Expt. No. : Date : SPECTROMETER Aim: To determine the angle of the given prism.. Apparatus required: 1. Spectrometer 2. Glass prism 3. Sodium vapour lamp 4. Reading lens Formula : Angle of the glass prism, Vernier A reading of Telescope position left − Vernier A reading of Telescope position right A= 2 Description: The spectrometer consists of telescope, collimator, prism table, main scale calibrated in degree and vernier scale in divisions. The telescope is used to view the distant object clearly and the collimator is used to produce parallel rays. Procedure: Initial Adjustments of the spectrometer: 1. The eye piece of the telescope is adjusted to view the cross wire in vertical and horizontal position clearly. 2. The telescope is focused distant object and adjusted to view the distant object clearly. 3. The slit of collimator is open and face towards sodium vapour lamp and adjust the collimator and slit to view the clear and narrow( thin line) yellow colour image. 4. Using sprit level and levelling screw the prism table is to made horizontal. 51
To find the angle of the prism (A): CR= MSR + (VSC x LC) LC= Telescope Spectrometer Readings Difference (2A) position Vernier-A Vernier-B Vernier- Vernier- Mean A AB 2A MSR VSC CR MSR VSC CR cm div cm cm div cm Left Right 52
2. To find the angle of the prism (A): The tangential screw is used to fixed the vernier disc at desired position. The prism is placed on the prism table and the polished faces are towards the collimator. The prism is adjusted such that the rays from collimator are made to fall on both the polished faces. Then the rays are reflected and the reflected rays (image) are viewed through telescope on left side and right side. The telescope is move to left side and catch the reflected image and fixed using tangential screw. Then the fine is used to coincide the image with cross wire and note down the vernier-A and vernier-B readings. Similarly the telescope is moved to right side and note down the readings. The difference between Vernier-A readings on both sides give the value of 2A. Similarly the difference between Vernier-B on both sides gives the value of 2A. Using the mean value, the angle of prism(A) is calculated. Calculation: Angle of the prism, A = ___________________ Result: The angle of the glass prism, A = _________________ 53
Diagram: Tabulation: x10-3 A Short circuit current, Isc = Open circuit voltage, Voc = volt. S.No. Voltmeter readings Ammeter reading Power = V x I V volt I x10-3 A x10-3 watt 54
Expt. No. : Date : SOLAR CELL Aim: To draw the V-I characteristics of the solar cell. Apparatus required: 1. Solar panel (Solar cell) 2. Voltmeter 3. Milliammeter 4. Rheostat 5. Connecting wires Formula : Maximum power of the solar cell, P= Vm x Im watt Where, Vm – Potential at maximum power (volt) Im – Current at maximum power (mA). Description: The solar cell is a device made from semiconducting materials that convert solar energy (Sun rays or light rays) into electrical energy by photovoltaic effect. It consists of a p-n junction diode. The incident rays create electron- hole pairs in semiconductor and which pass through the junction create current in the circuit. Experimental Procedure: 1. Place the solar cell and made the light rays fall on it. 2. Connect the solar cell and milliammeter in parallel to measure the short circuit current Isc. 3. Connect the solar cell and voltmeter in parallel to measure the open circuit voltage Voc. 4. For measuring power of a solar cell, connect the solar cell in series with milliammeter, rheostat and parallel with voltmeter. By varying the rheostat at various load measure the current and voltage. 55
Model graph: Calculation: Potential at maximum power , Vm = volt Current at maximum power, Im = x 10-3 mA Maximum power of the solar cell, P = Vm x Im watt P= x 10-3 watt P = 10-3 watt 56
5. A graph is drawn between voltage (V) along X-axis and current (I) along Y-axis. The curve obtained between V and I show the characteristic of a solar cell. 6. From the graph, draw a straight line with slope of 45 º with the origin to curve and the line meeting point at curve gives the maximum current (Im) and maximum voltage (Vm). From the Im and Vm value, the maximum power of a solar cell is calculated. Maximum power of the solar cell, P= Vm x Im watt Note: The intensity of light rays is adjust such that the short circuit current not to exceed the out of scale. Result: x 10-3 watt. 1. The V-I characteristics curve of the solar cell is drawn 2. The maximum power of the solar cell, P= 57
Circuit diagram for series connection: Tabulation for series connection: Ω R1 = Ω & R2 = S.No. Ammeter Voltmeter Rs= V Reading Reading I IA V volt Ω 1 2 3 4 5 Mean, Rs = Ω 58
Expt. No. : Date : LAWS OF RESISTANCES Aim: To verify the laws of resistances by connecting the two given standard resistances (i) in series and (ii) in parallel, using Ohm’s law. Apparatus required: 1. Battery 2. Plug key 3. Ammeter 4. Voltmeter 5. Rheostat 7.Connecting wires Formula : 6. Two standard resistances 1. Ohm’s Law: At steady temperature, the amount of current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential differences between the two ends of the conductor I α V (or) I = V/R, where, R - resistance of the conductor(Ω). According to Ohm’s law of resistance, R= V Ω I Where, V- Voltmeter reading (V) I – Ammeter reading (A) 2. First Laws of resistances : The resistances are connected in series, then the resultant resistances(Rs) is equal to the sum of all individual resistances. Rs = R1 + R2 Ω 3. Second Laws of resistances : The resistances are connected in parallel, then the resultant resistances( RP) is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of all individual resistances. 1 = 1 + 1 = R1 + R2 Ω (or) ������������= R1 R2 Ω R1 + R2 RP R1 R2 R1R2 59
Circuit diagram for parallel connection: Tabulation for parallel connection: R2 = ٠R1 = ٠& Ammeter Voltmeter Rs= ������ .No. Reading ������ Reading IA V volt ٠1 2 3 4 5 Mean, RP = ٠60
Procedure: The two given resistances are connected in series with the primary circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Then rheostat is adjusted for a particular current and the measure for the corresponding voltage. The experiment is repeated for different current value and each case the voltmeter readings are noted. The two given resistances are connected in parallel with the primary circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Then rheostat is adjusted for a particular current and the measure for the corresponding voltage. The experiment is repeated for different current value and each case the voltmeter readings are noted. Using the formula effective resistances in series and parallel are calculated. Calculation: By Experiment 1. By I-law of Resistance Rs = Ω Rs = R1 + R2 Ω Rs = Rs = 2. By II-law of Resistance By Experiment RP= R1 R2 Ω RP = ______ Ω R1 + R2 RP = RP = Ω Result: By Experiment 1. By I-law of Resistance RS = Ω RS = Ω By Experiment 2. By II-law of Resistance RP = ______ Ω RP = ______ Ω Hence the law of resistances are verified 61
Circuit Diagram: Tabulation: Mass of the calorimeter with water M2 gram Mass of the empty calorimeter M1 gram Ammeter Voltmeter Initial Final Time of flow of reading reading temperature temperature current I amp V volt θ1 ºC θ2 ºC ts 62
Expt. No. : Date : JOULES CALORIMETER Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of water using Joule’s calorimeter. Apparatus Required: 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter 1. Joule’s calorimeter 5. Plug key 6. Battery 4. Rheostat 8. Digital balance 9. Stop clock 7. Thermometer Formula: Specific heat capacity of water, S = ������ ������ ������ − ������������ ������ J kg-1 K-1 (������������− ������������ ) (������������−������������) (������������− ������������ ) Where, V- voltmeter reading (V) I- Ammeter reading (A) t- time of flow of current (s) M1 – mass of empty calorimeter (kg) M2 – mass of calorimeter with water (kg) θ1- initial temperature of water (K) θ2- final temperature of water (K) s – specific heat capacity of the calorimeter (Jkg-1K-1) 63
Observation: V=__________________ volt Voltmeter reading , Ammeter reading, A =__________________ ampere Time of flow of current, t=____________________ s Mass of empty calorimeter, M1 = _______________ gram ______________ x10-3 kg Mass of calorimeter with water, M2 = ________________ gram ______________ x10-3 kg Initial temperature of water, θ1= ____________ ºC __________ K Final temperature of water, θ2= ____________ ºC __________ K Specific heat capacity of the calorimeter, s= __385__ Jkg-1K-1 Calculation: Specific heat capacity of water, S = ������ ������ ������ − ������������ ������ J kg-1 K-1 (������������− ������������ ) (������������− ������������ ) (������������−������������) = Specific heat capacity of the water, S= ______________________ Jkg-1K-1 64
Procedure: A battery, rheostat, key and an ammeter are connected in series with the coil and voltmeter is connected in parallel with the joules coil as shown in figure. The mass of the empty calorimeter (M1) and mass of the calorimeter with water (M2) are noted with digital balance. The calorimeter with water is placed inside a wooden box and the Joule’s coil is placed inside the water. The key is closed and adjust the rheostat to 1 ampere current flowing through the coil and then open the key. The thermometer is placed inside the water and noted the initial temperature (θ1). Simultaneously switch on the battery and stop clock. Stir the water gently and allow the water to rise the final temperature up to 5 ºC and then switch off the battery and stop clock. The final temperature is noted as (θ2 = θ1+5 ºC). The time is noted as (t). By knowing the specific heat capacity of the calorimeter(s), the specific heat capacity of the water (S) can be calculated by using the formula, S = ������ ������ ������ − ������������ ������ J kg-1 K-1 (������������− ������������ ) (������������−������������) (������������− ������������ ) Result Specific heat capacity of the water, S= ______________________ Jkg-1K-1 65
Circuit diagram: Tabulation: S.No Voltmeter reading (V) Milliammeter reading (mA) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 66
Expt. No. : Date : P-N JUNCTION DIODE Aim: To draw the voltage-current characteristics of a P-N junction diode in forward bias and to find the dynamic resistance and knee voltage from the graph. Apparatus Required: 2. Power supply 3. Voltmeter 1. P-N Junction diode 5. Rheostat 4. Milliammeter Formula: Dynamic forward resistance Rf = ������������ ٠������������ Where, dV- change in applied voltage (V) dI- change in forward current (mA) Description: When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to P type and negative terminal to N type of a semiconductor diode, current flows easily through the diode. Now it is said to be forward bias. The diode allow current in one direction easily and it is used for rectifier. 67
Model Graph: Calculation: From the graph, Knee voltage , Vk = _____________ volt dV = ________________volt dI = ________ mA __________ x 10-3 A Dynamic forward resistance, Rf = ������������ = ______________ x 103 ٠������������ Rf = ______________ ٠68
Procedure: A battery, key, rheostat, P-N junction diode and milliammeter are connected in series under forward bias condition as shown in circuit diagram. The voltmeter is connected in parallel with diode. The key is closed and adjust the rheostat such that the applied voltage is increase step by step of 0.1 V , 0.2 V , 0.3 and so on. The corresponding milliammeter reading is noted. A graph is drawn between applied voltage in X-axis and current value in Y-axis. Draw a slope and find the dV and dI value. To find the dynamic forward resistance: The ratio of change in applied voltage to the corresponding change in forward current is known as dynamic forward resistance. Rf = ������������ ٠������������ To find knee voltage: The applied voltage to the diode at which the forward current starts to increase rapidly is known as knee voltage. In the graph the voltage corresponding to the point P is the knee voltage. Result: 1. The forward bias V-I characteristic curve of the P-N junction diode is drawn. 2. The knee voltage, Vk = ______________ V 3. The dynamic forward resistance, Rf = ______________٠69
Circuit Diagram: Tabulation: Mass of the cathode gram Mass of the cathode after copper deposit M1 M2 gram Ammeter reading Time of flow of current Mass of the copper deposited I amp m = M1- M2 gram ts 70
Expt. No. : Date : COPPER VOLTAMETER Aim: To determine the electro chemical equivalent (e.c.e) of copper using copper voltameter. Apparatus Required: 1. Copper voltameter 2. Ammeter 3. Rheostat 6. Stop clock 4. Battery 5. Key 7. Digital balance 8. Connecting wires Formula: The electro chemical equivalent (e.c.e) of copper e = ������ kgC-1 ������������ Where, m – mass of the copper deposited(M2-M1) (kg) I- Ammeter reading (A) t- time of flow of current (s) Description: The copper voltameter consists of a container containing strong copper sulphate solution. Three copper plates are dipped in solution such that out two plate act as anode and middle plate act as cathode and copper is deposited on the cathode. 71
Observations: Mass of the copper deposited, m= ____________________x10-3 kg Ammeter reading, I = ___________ A Time of flow of current, t = ______________ s Calculation: The electro chemical equivalent (e.c.e) of copper, e = ������ kgC-1 ������������ The e.c.e of copper, e = _______________ x 10-7 kgC-1 72
Procedure: The mass of the cathode copper plate is noted using digital balance as M1. Then the copper voltameter is connected in series with a battery, key, rheostat and an ammeter. The rheostat is adjusted and to allow one ampere current(I) in the circuit and switch on the stop clock simultaneously. Allow 30 minutes (t=1800 s) to flow the current in the circuit for deposition. Then the cathode plate is removed and dried. The mass of the copper deposited plate is noted as M2. The difference in M2-M1 gives the amount of copper deposited (m). The readings are substituted in the following formula and e.c.e of copper is calculated. e = ������ kgC-1 ������������ Result The e.c.e of copper, e = _______________ x 10-7 kgC-1 73
Trainer board: 1. NOT gate( IC- 7404) Truth table verification: Calculation: 74 Input Output as per Output A Boolean verification 0 1 expression Y = ���̅��� Y = ���̅��� 1 0
Expt. No. : Date : LOGIC GATES Aim: To find the output conditions for the different combinations of the input for NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR logic gates using I-C chips. Apparatus Required: 1. NOT gate (IC-7404) 2. AND gate (IC-7408) 3. OR gate (IC-7432) 4. NAND gate (IC-7400) 5. OR gate (IC- 7402) 6. IC trainer board with power supply 7. Connecting wires. Formula: Boolean expression for basic logic gates 1. NOT gate , Y = ���̅��� (Inverse operation) 2. AND gate, Y= A·B ( Multiplication operation) 3. OR gate, Y= A+B ( Addition operation) Boolean expression for universal logic gates 4. NAND gate, Y = ���̅̅���̅·̅̅���̅��� ( Multiplication & Inverse operation) 5. NOR gate, Y = ̅���̅���̅̅+̅̅̅���̅��� ( Addition & Inverse operation) Where, A & B are two inputs and Y is the output 75
2. AND gate (IC-7408) Truth table verification: Calculation: Input Output as Output per verification AB 00 Boolean Y= A·B 01 expression 10 Y= A·B 11 0 0 0 1 3. OR gate (IC-7432) 76
Description: The logic gate kit consists of IC chip slot, DC power supply and LED’s. The LED helps to show the input and output signals. The ON condition of the LED show the binary 1 and the OFF condition of the LED show the binary 0. Procedure: The basic IC chip is inserted in the chip slot and connect the positive terminal of power supply to the 14th pin and the negative to 7th pin. For NOT gate, the input given in 1st pin and output taken in 2nd pin. For AND, OR and NAND gate , the two inputs are given to 1st and 2nd pin and output taken in 3rd pin. For NOR gate, , the two inputs are given to 2nd and 3rd pin and output taken in 1st pin. The different combinations of the inputs are given and the respective output is noted and verify the truth table. 77
Truth table verification: Calculation: Input Output as per Output AB Boolean verification 00 01 expression Y= A+B 10 11 Y= A+B 0 1 1 1 4. NAND gate (Ic-7400) Truth table verification: Calculation: 78 Input Output as per Output AB Boolean verification expression Y = ���̅̅���̅·̅̅���̅��� Y = ���̅̅���̅·̅̅���̅��� 00 1 01 1 10 1 11 0
4. NOR gate (IC-7402) Truth table verification: Calculation: Input Output as per Output AB Boolean verification 00 01 expression Y = ̅���̅���̅+̅̅̅̅���̅��� 10 11 Y = ̅���̅���̅̅+̅̅̅���̅��� 1 0 0 0 Result: The output conditions for the different combinations of the input for NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR logic gates are verified. 79
ALLOCATION OF MARKS (For Internal Examination) S. No Description Marks 1 Record and Observations 20 2 Attendance 5 Total 25 ALLOCATION OF MARKS (For Board Practical Examination) S. No Description Marks 1 Formula with Unit and diagram 20 2 Tabular column with units 10 3 Observation and reading taken 40 4 calculation 15 5 Result 10 6 Vivavoce 5 Total 100 80
40006 ENGINEERING PHYSICS PRACTICAL MODEL QUESTION PAPER All experiments should be given for examination and the students are allowed to select any one by lot. 1. Measure the thickness of the given irregular glass plate using micrometer. Determine the area of the glass plate using a graph sheet and calculate the volume of the glass plate. 2. Measure the length and diameter of the given solid cylinder using Vernier calipers and then calculates the volume of the solid cylinder. 3. Verify the parallelogram law of forces using concurrent forces. 4. Verify the Lami’s theorem using concurrent forces. 5. Compare the coefficient of viscosity of two Liquids by capillary flow method, using graduated burette. 6. Determine the coefficient of viscosity of a highly viscous liquid by Stokes’ method. 7. Determine the frequency of the given tuning fork using Sonometer. 8. Compare the magnetic moments of the two bar magnets using deflection magnetometer in Tan-A position, by equal distance method. 9. Determine the refractive index of the given transparent liquid using travelling Microscope. 10. Measure the angle of the prism using Spectrometer. 11. Draw the V – I characteristics of the solar cell. 12. Verify the laws of resistances by connecting the two given standard resistances in (i) series and (ii) in parallel, using Ohm’s law. 13. Determine the specific heat capacity of water, using Joule’s calorimeter. 14. Determine the electro chemical equivalent (e.c.e.) of copper using Copper Voltameter. 15. Draw the voltage – current characteristics of a P-N junction diode in forward bias and then find the ‘dynamic forward resistance’ & ‘knee voltage’ from the graph. 16. Find the output conditions for different combinations of the input for NOT gate and two inputs AND, OR, NAND & NOR logic gates using IC chips. 81
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