h Hkk\"kh jkT;kas ds leku lkfgR; dsafær ;k cgq& mís'; dsafærA¸32 blfy, bl ikBÔØe esa orZeku esa fetksje esa yxHkx 318 mPp fo|ky; ,dek=k Hkk\"kk vkSj mlds okrkZyki ds Kku ij tksj gSA fganh f'k{kd vkSj 518 ekè;fed fo|ky; fganh f'k{kd blds lkFk gh ;g Hkh è;ku nus s dh ckr gS fd 2016bZ- ls (dqy fganh f'k{kd&836) dk;Zjr gSaA 2009 esa dsaæ fetkjs e jkT; ljdkj ds Ldyw kas eas çkFkfed Lrj ls gh f'k{kk çk;ksftr ;kstuk ds rgr yxHkx 1300 fganh f'k{kdksa dh dk ekè;e vxa tsz h dks cuk fn;k x;k gAS vk'kk gS fd ubZ fu;qfÙkQ dh xbZ FkhA 2017&18 esa ;g ;kstuk lekIr gks f'k{kk uhfr& 2020 ls bl eas ifjoruZ vk,xkA fetkjs e ckMW Z xbZA çns'k ljdkj us bu f'k{kdksa dks fu;fer djus dh ds Ldyw kas ds vykok ;gk¡ nks dUs æh; fo|ky;] ,d uokns ; dksbZ bPNk 'kfÙkQ ugha fn•kbZ- ifj.kke Lo:i bu lHkh fo|ky; vkjS ,d lfS ud Ldyw Hkh gS ftleas fgna h i<k+ bZ f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ;ksa dks jí dj fn;k x;kA ysfdu 2021 tkrh gAS esa dsaæ çk;ksftr ;kstuk ds rgr dqy 541 u, fganh f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dh xbZ gS] ftlesa ls 114 mPp 2009bZ- ls xoeZsaV vkbtksy dkWyst] vkbtksy vkSj fo|ky; fganh f'k{kd gSa rks 427 ekè;fed fo|ky; fganh deyk uxj dkWyst] pksÄrs esa Hkh Lukrd Lrj ij fganh f'k{kd gSaA ,d ckj fiQj vÙkQwcj 2021bZ- esa dsaæ çk;ksftr dh f'k{kk nh{kk çkjaHk gqbZA MkW- jru dqekj] MkW-jscsDdk ;kstuk ds rgr yxHkx 300 u, fganh f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ yyãÄkbgh] MkW- yyfjufdeh] MkW- dSFkh jksÞyqiqbZ] Jh ds fy, vkosnu vkeaf=kr fd, x, gSaA mEehn gS fd tYn gfj çlkn vkSj MkW- èkhjsUæ dqekj JhokLro tSls ;qok gh fetksje ljdkj bu fganh f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dh çkè;kid fetksje ds egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=kksa dks Lukrd çfØ;k Hkh iw.kZ dj ysxh ftlls fetksje esa fganh ds Lrj ij fganh dh f'k{kk çnku dj jgs gSa vkSj fetksje ds çpkj&çlkj dks ubZ xfr vkSj Å¡pkbZ çkIr gksxhA ;qokvksa esa fganh ds çfr tkx:drk c<+k jgs gSaA 2010bZ- esa fetksje fo'ofo|ky;] vkbtksy esa fganh foHkkx dh f=kHkk\"kk lw=k ds varxZr fetksje ds Ldwyksa esa vfuok;Z LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj 2011bZ- ls ;gk¡ LukrdksÙkj ,oa ih,p-Mh- fo\"k; ds :i esa fganh dh i<+kbZ d{kk 5 ls 8 rd dh ikBÔØe çkjaHk gqvkA fetksje fo'ofo|ky; dk fganh tkrh gSA ijarq vU; fo\"k;ksa ls vyx blesa vad ugha xzsM foHkkx vkt fetksje esa fganh ds mPprj vè;;u& fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ijh{kk iQy esa blds vad 'kkfey ugha vè;kiu vkjS 'kkès k dk egÙoi.w kZ LFkku gAS ;gk¡ ls dbZ lkjs fd, tkrs gSaA d{kk 9 ,oa 10 esa vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk Nk=k LukrdkÙs kj] ,e-fiQy- vkjS ih,p-Mh- dh mikfèk çkIr (MIL) ds :i esa oSdfYid fo\"k; ds :i esa fganh i<+kbZ dj fetksje ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vè;;u&vè;kiu dk tkrh gSA d{kk 11 ,oa 12 esa fganh dh i<+kbZ ugha gksrh gSA dk;Z dj jgs gSa vkSj fetksje esa fganh ds çpkj&çlkj dh fetksje ds Ldwy ikBÔØe esa fganh dks dsoy O;kogkfjd vy• txk, gq, gSaA fetksje fo'ofo|ky; ds fganh Hkk\"kkbZ Kku çkIr djus ds mi;kfs xrkoknh mí's ; dh ifw rZ ds foHkkx ds çkè;kid çks- lat; dqekj] çks- lq'khy dqekj fy, j•k x;k gAS Mk-W lh-b- thuh viuh iLq rd eas mYy•s 'kek]Z Mk-W l\"q kek deq kjh] Mk-W vfe\"k oekZ vkjS Mk-W vf•y's k djrh gSa fd ¶'kq¼ mi;ksfxrk ds n`f\"Vdks.k ls gh ogk¡ deq kj 'kekZ fetkjs e eas fgna h ds mPprj vè;;u& vè;kiu f'k{kk foHkkx us fganh dh i<+kbZ dh O;oLFkk dh gS u fd vkSj 'kksèk dks xfr vkSj fn'kk çnku dj jgs gSaA fdlh cM+s ç;kstu dh iwfrZ ds fy,& tSlk lkfgR; dk vè;;u& vè;kiu ;k fdlh vU; Hkkouk ls çsfjr gksdjA mi;ZqÙkQ çkè;kidksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds vykok cgqr lkjs f'k{kk foHkkx ;g Hkyh Hkkafr tkurk gS fd fo'kky Hkkjr vU; lân; Hkh fganh dh lsok vkSj mlds çpkj&çlkj ds ds ,d lqnwj dksus esa vofLFkr vius NksVs ls çns'k dh lkFk&lkFk fganh esa l`tukRed lkfgR; ys•u ds {ks=k esa turk dk lokZaxh.k fodkl rHkh laHko gks ldrk gS] tc lfØ; gSa ftlesa ls iÁJh lh- dkeyksok] MkW- lh-b- thuh] og eq[; èkkjk ds yksxksa ds lrr laidZ esa cuk jgsA ;g Mk-W tUs uh eylkes MkÄs fdeh] Mk-W tUs uh yyfMÄfy;kuh] Mk-W lrr laidZ rHkh laHko gks ldrk gS tc og vfèkla[;d oh-vkj- jkyr]s Jh Mfs oM d-s vt;q vkfn ds uke egÙoi.w kZ gAaS yksxksa ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ fganh Hkk\"kk dk O;kogkfjd Kku çkIr fetksje esa fganh ds fodkl vkSj çpkj&çlkj dh 37 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

fLFkfr dks le>us ds fy, mi;qÙkQ ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 17 oLrqfLFkfr dk Kku visf{kr gSA reke ckèkkvksa vkSj 14- MkW- lh-b- thuh] ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dks ikj djrs gq, fganh èkhjs&èkhjs gh lgh fetksje esa vius dne lrr vkxs c<+k jgh gSA fetksje esa fganh ds lkfgR;*] i`\"B& 33 çpkj&çlkj dh fLFkfr cgqr mRlkg oèkZd rks ugha gS ij 15- ogh] i`\"B& 21 fujk'k gksus dh Hkh vko';drk ugha gSA fiNys rhu n'kdksa 16- ogh] i`\"B& 23 esa fLFkfr;k¡ dkiQh rsth ls cnyh gSa tks fganh ds lgt 17- ogh] i`\"B& 32 çpkj&çlkj esa lgk;d gSaA mEehn gS fd ubZ f'k{kk uhfr& 18- lh- dkeyksok] ^fetksje esa fganh lksp dh nfjærk*] 2020 ds iw.kZ :i ls ykxw gksus ij LFkkuh; fetks Hkk\"kk ds lkFk&lkFk fganh dk Hkh rsth ls fodkl gksxkA Jh lh- lia k- f'ko deq kj] fetkjs e fgna h çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; dkeyksok fetksje esa fganh ds lqxe çlkj gsrq Hkfo\"; dh jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 18 pqukSfr;ksa dh rjiQ è;ku vkÑ\"V djrs gq, fy•rs gSa fd& 19- vkj- yyFykeqvkuh] ^jk\"Vªh; ,drk dk ekè;e& ¶vr% fetksje esa fganh ds çfr jkT; ,oa dsaæ nksuksa gh fganh*] laik- f'ko dqekj] fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k ljdkjksa dks lksp dh nfjærk ds pØO;wg dks rksM+uk gksxk] egkfo|ky; jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 42 Hksnuk gksxk] mnkjrkiw.kZ n`f\"Vdks.k viukus gksaxsaA ;fn ,slk 20- MkW- ,p- nsÄfdeh] fganh vkSj fetksm Hkk\"kk dh gksrk gS rks vkxkeh nl o\"kks± esa fetksje fganh& Kku] ç;ksx O;kdjf.kd dkfs V;kas dk O;frjds h vè;;u] i\"` B& 22 vkSj vU; çns'kksa esa blds çpkj gsrq vkRefuHkZj gks tk,xk] 21- ogh] i`\"B& 22 tks fu'p; gh ns'k dh ,drk ,oa v•aMrk ds fy, 22- vkj- yyFykeqvkuh] ^jk\"Vªh; ,drk dk ekè;e& jkeck.k fl¼ gksxhA¸33 fganh*] laik- f'ko dqekj] fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 42 lanHkZ lwph % 23- Jh tsV ch- NqÄk] ^esjh vfoLej.kh; ;k=kk*] laik- f'ko dqekj] fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; 1- MkW- lh-b- thuh] ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 34 lkfgR;*] i`\"B& 19 24- vkj- yyFykeqvkuh] ^jk\"Vªh; ,drk dk ekè;e& fganh*] laik- f'ko dqekj] fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k 2- MkW- lh pksÄ FkueksbZ] fetksm rFkk fganh ds okD;& egkfo|ky; jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 42 foU;kl dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ (rqyukRed vè;;u)] i`\"B& 25- lh- dkeyksok] ^fetksje esa fganh lksp dh nfjærk*] 11 lia k- f'ko deq kj] fetkjs e fgna h çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 18 3- MkW- lh-b- thuh] ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj 26- ogh] i`\"B& 18 lkfgR;*] i`\"B& 19 27- vkj- yyFykeqvkuh] ^jk\"Vªh; ,drk dk ekè;e& fganh*] laik- f'ko dqekj] fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k 4- ogh] i`\"B& 53 egkfo|ky; jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 42 5- MkW- ,p- nsÄfdeh] fganh vkSj fetksm Hkk\"kk dh 28- lh- dkeyksok] ^fetksje esa fganh lksp dh nfjærk*] lia k- f'ko deq kj] fetkjs e fgna h çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; O;kdjf.kd dkfs V;kas dk O;frjds h vè;;u] i\"` B& 22 jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 18 6- ogh] i`\"B& 22 29- ogh] i`\"B& 18 7- MkW- lh-b- thuh] ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj 30- ogh] i`\"B& 18 31- MkW- lh pksÄFkueksbZ] çkpk;kZ dk fooj.k] laik- f'ko lkfgR;*] i`\"B& 53& 54 dqekj] fetksje fganh çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; jtr 8- ogh] i`\"B& 54 t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 18 9- lh- dkeyksok] ^fetksje esa fganh lksp dh nfjærk*] 32- MkW- lh-b- thuh] ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;*] i`\"B& 54 lia k- f'ko deq kj] fetkjs e fgna h çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; 33- lh- dkeyksok] ^fetksje esa fganh lksp dh nfjærk*] jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 16& 17 lia k- f'ko deq kj] fetkjs e fgna h çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; 10- MkW- lh-b- thuh] ^iwokZapy çns'k esa fganh Hkk\"kk vkSj jtr t;arh Lekfjdk& 2001] i`\"B& 19 lkfgR;*] i`\"B& 55 11- ogh] i`\"B& 169 tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 38 12- ogh] i`\"B& 54 13- lh- dkeyksok] ^fetksje esa fganh lksp dh nfjærk*] lia k- f'ko deq kj] fetkjs e fgna h çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; Peer-Reviewed Journal

iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk Hkk\"kkbZ ifjn`'; vkSj fganh &çks- fgrsaæ dqekj feJ iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr Hkkjro\"kZ dk mÙkj&iwohZ fgLlk gSA bl fd;k tkuk Js;Ldj gSA Hkw•.M dh viuh vyx fo'ks\"krk,¡ gSaA HkkSxksfyd :i ls lkekU;r% bUgha lkr cguksa ,oa ,d HkkbZ ds :i esa 5]182 fdyksehVj esa iQSyh gqbZ bldh varjjk\"Vªh; lhek,¡ uis ky] phu] ckXa ykn's k] HkVw ku vkjS E;kea kj ls vkPNkfnr gAS tkus ifz l¼ dyq vkB jkT;kas ds legw dk lkefw gd lca kès ku bl {ks=k dk HkkSxksfyd foLrkj yxHkx 262]179 oxZ iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr gSA fdarq fdlh Hkh {ks=k ;k vapy dh lhek fdyksehVj esa foLrkfjr gS tks Hkkjro\"kZ ds dqy {ks=kiQy dsoy jktuhfrd ;k HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa ek=k esa c¡èk dj dk yxHkx vkB çfr'kr gSA ;gk¡ dh dqy tula[;k 45] ugha jgrhA og fufeZr gksrh gS mu vkarfjd rÙoksa ls tks 772]188 rFkk mldk ?kuÙo 170 O;fÙkQ çfr oxZ fdykes hVj lcesa leku :i ls ikbZ tkrh gS_ og fufeZr gksrh gS ml gSA lkekU;r% iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr] Hkkjro\"kZ ds vkB jkT;ksa dk {ks=kh;rk ;k vkapfydrk ls tks lkekU;r% ,d leku :i lkewfgd lacksèku gSA ls ml {ks=k fo'ks\"k esa ikbZ tkrh gS vkSj iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dh reke {ks=kh; ;k vkapfyd fo'ks\"krkvksa esa ls ,d fo'ks\"krk oLrqr% iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds bu jkT;ksa esa vle dh bldh HkkSxksfyd fo'ks\"krkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;gk¡ dh mifLFkfr lcls çkphu gSA ukxkyS.M iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk lkaLÑfrd fo'ks\"krk Hkh gSA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dh leLr çdkj nwljk T;s\"B jkT; (xBu frfFk 01 fnlEcj] lu~ 1963 bZ- dh fo'ks\"krkvksa dk eq[; vkèkkj ;gk¡ dk oSfoè; gSA ) gSA lu~ 1971bZ- esa iwokZsÙkj ifj\"kn~ (North-East council, lkekftd] èkkfeZd ,oa HkkSxksfyd :i ls ;g fofoèkrk NEC) ds xBu ds mijkar bl {ks=k ds fodkl ds fy, 21 Hkkjro\"kZ ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa ugha ikbZ tkrhA Hkkjr esa tuojh] 1972bZ- dks v#.kkpy çns'k] ef.kiqj] es?kky;] fuokl djus okys tutkrh; lewgksa esa iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa fetksje vkSj f=kiqjk uke ls ik¡p vkSj jkT;ksa dk xBu fd;k tutkfr;ksa esa O;kid oSfoè; ik;k tkrk gS vkSj blhfy, x;kA bu uoxfBr jkT;ksa esa v#.kkpy çns'k vkSj fetksje Hkk\"kk esa Hkh bl oSfoè; ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA oLrqr% Hkk\"kk og dks la?k'kkflr jkT; ds :i esa ekU;rk feyh Fkh tks ekè;e gS ftlls ,d lekt fo'ks\"k ds yksx vkil esa dkykarj esa 20 iQjojh] 1987bZ- dks iw.kZ jkT; ds :i esa fopkj& O;ogkj djrs gSaA ,d lekt fo'ks\"k dh bldh ekU;rk çkIr dj ldsA bl çdkj iwokZsÙkj esa 1972bZ- rd lhek gh blds oSfoè; dh tuuh gSA lekt ,d çdkj ds jkT;ksa dh la[;k lkr gks xbZA iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa dh bl thou O;ogkj ds yksxksa dk lewg gksrk gS vkSj tc Hkkjr ikfjokfjd fLFkfr dks gh è;ku esa j•rs gq, bUgsa lkr cgusa esa lfn;ksa ls vius& vius oSf'k\"VÔ ds lkFk ekuo lewgksa (Seven Sisters) dgdj lacksfèkr fd;k x;kA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk vkxeu gqvk rks ;g oSfoè; lewg ds lkFk&lkFk ds vkBosa jkT; dk xBu 16 ebZ] 1975bZ- dks gqvk rFkk Hkkf\"kd Lrj ij Hkh gksuk LokHkfod gh gSA iwokZsÙkj ifj\"kn~ esa bls 2002bZ- esa lEEkfyr fd;k x;kA flfDde ds xBu ds ckn iwokZsÙkj esa jkT;ksa dh la[;k vkB bl çdkj lhekafdr iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa cksyh tkus okyh gks xbZ ftls lkr cguksa vkSj ,d HkkbZ ds ifjokj ds :i Hkk\"kkvksa ij è;ku fn;k tk, rks ;gk¡ ewy :i ls eq[;r% eas ekU;rk feyhA fdra q iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr ds fuokfl;kas ds jgu& vkXus; vkSj frCcrh& ceZu ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh lgu] Hkk\"kk cksyh] jhfr&fjokt vkfn dks è;ku esa j•dj gAaS bueas Hkh e?s kky; dh •klh ek=k iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr eas vkXu;s ;fn iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tk; rks blesa mÙkj ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk gSA v#.kkpy dh •kEirh FkkbZ Hkk\"kk cxa ky ds nkftfZ yxa ] flyhxMq h+ vkjS dpw fcgkj dks lfEefyr ifjokj ls lEcUèk j•rh gSA blds vykok vfèkdka'k Hkk\"kk,¡ frCcrh& ceZu ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk,¡ gSaA iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr 39 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

ds tutkrh; lewgksa dh ;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks\"krk ;g gS esa çpfyr gSa] os [esj fudksckjh vkSj eq.Mk gSaA [esj fd ;s Hkkjrh;rk ds lkFk&lkFk viuh ekSfydrk ds çfr fudksckjh esa ekWu& [esj vkSj fudksckjh nks lewg gSaA ekWu& fo'ks\"k ltx fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA Hkkjr ds vU; {ks=kksa esa fuokl [esj lewg dh ,d ek=k Hkk\"kk& ^•klh* iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds djus okyh tutkfr;kas ij Hkk\"kkbZ cgyq rk ds ncko (lkekftd es?kky; dh çeq• Hkk\"kk gS rks fudksckjh vaMeku esa vkSj lkaLÑfrd) vfèkd gSa] dkj.k ;g gS fd mu {ks=kksa esa çpfyr gSA eq.Mk lewg dh ckjg Hkk\"kk,¡ Hkkjr esa çpfyr tul[a ;k ds vkèkkj ij os legw vYil[a ;d gaS vkjS jkts h& gSa ftlesa laFkkyh dks 2003bZ- ls lafoèkku ds 92osa la'kksèku jks”kxkj ds dkj.k nwljh Hkk\"kk dk ncko muij vfèkd gSA ds ekè;e ls vkBoha vuqlwph esa LFkku çkIr gSA frCcrh fdra q iow kÙsZ kj Hkkjr dh tutkfr;kas ds lkFk ,ls k ugha gS ;gk¡ ceZu ifjokj ds Hkk\"kkvksa ds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa fuokl djus okys bu tutkrh; lewgksa dh esa vR;Yi gS tks dqy vkcknh dk yxHkx ,d çfr'kr gSA vkcknh cglq [a ;d gAS blfy, bu legw kas ij jkts h& jk”s kxkj cksyus okyksa dh la[;k bl lewg dh Hkys gh de gks fdarq lEcUèkh oSls ncko ugha gSa tSls ns'k ds vU; {ks=kksa esa gSaA fofoèkrk dh n`f\"V ls ;g cgqr gh lEiUu lewg gSA bldh ;gk¡ cgqHkkf\"kdrk dk dkj.k vkilh lEidZ vkSj jk\"Vª ds Hkk\"kkvksa dh la[;k 66 ds vklikl gSA bl lewg dh rhu lkFk lEekutud lEcUèk LFkkiu gAS ;gk¡ Hkk\"kkbZ cgHq kkf\"kdrk e[q ; 'kk•k,&¡ frCcrh fgeky;u] mÙkjh vle vkjS vleh dk ncko u gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh nwljh Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk ceZu gSaA Hkkjr esa cksyh tkus okyh frCcrh ceZu lewg dh buds lEidZ vkn'kZ fLFkfr esa gSaA lHkh Hkk\"kk,¡ iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa cksyh tkrh gSaA bl lewg dh nks Hkk\"kk,¡ ef.kiqjh vkSj cksMks lafoèkku dh vkBoha vuqlwph fo'o esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kkvksa ds ikfjokfjd esa Hkh 'kkfey gSaA Hkkjr esa cksys tkus okys Hkk\"kk ifjokjksa esa foHkktu ds vkèkkj ij ;g n•s k tkrk gS Hkkjr eas fo'o dh vaMekuh ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk,¡ Hkh cksyh tkrh gSaA bl Hkk\"kk dqy ik¡p çeq• Hkk\"kk ifjokjksa ;Fkk& Hkkjrh; vk;Z] æfoM+] ifjokj dh Hkk\"kkvksa ds vusd :i vaMeku fudksckj }hi vkXus;] frCcrh& ceZu vkSj vaMekuh dh Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh lewg esa çpfyr gSaA blds vykok Hkkjr esa FkkbZ lewg dh tkrh gSaA bu Hkk\"kk ifjokjksa esa Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk\"kk ifjokj Hkh ,d Hkk\"kk •kEirh cksyh tkrh gS tks v#.kkpy ds ,d cksyus okyksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij lcls cM+k Hkk\"kk fof'k\"V lewg }kjk cksyh tkrh gSA Hkkjr dh ;g Hkk\"kkbZ ifjokj gSA Hkkjr esa bl ifjokj dh yxHkx 21 çeq• cgyq rk tutkrh; legw kas eas Hkh ikbZ tkrh gAS bu tutkrh; Hkk\"kk,¡& vleh] mfM;k] mnZw] d'ehjh] dksad.kh] •kuns'kh] lewgksa esa çk;% vyx& vyx Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA Hkkjr xqtjkrh] Mksaxjh] usikyh] iatkch] caxkyh] fo\".kqiqfj;k] esa tuturh; lewgksa dh la[;k 705 crkbZ tkrh gSA çk;% Hkhyh] ejkBh] eSfFkyh] ygank] laLÑr] flaèkh] f'kuk] çR;sd tutkfr vius jgu&lgu] •ku&iku] jhfr&fjokt gykch vkSj fganh cksyh tkrh gSa] ftuds cksyus okyksa dh dh fof'k\"Vrk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkk\"kkbZ oSf'k\"V~Ô dks fy, gq, la[;k dk iwjh vkcknh esa 76-86 çfr'kr gSA bu Hkk\"kkvksa esa gSA cksyus okyksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij ;s pkgs NksVh ;k iaæg Hkk\"kk,¡ lafoèkku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa Hkh lfEefyr cM+h dg nh tk;] mUgsa tux.kuk esa lfEefyr u fd;k gSaA bl lewg dh dqN Hkk\"kk,¡ iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa Hkh cksyh tk;] fdarq egÙo dh n`f\"V ls lHkh leku gSaA bls vkSj tkrh gSa ftlesa vleh] caxkyh] fo\".kqiqfj;k] fganh vkSj Li\"V djus ds fy, iow kÙsZ kj eas çpfyr Hkk\"kkvkas dh jkT;okj usikyh mYys•uh; gSaA fLFkfr ds vk¡dM+ksa dks ns•k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa cksys tkus okys Hkk\"kk ifjokjksa esa nwljk çeq• tula[;k dh n`f\"V ls vle iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr dk lcls Hkk\"kk ifjokj æfoM+ gSA bl Hkk\"kk ifjokj ds cksyus okyksa cM+k jkT; gSA tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij vle Hkkjr dk dh la[;k Hkkjr dh vkcknh esa 20-82 çfr'kr gSA bl iaægok¡ jkT; gS tks {ks=kiQy dh n`f\"V ls LdkWVyS.M ds ifjokj ls lEcfUèkr Hkkjr esa dqy l=kg Hkk\"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh cjkcj gSA 2001bZ- dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ;gk¡ 48-8 gSa] ftlesa dUuM+] ey;kye] rfey vkSj rsyqxq lafoèkku çfr'kr vlfe;k rks 27-5 çfr'kr ckaXyk Hkk\"kh fuokl dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa Hkh lfEefyr gSaA bl lewg dh djrs gSaA 'ks\"k 5-88 çfr'kr fganh] 4-8 çfr'kr cksM+ks] 2-12 dksbZ Hkh Hkk\"kk iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa ugha cksyh tkrhA vkXus; çfr'kr usikyh ds lkFk 11-8 çfr'kr vU; Hkk\"kk Hkkf\"k;ksa ifjokj Hkkjr eas ckys us okykas dh l[a ;k ds vkèkkj ij rhljs dk fgLlk bl jkT; esa fuokl djrk gSA tula[;k ds LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr esa bls cksyus okyksa dh la[;k 1-11 vkèkkj ij iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr esa f=kiqjk nwljs LFkku ij gS rks çfr'kr gSA bl ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk ds eq[;r% nks lewg Hkkjr tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 40 Peer-Reviewed Journal

Hkkjrh; Lrj ij 22ok¡ jkT; gSA bl jkT; esa f=kiqjh cksyus ckys h tkrh gAaS tul[a ;k ds vkèkkj ij flfDde Hkkjr vkjS okyksa dh la[;k 25-46 çfr'kr gS rks ckaXyk Hkkf\"k;ksa dk iwokZsÙkj dk lcls NksVk jkT; gSA bl jkT; esa Hkkjrh; vk;Z] vuqikr 67-14 çfr'kr gSA ;gk¡ fganh Hkkf\"k;ksa dh la[;k 1- vkXus;] frCcrh ceZu] rhuksa Hkk\"kk& ifjokjksa dh Hkk\"kk,¡ 68 çfr'kr rks dwdh Hkk\"kk& Hkkf\"k;ksa dh la[;k 1-2 çfr'kr cksyh tkrh gSaA ;gk¡ usikyh 62-6 çfr'kr] HkwfV;k 7-6 ds cjkcj gSA tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij es?kky; iwokZsÙkj ds çfr'kr] fganh 6-6 çfr'kr] ysipk 6-5 çfr'kr] fyacw 6-3 jkT;ksa esa rhljs LFkku ij vkSj Hkkjr dk 23ok¡ jkT; gSA bl çfr'kr] 'ksjik 2-4 çfr'kr] rekax 1-8 çfr'kr rFkk 6-2 jkT; dh eq[; Hkk\"kk •klh] xkjks vkSj t;afr;k gS] tks ;gk¡ çfr'kr vU; Hkk\"kk& Hkk\"kh jgrs gSaA dh igkfM+;ksa vkSj tutkrh; lewgksa ds Hkh uke Hkh gSaA es?kky; esa cksyus okyksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij ns•sa rks iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds Hkk\"kkbZ ifjn`'; dks ns•us ls tks ewy •klh 33-82 çfr'kr] xkjks 31-6 çfr'kr] iukj 10-69 ckrsa fudydj lkeus vkrh gSa os bl çdkj gSa& çfr'kr] ckXa yk 6-44 çfr'kr] uis kyh 1-85 çfr'kr] okj 1- 73 çfr'kr] fganh 1-62 çfr'kr] gktksax 1-4 çfr'kr] 1- Hkkjr esa Hkk\"kkbZ oSfoè; dh n`f\"V ls iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr vleh 1-34 çfr'kr vkjS vU; 9-51 çfr'kr gAaS blh çdkj lokZfèkd lEiUu gSA tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij iwokZsÙkj dk pkSFkk jkT; ef.kiqj gS tks blh vkèkkj ij Hkkjr dk 24ok¡ jkT; gSA bl jkT; esa 2- iwokZsÙkj dh ;g Hkk\"kkbZ cgqyrk mls oSf'od Lrj xSj tutkrh; Hkk\"kk dk ncko cgqr de gSA eSrsbZ ;gk¡ dh ij vçfre cukrh gSA çeq• Hkk\"kk gS ftlds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k ;gk¡ dh vkcknh esa 53 çfr'kr gSA bl jkT; esa ckaXyk vkSj fganh 3- Hkk\"kkbZ oSfoè; ds ckotwn lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd Hkkf\"k;ksa dk vuqikr 1-25 vkSj 1-14 çfr'kr gSA ukxkyS.M lkSgknZ esa dksbZ leL;k ugha gSA tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij iwokZsÙkj dk ikpok¡ vkSj Hkkjr dk iPphlok¡ jkT; gSA bl jkT; esa Hkh xSj tutkrh; Hkk\"kkvksa 4- Hkk\"kkbZ oSfoè; ds ckotwn cgqHkkf\"kdrk dk ncko dk ncko vR;Yi gAS ;gk¡ dkus ;kd] ykFs kk] vxa keh] vkvk]s eSnkuh {ks=kksa tSlk ugha gS] tgk¡ NksVh Hkk\"kk,¡ vius pkds jh] pkxa vkfn Hkk\"kk& Hkkf\"k;kas dk vuiq kr xjS tutkrh; vfLrRo ds ladV ls tw> jgh gSaA Hkk\"kk& Hkkf\"k;ksa ls vfèkd gSA ckaXyk Hkk\"kh 3-77 rks fganh Hkk\"kh 3-13 çfr'kr gAaS v#.kkpy çn's k tul[a ;k ds vkèkkj mijksÙkQ rF;ksa dks ysdj tc fopkj djrs gSa rks ;g ij iwokZsÙkj dk NBok¡ rks Hkkjr dk lÙkkblok¡ jkT; gSA ckr fopkj.kh; gS fd jk\"Vªh; ;k {ks=kh; Lrj ij buds {ks=kiQy ds vkèkkj ij ;g jkT; iwokZsÙkj dk igyk rks Hkkjr varlZEcUèk dk Lo:i D;k gS\\ bl vksj tc è;ku nsrs gSa dk iaægok¡ jkT; gSA Hkk\"kkbZ :i ls Hkh ;g jkT; iwokZsÙkj dk rks ^jk\"VªHkk\"kk fganh vkSj tunh; cksfy;k¡* 'kh\"kZd ys• esa vR;ar moZj jkT; gSA ;gk¡ ipkl ds vklikl çeq• çks- uan fd'kksj ik.Ms; th dk oÙkQO; egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk tutkfr;k¡ vkSj mudh Hkk\"kk,¡ fo|eku gSaA bl jkT; dks gS fd ¶oLrqr% Hkk\"kkvksa dh ,drk dk vkèkkj dsoy Hkk\"kkbZ cgqyrk esa ,f'k;k esa çFke LFkku çkIr gSA bl jkT; O;kdj.k ugha gSA ,sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfrd] euksoSKkfud ,oa esa fu'kh] vknh] eksuik] okaxpw] rkaxlk] fe\"eh] feflax] jktuhfrd dkj.kkas ls Hkh Hkk\"kkbZ ,drk gkrs h gAS ;s gh dkj.k uksÙkQs ds lkFk&lkFk vleh] ckaXyk] usikyh vkSj fganh fc•jko ds fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSaA** çkarks dh lhek,¡ Hkkf\"k;ksa dh Hkh vPNh la[;k fo|eku gSA tula[;k ds jktuhfrd gksrh gaSA jktuhfrd lhekvksa ds vkj& ikj jgus vkèkkj ij Hkkjr dk vB~Bkblok¡ vkSj iwokZsÙkj dk lkrok¡ okys yksxksa ds lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd lEcUèkksa esa dksbZ jkT; fetksje Hkh tutkrh; lewgksa vkSj tutkrh; Hkk\"kkvksa vyxko ugha gksrkA ge lHkh viuh {ks=kh; fo'ks\"krkvksa ds dh n`f\"V ls vYila[;d ugha gSA xSj tutkrh; Hkk\"kk& lkFk jk\"Vªh; pfj=k lgèkfeZrk vkSj lgthfork ds dkj.k Hkkf\"k;ksa dh la[;k ;gk¡ vR;Yi ;k ugha ds cjkcj gSA bl fofoèkrk esa ,drk dks LFkkfir djrs gSaA ewy :i ls ge jkT; esa fetks Hkk\"kh leqnk; çkar dk lÙkj çfr'kr ls pkgs ftl tkrh; lewg ls lEcUèk j•rs gksa fdarq Hkkjrh; vfèkd gSA 'ks\"k leqnk;ksa }kjk çeq• :i ls pdek] ekjk] okrkoj.k esa fodflr gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; gSaA rkbZ] dwdh] f=kiqjh] gekj] ikbrs vkfn tutkrh; Hkk\"kk,¡ iwokZsÙkj ds leqnk;ksa esa jgu& lgu] jhfr& fjokt] 41 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Hkk\"kk& cksyh esa oSfoè; gksus ds ckotwn Hkkjrh;rk ds lw=k mlh çdkj ns•s tk ldrs gSaA vkt iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds vfèkdka'k Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk jk\"Vªh; Lrj ij lokZfèkd cksyh le>h tkus okyh lEidZ& Hkk\"kk fganh dk lEcUèk mlh çdkj gSA vfèkdka'k Hkk\"kkvksa esa fganh ds 'kCn vkSj fganh esa buds 'kCnksa dk ços'k gks jgk gSA ,d çdkj ls dgk tk; Peer-Reviewed Journal

rks Hkk\"kk dh ubZ 'kSfy;ksa dk fodkl gks jgk gSA Hkk\"kk,¡ gksaxh vkSj ;g dsoy Hkk\"kk gh ugha cfYd Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk esa lrr fodkl dh çfØ;k pyrh jgrh gSA laLÑfr dh ewy ço`fÙk gSA ^lc i<sa& lc c<+sa* dh Hkkouk ds lkFk lcdk leku lEeku vkSj vfèkdkj Hkkjrh; blhfy, çR;sd ;qx esa O;ogkj dh Hkk\"kk ekud Hkk\"kk ls cgqyrkoknh laLÑfr dk ewy vkèkkj gSA FkksM+k cgqr fopyu fy, gq, gksrh gSA iwokZsÙkj dh Hkk\"kkvksa esa Hkh lgthfork vkSj lgèkfeZrk ds dkj.k gh fganh 'kCnksa & çks- fgrsaæ dqekj feJ dk ços'k fn•kbZ nsrk gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk esa fganh ds varxZr vkus okyh Hkk\"kkvksa dh la[;k 49 fxukbZ xbZ gSA fganh foHkkx ftls è;ku eas j•rs g,q mijkÙs kQ rF;kas ds vkèkkj ij ge ;g iow kÙsZ kj iorZ h; fo'ofo|ky;] f'kykUW x dg ldrs gSa fd ,d fnu ,slk vk,xk tc fganh dh 200 Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 42

f=kiqjk esa fganh ds çfr c<+rh vkReh;rk &equhUæ feJ Hkkjr nqfu;k esa viuh fofoèkrkvksa ds fy, çfl¼ gSA ljdkjh dkedkt vkSj lH; lekt dh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa tgk¡ dbZ lH;rk,¡ lekIr gksdj ubZ lH;rkvksa esa foyhu lEekfur gqbZA gks xbZa ogha Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh çkphu ijaijk] laLÑfr mldh fofoèkrkvksa esa ltho gSA tgk¡ Hkkjr dk lkaLÑfrd blh Øe esa cká Hkk\"kkvksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk,¡ Hkh ofS oè; bls vnH~ krq NVk çnku djrk g]S ogha Hkk\"kkbZ ofS oè; fodflr gksrh xbZaA fganh dh ;k=kk NUnl] laLÑr] ikyh] Hkkjr dks nqfu;k esa vçfre cukrk gSA Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa çkÑr] viHkza'k] czt] voèkh ds :i esa pyrh gqbZ •M+h 22 Hkk\"kkvksa dks laoSèkkfud ntkZ feyk gS buds vfrfjÙkQ cksyh fganh ds :i esa mUuhloh 'krkCnh ds var esa LFkkfir Hkh Hkkjr eas yxHkx 758 vkjS Hkk\"kk,¡ fo|eku gAaS cgHq kk\"kkokn gqbZA ns'k ds Lora=k gksus ds ckn fganh 14 flracj] 1949bZ- Hkkjrh; ijaijk dk vax gSA Hkkjr ds vfèkdka'k O;fÙkQ ,d ls Hkkjr dh jktHkk\"kk ds :i esa çfrf\"Br gqbZA fganh dh ls vfèkd Hkk\"kk ckys rs gAaS thou Hkj ubZ Hkk\"kk,¡ lh•rs jgrs jktHkk\"kk ds :i esa çfr\"Bk ds mijkUr Hkh Hkkjr ds Hkk\"kkbZ gSaA Hkkjr esa vkfèkdkfjd rkSj ij 122 Hkk\"kk,¡ ekuh xbZ gSaA ofS oè; vkjS Hkkjrh; eul esa vaxstz h dh Js\"Brk dh Hkkouk vkSj ck”kkj dh vaxzsthfç;rk rFkk jks”kxkjijdrk Hkkjrh; Hkkjr eas fujra j cká vkØe.kdkjh vkrs jgs vkjS viuh Hkk\"kkvksa ds fodkl esa fujarj jksèkd jgk gSA laLÑfr o viuh Hkk\"kk dk çHkko ;gk¡ ds lekt esa fujarj NksM+rs jgsA vjc vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us Hkkjr esa o\"kks± rd f=kiqjk Hkkjr ds iwokZsÙkj {ks=k dk ,d NksVk lk jkT; gSA 'kklu fd;k vkSj mUgksaus tgk¡ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks çHkkfor ftldk {ks=kiQy 10]491 oxZ fdeh- gSA blds mÙkj fd;k ogha Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy, iQkjlh vkSj vjch dks if'pe vkSj nf{k.k esa ckaXykns'k gS rks mÙkj esa vle rFkk vkfèkdkfjd dkedkt dh Hkk\"kk cuk;kA rFkkfi iQkjlh iwoZ esa fetksje gAS bl çns'k dh lhek dk 84 çfr'kr Hkkx iw.kZ:is.k Hkkjrh; lekt }kjk Lohdk;Z ugha gqbZ vkSj cl varjkZ\"Vªh; lhek gSA f=kiqjk dh tula[;k 36-74 yk• gSA njckjksa rd lhfer gksdj jg xbZA LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds ;gk¡ dk tula[;k ?kuRo 350 O;fÙkQ çfroxZ fdeh- gSA iQkjlh] vjch esy ls cuh mnZw ;k js•+rk dqN dky rd f=kiqjk Hkkjr esa lokZsPp lk{kjrk nj okys çns'kksa esa ,d gS njckjkas eas l'q kkfs Hkr gbq Z vkjS pf¡w d bleas LFkkuh; jxa vfèkd bldh lk{kjrk nj 2011bZ- esa 87-22» gSA çns'k dh Fkk blfy, ;s njckj ls ckgj Hkh fudyhA mlds ckn lk{kjrk nj fiNys lkr vkB o\"kks± esa dkiQh c<+h gSA vR;ar vk;k ;wjksih; vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk dky mUgksaus ns'k dks nxq eZ {k=s kkas okyk çn's k gkrs s g,q Hkh f=kijq k eas fo|ky; NkMs u+ s lkaLÑfrd :i ls ftruk çHkkfor ugha fd;k mlls okyksa vkjS dHkh Hkh fo|ky; u tkus okys cPpksa dh la[;k vfèkd Hkk\"kkbZ :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA vaxzsth dk f'k{kk ds cgqr de gSA ;g Hkkjr esa loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku vkSj jk\"Vªh; ekè;e ds :i esa vfèkÑr vkSj O;ofLFkr ç;ksx ykMZ ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds lokZsÙke fØ;kUo;u okyk edS kys ds ml fooj.k i=k (1835) ds }kjk Hkkjr eas vk;k çns'k gSA ftlesa mlus f'k{kk ds fy, fuèkkZfjr èku mPp vkSj eè; oxZ ds ,sls Hkkjrh;ksa dh f'k{kk ij gh •pZ djus dk earO; f=kiqjk Hkkjr ds çkphu jktoa'kksa esa ls ,d gS] tks çdV fd;k Fkk ftlls muds 'kklu ds fy, ^,tsaV* dk egkHkkjr dkyhu fdjkr ns'k dgykrk FkkA ckn esa ;gk¡ dke djus okys rS;kj gks ldsaA blh earO; dks iwjk djus ekf.kD; oa'k dk 'kklu jgkA jktekyk uked xzaFk ds ds fy, Hkkjr esa vaxzsth dkedkt dh Hkk\"kk cuh vkSj vuqlkj dqy 147 ekf.kD; oa'k ds 'kkldksa us f=kiqjk esa 'kklu fd;kA ;g jkT; vaxzstksa ds le; Hkh Lora=k jkT; ds 43 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk :i esa jgkA 15 vDVwcj] 1949bZ- dks f=kiqjk dk Hkkjr esa Peer-Reviewed Journal

foy; gqvkA 1 uoacj 1956bZ- dks f=kiqjk dks dsUæ 'kkflr ftudk ckgjh nfq u;k ls lia dZ cgrq de gkrs k gAS vxjryk çns'k ds :i esa ekU;rk feyhA 21 tuojh] 1972bZ- dks uxj esa fganh] ckaXyk ds lekukUrj laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa f=kiqjk iw.kZ jkT; cukA 1982b-Z esa f=kiqjk esa lafoèkku ds 7oha fodflr gks jgh gSA vuqlwph ds vuqlkj Lok;Ùk 'kklh f”kyk ifj\"kn~ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ;g ifj\"kn~ f=kiqjk ds dqy {ks=kiQy ds 68- Hkkjr esa fganh ds fodkl esa O;kikjh oxZ dk fo'ks\"k 10» {ks=k dks lekfgr djrh gSA igys f=kiqjk ,d f”kyk ;kxs nku jgk gS fo'k\"s k :i ls ekjokMh+ O;kikfj;kas dkA f=kijq k okyk jkT; Fkk] orZeku esa 8 f”kys gSaA esa Hkh tSls&tSls ck”kkj LFkkfir gksrs x, O;kikj esa ekjokM+h O;kikjh LFkkfir gkrs s x,A tks vius lkFk fgna h dks lgts s g,q f=kiqjk dh jktHkk\"kk ^ckaXyk* gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ ykxs kas ds eè; fgna h dh LFkkiuk eas e[q ; Hkfw edk vnk djrs dkWdcjd dks f}rh; jktHkk\"kk dh ekU;rk gSA f=kiqjk ds jgsA f=kiqjk ds cgqHkk\"kkbZ {ks=k esa ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa ds jktHkk\"kk vfèkfu;e 1960 ds vuqlkj vaxzsth iwoZor ekè;e ls fganh dks c<+kok feyrk jgkA ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa 'kkldh; dk;ks± ds fy, jktHkk\"kk ds :i esa ekU; gksxhA ds lkFk&lkFk fcgkj ls vk, dkexkjksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh fganh f=kiqjk çns'k esa cM+h tula[;k ckaXyk Hkkf\"k;ksa dh gSA budk ds LFkkiu esa egÙoiw.kZ jghA chloha lnh ds vafre nks çfr'kr dqy Hkk\"kkHkkf\"k;ksa dk 67» gSA yxHkx 26» yksx n'kdksa esa cM+h la[;k esa dkexkj fcgkj vkSj iwohZ mÙkj dkWdcjd Hkk\"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA yxHkx 1 çfr'kr yksx çns'k ls f=kiqjk esa vk, bUgksaus LFkkuh; yksxksa ds lkFk viuh eksx Hkk\"kk cksyrs gSa tcfd 0-65» yksx efuiqjh Hkk\"kh gSaA Hkk\"kk fganh esa laçs\"k.k fd;k ftlls fganh Lor% gh tutu f=kiqjk esa eq[; :i ls nks Hkk\"kk oxZ ds yksx gSa Hkkjksih; dh Hkk\"kk curh xbZA fganh ds çlkj esa ftruh Hkwfedk Hkk\"kk ifjokj dh ckXa yk] pdek] fgna h] uis kyh vkjS ef.kijq h O;kikjh vkjS dkexkjkas dh gkrs h g]S mruh ljdkjh depZ kfj;kas (fo\".kqiqfj;k) rFkk phuh& frCcrh Hkk\"kk ifjokj dh dhA fganh Hkk\"kh deZpkfj;ksa ds vfrfjÙkQ fganhrj Hkk\"kh {ks=kksa dkWdcjd] nkjykax] gkyke] eSrsbZ] fetks] ikbrs] jkYrs] ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, Hkh fganh gh laidZ Hkk\"kk dk dke rkax•qy] okbZiQsbZ] rkMksm] ckme] dksp Hkk\"kkA vkXus; djrh xbZA fo'ks\"k :i ls dsUæh; dk;kZy;ksa ds deZpkjh ifjokj dh laFkkyh Hkk\"kk ds Hkh dqN cksyus okys f=kiqjk esa ftudk LFkkukarj.k iwjs ns'k esa gksrk gS muds fy, fganh gaS tks pk; ckxkuksa esa dke djus ;gk¡ vk, vkjS cl x, gaAS ys•u dh Hkk\"kk iw.kZ:is.k u cu ikus ds ckotwn Hkh ekSf•d laidZ dh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa iw.kZ:is.k LFkkfir gSA f=kiqjk çns'k esa eq[; :i ls ckaXyk Hkk\"kh gSaA ;gk¡ dh dsUæh; dk;kZy; fganh ds çeq• okgd ds :i esa vkxs fyfi ckXa yk gAS blh fyfi dk ç;kxs nlw jh çe•q tutkrh; vk, gSaA dsUæ ds jktHkk\"kk foHkkx dh fganh f'k{k.k ;kstuk Hkk\"kk dkWdcjd ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSA dkWdcjd f=kiqjk ds varxZr vk;ksftr fganh çcksèk] fganh çoh.k vkSj fganh yksxksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gAS tks fofHkUu mileqnk;ksa esa foHkÙkQ çkK ijh{kk ds }kjk fganh u tkuus okys deZpkjh Hkh fganh gS] ftlds varxZr nsccekZ] tekfr;k] :fi.kh] fj;kax] ds Kku dks vftZr djus esa l{ke gks jgs gSaA f=kiqjk ds fganh uksvkfr;k] dkbisax] dykbZ bR;kfn 'kkfey gSaA laLÑr ds LFkkiu esa dsUæh; deZpkfj;ksa ds vfrfjÙkQ lsuk vkSj lkfgR; esa bl leqnk; dks fdjkr ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k vèkZ lSfud cyksa dk fof'k\"V ;ksxnku gSA f=kiqjk esa fujarj gSA dkWdcjd Hkk\"kk cksM+ks vkSj fneklk Hkk\"kk ls cgqr fudV cM+h la[;k esa lsuk ds vfrfjÙkQ vèkZlSfud cy jgs gSa lEcUèk j•rh gSA f=kiqjk esa laFkky yksx pk; ds ckxkuksa esa ftuesa lhek lqj{kk cy] dsUæh; fjtoZ iqfyl cy vkSj dke djus ds fy, vaxzstksa ds tekus esa yk, x,A ;s viuh vle jkbiQYl ds toku eq[; gSaA ;s lSfud pkgs ftl laFkkyh(eqaMk) Hkk\"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gSa tks fd vkXus; Hkk\"kkbZ {ks=k ds gksa buds lkoZtfud laçs\"k.k dh Hkk\"kk fganh ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk gSA budh viuh fyfi gS rFkkfi orZeku gksrh gSA ;s tc Hkh cká lekt ds lkFk laçs\"k.k djrs gSa esa budh fyfi ckaXyk vkSj nsoukxjh gks xbZ gSA f=kiqjk ds iw.k:Z is.k fganh dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA f=kiqjk esa buds laidZ ds jka•y vkSj gyke yksxksa }kjk gyke Hkk\"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k fu;fer :i ls LFkkuh; leqnk; esa vkrs jgs tks èkhjs&èkhjs tkrk gSA ;g phuh& frCcrh ifjokj dh Hkk\"kk gSA f=kiqjk esa budh fganh dks viukrs x, vkSj fganh Lor% gh ckaXyk ds ;|fi T;knkrj ckaXyk vkSj LFkkuh; dkWdcjd Hkk\"kk ds lkFk f=kiqjk ds lkekU; tu dh cksypky dh Hkk\"kk curh cksyus okys gSa rFkkfi ;gk¡ fganh ds çfr oSeuL; dk Hkko xbAZ fdafpr Hkh ughaA ;gk¡ fganh dks u le> ldus okys yksx cgqr de gSa tks fd nwjnjkt xk¡oksa vkSj igkM+ksa esa jgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh Hkk\"kk rHkh LFkkfir gksrh gS tc og ck”kkj Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 44

}kjk Lohdkj dh tk; vkSj jks”kxkjijd gksA ckaXyk ds dkdW cjd vè;rs kdk\"s k •eq fr;k ncs cek]Z feyujkuh tekfr;k flok; f=kiqjk dh vU; LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa ds LFkkfir gksus esa ds lg;ksx ls çdkf'kr fd;k gSA ;gh eq[; leL;k FkhA fganh vius fo'kky leqnk; ds lkFk u dsoy Hkkjr esa ck”kkj ds fy, eq[; vkd\"kZ.k dk dsUæ f=kiqjk ds ;qok cM+h la[;k esa ns'k ds fofHkUu dksuksa esa jgh gS cfYd fiNys o\"kks± esa iwjs fo'o dks fganh ds ck”kkj i<k+ bZ dj jgs gAaS ;oq k oxZ ds fy, u, Hkkjr eas lia dZ Hkk\"kk 'kfÙkQ us çHkkfor fd;k gS] ftl dkj.k fo'o ds dbZ ns'k ds :i esa fganh dks fof'k\"V LFkku fey pqdk gSA ;gk¡ rd fganh ds vè;kiu dks vius ns'k esa vkjaHk djus dks e”kcwj fd casxyw: vkSj gSnjkckn tSls fganhrj Hkk\"kh uxjksa esa gq, gSaA nwjn'kZu vkSj Vsyhfotu ,oa jsfM;ks ds foKkiuksa dh vè;;u ds fy, x, ;qok lkekU; ckrphr ds fy, fganh fganh Hkk\"kk us f=kiqjk ds yksxksa dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gS vkSj viuk jgs gSa vkSj ;gh fganh ds çfr yxko muesa f=kiqjk esa mUgkuas s ck”kkj ds lkFk pyrs g,q fgna h dks viuk;k gAS fgna h vkdj fganh ds laokgd cuus dk volj nsrk gSA os f=kiqjk dks viukus ds ckn f=kiqjk ds yksxksa us iwoksÙZ kj ds vU; çkarksa esa Hkh •qydj fganh dk ç;ksx dj jgs gSaA f=kiqjk ds ls brj Lo;a dks Hkkjr ds dsUæh; Hkkx esa Lo;a dks ck”kkjksa tutkrh; lekt ds cPps dbZ lxa Bukas }kjk n's k ds fofHkUu ,oa jks”kxkj ds fy, l{ke ik;k gSA dksuksa esa LFkkfir vkfnoklh Nk=kkoklksa esa fuokl dj jgs gSa tgk¡ os çkjafHkd vè;;u ds d{kk 12 oha rd dk vè;;u f=kiqjk esa tula[;k dk ?kuRo çfr fdyksehVj 350 ls djrs gSaA ;s Nk=k fganh ds lkFk brus jp cl tkrs gSa fd vfèkd gSA bl dkj.k f=kiqjk ds yksxksa dks ns'k ds fofHkUu okil vkus ij ?kj ds ckgj lkekU; :i ls fganh cksyus Hkkxkas eas O;olk; vkjS ukdS jh ds fy, tkuk iMr+ k gAS cxa ky yxrs gSa ;gk¡ rd fd ?kj esa Hkh mUgsa fganh cksyuk ljy ls ckgj dgha Hkh tkus ij f=kiqjk okfl;ksa ds fy, yxrk gSA LokHkkfod :i ls laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fganh gh utj vkrh gSA ckaXyk 'kCnkofy;ksa ds vR;ar utnhd gksus ds f=kiqjk esa fganh ds çlkj dks jktuhfrd n`f\"V ls Hkh dkj.k fganh le>us esa f=kiqjk okfl;ksa dks nsj ugha yxrh ldkjkRed lg;ksx feykA pkgs dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;k¡ gksa ;k vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs fganh cksyuk muds fy, lgt gks tkrk gSA fiQj dkaxzsl ;k chtsih lHkh ikfVZ;ksa ds jk\"Vªh; usrk turk ls lacksèku ds fy, fganh dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA fo'ks\"k :i ls f=kiqjk esa fganh Hkk\"kkbZ fodkl dk vè;k; ogk¡ dh 2018 ds foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa cM+h la[;k esa mÙkj Hkkjr efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr ds fcuk laHko ughaA ouLFkyh ds dk;ZdrkZ pquko çpkj ds fy, f=kiqjk vk, vkSj xk¡o& fo|kihB ls f'kf{kr gksdj vkus okyh f=kiqjk dh ckfydk,¡a] xk¡o esa laidZ fd;kA bUgksaus laidZ dh Hkk\"kk fganh viukbZ efgyk,¡ f=kiqjk ds fodkl esa çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxhaA ftls iwjs f=kiqjk us vkReh;rk ls Lohdkj fd;kA cM+s& cM+s ;s efgyk,¡ f=kiqjk ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa viuh l'kÙkQ usrkvksa us cM+h& cM+h jSfy;k¡ lacksfèkr dh] ftlesa muds mifLFkfr ntZ djk jgh gSaA MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k] lca kès ku dh Hkk\"kk fgna h jghA fo'k\"s k :i ls f=kijq k dh turk fyyh nsccekZ] vuqjkèkk nsccekZ] •qefr;k nsccekZ bR;kfn esa çèkkuea=kh ujsUæ eksnh ds fganh Hkk\"k.kksa ds çfr fof'k\"V efgykvksa us tgk¡ ,d vksj f=kiqjk ds fodkl esa viuh yxko gS] mUgsa lquus ds fy, turk dkiQh la[;k esa çe•q Hkfw edk vnk dh g]S ogha bu ykxs kas us fgna h dks f=kijq k meM+rh gS vkSj cM+s pko ls lqurh gSA pqukoksa ds ckn u, esa LFkkfir djus esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA oSls Hkh ftl eq[;ea=kh Jh fcIyc nsc dk fganh çse loZfofnr gSA os Hkk\"kk dks efgyk,¡ viukus yxsa mlds fodkl dks jksduk fganh ls fof'k\"V yxko j•rs gSa vkSj vaxzsth ds LFkku ij laHko ugha gSA feyu jkuh tekfr;k us f=kiqjk ds tutkrh; fganh esa mn~cksèku nsus dks ojh;rk nsrs gSaA ;fn ckaXyk Hkk\"kh lkfgR; dks fganh esa :ikarfjr djus dk chM+k mBk;k gS] lewg gS rks ckaXyk lacksèku vU;Fkk fganh mn~cksèku mudh mUgksaus f=kiqjk dh yksddFkkvksa] yksdxhrksa ij fganh iqLrdsa fof'k\"Vrk gSA çdkf'kr dh gSaA lkFk esa lqèkU; nsccekZ ds miU;kl ^gkpqd •qfj;ks* dks fganh esa vuwfnr fd;k gAS ç[;kr fganh f=kiqjk esa fganh ds mHkkj dk fof'k\"V dkj.k gS] fonq\"kh MkW- pUædyk ikaMs; us MkW- t; dkS'ky ds lkFk tutkrh; lekt }kjk bls laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa c<+kok feydj v}Sr eYyceZu ds miU;kl frrkl dks fganh esa nsukA f=kiqjk esa fganh tutkrh; lekt }kjk èkhjs&èkhjs laidZ :ikarfjr fd;k gS] tks jkt'kkgh ds f=kiqjk dh vR;ar Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fodflr gks jgh gAS tgk¡ tutkrh; lekt euksgj >yd nsrk gSA dsUæh; fganh laLFkku us fganh vius ykxs kas ds eè; dkdW cjd ;k vU; tutkrh; ekrH` kk\"kk dk mi;ksx djrs gSa ogha os vU; leqnk;ksa ds lkFk fganh 45 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

okrkZyki dks ojh;rk ns jgs gSaA f=kiqjk fo'ofo|ky; esa ;s esa fofHkUu eSpksa dh desaVjh fganh esa vkus ds dkj.k yksxksa ns•k tk ldrk gS fd cgqrk;r tutkrh; fo|kFkhZ vkilh dk fganh ds çfr yxko c<+rk x;k fo'ks\"k :i ls fØdsV okrkZyki esa fganh viuk jgs gSaA tutkrh; lekt }kjk desaVjh jsfM;ks ij fganh esa lquuk vaxzsth ls vfèkd ljy dkWdcjd Hkk\"kk dh fyfi ds :i esa nsoukxjh viukus dh yxrk jgk ftlds dkj.k fganh viuh yksdfç;rk ds f'k•j ckr Hkh mB jgh gSA nsoukxjh fyfi dks viukus ds fy, dks ikrh xbZA f=kiqjk esa ftèkj nsf•, pkgs iwtu gsrq ewfrZ dkWdcjd dyeckW; uked ,d laxBu Hkh yxk gqvk gS] ysus tkuk gks ;k iwtu ds mijkar ewfrZ folftZr djuk gks ftlds gtkjksa dh la[;k esa lnL; gSaA dkWdcjd fodkl tqywl fudkydj èkkfeZd dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA bu tqywlksa esa ifj\"kn~ ds vè;{k Jh vrqy nsccekZ fganh çseh gSa vkSj rs”k Loj esa xkus ctk, tkrs gSa] ftu ij yksx u`R; djrs f=kiqjk esa fganh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA gAaS èkhj&s èkhjs bu tyq lw kas ds xhrkas eas fgna h us dc lokfZ èkdkj dj fy;k irk gh ugha yxk vkSj yksx fganh xkuksa ij u`R; fganh fiQYesa vkSj èkkjkokfgd ns'k ds lkFk&lkFk f=kiqjk dj vkuan ysus yxsA esa cgqr vfèkd yksdfç; gSaA ftlds dkj.k fganh dk ç;ksx f=kiqjk ds tu&tu rd igq¡pk gSA fganh fiQYesa f=kiqjk çns'k f=kiqjk Hkk\"kkbZ ofS oè; ls Hkjk&iwjk çns'k gAS ;gk¡ vusdksa esa euksjatu dh lcls cM+s lkèkuksa esa ,d gSaA çns'k esa igys Hkk\"kk,¡ gS ftudh viuh igpku gAS o's kHk\"w kk] •kuiku] jgu nwjn'kZu }kjk fganh fiQYesa r; frfFk;ksa esa fn•kbZ tkrh Fkh lgu esa cgqyrk f=kiqjk dh igpku gSA yksdra=k esa Hkk\"kk ds tks vR;ar yksdfç; FkhA yksx bUgsa ns•us ds fy, le; ls ekeys esa dsoy la[;k ;k vk¡dM+ksa ij gh lcdqN fuHkZj njw n'kuZ ds lkeus cBS tkrs Fk]s ckn eas futh puS ykas ds vkus ugha djrk cfYd Hkk\"kk dh Lohdk;Zrk lcls çeq• gksrh ds ckn fganh fiQYeksa dh ck<+&lh vk xbZA ftUgksaus ?kj gSA lafoèkku dh n`f\"V ls fganh jktHkk\"kk gS] blfy, ml ij cSBs&cSBs lcdks cksypky dh fganh fl•k nhA fganh fiQYeksa ljdkjh dkedkt dk ekè;e cuus dh f”kEesnkjh gSA bl ds lkFk&lkFk ftlus fganh ds çlkj dks cgqr vfèkd :i esa fganh dsUæh; dk;kZy;ksa dh çeq• Hkk\"kk gSA lafoèkku c<+kok fn;k] og Fkk Vsfyfotu ds lksi vkisjk lhfj;yA dh èkkjk 351 esa fganh dks lkekftd lejlrk dks c<+kok fnu Hkj fujarj pyus okys lhfj;y turk ds •kyh le; nsus okyh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fodflr djus dh ckr dgh xbZ ds euksjatu ds egÙoiw.kZ lkèku gSaA ftuds dkj.k efgyk,¡ gSA laidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i esa fganh lafoèkku dh blh Hkkouk ?kj cSBs fganh dks viukus yxhaA f=kiqjk esa jkek;.k vkSj dks çfrikfnr djrh gSA f=kiqjk esa fganh lkekftd lejlrk egkHkkjr lhfj;y dh yksdfç;rk us yksxksa dks fganh lh•us dh çeq• dM+h ds :i mHkjh gSA lekt ds lHkh oxks± }kjk ij e”kcwj fd;k vkSj efgyk,¡ fo'ks\"k :i ls fganh dks cksypky dh Hkk\"kk ds :i esa ckaXyk vkSj dkWdcjd ds le>us yxhaA èkhjs&èkhjs fganh f=kiqjk dh viuh Hkk\"kk yxus lkFk&lkFk lkSgknZHkko ls Lohdkj dh tk jgh gSA f=kiqjk esa yxhA fganh ds çpkj&çlkj esa dqN cky èkkjkokfgdksa us fganh dk fodkl f=kiqjk ds 40 yk• ls vfèkd yksxksa ds vR;ar çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA Mksjseku] NksVk Hkhe] eksVw fy, Hkkjrh; eq[;èkkjk ls yxko dk fodkl gSA fganh ds iryw tSls lhfj;y ns•dj NksVs cPps viuh ekr`Hkk\"kk ds fodkl }kjk jks”kxkj vkSj O;olk; gsrq f=kiqjk okfl;ksa ds LFkku ij fgna h eas ckr djus eas ljyrk egllw djrs gaS vkjS fy, ,d loZekU; ekè;e feyk gSA bls iwjs f=kiqjk esa ogh cPpksa dh cksypky dh Hkk\"kk cu tkrh gSA Vsfyfotu vkReh;rk ls Lohdkjk x;k gSA Peer-Reviewed Journal tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 46

ef.kiqj esa fganh dh fLFkfr & MkW- bZ- fot; y{eh Hkkjr esa jktHkk\"kk] jk\"VªHkk\"kk rFkk lEidZ Hkk\"kk ds :i tkxkA bu rhFkZ LFkyksa dh ;k=kk ds dkj.k Hkh fganh rFkk esa fganh dk ç;ksx gks jgk gSA fganh dks ;s in mldh viuh ;gk¡ dh cksfy;ksa ls ef.kiqj ds yksxksa dk ifjp; c<+kA fo'k\"s krkvkas ds dkj.k çkIr gvq k gAS fdlh Hkh Hkk\"kk dks tu vêòkjgoha 'krkCnh esa tc vaxzst ef.kiqj vk, ml le; os Hkk\"kk ;k lEidZ Hkk\"kk cuus ds fy, lkekftd vko';drkvkas vius lkFk dqN ckaXyk rFkk fganh Hkk\"kh vfèkdkfj;ksa dks Hkh ds iwfrZ dh {kerk] jpukRed 'kfÙkQ vkSj lkfgfR;d ,oa lkFk yk, FksA muls lEidZ LFkkfir djus ds fy, Hkh dykRed ;ksX;rk ls ifjiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A fganh esa ;s lkjh ef.kiqj ds yksxksa dks fganh dh vko';drk eglwl gqbZA fo'k\"s krk,¡ ektS nw gAaS blfy, fgna h dk ç;kxs u dos y Hkkjr mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa egkjkt pqM+kpk¡n ds 'kklu dky esa eas cfYd fon's kkas eas Hkh c<+ jgk gAS dguk xyr u gkxs k fd vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ds fy, fo|ky;ksa dh vkt rduhdh fodkl ds bl nkSj esa Hkh fganh dk ç;ksx LFkkiuk dh xbZA esèkkoh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ef.kiqj ls ckgj cM+h rsth c<+ jgk gSA fo|kè;;u ds fy, Hkstk x;kA dk'kh] ç;kx] uo}hi tSls èkkfeZd LFkyksa esa jgdj mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa us laLÑr ds lkFk ef.kiqj esa fganh dk ç;ksx dc vkSj dSls 'kq: gqvk] fganh dk Hkh Kku çkIr fd;kA blds lkFk ef.kiqj esa fganh bldk fuf'pr çek.k miyCèk ugha gSA dqN fo}kuksa dk ds ç;kxs dks c<k+ us eas fgna h Hkk\"kh O;kikfj;kas dh Hkfw edk Hkh vuqeku gS fd nloha vkSj X;kjgoha 'krkCnh ds chp Hkkjr egÙoiw.kZ jgh gSA ds çeq• fganh çns'kksa ls vusd czkã.k] eqxyksa ds vkØe.k ls Hk;Hkhr gksdj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa pys x, FksA Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku tc xkaèkh th us jk\"VªHkk\"kk çcaèku ds ekè;e ls cgqr yksx ef.kiqj Hkh igq¡ps] rc ds :i esa fgUnqLrkuh dh odkyr dh vkSj mlds ef.kiqj okfl;ksa dk ifjp; fganh ls gqvkA pkSFkkjksy çpkj&çlkj dh vko';drk trkbZ rks fofHkUu çns'kksa ds dqEckck ds vuqlkj bl rF; dh tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gS lkFk ef.kijq eas Hkh jk\"VHª kk\"kk ds :i eas fgna h dks gh ekU;rk fd iUægoha 'krkCnh esa jktk fd;kEck }kjk yeykÄ~nksÄ ;k nsus ds i{k esa vusd yksx lkeus vk,A ia-jkèkkeksgu 'kekZ] fo\".kqiqj esa LFkkfir fo\".kq efUnj esa iwtk&vuq\"Bku djokus Fkksdpkse eèkq flag] yfyrk ekèko 'kekZ vkSj dS'kke ds fy, czkã.k fu;qÙkQ fd, x, FksA ;s czkã.k vius lkFk dq¡tfcgkjh ,sls gh O;fÙkQRo gaS] ftuij xkaèkh th ds fopkjksa viuh Hkk\"kk vkSj viuh laLÑfr ysdj vk, Fks] ftuds dk çHkko Li\"V fn•kbZ nsrk gSA okLro esa bUgsa ef.kiqj esa leUo; ls ef.kiqj esa ,d ubZ laLÑfr dk tUe gqvkA fganh çpkj&çlkj ds vkfn& LraHk ds :i esa ekuk tkuk bZ'oj dh iwtk& vkjkèkuk tSlh èkkfeZd fØ;kvksa esa ;s pkfg,A vkt ef.kiqj esa fganh dk tks ,d le`¼ :i ns•us czkã.k laLÑr rFkk fganh dh 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx djrs FksA dks feyrk g]S og lgt ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k mRiUu ugha vêòkjgoha 'krkCnh esa ikegSck vFkkZr~ egkjktk xjhcuokt gqvk gS] cfYd bu fu%LokFkZ fganh lsfo;ksa dh vkgqfr;ksa dk }kjk vius 'kklu dky esa oS\".ko èkeZ dks jkt èkeZ ?kksf\"kr ifj.kke gSA foijhr ifjfLFkr;ksa ls tw>us dh mudh ço`fÙk dj fn, tkus ds ckn rks oS\".ko inkoyh rFkk t;nso ds vkSj vuFkd ç;klksa ds cnkSyr gh fganh dks ;g LFkku xhrxksfoUn ds inksa dk xku ef.kiqjh lekt& lkaLÑfrd çkIr gqvk gSA mu R;kxe; fganh lsfo;ksa ds vewY; ;ksxnku rFkk èkkfeZd fØ;kvksa dk vfuok;Z vax cu x;kA oS\".ko dks ;kn fd, fcuk ef.kiqj esa fganh dh fLFkfr dks iw.kZr% èkekZoyEch ef.kiqjh yksxksa ds eu esa dk'kh] gfj}kj] le>k ugha tk ldrkA uo}hi] iqjh] o`Unkou vkfn {ks=kksa ds çfr J¼k dk Hkko fganh çpkj ds çkjafHkd le; esa ia- jkèkkeksgu 'kekZ us 47 %% tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk Peer-Reviewed Journal

Fkksdpkse eèkq flag ds lkFk feydj ^fganh fo|ky;* ;g rF; miyCèk gS fd f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds nkSjku ,d LFkkfir dh vkSj fganh vè;kiu dk dk;Z vkjaHk fd;kA gLr fyf•r if=kdk çdkf'kr gqbZ Fkh] ijUrq blds laiknd dS'kke dq¡tfcgkjh us eksbjkÄ•kse vkSj rsjk ck”kkj esa fganh ds ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh miyCèk ugha gSA lu~ ipkl ds Ldyw fd;k 'k#q vkr dhA vkxs pydj bUgkuas s gh ^jk\"Vfª yfi ckn nwljh if=kdk lkbDyksLVkby esa fudkyh xbZ] ftldk Ldwy* dh Hkh LFkkiuk dhA lu~ 1933bZ- esa bEiQky ds uke ^dkek[;k U;wt ,Dlçsl* FkkA blds ckn ef.kiqj esa O;kikjh oxZ ds ç;klksa ls lsB HkSjksnku ds uke ij ^HkSjksnku çdkf'kr ftu i=k& if=kdkvksa us fganh çpkj&çlkj esa fganh Ldwy* dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ buds vykok ef.kiqj esa fganh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZa] muesa mYys•uh; gSa& lEesyu dh fLFkfr dks e”kcwr djus okys egkuqHkkoksa esa gqbjkse xtV] ubZ f'k{kk] ukxfjd iUFk] fpUruk] fganh f'k{kd }hi] vrqypUæ flag] ykbiqce Hkkxor nso] vfjce N=kèot ;qe'kdS'k] dqUnks ijsÄ] efgi] p;ksy ikm] yVpe vkfn 'kekZ] MkagkaeS efFk;qpqÄ (esjk dcqbZ)] fgnÄe;qe f}tef.k ijUrq buesa ls dqN èkukHkko ;k vU; fdlh u fdlh dkj.k nso 'kekZ] fpxkÄ~ce dykpk¡n 'kkL=kh vkfn vusd yksx gSa ls vYidkfyd fl¼ gqbaAZ efgi] p;ksy ikm] yVpe vkjS ftuij vyx ls 'kksèk dk;Z rd fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;qe'kdS'k ,slh if=kdk,¡ gSa tks orZeku esa fganh lsok esa tqVs yksxksa dh çfrc¼rk fl¼ djrh gSaA ef.kijq eas lLa Fkkxr fgna h çpkj ds lEcUèk eas çkekf.kd rkSj ij bl rF; dh tkudkjh feyrh gS fd lu~ 1928bZ- ef.kiqj esa fganh iqLrdksa ds çdk'ku ds ekè;e ls Hkh eas ^fgna h lkfgR; lEeys u] ç;kx* }kjk fgna h çpkj dk dk;Z fganh ds O;kid ç;ksx dks le>k tk ldrk gSA ef.kiqj esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA vr% ekuk tk ldrk gS fd blh laLFkk fganh iqLrdksa ds çdk'ku ds bfrgkl dks ns•sa rks irk ds ekè;e ls ef.kiqj esa laLFkkxr fganh çpkj dh uhao pyrk gS fd ef.kijq eas lu~ ipkl ds vkl&ikl tks igyh iM+hA jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr oèkkZ ds vUrxZr lu~ 1940bZ- fganh iqLrd çdkf'kr gqbZ] og vrkse ckcw 'kekZ dh èkeZ esa ^ef.kiqj jk\"VªHkk\"kk çpkj lfefr* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA lUk~ lEcUèkh iLq rd FkhA blds i'pkr~ vkt rd vuds ikBÔ& 1953b-Z eas ^ef.kijq fgna h ifj\"kn*~ ,d LofS PNd fgna h çpkj iqLrdksa rFkk ekSfyd jpukvksa dk çdk'ku gks pqdk gSA laLFkk ds :i esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA bu laLFkkvksa ds lkFk f{kfrt lk è;s; (vkpk;Z jkèkkxksfoan dfojkt)] ehrS puq ukxjh fyfi çpkj lHkk (1958 bZ-)] ukxk fganh fo|kihB (la- nsojkt)] jk\"Vªh; psruk fparu (g- xksdqykuan 'kekZ)] (1970 bZ-)] ef.kiqj Vªk;csYl fganh lsok lfefr (1982 fl¼'s oj pkfylk (f'koxkfs ona nkl)] ç;kl (l-a nos jkt)] bZ-) vkfn le;&le; ij LFkkfir laLFkk,¡ gSa] ftUgksaus •Ec& Fkksbch (fu'kku flag)] ohj fVdsUæthr (ds ;kbek ef.kiqj esa fganh çpkj dks xfr çnku dhA vf•y ef.kiqj 'kekZ) vkfn dqN iqLrdsa mYys•uh; gSaA bu iqLrdksa ds fganh f'k{kd la?k vkSj ef.kiqj fganh f'k{kd la?k tSlh vykok vkt rd vusd iqLrdsa çdk'k esa vk pqdh gSaA laLFkk,¡ Hkh ef.kiqj esa fganh dh fLFkfr dks e”kcwr djus fganh ls ef.kiqjh rFkk ef.kiqjh ls fganh esa vuwfnr lkefxz;k¡ dh dksf'k'k esa yxh gSaA ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds rgr dsUæh; Hkh yxkrkj çdkf'kr gks jgh gSaA bruk gksus ds ckotwn ;g fganh f'k{k.k ;kstuk ds vykok fganh f'k{k.k çf'k{k.k dguk xyr u gksxk fd vfganh çns'k gksus ds ukrs ef.kiqj lLa Fkku] fgna h f'k{k.k çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; vkfn eas vk;kfs tr esa fganh dks og LFkku ugha fey ik;k gS] ftldh og fganh lEcUèkh dk;ZØeksa ds dkj.k ef.kiqj esa fganh dk ,d gdnkj gSA ef.kiqj esa fganh çpkj&çlkj ds fy, vc rd l'kÙkQ :i mHkj dj vkrk gSA ef.kiqj fo'ofo|ky; ds O;fÙkQxr rFkk lxa BukRed Lrj ij ftrus Hkh ç;kl g,q g]aS fganh foHkkx esa gksus okyh LukRkdksÙkj Lrj dh f'k{kk] 'kksèk os ljkguh; gAS muds ç;klkas dks utjvUnkt ugha fd;k tk rFkk vuqokn ds dk;Z ef.kiqj esa fganh dh fLFkfr dks ldrk] fdUrq ;g Hkh lR; gS fd vkt ef.kiqj esa fganh dk e”kcwr djus okys gSaA vkdk'kok.kh bEiQky dsUæ ls visf{kr fodkl ugha gks jgkA blds vusd dkj.k gks ldrs çlkfjr gksus okys fganh lEcUèkh dk;ZØe fganh ds çfr gaS& #fp mRiUu djus okys gAaS vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s 1-Hkk\"kk lEcUèkh leL;k& fganh rFkk ef.kiqjh nks fHkUu dk;ØZ e Hkh ef.kijq eas fgna h dh fLFkfr dks e”kcrw djus eas çÑfr dh Hkk\"kk,¡ gaSA nksuksa gh nks fHkUu Hkk\"kk ifjokj ls gksus lgk;d gaAS ds dkj.k muesa vusd varj ns•us dks feyrs gSaA ef.kiqjh rku çèkku Hkk\"kk gS blfy, bldh fyfi gh fHkUu ugha gS ef.kiqj esa fganh i=kdkfjrk us Hkh fganh dh fLFkfr dks cfYd 'kCn] mPpkj.k rFkk O;kdj.k Hkh fHkUu gAS blfy, e”kcwr fd;k gSA ef.kiqj esa fganh i=kdkfjrk ds lEcUèk esa tuojh& ekpZ 2022 @ izkXT;ksfrdk %% 48 Peer-Reviewed Journal