Shelter_April 2023

SHELTER FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 The G20 group of countries collectively represents 75% of global trade and nearly www.hudco.org 66% of the World’s population. This powerful international economic cooperation ISSN 2347-4912 group was formed in 1999 after the Asian Financial Crisis. Currently, the group includes nineteen strong economies of the world, as well as the European Union. Shelter is an official publication of India has taken over the presidency of the group in December 2022 till November HUDCO/HSMI, distributed free of 2023. The G20 is a group for not only international economic cooperation but also has charge. It deals with issues related deep links with habitat development as well. Issues such as sustainable development to housing, urban development and and climate change are not only crucial from an environmental point of view but other themes relevant to the habitat are also deeply linked to a country’s economic agenda and practices. The agenda sector. Contributions, comments and for sustainable development based upon a foundation of international economic correspondences are most welcome and cooperation can play a pivotal role in bringing forward realistic and implementable should be forwarded to: initiatives for improving the quality of life of our habitat for the generations to come. The G20 countries are committed to achieving the targets laid out in the SDGs and EDITOR the New Urban Agenda. A parallel process to G20 is the U20 (Urban 20), a group SHELTER which brings together participating cities from major C40 or UCLG member cities HUDCO’s HSMI from G20 countries. It focuses on urban issues such as sustainable development, HUDCO House, Lodhi Road, climate change, achievement of the SDGS and challenges of access to finance for the New Delhi -110003 development projects of the cities. Tel: 011-24308600 During its presidency, India has drawn inspiration from the Indian philosophy Fax: 011-24365292 of “VasudhaivaKutumbakam”- One Earth–One Family–One Future. The theme Email: [email protected] includes various aspects of sustainable development, such as sustainable habitat development, addressing climate change, economic growth and transformative BOARD OF DIRECTORS development, urbanisation and digitisation as drivers of urban transformation, Chairman & Managing Director inclusive urban planning and green & sustainable housing. The recently held U-20 Shri Kuldip Narayan, IAS City Sherpa summit in Ahmedabad also focused on urban habitat development issues such as encouraging environmentally responsible behaviour, ensuring water security, Directors accelerating climate finance, championing local identity, reinventing frameworks for Mr. M. Nagaraj urban governance &planning, and catalysing digital urban futures. The upcoming Mr. D. Guhan G20 Summit is an opportunity to revisit the sustainable Habitat Agenda and chalk Mr. Sanjeet (IRAS) out a programme for Habitat and Infrastructure development, which is not only Mrs. Sabitha Bojan contextual but also transformational and futuristic. Dr. Ravindra Kumar Ray The theme for this issue of Shelter, G20: An agenda for sustainable Habitat, focusses Dr. Siyaram Singh on exploring an agenda for sustainable habitat ahead of the upcoming G20 and Mr. Bansi Lal Gujar U-20 Summits. This issue of Shelter features a wide range of issues in three sections. The theme papers highlight various aspects of a sustainable Habitat Development Company Secretary for India in the context of G20. The paper by Hitesh Vaidya focusses on the role Mr. Harish Kumar Sharma of U-20 as a transformational force within the G20, the paper by Reshma Singh highlights the importance of a net zero built environment and its relationship Editorial Team with equitable development and the paper by AK Jain discusses the G20 and a Editor-in-Chief: Mr. M. Nagaraj Sustainable Habitat agenda for India . In the policy review section, the paper by Prof Managing Editor: Dr. Sukanya Ghosh Ranganathan underlines the need for an India urbanisation policy-2023. A paper Senior Editor: Dr. A. K. Sen by Vaidya et al discusses the policies for inclusive and barrier free environment and Editor: Ms. Simrandeep Kaur presents a vision of an inclusive India by 2047. Arun Bhandari’s paper explores the Co-Editor: Ms. Neetu Bijesure interrelationship between housing and skill development and Prof Nallathiga explores Cover Design: Ms. Simrandeep Kaur the interrelationship between Climate change and sustainable urban development. A commentary article by Chattopadhyay et al analyses the current budget provisions Registered Office for urban development. In the case study section, a paper by Dr PB Salim presents HUDCO Bhawan, Core-7A an interesting case study of e-governance project in West Bengal. The section also India Habitat Centre contains a case study on urban planning and biodiversity in Bhopal by Dr S. Banerjee Lodhi Road et al. New Delhi-110003 I thank all the contributors for an overwhelming response to this issue. I hope the Tel(EPABX):011-24649610-23 readers enjoy reading this issue of SHELTER and offer their valuable feedback. CIN:L74899DL1970GO1005276 GST No.07AAACH0632A1ZF Website: www.hudco.org

INSIDE Theme papers 57 Cities and Union Budget 03 Urban 20: A Key Ingredient 2023-24 Theme for Global Transformation Soumyadip Chattopadhyay The G20 group of countries collectively During India’s G-20 Arjun Kumar represents 75% of global trade and Presidency nearly 66% of the World’s population. Hitesh Vaidya Case studies This powerful international economic 63 Responsive Governance cooperation group was formed in 1999 06 Advancing Net-Zero Built after the Asian Financial crisis. Currently, Environments: Promoting Through Action Oriented the group includes 19 countries including Equitable Wellness for All Public Listening India, China, US, UK. Canada, as well Reshma Singh Dr. P.B. Salim as the European Union. India has been Yashima Jain Debmay Chatterjee an active member of the G20 since its Amitjoti Bhattacharji inception. India has also been working 17 India’s G-20 Leadership Mainak Mukherjee to ensure that the developmental issues and Sustainable Habitat receive a major focus on the G20. India 73 Urban Planning and has taken over the presidency of the G20s A.K.. Jain Biodiversity – A Case of in December 2022 from Indonesia and Bhopal will hold the post for one year. Various Policy Review Dr. Shubhashish Banerjee events are being held in this connection 27 Towards A New “India Dr. Kshama Puntambekar across the country, and will culminate in hosting of the leaders’ summit in Urbanisation Policy-2023” IN THE BOX 2 September 2023 for the first time in the country’s history. During its presidency, Prof N Ranganathan International Training 5 India has drawn inspiration from the Programme (ITEC) 16 Indian philosophy of “Vasudhaiva 37 Envisioning An Inclusive The G20: How it works 41 Kutumbakam”- One Earth-One Family- India By 2047 India and the G20 One Future. The theme includes various General Guidelines: Check 56 aspects of sustainable development, such Hitesh Vaidya list for Submission of Articles 76 as Sustainable Habitat Development, Utsav Choudhury Water Wives for Water Pipes addressing climate change, economic Kanika Bansal Chaupal Pe Charcha: Waste growth and transformative development, Management, Technology Urbanisation and Digitisation as drivers 42 Climate Change and and Circularity of urban transformation, Inclusive Sustainable Urban urban planning and Green & sustainable Development: Outlining an housing. The upcoming G-20 summit is approach for Indian Cities an opportunity to revisit the sustainable Prof. Ramakrishna Nallathiga Habitat Agenda and chalk out a programme for Habitat and Infrastructure 49 Housing and skilling – the development, which is not only contextual Intersection of Innovative but also transformational and futuristic. Housing Policy Arun Bhandari The views expressed in this publication are the personal views of authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views and policies of HUDCO / HSMI. Articles or any other material in the publication may be reproduced so long as the credit is given and tear sheets are provided to the editor. All photo credits are by the authors unless otherwise specified.

International Training Programme (ITEC) on ‘Realizing the Right to Adequate Housing in the Context Of Habitat III New Urban Agenda - Policies, Planning & Practice’ January 9th – February 17th, 2023 HUDCO’s Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI) organized the 50th International Training Programme on ‘Realizing the Right to Adequate Housing in the Context of Habitat III New Urban Agenda - Policies, Planning and Practices” sponsored by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), GoI under its ITEC Programme during January 9th – February 17th, 2023. The programme was inaugurated by Shri Manoj Joshi, Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, on 11th January, 2023 in the presence of Shri Bibhas Lahiri, Under Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, Shri M Nagaraj Director Corporate Planning HUDCO, Shri D Guhan Director Finance HUDCO, Dr. Sukanya Ghosh Executive Director Training (i/c), HUDCO’s HSMI and senior officials of HUDCO & HSMI. This Training Programme was attended by 24 delegates from 20 developing countries viz. Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Cote D’ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Namibia, Nigeria, Paraguay, Peru, South Sudan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Syria & Tanzania. The participants were from government departments with up to 20 years of professional experience. The programme was highly interactive. Various experts and resource persons invited to impart training and interact with the participants included Shri Kuldip Narayan Joint Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Prof. Amitabh Kundu, Senior Fellow, World Resource Institute, Mrs. Parul Agrawal, Country Manager, UN Habitat India, Mrs. Banashree Banerjee, independent Consultant & Associate Staff Member, his-Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Prof. Neelima Risbud, former Head & Professor in the Department of Housing, SPA, New Delhi etc. During the six-weeks training programme, the participants were exposed to the concepts and whole range of issues on right to adequate and affordable housing so as to help the international participants design appropriate policies and programmes in the field of housing and habitat development & management in their respective countries for implementation of the commitments under New Urban Agenda as well as Sustainable Development Goals. They were trained to devise strategies, policies, techniques, reform measures, apart from best practices on rights-based approaches to adequate and affordable housing. Group photograph of ITEC participants with Shri Manoj Joshi, Secretary, MoHUA, Mr. M. Nagaraj, DCP, Mr D. Guhan, DF and other senior HUDCO officials on the inaugural day. 2 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER URBAN 20: A KEY INGREDIENT FOR GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION DURING INDIA’S G-20 PRESIDENCY HITESH VAIDYA The article gives an overview of diplomacy forum that strives the Urban20 (U20) engagement to establish a practice of “Urban20 is a unique engagement group under the G20, its engagement among cities group in the entire spectrum of objectives, history and current from G20 countries to G20 working streams. While focus and priorities under develop a collective message other working groups and India’s G20 presidency. Faced that emphasises the role  of engagement groups have experts with critical global crises such cities in taking forward the or representatives of specific as climate change, forums such sustainable development organisations, U20 mirrors the as G20 have a major role to play agenda. U20 was launched G20 itself as members of this in steering intergovernmental in December 2017 at the ‘One group are actually representing dialogue, policies and actions Planet Summit’ in Paris under people from cities of G20 towards sustainable and the leadership of the Mayors countries. In fact, with the focus equitable development to go of Buenos Aires and Paris of India’s G20 presidency on ‘jan hand in hand with economic with C40 and UCLG as joint bhagidari’ i.e., taking G20 to growth. Cities exemplify this conveners. Since 2017, there the people, the U20 engagement dichotomy and can be a powerful have been five cycles of the group is the apt vehicle to do force to take up this role as U20 chaired by Buenos Aires exactly that and bring forth the the environmental impact of (2018), Tokyo (2019), Riyadh voice of the people to the global urbanisation and urban living is (2020), Milan and Rome platform.” the largest and at the same time, (2021), Jakarta and West Java global economic growth is also (2022) and Ahmedabad for Key Words: G20, U20, India, concentrated in cities. The U20 the 6th cycle U20 (2023). Transformation, SDGs engagement group is therefore at a stage where it can shape global The larger objective of U20 is Mr. Hitesh Vaidya, ([email protected]) agendas. to raise the profile of urban is Director, National Institute of Urban issues in the G20 agenda and Affairs, New Delhi. G20 AND U20 take the unique perspective of cities to the global forum. The Urban 20 (U20) U20 also strives to establish Engagement Group was collaboration and cooperation created under the G20 to among cities through focus and amplify the voice of knowledge sharing with cities and foreground urban specific focus on challenges issues in the negotiations of climate change and and decisions of the Heads Sustainable Development of Governments of G20 Goals (SDGs). countries. U20 is a city April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 3

THEME PAPER Urban 20 is a unique The U20 Communiqué for continued attention in engagement group in the the sixth cycle will be led by this cycle; and entire spectrum of G20 Ahmedabad and developed working streams. While with inputs from U20 cities. In • Some priorities had other working groups and this endeavour, Ahmedabad been touched upon engagement groups have will be supported by the in previous cycles but experts or representatives Ministry of Housing & Urban needed reinforcement. of specific organisations, Affairs (MoHUA), the nodal U20 mirrors the G20 itself as Ministry for U20; the National Further, an overview of members of this group are Institute of Urban Affairs issues being brought forth by actually representing people (NIUA), the U20 Technical SDGs, COP27 etc. was also from cities of G20 countries. Secretariat; the U20 conveners, carried out as the SDGs call In fact, with the focus of C40 & UCLG and other key for a paradigm shift that will India’s G20 presidency on knowledge partners. ‘leave no one’, in line with ‘jan bhagidari’ i.e., taking the World Habitat Day 2022 G20 to the people, the U20 PRIORITY AREAS FOR theme of “Mind the Gap: engagement group is the apt U20 Leave No One and Place vehicle to do exactly that and Behind”. Both also  recognise bring forth the voice of the During India’s Presidency the leading role of local people to the global platform. of the G20, the U20 will governments in definition and underscore the importance implementation of inclusive Every U20 cycle commences of transforming the urban and effective urban policies with the acceptance of the G20 sector to drive lasting positive and legislation for sustainable presidency by a particular outcomes for the world. urban development. country and continues till Ahmedabad as the Chair city the handover to the next for the sixth U20 is soliciting Based on the above, the country. Two key meetings the solidarity of cities to following are the priority are held during the cycle collectively find common areas of the sixth U20 namely, the Sherpa Meeting solutions that are in harmony cycle. These will be further and the Mayoral Summit. with the overall objectives developed by collaborative These are planned to take of the G20 and its theme deliberations among the U20 place before the G20 summit of ‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’ cities to prepare a purpose- so that the deliberations in meaning ‘One Earth, One driven Communiqué: the former two can inform Family, One Future’. In the the latter. The participants current cycle, six priority 1. Encouraging Environ- are city sherpas (officers from areas have been identified mentally Responsible city government) and mayors as critical for inspiring city Behaviours; or lead representatives from level actions to respond the U20 cities. Two groups to global agendas. These 2. Ensuring Water Security; of cities come together under priority areas were identified U20 - Participating Cities from by undertaking an analysis of 3. Accelerating Climate G20 countries and  Observer previous U20 Communiqués Finance; Cities that are invited by the through which it was inferred: chair city for a particular U20 4. Championing ‘Local’ cycle. • Some priorities covered Identity; in previous cycle need 5. Reinventing Frameworks for Urban Governance and Planning; and 4 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER 6. Catalyzing Digital Urban 2. Maximising convergence and the Japan Designated Futures. with G20; Cities Mayors’ Association in 2023 were special groups U20 is a platform for cities 3. Mobilising the Partner under the G7 to collect Ecosystem; voices from local leaders and to exchange knowledge and cities. The G7 Communiqué in fact acknowledges “We showcase the innovative 4. Making knowledge the acknowledge the significant currency among cities; role of cities, their associations, and pioneering work they and and networks as actors in our transformation towards have undertaken. However, sustainable development. We commit to foster exchange it also has the responsibility among and with cities.” As the world moves forward to champion sustainable 5. Magnifying the role of towards achieving the cities in formulating SDGs, Cities can indeed help development globally global policies. enhance the collective action needed to create pathways of through the force of cities. cooperation that ensure that no one is left behind. It can create a framework AMPLIFYING THE that will enable the global URBAN PERSPECTIVE community to translate its IN G20 commitments for a desirable It is time to amplify the voice of cities to situate the urban future. Following are urban perspective in global forums such as the G20. This the key goals the sixth cycle has already been recognised by the Group of 7 (G7) as and its key stakeholders the Urban7 (U7) in 2022 intend to achieve: 1. Moving from ‘intention to action’; THE G20: HOW IT WORKS The G20 group was created as a response to the The preparation process of the G20 involves financial crisis of the 1990s and was a Finance various meetings held in two tracks, namely the Minister level event till 2008. The first meeting Sherpa track, and the Finance track, that discuss of the G20 was held in Berlin in 1999. In 2008, it and follow up on issues and commitments of became a Summit of the heads of Government, the Summits. The Sherpa track focusses on the which was hosted by the US in Washington non-financial issues such as climate change, DC. The Chair of the group is rotated annually sustainable development, food security, etc., among members, giving representation to each whereas the financial track focusses on the different regional group by rotation. The Troika financial and economic issues. The thematic or the grouping of past, present and future agendas of various tracks are supported by the Chairs of the group, are part of the management background work of the expert working groups group of the G20. as well as through various ministerial meetings. April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 5

THEME PAPER ADVANCING NET-ZERO BUILT ENVIRONMENTS: PROMOTING EQUITABLE WELLNESS FOR ALL RESHMA SINGH The built environment is the This vision can be enabled with YASHIMA JAIN converging platform where long-term policy and regulatory otherwise discrete sectors of the capacity and improved “The fast growth of building economy become integrated, investment decision-making for floor space and energy use such as residential, commercial sustainable built environment intensity underscores the and institutional buildings, and economic growth. This rapid growth of building appliances for cooling, will also help advance India’s operational energy demand. ventilation and air quality, decarbonisation, innovation, and For residential buildings, it transportation, and energy energy security goals. is projected to grow from 400 infrastructure including TWh in 2020 to 2000 TWh distributed energy resources, BACKGROUND in 2050, 5 times higher. In the commercial sector, total each with their associated As the world’s fourth-largest energy demand is projected to economy, third-largest global increase from 150 TWh in 2020 embodied and operational greenhouse gas (GHG) to 930 TWh in 2050, almost 7 emissions. Hence, to combat times. To slash the building climate change, it is important to emitter, and fourth-largest sector’s energy use and CO2 electricity consumer, India emission, it is critical to develop policy, investment, and stands as a leader in climate implement buildings that technology frameworks focused consume low energy in on driving decarbonisation action. The nation is on track both their production and for 270 million people set to be operations.” of the built environment. No added to its urban population building is an island, and Key Words: Net Zero, connected action on a community scale over the next two decades, communities, decarbonisation, energy with the rise of 7 megacities is where the potential benefits (IEA, 2021). India’s modern Ms. Reshma Singh (ReshmaSingh@lbl. of decarbonising the built gov) is Program Director, Lawrence environment are accrued. Net- transitions (rural-urban Berkeley National Lab, USA migrations) and increasing zero Connected Communities (though disparate) wealth Ms. Yashima Jain, ([email protected]) are whole campuses or is Climate Tech Program Manager, neighbourhoods with energy- has implied almost a similar Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA scaling of per capita energy efficient homes, offices, shops, increase in the past couple and other buildings, each with smart appliances and all of decades, with its co-issues of increasing energy waste, powered by on-site renewable pollution, and emissions. generation providing energy resilience and wellness. Electric Relative to GDP, India emits twice as many GHGs as the vehicle charging stations and world average (USAID, 2019). energy storage abound, and all the buildings are knit together Urban areas are becoming increasingly vulnerable to by a community smart grid extreme heat, flash floods, with digital interconnections. 6 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER water stress, droughts, and of climate action – it offers for all. This is a unique deteriorating air quality. cost-effective opportunities and timely opportunity to The built environment is for deep carbon reduction accelerate India’s leadership the converging platform and drive co-benefits for the on global progress towards where otherwise discrete human development index net zero embodied and sectors of the economy by providing health-inducing operational emissions in the become integrated, such spaces and a decent standard built environment and to as residential, commercial, of living.  help steer the world away and institutional buildings, from a dangerous, potentially appliances for cooling, This year India has taken catastrophic, climate trajectory. to the global stage with the In recent years, India’s GDP ventilation and air quality, G20 presidency, embracing is enjoying fast growth at transportation, and energy approximately a 5% annual infrastructure including the theme of Vasudahaiva growth rate to reach 2.67 Kutumbakam or “One Earth, trillion USD in 2020 (World distributed energy resources, One Family, One Future”, Bank, 2021). It is estimated each with their associated that India’s GDP will grow embodied and operational and guiding global actions to 1.2 trillion USD by 2050, towards energy transitions to approximately 5 times emissions. The COVID19 accelerate low-carbon growth increase from 2020. India is pandemic has drawn a sharp also experiencing a rapid focus on the nexus between and promote an eco-friendly urbanisation process – 36% lifestyle. To drive towards compared with 32.7% in 2015 the built environment and this goal, there must be an (World Bank, 2021), and 50.3% health (Singh et al., 2021). by 2050. Figure 1 illustrates Hence, in order to combat emphasis on decarbonisation India’s projected per capita of the built environment, GDP (IMF, 2016) and rural climate change, it is critical to electrification of aligned vs. urban population (Our develop policy, investment, World in Data, 2018). The and technology frameworks industrialised processes triple effects of population, and end uses; solutions for urbanisation, and GDP focused on driving hard-to-decarbonize steel decarbonisation of the built environment.  and cement production, and scaling emerging clean INTRODUCTION  energy policy and technology At the UN Climate Change deployment while serving Conference 2021, India’s for wellness and resilience Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a target Figure 1 Urbanization and per capita GDP growth in India of net zero emissions by 2070, to reduce projected carbon (Source: Our World in Data, 2018) emissions by one billion tons and the carbon intensity of India’s economy by 45% by 2030 (MoEFCC, 2022). India’s building sector alone accounts for 33% of emissions for a total of 907 million tons in 2020 (de la Rue du Can et al., 2019). Hence, built environment decarbonisation is at the core April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 7

THEME PAPER growth are projected to rooftop solar, wind, energy annual growth rate (CAGR) further exacerbate building storage (electric and thermal), in all building sectors, sector energy use.  and electric transport’s particularly residential, office, charging infrastructure that and retail. It is estimated HOW WE BUILD TODAY makes the context for building that 700 million sq. metres of SUSTAINABLY, WILL decarbonization even more commercial building space CHANGE THE COURSE significant. (Singh et al., 2021) were added over the last OF HISTORY India is projected to become decade and projected that 40% one of the biggest producers of the building stock that will Buildings globally account for of carbon emissions from exist by 2037 is yet to be built ~40% of global greenhouse buildings by 2050. The nation (IEA, 2021). The upcoming gas (GHG) emissions will witness a significant new construction presents with building operations increase in the commercial a unique opportunity to accounting for 28%, and and residential building stock, leapfrog into a low embodied embodied CaOnd2 emciossnisotnrus cfrtoiomn also galvanised by national carbon and resource- materials programs such as Housing efficient future by building it accounting for 11% (Figure for All, Smart Cities Mission, responsibly (Alliance for an 2). New construction and and the Prime Minister Awas Energy Efficient Economy, retrofits of buildings offer Yojana Programme. The 2018). By incorporating significant opportunities nation’s building energy use energy-efficient design and for reducing emissions. currently accounts for 33% of construction materials and While curbing energy and the nation’s energy use (IEA, strategies, buildings can resource waste, and using 2021). In pre-pandemic years, inherently have a reduced creative circularity are huge there was a high growth embodied energy footprint.  opportunities, buildings also trajectory of 8% cumulative are an inherent home for The fast growth of building Figure 2: Emissions from the buildings and construction sector, showing a floor space and energy use breakdown of embodied and operational emissions (Adapted from IEA, 2019) intensity underscores the rapid growth of building operational energy demand. For residential buildings, it is projected to grow from 400 TWh in 2020 to 2000 TWh in 2050, 5 times higher. In the commercial sector, total energy demand is projected to increase from 150 TWh in 2020 to 930 TWh in 2050, almost 7 times. To slash the building sector’s energy use and CtoO2 emission, it is critical implement buildings that consume low energy in both their production and operations. India’s building 8 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER stock is tripling its energy California has maintained per technologies is possible even capita electricity consumption performance index (EPI) to be nearly flat over the in commercial buildings past 40 years despite the with commercial buildings GDP growing expansively. (Singh et al., 2018). Vernacular This accomplishment slated to average an energy is due to investment in dwellings that have low- research, development, and use intensity of ~100+ kWh/ deployment of more efficient carbon construction and technologies, utility programs sqm/year, as compared to that help customers use operations, have been found those tools to lower their indigenous buildings at bills, and energy efficiency to be more resilient to climate standards for new buildings 30-70 kWh/sqm/year. In and appliances (NRDC, 2013). change when compared with California has implemented Class A office buildings with policies to achieve net zero modern dwellings. There is new construction through IT-intensive operations, a continuously revised and also increasing realisation upgraded building codes and growing building typology, standards. California’s new and scientific validation in commercial buildings are EPI is already at ~300+ kWh/ expected to achieve net zero the prudence and frugality energy by 2030. sqm/year, a tripling that underlying vernacular is attributable to a young habitations that have as a rule aspirational population, sustained on ‘close-looped’ exponential growth in cooling local ecosystem services. loads given the rapidly ZERO CARBON BUILT ENVIRONMENT: KEY warming cities, and increasing DRIVERS computational loads and service levels (Singh et al., 2018). Developing a low carbon Attaining low-carbon- scenario for India’s pathway scenarios for India’s commercial and residential built environment may be building sectors may assume accelerated through robust Studies conducted at that India will gradually benefits of international Lawrence Berkeley National develop net zero energy collaboration. International Laboratory have found that buildings, and net zero R&D projects can provide through cost-effective passive energy building annual findings beyond what one design and active energy new construction market team could achieve alone efficiency technologies and penetration will grow to by bringing a breadth of controls, energy use intensity 100% in 2050.  A potent knowledge and skillsets in air-conditioned buildings vision of a zero-carbon built and leveraging world-class can be effectively reduced environment promoting expertise to conduct specific to an energy performance equitable wellness and and projected baseline and index (EPI) of ~50 kWh/m2 resilience may be achieved mitigation models, data- in residential buildings and through three critical drivers: driven policy evaluations, and ~65 kWh/m2 in commercial Decarbonise, Democratise, technology assessments for buildings, and reduced Digitalise as shown in Figure various high-growth building to 30 kWh/m2 through 3 (Singh et al., 2021). typologies. International mixed-mode ventilation The first driver, decarbonisation is a collaboration can draw strategies. Achieving 30 fundamental need to address climate change and resilience upon approaches, tools, and kWh/ sqm/year through to withstand global warming and achieve net zero carbon in successful technological energy efficiency relying on practices of countries such as a combination of traditional the United States. The US state wisdom and innovative April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 9

THEME PAPER Figure 3 A vision for a zero-carbon built environment promoting equitable important processes wellness and resilience through a framework of the three drivers Decarbonise, include decarbonised Democratise, Digitalise. energy-intensive steel and cement manufacturing, and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) at cement plants, and harnessing carbon storage potential in buildings.  2. Reduction in operational carbon: Operational energy reduction requires progressive approach (Figure 5) that has been (Source: Singh, Mani, Joshi, 2021) shown to provide ~75% the Indian built environment integrating accessible and reduction in the use of by 2050. Decarbonisation affordable low-carbon active energy in high- represents the largest and materials, methods, and performing commercial most cost-effective levers for building assemblies. buildings. This climate action and approaches Figure 4 shows embodied progressive approach and includes approaches as and operational energy enables deep reductions detailed below:  for various building in capital expenses for 1. Reduction in embodied typologies. Approaches to renewables required to reduce embodied carbon deliver net zero energy carbon: Solutions to reduce include locally sourced buildings; entails the embodied carbon rely and re-utilized/ up- use of passive design on standards, labelling cycled materials, biogenic to reduce active energy and green procurement resources, and structural demand for space of low carbon materials, alternatives. The most cooling, lighting, and Figure 4: Embodied and operational energy for various building typologies appliances; improving (Mani & Reddy, 2012) energy equipment, monitoring and controls to reduce energy demand and waste; addressing the reduced energy demand using decarbonized energy sources, and implementing flexible building-to-grid management. 3. Reduction in resource use and waste through circularity of building materials and energy flows. 10 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER This is a regenerative Figure 5: Progressive approach for 75% reduction in operational energy. An illustrative example for commercial buildings (Singh et al., 2021) system in which resource input and waste, emission and energy leakage are realigned to be close- looped involving multiple stakeholders. This can be achieved through long-lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing and recycling (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). For instance, by developing supply chains integrating construction Democratisation approaches include: and demolition waste, clean energy, wellness, technology, communication that represents one of the and mobility to accommodate emerging aspirations, while largest waste fractions by 1. Low-energy solutions reinforcing faith and dignity in regional identity and volume, of which only responsive to regional and uniqueness.  one per cent is recycled cultural diversity, and in India, and closed nature-based solutions loop energy and water that are critical for systems.  achieving human health Thethirddriver,digitalisation Decarbonisation strategies and wellness; provides an integrative have the highest potential for reduced operational expenses, 2. Attention to inequity and platform for effective energy climate change adaptation and marginalisation given the mitigation, environmental fact that impacts of climate and resource utilisation and remediation and stewardship change would impact the that translates to gains along poorest and marginalised conservation in buildings, all three aspects of the triple communities the worst; bottom line, people, planet, and revitalising ecosystem and profit. services and biodiversity for equitable social harmony, health and resilience. 3. Global attitudinal Pervasive digitization across change, particularly the building lifecycle requires The second driver, amongst the youth, with strategic growth of national democratisation, addresses relation to India-specific computing and networking how communities can constitutional rights and infrastructure; digitization access affordable climate universal Sustainable of rich non-digital records responsive development Development Goals and design/construction with a combination of (SDGs). methodologies, and adoption novel innovation and of artificial intelligence traditional wisdom to ensure Democratisation would create on novel sources of data. equitable opportunity and resilience and wellness in access to upskilling, housing, Digitalisation approaches the living environment. include: April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 11

THEME PAPER 1. Connecting buildings March 2022, Indian climate and active technologies and communities across the lifecycle that can scientists warned that while to reduce energy demand be transformative several cities have heat action and has pursued advanced in achieving plans and early warnings refrigeration to improve decarbonization and for heatwaves, a lot of equipment efficiency. Other democratisation; and implemented adaptation strong macro-level context remains incremental. in India includes Kigali 2. Considering scientific Transformational adaptation Cooling Efficiency Program scrutiny on traditional for heat would involve a (UNEP, 2019), Sustainable building paradigms to complete shift in how we Development Goals, India’s provide a scientific basis build our cities – more space Nationally Determined to Indian construction for nature, more ventilation, Contribution under the Paris wisdom and its unique revised building codes – Agreement (MoEFCC, 2022), regional context. This how we work – shifting and Net Zero 2070 (World will unlock digitalization work timings, providing Economic Forum, 2021). given the radical shift cool shelters for exposed Cooling for thermal comfort from industrial age to livelihoods – and supporting in urban areas is a significant information age. the most vulnerable who are challenge. India is expected Digital transformation most at risk.  to have a 150 GW addition to facilitates decarbonization Given the rapid growth in its peak load due to increased and democratisation in the built environment through floor space, extreme urban cooling demand alone by unprecedented value creation heat and pollution, increased 2030, three times the size of to empower stakeholders.  intensity of energy use, and California’s peak load (IEA, service level requirements 2021). As air-conditioning How we build today India must address efficiency demand explodes, sustainably, will change the course of history. In the in this sector, particularly passive measures such as next two sections we detail two significant themes in the highest energy-using microclimatic vegetation for a sustainable built environment, i.e reduction end-use: space cooling. The effects, leveraging massing of active energy demand for space cooling through Ministry of Environment, and orientation, natural alternate technologies to achieve equitable thermal Forest, and Climate Change, ventilation and shading can comfort and wellness; and the concept of Net Zero Government of India has led effectively reduce the cooling Connected Communities.  the development of the India load. Measures such as cool Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) roofs and cool surfaces not 2019 (MoEFCC, 2022a) – a only reduce building cooling macro-level policy tool aimed load but can also mitigate to manage India’s cooling urban heat island effects, growth while neutralising which in turn, improve the potential harmful impacts building air-conditioning ALTERNATE and securing socioeconomic efficiency. Studies and TECHNOLOGIES TO ACHIEVE “THERMAL benefits. There is also progress experience have shown that COMFORT FOR ALL” through the voluntary Energy ceiling fans can provide good Conservation Building thermal comfort in tropical Code (ECBC) (Bureau of climate regions and save As an unusually early Energy Efficiency, 2017) cooling energy demand. heatwave struck India in that recommends passive The application of low GWP 12 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER refrigerants in cooling and This is detailed in the next zero goals, and occupants’ refrigeration systems is section. comfort and needs. In this another key action to cut way, interactive efficient non-CO2 greenhouse gas NET ZERO CONNECTED buildings can build demand emissions. Control systems COMMUNITIES (NZ2CS) flexibility and resilient can help buildings to reduce ARE THE FUTURE power infrastructure can be cooling, lighting, and plug incorporated.  loads, and also engage Buildings have a significant occupants to implement potential to transition NZ2Cs can provide energy savings behaviours.  from being isolated energy foundational opportunities consumers to energy efficient for clean energy policy and and low-carbon active energy technology innovation. This Hence, the key themes are prosumers, unlocking the is through building-to-grid community scale integration cooling decarbonization potential for dynamic energy with cost-effective distributed energy resources to harness pathways that must include efficiency, load flexibility, demand flexibility while providing equitable, reliable important considerations and renewables integration energy access. NZ2Cs can help decarbonise, through such as foundational shelter within the energy system. and thermal comfort through This transition could passive and active cooling, deliver significant cost and as well as adequate space, environmental savings ventilation, and daylighting. given new technologies, Democratisation of cooling Figure 6: Alternative building cooling concepts can be attained through considerations such as affordable housing that integrates protecting the poor and vulnerable communities from heat stress through nature-based solutions and passively cooled building design, fast adoption of EcoNiwas Samhita (ENS) and ECBC, and widespread scaling of non-refrigerant business models, enabling energy efficiency, clean technologies such as super- policies, human capacity, and renewables, energy storage efficient fans and air coolers. investments. This transition and EV charging for the Further, digitalization can be fuelled by net zero built transformation towards solutions such as sensors, environments with connected climate action and energy metres and controls can help communities. NZ2Cs security, digitalise, through optimise cooling (Figure 6). comprise groups of grid- connecting equipment, While cooling is a critical interactive efficient buildings buildings, EVs, and energy component of the building with diverse, flexible end use systems with people sector, the connection of equipment, and distributed and organisations, and buildings to the energy grid is energy resources that democratise, through the next frontier for research, collectively work to maximise empowering human capacity, development and deployment building, community, and inclusive innovation, and for attaining a net zero future. grid efficiency to meet net- equitable community April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 13

THEME PAPER participation through Figure 7: Direct Savings from Demand Response in Air Conditioning in green jobs and commercial Haryana, India (RMI, 2022) opportunities.   Studies suggest that load and leverage diversity of CONCLUSION reduction of residential loads at the community cooling loads for Haryana scale. It focuses on how India’s energy choices will (modelled for 2030) shows a to realise the potential matter and have a direct and potential to reduce up to 400 benefits of cost-effectiveness, far-reaching impact on the MW (2% of annual demand) optimised supply chains, lives of its growing population of peak load requirements energy efficiency, flexible and major indirect impacts of the state, allowing up load management, peak on the rest of the world. to INR 83 lacs per demand electricity demand and Through this paper we have response event in power energy cost reduction, as discussed the low carbon- purchase savings (Figure well as the critical economic, pathway scenarios for India’s 7). (RMI, 2022). It identifies environmental, and social commercial and residential existing barriers for the impacts of innovation, energy building sectors and also successful implementation of resilience, and energy access drawn upon approaches in grid connected communities, for all. the United States. the most pronounced being the lack of understanding It is important to identify of consumer behaviour and various barriers that exist at granular data availability on each point in the value chain critical/non-critical loads.  in India. Technologies must be developed, deployed, The U.S Grid-Interactive adopted, and utilised before As next steps, embodied Building National Roadmap their benefits can be realised. developed by the U.S. This is a space that is prime carbon is critical given Department of Energy’s for research and development Building Technology Office in India; it will require the new construction (BTO) can be an effective due diligence into the grid precedent for a similar systems, expert interviews, growth; and it is essential roadmap for India. The surveys, and workshops roadmap identifies the across key decision makers to analyse the technological most important barriers and stakeholders.  and outlines the key approaches including opportunities for full implementation of grid- reduction in resource use integrated efficient buildings and associated demand and waste, green steel and flexibility.  It underscores the policy and technology cement manufacturing, needs of integrating systems, infrastructures, and digital and integrating accessible communications and the extent to which NZ2Cs can and affordable low-carbon harness economies of scale materials, building assemblies and circular material and energy flows.  To address operational carbon, the use 14 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER of passive design methods action on a community scale apparatus, product, or process to reduce active energy is where the potential benefits disclosed, or represents that its demand for space cooling, of decarbonising the built use would not infringe privately lighting, and appliances is environment are accrued. owned rights. Reference herein essential. The goal would be Picture a whole campus or to any specific commercial to target an annual energy use neighbourhood full of energy- product, process, or service intensity (EUI) of <50kWh/ efficient homes, offices, by its trade name, trademark, m2 (up to 66% reduction in shops, and other buildings, manufacturer, or otherwise, energy use from baseline each with smart appliances does not necessarily constitute through energy efficiency) and all powered by on- or imply its endorsement, and only following that, to site renewable generation recommendation, or favoring by recommend decarbonized providing energy resilience the United States Government renewable energy to address and wellness. Electric vehicle or any agency thereof, or the the remaining 33% energy charging stations and energy Regents of the University of use in order to achieve net storage abound, and all the California. The views and zero building operations. This buildings are knit together opinions of authors expressed would be done by assessing by a community smart grid herein do not necessarily state or the techno-economic with digital interconnections. reflect those of the United States feasibility; environmental This will enable a blueprint Government or any agency and economic impact; digital for Indian policymakers to thereof or the Regents of the infrastructure requirements; start including this into the and policy/regulatory regional and city master plans University of California. support required for deep and integrate climate net decarbonization of buildings zero connected community REFERENCES and the biggest end-use, space framework at a rapid pace cooling. A feasibility study for to help reduce the emissions Alliance for an Energy advanced cooling, and net intensity by 45% by 2030 and Efficient Economy. (2018). zero connected communities achieve India’s net zero goal BUILDING STOCK in India is recommended to before 2070. MODELLING. https:// capture stakeholder use cases www.aeee.in/wp-content/ and synthesise the benefits of Disclaimer uploads/2018/09/Building- these approaches to harness Stock-Modeling-Revised- the three drivers: decarbonize, This document was prepared as pager.pdf democratise, and digitalise. an account of work sponsored by It is also recommended to the United States Government. BEE (2017). Energy leverage the economies of Conservation Building Code. scale, diversity of building While this document is believed Bureau of Energy Efficiency, typologies, and capacity for to contain correct information, New Delhi renewables at the community neither the United States scale to address the top Government nor any agency De la Rue du Can, S., barriers to overcome barriers thereof, nor the Regents of the Khandekar, A., Abhyankar, to NZ2C scaling. University of California, nor any N., Phadke, A., Khanna, N. Z., of their employees, makes any Fridley, D., & Zhou, N. (2019). No building is an island, and warranty, express or implied, or Modeling India’s energy assumes any legal responsibility future using a bottom-up for the accuracy, completeness, approach. Applied Energy, 238, or usefulness of any information, 1108–1125. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apenergy.2019.01.065 Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy – A new sustainability April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 15

THEME PAPER paradigm? Journal of Cleaner MoEFCC. (2022b). India’s BUILT ENVIRONMENT: Production, 143, 757–768. Updated First Nationally Decarbonize, Democratize https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Determined Contribution Under and Digitalize India’s Built jclepro.2016.12.048 Paris Agreement. Environment: A 2050 Vision NRDC. (2013). California’s for Wellness and Resilience. IEA. (2021). Renewables Energy Efficiency Success https://www.iisc.ac.in Integration in India. www.iea. Story. https://www.nrdc. org/t&c/- org/sites/default/files/ca- Singh, R., Ravache, B., & success-story-FS.pdf Sartor, D. (2018). Transforming IEA. (2021). World Energy Our World in Data. (2018). State-of-the-Art into Best Outlook 2021. www.iea.org/ Urban and rural population Practice: A Guide for High- weo projected to 2050. Https:// Performance Energy Efficient Ourworldindata.Org/ Buildings in India. https://doi. IMF. (2016). World Economic Grapher/Urban-and-Rural- org/10.2172/1433127 Outlook, October 2016: Population-2050?Time=2010. Subdued Demand: Symptoms Latest&country=~IND . UNEP. (2019). Kigali Cooling and Remedies. International Satchwell, A., Ann Piette, M., Efficiency Programme. Monetary Fund. Khandekar, A., Granderson, Https://Www.Unep.Org/ J., Mims Frick, N., Hledik, R., Mani, M., & Reddy, B. (2012). Faruqui, A., Lam, L., Ross, S., Ozonaction/Kigali-Cooling- Cohen, J., Wang, K., Urigwe, Efficiency-Programme. Sustainability in human D., Delurey, D., Neukomm, settlements: Imminent M., & Nemtzow, D. (2021). material and energy A National Roadmap for USAID. (2019). Greenhouse challenges for buildings in Grid-Interactive Efficient Gas (GHG) Emissions by Sector. India. Journal of the Indian Buildings. http://ghgplatform-india. Institute of Science, 92, 145–162. Singh, R., Mani, M., Joshi, S., org/data-and-emissions/ Bhatia, A., Mathew, P., Fang, afolu.html. W., Berkeley, L., Laboratory, MoEFCC. (2022). India’s N., Kumar, M., Rao, R. R., World Bank. (2021). GDP Stand at COP-26. https:// & Priyadharshani, S. (2021). growth data (annual %). pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage. TRANSFORMING INDIA’S H t t p s : / / D a t a . Wo r l d b a n k . aspx?PRID=1795071 O rg / I n d i c a t o r / N Y. G D P. MKTP.KD.ZG. MoEFCC.(2022a).IndiaCooling Action Plan. Https://Pib.Gov. World Economic Forum. in/PressReleaseIframePage. (2021). Mission 2070: a Green Aspx?PRID=1805795. New Deal for a Net Zero India. INDIA AND THE G20 India has been an active member of the country’s history in 2023. G20 since its inception. India has also been The presidency of the G20 offers a unique working to ensure that the developmental opportunity for India to push through its issues receive a major focus on the G20. India developmental agenda, and support the cause has taken over the presidency of the G20s of the developing economies. Interestingly, this in December 2022 from Indonesia and will year the troika comprises of Indonesia (past hold the post for one year. Various events chair), India (present chair) and Brazil (future are being held in this connection across the chair), all developing economies. country, and will culminate in hosting of the leaders’ summit for the first time in the 16 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER INDIA’S G20 LEADERSHIP AND SUSTAINABLE HABITAT A.K. JAIN G20 India Presidentship offers a and urbanisation are affecting unique opportunity to share the rich the micro-climate and human experience of India in the habitat health. sector, and to learn from the member countries. The paper addresses the India is the third largest Urban 20 issues and approaches for ceommitetesrfroofmCeOn2e, rogfywsehcitcohr 73% “The cornerstone of making a climate sensitive and sustainable and habitat planning. 63% from electricity generated city resilient and low carbon from fossil fuels. India is INTRODUCTION is to adopt a circular lifecycle In 2030, India is expected also vulnerable to natural to be the most populated approach. It entails an country, with over 1.5 billion disasters, floods and about inhabitants, over a sixth of integrated approach towards world’s population. India 33% of its land is affected by will have the world’s largest the nature (climate, greens workforce and the world’s desertification or degradation. third largest economy. This needs a renewed focus and low carbon), the people The ongoing process of on human wellbeing, secure urbanisation is vital for (socio-economic, circular economic growth, as 70% jobs, infrastructure and of new jobs will be created economy, culture, education, in cities, putting pressure conservation of environment on infrastructure and the health, mobility, community environment. The cities in for a sustainable and India are facing the challenges participation) and fourth of pollution, water and energy integrated development. shortages, jobs, climate industrial revolution (digital change, transportation, and utilities. Climate change planning, smart, intelligent has become an imminent In response to a 2022 Report reality with a rise in global on the climate crisis, compiled and interconnected processes, temperatures, changes in by 270 researchers from 67 rainfall, floods, droughts countries, Antanio Guterres, SCADA, block chain, discreet and intense heat waves. UN Secretary General stated The increasing emissions, that the Report is ‘an atlas of optimisation, algorithm, AI, heat, fossil fuel usage for human suffering and a damning transportation and electricity, indictment of failed climate big data, etc.”. leadership. With fact upon fact, it reveals how people and Key Words: G20, Sustainable planet are getting clobbered by Development, Climate Change, climate change’. The UN 2019 Circular economy, AI Global Status Report for Mr. A. K. Jain ([email protected]) Building and Construction is a Former Commissioner (Planning), Sector states that these sectors Delhi Development Authority account for 36% of energy use and 39% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, 11% of April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 17

THEME PAPER which is from manufacturing • Cooperation and Mobility; building materials. Currently, dialogue; 90% of India’s workforce • India Urban Data belong to the informal sector, • Policy, technology and contributing more than half of institutional reforms; Exchange, National its GDP. However, informality and is leading to precarious Urban Learning Platform, jobs, health, education and food security issues. In this Smart Code, National context, the only way out is the engagement of urban • Partnership among Urban Development sector with the Sustainable Development Goals, and public and private Mission, GIS based adopting an integrated approach towards the well- sector, civil society and Property Records and being, infrastructure and environment. academia. Transaction; The United Nations Some of the initiatives • Infrastructure and Conference of the Parties (CoP undertaken include the 2021 and 2022) has committed following: recycling platform to limit global warming to 1.5 degree Celsius by the for plastic waste and year 2100. This necessitates reducing the use of fossil e-waste; fuels by replacing them with new sources, such as solar PV, • SUNDAR India • Global initiative green hydrogen, green metals, (Sustainable Urban carbon capture, solid state Network for Dynamic on disaster risk batteries, electric vehicles, ethanol blended fuels, heat and Resilient India); management; pumps and electric and hydrogen powered transport. • Net Zero Green Growth, • Model Eco- Villages; This transition can synergise Decarbonisation; partnerships and exchange • Saptrishi Priorities for of innovative technologies • LiFE (Lifestyle for Green Growth; among G-20 countries. India Environment); is at a unique position for • Sustainable Procurement cooperation at global level • Strategic partnership for and Lifestyle Analysis; and has partnered with the the implementation of and EU, Germany and several the Paris Agreement; other countries. India, in its • PM Gati Shakti Master G-20 leadership role, has been • International Solar Plan for infrastructure working on Urban -20, which Alliance; projects. is based on the three pillars: • Establishing Climate TOWARDS CLIMATE Centre for Cities; SENSITIVE DESIGN APPROACH • Institutionalisation of Capacities on Climate A climate-sensitive design Change; approach (CSDA) recognizes that the design of a built-up • Solutions for a circular area directly influences the economy; climatic comfort in an urban environment. Green urban • Sustainable, Circular planning combines climate systems for solid waste sensitive solutions and management; adaptation strategies in the context of the SDGs, national • Enabling Gender and local policies. green and Responsive and integrated urban planning. Universal Urban 18 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER Fig. 1: Sustainable Project Compass Developed by SERA, Architects systems of construction, Converges Health, Happiness, Knowledge, Equity, Community, Ecology, greens, water and waste Water, Energy, Financial and Material aspects in its Planning (Portland, management. Oregon) Climate sensitive design approach covers the following (Fig.3): • Energy and Green Building; • Water Resources and Waste Management; • Mobility and Improved Water Quality; • Urban planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity; Source: Kathrine Logan (2022) The Conversation, Architectural Record, • Basic Amenities; and April For a scientific analysis of and heritage. These plans • Good Governance manifest innovative concepts carbon emissions and impact of sustainable and circular The cornerstone of making a economy, low carbon energy, on climate change, a climate climate resilience and circular city resilient and low carbon Fig. 2: The Climate Centre for compass can be developed Cities is to adopt a circular lifecycle for the urban processes- Source: NIUA (2022) Climate approach. It entails an Centre for Cities, New Delhi ecology, resources, health and integrated approach towards wellbeing and place making the nature (climate, greens (Fig. 1). It predicts the impact and low carbon), the people of various urban projects on (socio-economic, circular the environment and climate. economy, culture, education, There is a need to establish health, mobility, community dedicated climate centres for participation) and fourth cities (Fig. 2). Technology, industrial revolution (digital Artificial Intelligence, planning, smart, intelligent Inclusive and Deep Learning and interconnected processes, can help in this task (Fig. 3). SCADA, block chain, discreet In this digital age, it is optimisation, algorithm, AI, necessary that land use- based Master Planning is big data, etc.). replaced by five-year horizon local area plans, while their URBAN INFORMATICS vision may extend to 20 years, which integrate the FOR URBAN PLANNING ecology, built environment, service network, transport AND INFRASTRUC- TURE SERVICES The breakthrough in digital technology and informatics April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 19

THEME PAPER Fig. 3: Climate Resilient Habitat Design Approach For a transition towards a green and clean economy, Source: GIZ (2022) Leaving Green Footprints Behind, www.giz.de smart, resilient, and low carbon infrastructure services, has multiplied space, energy Sector–focused, cluster–based transport and governance, the and time. It is time that new intelligent city strategies can GIS, SDI, big data analytics, forms of energy, services, set in motion innovation ERP solutions, digital construction and recycling mechanisms and enhance dashboard, block chain, AI, are evolved, characterized sustainability. The ICT can help ML DL, etc. have become by online exchange of in the integration of citizen essential. These have already information, interactions, participation, governance infiltrated the planning, dynamic networks and and online consultation design, engineering and floating nodes. Integration of over plans and programmes architectural offices, changing land use, utilities, transport of local development. The the processes and practices. and building on a common urban processes need to Parametricism, 3D printing, network helps optimize space be compatible to circular AI and Realtime Simulations efficiency use and space economy by adoption of new and allow dynamic, real- configurations, eliminating technologies, such as digital time interactions with unused or under performing block chain, combinatorial the line departments, space. Utilities need ways to and discrete optimisation, stakeholders, and the users. optimize the resources and algorithms, complexity theory, AI also provides an urban equipment while minimizing artificial intelligence, big data, performance and evaluation “windshield time”. and the ubiquitous cloud. toolbox, giving real-time feedback and simulations. It enables classification, sorting, filtering, strategic search and the exploration of various options and solutions through intuiting algorithmic, and image-based modalities. GREEN AND RESILIENT BUILDINGS, HOUSING AND AMENITIES A low carbon and green building is resilient, sustainable and net zero. It is a synergy between various components such as energy, water, materials, wastes, land, indoor environment, etc. The heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation, and powering of buildings are responsible 20 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER for approximately 40% of the The Technology Sub-Mission addressing sustainability total energy use. As buildings under the Pradhan Mantri are the largest energy users, Awas Yojana (PMAY), one of issues and reducing carbon incorporating energy storage the world’s largest housing into them will increase the program, has pioneered new emissions. Computer-Aided resilience of the total energy technologies for housing distribution network and and slum rehabilitation by a Manufacturing (CAM) enable widespread use of partnership approach. Up to renewable energy. 40% of bonus built-up area and Computer Integrated for market sale makes the projects self-financing, cross Manufacturing (CIM) are subsidising the poor. Similar bundling strategies have been useful in reducing emissions, adopted for financing the large infrastructure projects dust and GH gases. The like airports, railway stations, bus terminals, highways, etc. simulation of construction Such approaches can be the By passive design and models for G-20 countries. process enables better control low embodied materials, of time, machine, expenditure the buildings can be more and the manpower, and could climatically comfortable. reduce carbon emissions, Such materials include costs and time by half to one- third. carbon-negative cements, low After the corona pandemic, the trend is shifting towards carbon steel, fibre, gypsum, healthy spaces and work from home (WFH). This basalt, fibre composite bars, emphasises upon open office, biophilic design with natural bamboo, etc. Prefabricated light, greenery, atrium and courtyards, which help in and pre-engineered systems Building Information better indoor air quality. The building must conform to contribute to lower the carbon Modelling (BIM) can simulate accessibility standards for people with disabilities. emissions, dust, time and the entire construction costs in construction (Fig. 4). sequence beforehand Fig. 4: End-to-end control of building design, manufacturing, construction, and operations achieve targets at lower cost and time Form based codes have been recommended by the MoHUA (2019) and IRSDC (2021), which are based on urban design approach that addresses the specific location of the site, such as Transit Oriented Development Zone or heritage zone, infrastructure potential and the volumetric development of the properties. Accordingly, a regulatory plan comprising Source: Kattera, Key Assemblies, and Curtis, Craig (2020) Architecture at the building envelope, public Scale: Reimagining One‐Off Projects as Building Platforms, Architectural Design space, building services and environmental norms is developed. April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 21

THEME PAPER URBAN HEAT The New Delhi Municipal Development (ZED) can MITIGATION AND reduce the energy demand CLIMATE RESILIENCE Council (NDMC) has been and consequential pollution. In a dense built-up area, the using thesein New Delhi. Smart Micro-Grids, hot air dome, i.e. heat island, affects the microclimate. Google plans to map street by Distributed Energy Systems There are irregular rains, dry spells or flash floods. The street air pollution, and the (DES), Micro-Districts and greenery and open space in windward direction and active sensors will measure Anchor Micro grids should cooler surface materials (roads, parking, buildings, aCnOd2, pCaOrti,cuNlaOtex, NmOat2t,ero. zTohnee be linked with renewable roofs, etc.) help in mitigating energy network and energy the effects of climate change data can be used to analyses efficiency. A series of low and urban heat island. This needs preparation of a city- the issues, sources and carbon zones across the city wide Heat Mitigation Plan and mandatory use of heat project various options and with co-located tri-generation reflective and permeable materials for rooftops, actively schedule to assign energy systems (combining pavements and roads. Insulation, white paint, the responsibilities, project power, cooling and heating), cavity walls,water fountains, vegetation and cross management, including can lead to ‘green energy’. ventilation can also mitigate the urban heat. timelines and monitoring.Air AIR QUALITY shed planning, use of cooler The energy guzzling air- conditioning can be avoided Air quality data is significant and light shaded surfaces/ by innovative methods like to gaining a thorough Net Zero Energy Design, understanding of local materials, prefabricated and variable refrigerant volume air pollution. Recent (VRV) system, earth air tunnel technological advancements recycled materials, including (EAT), thermal storage and have made it possible to Passive Evaporative Draught gather data, with low-cost construction and demolition Cooling (PEDC) systems. monitoring devices and District cooling is an efficient advanced methods of collating wastes in construction and option to air-condition a and analysing it. This helps cluster of buildings (Fig. to gain an understanding of repair of roads and buildings, 5). Lower ambient lighting pollution levels, their causes with bionic controls and and effect. Now-a-days, smart can help in reducing urban integration of natural light electricity poles with sensors with high performance are available to monitor heat, air pollution and dust. glazing combined with light pollution parameters along sensors can save energy use with light, CCTV, Wi-Fi, etc. GREEN ENERGY in a building. Synchronized lighting control systems can According to the Economic be designed to match building Survey (GOI 2023) by the year loads and schedules, which 2029-30, of the total installed are segmented into multiple energy capacity of 800 GW, zones to allow intelligent 500 GW would be from non- controllability. The Energy fossil fuel sources, resulting Conservation Building Code in decline of 29% of carbon (2017) providesthe guidance emissions. India aims to for low carbon, energy achieve net-zero emission by efficient building design. 2070 that needs shifting from fossil fuel to electric vehicles, green hydrogen, biofuels, etc. Low carbonenergy would be derived from renewable sources, such as biofuels, wind, tidal and solar power. The concept of energy efficiency, renewable energy and Zero-fossil Energy 22 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER Fig. 5: Energy Efficient District Cooling exchange, recycling, energy efficiency, and innovative Source: www.giz.de/el Zero run-off drainage with the technology. provision of swales, retention A city should be able to grow WATER CONSERVA- ponds, etc. can optimize its own food and minimize TION AND MANAGE- retention of rainwater locally. its footprint. This is possible MENT Besides these measures, by vertical farms, rooftop, water efficient taps/fittings, and household agriculture With increasing river dual plumbing, recycling of and by using wastewater for pollution, building over wastewater by DEWATS and irrigation. Satellite controlled wetlands and drying of adoption of new technologies, park and lawn micro- water bodies, several cities such as Block chain and irrigation system cuts water in India have become water SCADA systems, can help in consumption and pumping stressed. Only 18% of the a more efficient water supply. power. Wastewater recycling, renewable water resource with dual piping would is being recycled, and only LOCAL FOOD reduce water demand. Vertical 10% of the annual rainfall is farms could reduce fertilizer being harvested in India. To PRODUCTION and freshwater use, shorten overcome these problems, transport and recycle grey water sources need to be The urban farming can be water otherwise dumped by planned and managed as integrated as part of green treatment plants. Collecting circular systems. The water urban planning (GUP). The rainwater and growing food bodies, wetlands and the system is based on different locally in urban areas can rivers need to be protected waste and resource flows respond to the challenges of by sanitation/sewerage in agriculture and food transport, urban-rural divide, interception, and by recycling production, focusing on waste Fig. 6: Retrofitted Shipping and treatment of wastewater. Containers used for creating multi-storied urban farms-cum- apartments in Seattle’s Proposed Centre for Urban Agriculture (Mithun Architects) Source: Azure, September 2008 April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 23

THEME PAPER biodiversity, social equity, compost. Biotechnology, railway/metro lines should waste minimization, and enzyme based STP, bio- provide safe crossings for energy(Fig 6). remedial treatment, vessel pedestrians, wheelchairs, prams and animals Multi- GREEN INFRASTRUC- system, sludge gas/energy modal integration, last TURE AND INTELLI- recovery, vermi-culture, mile connectivity and GENT UTILITIES fossilization and compositing e-governance are the pillars options can be adopted of sustainable urban mobility. Green infrastructure has an for solid and liquid waste The inverted pyramid of important role to play in the management. Underground green transportation indicates adaptation and mitigation pneumatic conveying systems linkages, cycling and public of climate change. Such are more hygienic, economical transport need to be given infrastructure is adopted to and avoid movement of trucks priority over private cars. build thermally comfortable Compact development can outdoor spaces, improve for transportation of wastes. optimise urban footprint aesthetics, and increase and need to travel. A better the water conservation by CLEAN TRANSPORT dispersal of traffic can be reducing surface runoff, AND TRANSIT ORIENT- achieved by a finer grid increasing infiltration, and ED DEVELOPMENT of roads with a maximum improving urban drainage spacing of 250 m roads and management. It also includes As urban transport contributes 100 m for NMTs/pedestrians. green/public spaces, bio nearly two-thirds of the total retention cells, and landscaped suspended particulate matter ENHANCING SOFT depressions that capture and and 18 per cent of carbon MOBILITY infiltrate storm water, green emissions, it is necessary to roofs and wetlands. provide sustainable modes The walkability network of transit run by alternative analysis is based on two key Surveys reveal that fuels, like electric batteries, indicators: approximately 40% of green hydrogen, ethanol urban population in India blended gasoline, etc. is not covered by sewerage, Integrated Transit Corridors i Service catchment area sanitation, drainage and (ITC), integrating BRT, Metro, calculates the total length solid waste disposal. Various and trains, together with of sidewalk necessary alternative technologies, pedestrian and cycle lanes, to reach the dwellings, based on the use of IT, can be flanked by high- shops, and workplaces simulation, block chain and density developments. In from the bus stop/metro automation can make the existing cities, the 15 minutes station at 100, 200 and services smart and intelligent. Paris model, can be adapted, 400 meters; and which means maximum 15 The common method of land km distance by metro/trams, ii Urban permeability 8 to 10 km by bus/car/2 indicator calculates the filling for solid waste disposal wheelers, 2 km by cycle and 1 average perimeter of an is an environmental disaster. km by walk. Instead, decentralized urban block by weighing its impact on pedestrians’ systems based on 5 R movement. strategy of reduce, refuse, Existing roads can be reuse, recovery and recycling revamped and landscaped to should be explored. Three enhance space for pedestrians, These requires the following: cyclists and public transit bins provide separate bins systems. All highways and • Consolidated public green, which is for trash, recyclables and 24 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

THEME PAPER universally accessible, Fig 7: Consolidated public green, which is universally accessible, is more rather than strips of functional rather than strips of setbacks. setbacks (Fig. 7); • Connect pedestrian spaces with tree arcades, awnings, or canopies; • Provide green infrastructure (swale or infiltration areas) in open areas and along the roads; • Plan shelters at 5-minute walk at distances of 100– 150 meters; • Design transit priority Source: IRSDC (2021) Codes for Commercial Development on Railway areas and wide sidewalks Land, New Delhi to provide barrier-free areas for pedestrians; line departments and can be used to provide and communities on a platform for e-service delivery. The system services to enhance users • Reduce wind speed is mobile and internet based by planting shading, and is dynamically  scalable. experience, such as high- deciduous trees. It helps in technology enabled management of land, speed communication and infrastructure, planning and development for better co- data management, carbon- ordination, cost and time It is necessary to digitise all management. emission accounting and the parking spaces includ- ing under stilts, multi-level performance objectives. structures, on roofs and un- derground spaces. Seamless This implies integration of multimodal public transport system would work better by green concepts with smart, adoption of single ticketing and restructuring of land uses ICT based technology to by transit-oriented develop- ment. Digital parking meters optimise their performance, tell mobile phone when a space opens, reducing traffic Smart chips can be embedded monitoring and maintenance. caused by drivers trolling for parking. almost in every urban service, CONCLUSION such as smart street poles, India’s G20 Presidency offers an opportunity to realise which collect air pollution the theme of Vasundhaiva Kutumbakam- One Earth, data, provide internet, One Family, One Future and make the human settlements CCTV with the facility of an inclusive, resilient and sustainable. This needs emergency call. With digital working out innovative and comprehensive measures chips getting embedded to improve the built environment, livelihoods, AN INTELLIGENT in a city’s epidermal and COMMUNITY NETWORK exoskeletal level and its connective tissues, cities are increasingly getting An intelligent geo-portal digitally scripted and coded. can bring together various Information technology April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 25

POLICY REVIEW urban governance and Cambridge University Press, for Tax Services and Solutions, structural transformation UK and New York Mumbai propelling green growth, prosperity and equity. The IRSDC (2021) Codes for NCAER (2020). Land concepts of Sustainable Commercial Development on Records and Services Index Urban Networks for Dynamic Railway Land, New Delhi (N-LRSI-2020) NCAER New and Resilient (SUNDAR) and Delhi Lifestyles for Environment Jain A.K. (2021) Environment, (LiFE) can be adapted and Ninni Westerholm (2021) extended to all the G-20 Urbanisation and Stages of CircularConstruction countries. Life Cycle, UNEP Development, Discovery NIUA (2022) Climate Centre Publishing House, New Delhi for Cities, NIUA, New Delhi REFERENCES Jain A.K. (2018) City Planning Røstvik, Harald N (1992) The for a Changing India, Bookwell Sunshine Revolution, Sun Publishers, New Delhi lab Publications, Stavanger, Norway ADB/Egis (2021) Green Urban Jain, A.K. (2015) Smart Cities: Planning Consultant’s Report, Vision and Action. Discovery seelearning.emory.edu Asian Development Bank, Publishing House, New Delhi, Manila UNDESA (2017) World Jain A.K. (2011) Making Population Prospects, New Azure (2008) Urban Farm- Infrastructure Work, Discovery York cum-Apartments in Seattle, Publishing House, New Delhi. Mithun Architects, September UNESCO & MGIEP (2017) Kathrine Logan (2022) The Textbooks for Sustainable Baudh Raj, Kumar and Conversation, Architectural Development, A Guide to Mohammed Salim (2022) Record, April Embedding, UNESCO and Ancient Waters for the Future, Mahatma Gandhi Institute Shashwat, TERI, New Delhi Kattera, Key Assemblies, of Education, Peace and and Curtis, Craig (2020) Sustainability, New Delhi Burry, Mark (2020) Urban Architecture at Scale: Futures: Designing the Reimagining One‐Off Projects UNESCO (2015), Levels of Digitised City, Architectural as Building Platforms, Sustainable Development, Design, Vol. 90 (3) John Wiley, Architectural Design UNESCO, Paris Sussex, UK Klaus, Daniels, (1994) The UN Habitat (2021) Block chain DUAC/Amit Ghoshal (2014), Technology of Ecological for Urban Development, UN Chittaranjan Park Project, Building. Birkhauser, Verlag, Habitat, Nairobi DUAC, New Delhi Berlin. UN Habitat and NIVA (2022) DUAC/Amit Ghoshal (2015), McKinsey Global Institute Leaving No One Behind, UN Punjabi Bagh Project, DUAC, Habitat, Nairobi New Delhi (2010) India’s Urban UN Habitat (2022) Awakening, Building Inclusive Intermediary Cities and Climate Change, UN Habitat, GIZ (2022) Leaving Green Cities, Sustaining Economic Nairobi Footprints Behind, www.giz. de Growth, Mumbai Verma, Seema (2022) Towards Data Science, Reproduced in Gupta, Jit Kumar (2022) MOHUA (2015) Guidelines for Shshwat, TERI, New Delhi Making Cities Net Zero Smart Cities, New Delhi Carbon, ITPI Journal, Oct-Dec. Muller Dominique (2004) IPCC (2021) Climate Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism, Birkhauser, Basel Change Working Group NASSCOM- McKinsey (2022) Sustainability Opportunity III, 6th Assessment Report, 26 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW TOWARDS A NEW “INDIA URBANISATION POLICY-2023” PROF. N The paper highlights the need for of activities, exchange, and RANGANATHAN a new urbanization policy 2023 movement, emit high volume in the context of India’s urban of carbon, they are critical in “It is prudent and important development; and outlines its fulfilling the commitment. to formulate, enunciate and possible components. The paper implement a comprehensive lays out a vision for the new India is experiencing new urbanisation policy to urbanization policy – from policy, guide, direct and facilitate planning to its implementation demographic transformation urbanization and urban mechanism. growth to contribute to from predominantly rural to national goals and objectives. INTRODUCTION The new India Urbanisation predominantly urban. India’s Policy-2023 (IUP-2023) needs India has Resolved and to be multi-dimensional.” Committed- resolved to urbanization is described in be developed by 2047; Professor Ranganathan (jayaranga8@ and committed to Net many ways: rapid, massive gmail.com) is former Professor of Zero Carbon Emission by Transport Planning and Dean of 2070. Both are critical and and even reluctant. Rational Studies, SPA, Delhi. arduous. It is now the duty and responsibility of all Planning, Development, stakeholders– Governments, Industry, Academia, Service Operation and Management Providers and above all the People to organise their (PDOM) of urban areas call thoughts and actions towards fulfilment of the above resolve for concerted attention and and commitment. As urban areas are centres of production action. Unfortunately, the and consumption of Goods and Services; generators of pyramid of Urban PDOM is Economic Momentum; and contribute a large share of inverted: very little planning, the National GDP, they are key to achieve there solution. slightly better Development, As urban areas, as centres struggle with Operation and exhaustive Management. Each succeeding layer needs to tackle the residual problems left by the previous layer before attending to its own sphere of action. The result is the exasperating and frustrating failures of management measures to resolve the issues. The pyramid needs to be inverted and made to stand on a broad base of Planning tapering gently to its apex. April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 27

POLICY REVIEW INDIA URBANISATION: in 1988. Consequently, many economics (with a gender bias SHARE AND SIZE urban development schemes thrown in). In addition, there were initiated indifferent are “Notified” urban centres. World population has Five-Year Plans, the current It is interesting to note that reached 8 billion. The first one being the National Smart there are more ‘notified urban billion was reached in 1820 Cities Mission. Large sums of centres’ than “census towns.” after millenniums of human money have been invested. Presently’, there are only existence. The eighth billion However, the outcomes have about 8000 urban settlements happened in only 12 years. been disappointing. Urban as against more than six The global population is problems and issues continue lakh rural settlements. expected to reach 10 billion to be critical. Attention Many countries consider by 2050. India has a major gets limited to project settlements with 2000/5000 share of world population. management. Policy and peopleas Urban. If 5000 size At 1.3 billion, it accounts for Planning get neglected. is considered, then another 16% of world population. about 24,000 settlements get Estimates indicate that it The NUP 1988 is aged. There defined as urban. That would would be about 1.6 billion have been drastic changes in all add about 150 million people by 2050. Some recent studies spheres of development. New to urban category, taking the indicate that there is a decline challenges have arisen and urban share to nearly 50%. in population growth and it there are new opportunities. would be about one billion. It is prudent and important The NUP to define a human to formulate, enunciate and settlement, with 5000 or more The urban population is implement a comprehensive people, as urban. fast growing and is about new urbanisation policy to 0.4 billion at present. It is guide, direct and facilitate Promote accelerated estimated to be 0.8 billion, a urbanization and urban Urbanisation share of 50%, by 2050. While growth to contribute to doubling of urban population national goals and objectives. It is estimated that by 2050, in three decades is massive, The new India Urbanisation India’s population would be still, to achieve developed Policy-2023 (IUP-2023) needs about 1600 million with 50% status and be a $30 trillion to be multi-dimensional. urban. Though the addition of economy, it is imperative The main components of IU urban population is massive, that the urbanisation process Pedis cussed in the following still to achieve developed is accelerated to achieve sections. status and be a $ 30 trillion share of 80% by 2050. It is a economies, it is imperative stupendous, but necessary NEW INDIA URBANISA- that the urbanisation process task. TION POLICY (2023) is accelerated. INDIA URBANISATION Revise Urban Definition The policy objective needs to POLICY (1988) be to achieve 80% urban by The present definition of 2050.It is a stupendous task There was great euphoria “Urban Settlement” in and high expectations when India is complex (Census but a necessary one. the National Urbanisation Towns). It combines aspects Policy (NUP) was enunciated of demography, spatial and Promote Directed Urbanisation While aiming at “Accelerated 28 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW Urbanisation,” it is equally The establishment of PURA under development, coupled important to promote would include: 1) Grouping with digital technology, “Directed Urbanisation” in of several adjoining villages offer a unique opportunity terms of many small and to contain a population of a for corridor pattern of medium size towns. Growth few thousand; 2) Connecting urbanisation. of metropolitan cities, both the villages in the group with in number and size, needs to each other by a circular road; Promote Balanced be discouraged. Aggregation 3) Operation of transport and concentration of people service along the interlinking Urbanisation Pattern and activities are no more road; 4) Location of secondary necessary or relevant. and tertiary sector activities in The pattern of urbanisation Planning and development of the villages with distribution by states/regions, is Provision of Urban Facilities of the different types of highly skewed. States like in Rural Areas (PURA) activities in different villages. Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil offer an opportunity in this People from each village Nadu are comparatively direction. would be moving to all other highly urbanised while villages to avail of the urban some like Odisha, Bihar, PURA, conceptualised facility. This would promote Uttar Pradesh are low social cohesion amongst the in urbanisation. The by Prof. Indiresan and villagers. Over a period, the comparative economic status PURA would obtain some is correlated to urbanisation vigorously promoted by characteristics of an urban level. The policy is to area, while retaining rural accelerate the urbanisation of the then President of India, activities. PURA heralds the all the states. The objective to change in the direction of be that no state has less than Dr. Abdul Kalam, was urbanisation. The change 50% urbanisation. will be the shift away from completely misunderstood big cities to small cellular communities. The change and misinterpreted as rural is from RURBAN (rural to urban) to CiVILLAGE, a term development by the field coined by Kakodkar (city to village). implementers. The national One important factor Promote Corridor Pattern of promoting urbanisation is objective is to double the Urbanisation the degree of accessibility and connectivity. Presently, income of farmers. To do this, The urbanisation pattern India has a major programme needs to change from of intense development of some have opined that it is “Cluster Pattern” to one transport and communication of “Corridor Pattern” all system in terms of massive necessary to move half the along the transport network development of road and system. The extensive road rail networks and Digital rural population out of their and rail network systems Technology. This, coupled with other programmes, villages into urban centres. should help in achieving a balanced urbanization This is a complex task with pattern. many negative impacts. PURA provides an alternative strategy. It envisages movement of secondary and tertiary activities into rural areas to provide economic opportunities to the surplus rural labour at the village itself. Instead of demographic Accessibility and connectivity are factors enabling shift, it is occupational urbanisation. India has a major transformation. April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 29

POLICY REVIEW program of infrastructure plans, in the Third Five be more regulators, usurping development. The present Year Plan, helped in the the power of the Local pattern favors the already preparation of Master Plans Authorities. highly urbanised states. for many cities and town. This At present, infrastructure was followed by enactment of Promote Low Density—Low development is following Town and Country Planning Rise Urban Form demand. The emphasis needs Acts in the States. Several, to be changed. The policy is Planning and Development Delhi Master Plan 2041 to be that infrastructure leads Authorities were also set up to has envisaged to contain development. Accelerated implement the Master Plans. a population of 30 million development of infrastructure Since, urban development has over an extent of 1485 sq. of the low urbanised States received attention and funds km, the area of Delhi UT. Of needs to be initiated on a through a number of centrally this area, about 20% is not priority, to promote higher sponsored schemes, the developable. That means a urbanisation in these States, latest being the Smart Cities gross density of 25000 ppsq. leading toamore balanced Mission. km. This translates into a net urbanization pattern. residential density of about With all the euphoria, it is 100,000/ 125,000 ppsq.km. The policy needs to be to a matter of surprise and This is excruciatingly high promote, enable, and facilitate concern that, as of date, with many negative impacts. accelerated, directed, and many towns do not have a balanced urbanisation, with Master Plan. City Master Plan It is prudent to adopt a a share of 80%, a size of 1200 (CMP) is an indicator of goals maximum gross density of million (as per new definition) and objectives. It is a means 5000 ppsq.km. This would and a pattern of small and of resource mobilisation, mean 8% to 10% of the medium size towns, with particularly land. It is a guide country’s land under urban PURAs as a strategy. The and moderator of urban form use for an urban population number of metropolitan cities and structure. It is a creator of 1200 million as per new is to be limited to 100 by of institutions. It is also an definition, against the present 2070 and their share of urban integrator and coordinator of consumption of about 5%. population is to be not more inter- sectorial policies and than 30%. programmes. It is an advocate Density, defined as persons of the interests of the city. per unit area (saysqkm), is Promote, facilitate and CMPs is more concerned an important index of urban ensure preparation of Master with outcomes than outputs. planning and development. Plans for all urban centers. CMPs are defined as It determines the area of dynamic. Unfortunately, they land to be brought under Preparation of the first Delhi have mostly remained static. development over the Master Plan (1981), in 1962, Zonal Plans and Local Area planning period. It shapes the generated high excitement Plans are mostly absent. The urban form and enables urban and created great interest Master Plans are supposed structure. It moulds urban in City Master Plans. The to be facilitators of growth social cohesion and promotes 100% financial assistance by and development of the city. urban economy. It decides the central government for But they have turned out to resource consumption and preparation of city master selects technology. It affects 30 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW the health of the people the experience of planning, extensive and modern Truck for good or bad. In sum, it development, operation, and Terminals, Rail Terminal and determines the “Quality of management of New Towns possibly a freight dedicated Life” in the urban centre. has not been assiduously Airport, service and auxiliary As Indian cities grows low recorded. The thrill of Industrial Ares, residential but steady, aggregation and conception and planning, and other related areas of as urban extent do not increase the zeal of development, the elf-contained town. concurrently. Urban density difficulties of mobilizings increases and over a period cores, the frustrations of co- The Logistictropolises are touches in criminating levels. ordination, the innovation sin There is a great variation institutional frame work and to be developed to contain a amongst different parts of the the joy of seeing the birth of city with the traditional core the new town have all been population of 0.1 million to area suffering from acutely lost to posterity. high densities. start, with potential to grow Experience lost; lessons for With high densities, land gotten. into a medium size town of for other urban activities becomes scarce and costly. The National Logistics Policy about half a million people, The availability also shrinks. offers great opportunity in This adversely affects the building about 100 New forming the important nodes provision of public utilities Towns all over the country and services. This leads that may be called as Loigistic of the new IUP. They shall to lop sided development tropolises. The present 54 and and cost escalation. the additional 46 metropolitan be the receptacles of the Economics determines urban cities, by 2050, would be the development at the cost of potential hubs envisaged accelerated urbanisation other components: social, in the NLP. From the health and environment. present concept of “Huband under the new IUP. Spoke” pattern, they would Build Loigistictropolises transform into a “Network Carry Out Institutional (New Towns) System”. Expedience should Reforms not override rationality. The Since independence, India has Logistics Hubs should not be Institutions are important to built several New Towns. Most developed as a part or adjunct translate, enable, facilitate, of notified (non-census) towns of a city, with only container and implement action are in fact new towns. The yards linked to the transport programmes on the ground functions of these new towns heads. They need to be which the public can perceive, vary widely. They include: conceptualised and developed avail and enjoy. In the absence Administration, Industry, as integrated townships, of appropriate institutional Knowledge, Defence, Health, away from, but connected framework, policies would Sports, Trade and Commerce, to, the city. These Logistic remain redundant. While Transport and Religious. tropolises need to include, practice without theory Except for Chandigarh and apart from container yards, is absurd, theory without to a little extent, Auroville, practice is redundant. The institutional frame work would include: Organisation; Monetary and Fiscal Systems; and Legal. Organisation: Restructure the Organisation System Historically urban planning and development has been the domain of Local Government. April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 31

POLICY REVIEW For reasons many, they have needs to be divested from modal Public Transport been neglected or poorly done. Development Authorities System; Vested interests have thwarted (DA) and restored back to the full implementation of 74th LSG. They, in turn, need to 10) Dispute Resolution; Amendment. It is important be strengthened in terms to rejuvenate the Local Self of resources, capacity, and 11) Research; and Governments (LSG) to play technology Development their role effectively. function may be vested with 12) Advocacy Special Sectorial Agencies/ DMP-1981 (1962) introduced authorities in case of The CPMA should include full the concept of City metropolitan cities. In all time professional members. Development Authority for other urban centres, it needs The professional members planning and development of to be vested with the LSG. represent the profession and the city. Delhi Development not any organisation. They Authority was constituted, The City Development need to take care of the interest supported by seed capital and Authorities need to be they represent: Planning, extensive land, and backed reformed and restructured Economics, Technologies, by a statute. While there into City Planning and Legal and Human resources. was an initial euphoria, over Management Authorities time, DDA has tended to be (CPMA) whose functions Resources: Carry out bureaucratic, regulatory and would include: Monetary Reforms–Establish project implementer. Only Urban Development Funds the formality of revising the 1) Policy (inter and intra at City, State and Central Master Plan, once every two sectorial); Levels decades to legalise things that have happened, has Urban development is costly remained. 2) Planning (City level: and has long gestation. Large DDA in turn, had become Long range and short the model for other cities term). (Zonal Plans sums of moneys are required to emulate. Now almost and LAPS to be the all major metropolitan responsibility of LSGs); at the right time and place. cities have a Development Authority. The experience The gestation period of is mixed. With regulatory and project implementation investments is long. Returns functions predominating, policy, planning, facilitation, are uncertain and risks high. coordination, and such other functions have been 3) Resource Mobilisation; But the show must go on. It is relegated to the back. The result is urban chaos and 4) Facilitation; imperative to mobilise capital disharmony. It is time to take are look. Regulatory function from all potential sources. 5) Co-ordination; Traditional dependence 6) Information system on government budget is Management; inadequate and uncertain. Borrowing is pleasant but is 7) Management of City an albatross around the neck. Development Fund; Self-reliance is the best and safe means. The city itself is a 8) Management of Land source of capital. Bank; Historically, the local bodies 9) Fare Policy on City Multi- are supposed to raise 32 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW capital. But the experience is raised to this fund. The Fund Adopt rational pricing of all disappointing. The collection shall be non-lapsable and Public Services is poor as well as the will non-dirigible. To augment to collect is weak. Systemic CDF, suggest that 0.001% of all Municipal Bodies and other changes are necessary. Local city development projects be Public Service Agencies are Bodies need to be empowered credited to the CDF. Collection obliged to provide public and held responsible for of capital is important but services to the public. The cost efficient collection. more important is its rational of services is high. It is a good allocation amongst different principle to charge the user The Expert Group on The claimants. It is best that the for the service. In recent times, fund is managed by the CPMA under competitive political Commercialization of till such time the measures fever, governments are racing envisaged in 74th Amendment to provide the services free. Infrastructure Projects, Dept. is implemented. All urban services need to be rationally priced and charged. of Economic Affairs, Ministry The major share of the capital should go to the local of Finance, GoI, in its Report authority to discharge their development functions. The titled ‘The India Infrastructure Fund needs to be judicially Resources–Land: Establish allocated to different projects Land Banks at the City Level Report (1996)’ has identified which are in line with the prescribed policy and plans. Land is a critical resource for few means of financing In addition to city level UDF, urban development. Many it is prudent to establish State urban projects are held up, urban infrastructure, which and National level UDFs to delayed, or dropped for want fund projects of state and of land at the right time, right include: General Taxes; national importance and those place and in right quantity. which lie in the jurisdiction of Land costs also make many Special Taxes; User Fees and one or more urban areas. (As vital projects non-viable. this script was being edited, Delhi experiment in the initial Charges; Special assessment the Union Finance Minister, years owes much to the large in her budget speech, has extent of land vested with districts; Exactions and announced the setup of the DDA. Presently, land is a Urban Infra Fund with an major constraint for most of Development Taxes; Pricing; allocation of Rs10,000 crores the projects. It is important per year. That is encouraging. to establish Land Banks at Betterment Levies; Land But would the term “Infra” city level. These could be constrain flexibility? The managed by the CPMA. The Readjustment Schemes; amount is too small to matter. process of establishing and It averages just above Rs. One managing Land Banks needs Valorisation Charges; crore per urban centre. No to be detailed. matter. It is a good beginning. Capacity Allocations; Excess The fund can be augmented. Appropriation; Linkage; Build, Operate, Transfer; Infrastructure Development Banks; Development of Domestic Capital Markets; Bond Markets; Packaging Long term Debt for Infrastructure; Debt Market Development through Infrastructure Finance. A Adopt and Adapt Modern Technology determined effort is called for to identify, detail, and collect India missed the Industrial capital. Revolution and got pushed It is prudent to establish a in to the lowest level of “(CITY) DEVELOPMENT FUND” and credit the capital economic development. In recent past, India has April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 33

POLICY REVIEW experienced “Green” and of urban PDOM is extremely Urban Information System “White” revolutions to great poor. Many factors inhibit (NUIS) on a systematic basis. benefit. Presently the world research in India. Primary is experiencing “Technology” amongst them, apart from To establish NUIS, revolution. It is heartening funding, is the indifference, comprehensive National to note that, India is part of even contempt towards Urban Surveys are to be it, if not the lead. Another research by all, including carried out on a regular revolution that will emerge in professionals. A drastic periodic basis, say every five this decade is the “Education” change in attitude is called years, one round of which for. Confidence in indigenous shall be concurrent with one. research for growth of census operation. An earlier knowledge and leadership effort, as part of National The combined result of these needs to be inculcated Sample Survey, 32nd Round, two will have far reaching amongst all. This has been was not very useful as the impacts on the development amply demonstrated in other sample size, city wise, was of the country. India’s urban fields like Space Research and too insignificant to be useful. centres are crucibles for Development. these two revolutions. No A dedicated Organisation effort should be spared to Establish Urban Information to be named as India Urban facilitate, participate, and System Surveys and Information benefit. The expanding System Institute (IUS&ISI) frontiers of digital technology Information is power. That needs to be set up to conduct are astounding. Artificial is, Information based on the surveys and maintain the Intelligence and Metaverse real time data, analysed, UIS. Like Census, the data are said to revolutionise the and presented in an under and information so collected way of thinking and acting. standable format. A sound and compiled should be It is important that all actions Information System(IS) available to all interested under urban PDOM embrace provides a basis for rational persons for their use, analysis, the latest technology. policy formulation and and interpretation. It may effective action programmes. be made mandatory that all Though India has a lead in Earlier, there was an effort data collected as part of any Information Technology, the to establish an Urban urban planning study, to be access to internet is still only Information System by compiled in digital format about 60% of the people. Town and Country Planning and deposited with the IUS & It is necessary to achieve Organisation, Ministry ISI. The urban surveys shall full coverage. An intense of Urban Development, include all urban sectors. programme of education and training, especially of Government of India (GoI). Advocate Urban Interest the old, needs to be initiated. As part of Master Plan studies It is a sad fact that, while Adaption of technology in the and Detailed Project Reports, everyone is interested in urban daily life of the people needs extensive data is collected affairs, no one is in urban at high cost. Unfortunately, interest. A pessimistic view to be aggressively promoted. they remain in the Reports and escapist attitude prevail. and become obsolete in no Hardly any systematic effort Promote Research and time. This is a sad situation. at advocating the needs and It is important to Design, interests of urban areas is made Development in Areas of Develop, Install, Maintain on a consistent and persistent and Disseminate a National Urban Pdom It is a sad fact that research and innovation in the field 34 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW basis, particularly pre-budget laws. In some states like Tamil and be under the super vision formulation of national and Nadu and Maharashtra, of the CPMA. state governments. Also, at urban development, mainly times when national and development of residential To resolve conflict of State polices on a variety of areas, was enabled through jurisdiction over urban land, it subjects are formulated which town planning schemes under is prudent to classify “URBAN affect urban interest one way state town planning acts. LAND” as a constitutional or other. function and include the Post-independence, with same under concurrent list of It is true that reports the Seventh Schedule of the highlighting urban issues do the advent of Master Plans, come out now and then and Constitution. cause some ripples. But their Town and Country Planning dissemination and reading are limited to a small circle. Acts were enacted in all TO SUM UP: IUP 2023 – Surprisingly most of these DIMENSIONS reports are from foreign the states. Also, special acts institutions who have their i. Revise urban definition own agenda. The need for were legislated to setup City as: “A Human settlement advocating urban interest with population 5000 or is important, timely, and Development Authorities. more’’; critical. Academia, media, and NGOs need to take up Over a period, the scope ii. Promote accelerated this responsibility. They need of urban development has Urbanisation; to be facilitated to play this expanded and has become role effectively. complex. The role of all the iii. Direct Urbanisation. three levels of governments— Union, State and Local— Establish PURAs; are overlapping and causing conflicts. Emerging iv. Promote Corridor technologies require exclusive Enact Comprehensive Urban powers and procedures. Pattern of Urbanisation; Planning and Development There is a need to relook at the Act enabling legal provision sand v. Promote Balanced enact comprehensive Urban Legal status for any policy, Planning and Development Urbanisation Pattern; plan and project is important Acts. for their implementation. vi. Promote Facilitate and Legal Act defines the purpose, The proposed City Planning Ensure Preparation of objectives, and procedures. It denotes the authorities and and Management Agencies Master Plans for all details their functions, powers and procedures. It establishes (CPMA), apart from enabling urban centres; equality. It provides to reconcile conflicts and resolve the implementation of vii. Adopt Low Density- disputes. To sum, law is the Lowrise Urban Form. soul of the policies and plans. urbanisation policy, should Adopt a Maximum Gross provide for enunciation Density of 5000ppsq. Km of urban sectorial—Land for urban areas; Use, Housing, Transport, Technology, Energy, Environment –polices and viii. Develop 100 for setting up of sectorial Logisticropolises as New Traditionally, India’s authorities/ agencies for the Towns; urban development and PDOM of the individual sector, ix. Carryout Institutional Reforms; management has been within the overall frame work governed by the municipal of the city development plan April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 35

POLICY REVIEW x. Organisational • Include “Urban urban due to the emerging Land” in the change in demographic a. Restructure Organisation Concurrent List balance between rural and System; of the Seventh urban; 3) the large size of the Schedule of the young, educated, energetic, b. Establish CITY Planning Constitution; innovative and aspirational and Management demography; 4) the fast Authorities in lieu of changing digital technology; CITY Development • Adopt and 5) the adoption of AI, Met averse and other modern Authorities; Adapt Modern technologies; 5)the concept of WfH/WfA, which has Technologies; made the conventional office redundant and the spatial c. Implement 74th • Promote Research concentration of activities Amendment in full; and Development and workers irrelevant; 6)the in areas of urban development of high quality d. Rejuvenate Local Self PDOM; and extensive transport Governments; network systems; 7) the detriment of climate change e. Transfer Urban • Design. Maintain and the force of sustainable Development and and Disseminate development; and so on. Regulatory Function to Urban Information Local Self Governments; System; Time is opportune to decide and act. f. Carryout Monetary and h. Conduct National Urban Fiscal Reforms: Surveys; and A CAVEAT • Mobilise Capital i. Establish India Urban Urbanisation and Urban by Innovative Information System and Policy leading to Urban Measures; Master Plans provide a frame Information System work for enunciation of urban sectorial policies viz: • Establish Urban Institute (IUS & ISI): Land, Housing, Transport, Development Funds Industry, Physical and Social a tall Levels: City. • Advocate Urban Infrastructure, Environment, State and Centre; Interest. Associate Technology etc. Detailing and facilitate NGOs, and implementation of • Establish Urban Media, and other these sectorial policies Land Banks; forums. and programmes on a comprehensive, coordinated • Adopt Rational ENABLERS and continuous manner, Pricing Policy for all leading to a high quality of urban services; The present circumstances life, is what could be defined are highly favorable for the as Urban Development. • Tweak Fiscal successful implementation of Laws to Facilitate the urbanisation policy and Urbanisation Policy concurrently, urban sectorial implementation; policies, strategies and programmes within the frame g. Legal Reforms: work of the urbanisation policy. The enablers are: 1) • Enact Comprehen- the resolve and commitment sive Urban Planning of the governments; 2) the and Development political importance of Act; 36 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW ENVISIONING AN INCLUSIVE INDIA BY 2047 HITESH VAIDYA This paper presents a vision Antyodaya, implying the UTSAV CHOUDHURY for an inclusive India by 2047. welfare of all through the KANIKA BANSAL It analyses inclusivity at weakest of the society”: a various levels, and the policies, philosophy perfected through “It is evident that inclusion programmes and legislative the history of independent and universal access are the support mechanism for an India, which has always non-negotiable aspects to inclusive and barrier free been at the frontier of global achieve the key objectives of environment, ensuring access commitments and efforts the New India – excellence, for all, including the persons towards non-discrimination and efficiency above all. with disabilities. The paper and inclusion. With India taking up the G20 highlights that inclusion and From being the signatory to the presidency, now is the most universal access are the non- United Nations Convention opportune time to build the negotiable aspects to achieve the on Rights of Persons with ‘Setu of Solidarity’, where key objectives of the New India. Disabilities (UNCRPD), to inclusion, sustainability and enactment of the Rights of resilience will bring together INTRODUCTION Persons with disabilities Act an increasingly fragmented (RPwD) in 2016, India has world and steer it towards Over the past 75 years, since come a long way in achieving ‘One Earth, One Family and the vision of empowering One Future’.” its independence, India has persons with disabilities (PwDs) and enabling their Key Words: Inclusivity, built infrastructure, made significant progress active contribution in socio- disabilities, PwDs. economic activities of the across all social and economic country. India is home to over Mr. Hitesh Vaidya ([email protected] ) is 20 million PwDs, of which Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs sectors. India’s growth story 31% resides in urban areas. (NIUA), New Delhi. Although, with a threefold Mr. Utsav Choudhury (uchoudhury@niua. has been impressive and increase in types of disabilities, org) currently leads the Building Accessible the number of PwDs are Safe Inclusive Indian Cities programme at the innovative, and holds great expected to significantly NIUA. increase in the upcoming Ms. Kanika Bansal([email protected]) is promise for the future. The population census. By 2047, Senior Programme Associate-Building Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav has Indian cities are expected Accessible Safe Inclusive Indian Cities, NIUA. to see a surge in aging and been showcasing India’s ailing populations along with general demographic growth. accomplishments since 1947 It is estimated that the largest and illustrating ‘unity in diversity’ among the Indian population, presenting India’s development and belief of ‘Ek Bharat - Shreshtha Bharat’.Today’s India is an AtmaNirbhar Bharat (Self Reliant India), with a firm belief in the Gandhian concept of “Sarvodaya through April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 37

POLICY REVIEW number of elderly persons will access to social services, constitution that enshrines be residing in India by 2050 collective cohesiveness among constituting about 20% of the the community, local area the principles of equality population (United Nations). governance, crime & safety, About 50% of the population economic diversification to and forbids discrimination consists of women, who have support the socio-cultural transitional accessibility needs and demographic diversity. on the grounds of religion, during different phases of life. Besides, independent living race, caste, sex, or place of and individualistic culture is becoming popular, and birth, respectively. The articles is increasing the challenges of urban living for these under the Directive Principles vulnerable demographics, especially with intersectional A strong sense of sensitivity of State Policy emphasized identities. It is, therefore, imperative to empower all, existed among ancient the right to education, irrespective of their age, gender, or disability, and societies for all marginalized employment (Article 41), and provide a facilitating urban environment to ensure active demographics including free compulsory education engagement in economic activities. PwDs. India has the proud for all children under 14 years INCLUSION & BUILT history of great musicians, old (Article 45). Public welfare INFRASTRUCTURE IN HISTORIC INDIAN leaders, and philosophers and holistic development of CITIES with disabilities. It is also society and economy have Inclusion is not something new to Indian architecture or interesting that individuals’ been the guiding principles urban design. Traditionally, in terms of their environmental, impairments were considered of Indian constitution and economic and social planning paradigms, old Indian cities an opportunity to employ subsequently, governed were inherently sustainable and inclusive, while ensuring them in specific jobs. For Indian policy formulation the compactness of the built and density of dwelling. example, persons with process. Other important aspects included a diverse land use hearing and/or speech The United Nations mix, compact development, Declaration of Human dwelling density, internal impairment were employed and external connectivity, Rights in 1946 greatly sequential open spaces, by the kings in medieval benefitted from the lessons walkable neighbourhoods, learnt from decades of the India to copy confidential freedom struggle and the promulgation of the Indian government documents. In constitution. Some of the notable contributions include ancient India, customized - Women’s rights (India insisted on the word ‘men’ education was imparted to be replaced with ‘human PwDs in the communities beings’), Non-discrimination in which they lived, in (India added the words ‘colour’ and ‘political the mainstream schools opinion’ as criteria for non- alongside the non-disabled discrimination); Freedom of peers in a gurukul setting. movement (India added the article calling for freedom Although during the colonial of movement within a period, special schools were country); the right to work established, mostly in urban (India added the principle of ‘just and favorable areas, they were expensive conditions of work’); and covered only 2% of the Secularism, multiculturalism, population who needed special education. LAWS & DIRECTIVES ON INCLUSION The values and principles of inclusivity can also be traced in Article 14 and 15 of our 38 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW cosmopolitanism, expanded the reservation for The Indian policy and indivisibility and the PwDs in both the education governance landscape is and employment sector, universality of all human demonstrating equal resolve highlighting the significance rights. This resonated well of acknowledging in promoting gender and with the adoption of the intersectionality existing disability inclusion. Some United Nations Convention in the group. The Act also notable examples include launch of the Sugamya Bharat for Rights of Persons with escalated the responsibility Campaign in 2015, rolling out Disabilities (UNCRPD), of the Ministry to formulate the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao ratified in 2006, to which India and effectively mainstream campaign in 2015, launch of was one of the early adopters. universal access and inclusive the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala The Persons with Disability development into the urban Yojana, and formulation of Act (1995) predates the future of “New India’’. convention, which, although the National Policy of Persons propagating the social with Disabilities, 2006 and its approach to disability The Harmonized Guidelines inclusion, has identified the and Standards for Universal subsequent revisions, the avenues for intervention. The National Policy for Women PwD Act was drafted with Accessibility in India, 2021, Empowerment in 2001, are enough foresight to enable developed by National PwDs in India to find equitable focused on empowering opportunities in education Institute of Urban Affairs and employment. However, (NIUA) in partnership PwDs and women in India. intent without conviction often fails to translate into with Indian Institute of From an urban perspective, action. Despite its attempt the launch of the Smart to address a wide gamut of Technology Roorkee, Cities Mission, Atal Mission societal aspects, the PwDs Act promoted the concept of (1995) falls short to augment Universal Accessibility, for Rejuvenation & Urban the quality of life for PwDs in Transformation (AMRUT), India. As such, the Rights of acknowledging the diverse Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana PwDs Act (2016) has become needs of PwDs along with one of the most progressive urban population at large. (PMAY) have all instilled legislations, which advocates the right based approach. The guidelines, launched the core values of inclusion It has not only significantly expanded the spectrum of by the Ministry of Housing and universal accessibility in disabilities from 7 to 21 but also segued into emphasizing & Urban Affairs(MoHUA), some form or the other. There the concept of safety and integrity for PwDs, along with Govt. of India in 2021, exists a range of programmes inclusion and accessibility. The Act brought the are a leap ahead from the at the national level which welcomed shift from ‘barrier free environment’ to ‘universal previous guidelines, aimed to cater to the essentials of the design and accessibility’ and cohesively streamline aspects urban populace, like PDS of accessibility and inclusion (for food security), BPL cards into urban development. (for housing, electricity, etc.), RSBY smart cards (for health), POLICIES & among many others. The PROGRAMMES National Assistance for Social PROMOTING Protection provides support INCLUSIVITY in both kind and as pension The influence of changing perspective from a social to the vulnerable groups of model to a right based model can be observed in recent PwDs, widows, and elderly. policies and programmes. While these schemes were really effective during COVID-19, they require periodic modifications April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 39

POLICY REVIEW considering the growing five trillion-dollar economy, it or lack thereof. Hence, the challenges and aspirations. would require each and every citizen to become an active design of any space, physical contributor in the economic The social security schemes activities. As we pave the or even virtual, must be easily way for a more progressive have been completed by future, it is imperative to and equitably approachable, focus on the welfare of all the many transformational sections of the society. Our understandable and current growth trajectory schemes introduced to ensure makes it an opportune time to interactive with persons embrace progressive models 360-degree empowerment that focus on empowering having disabilities. According individuals to fulfil their of PwDs and strengthen the fundamental duties and to the United Nations, integrate inclusion as a cross ecosystem to cater for their cutting component of urban accessibility is a bridging tool development. needs and aspirations. For between the special needs REDEFINING instance, NIRAMAYA, one of INCLUSION of PwDs and a country’s the latest schemes to ensure But the question to ask is: social, cultural, and economic what is Inclusion? Is it limited Affordable Health Insurance to the representation of those inclusion. who are marginalized, or is to PwDs, not only covers the it something more? One way INCLUSIVITY AS A facility for OPD treatment to describe inclusion, from PRIORITY IN PUBLIC but also transportation a structural standpoint, is PROJECTS costs. The scheme Badhte that it can be categorized as Kadam aims at community equity in access to spatial, The positive effect of the awareness, sensitisation, social, economic and digital shift to universal design as an social integration and resources. The explanation approach is most observable mainstreaming of PwDs. The introduces a related concept in the public projects across aspects of care giving have of access or accessibility and the country. In just the past also been recognised in many safety of systems, structures, few years, many progressive schemes including,VIKAAS, a and services. The concept projects and programmes Day care scheme, primarily for of accessibility generally have been implemented enhancing interpersonal and points towards universality; in India. Ranging from vocational skills; SAHYOGI of basic human rights. From the Multi-Sensory Park and (Care Associate Training the point of view of a built Museum of Possibilities in Scheme). Schemes such as environment, accessibility is Chennai, All Abilities Park in SAMARTH provides respite best defined as the provision Visakhapatnam and many care and GHARAUNDA of flexibility to accommodate others. Cities like Varanasi ensures an assured home each user’s needs, preferences have attributed tenets of and minimum quality of care and ease of movement accessibility and inclusion services throughout the life of regardless of their abilities in projects worth more than the PwDs. At present, more 200 crores. Bhubaneshwar than 3000 special schools has brought in policy reforms for the disabled children are ensuring not only PwDs functioning across the country, but also gender and age a leap in number compared to inclusion. There is a welcome a mere 100 schools at the time demonstration of a democratic of independence. spirit in architecture and city planning. While the progress is commendable, we need to As the embodiment of the keep aiming bigger and better. “New India” vision, the As India is aspiring to be a Central Vista project is a 40 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW showcase of its core values completed in 1927, has only inclusion, sustainability and and has particularly adopted one accessible entrance with a resilience will bring together universal accessibility as one ramp and no accessible toilets, an increasingly fragmented of the core components. All the the new building would have world and steer it towards spaces in the new Parliament designated accessible offices ‘One Earth, One Family and building are fully accessible, for Ministers and accessible One Future’. It is the right time including Lok Sabha and public toilets on all floors. for India to lead the discourse Rajya Sabha Chambers. by demonstrating a human- There are dedicated desks It is evident that inclusion centric approach to urban in both the Chambers where and universal access are the planning and development. wheelchairs can be parked. non-negotiable aspects to While we are transitioning The building is accessible achieve the key objectives of from being the follower of the through three entrances with the New India – excellence, west or a victor standing tall ramps and there are well- and efficiency above all. to a Vishwa Guru to the world, located elevators throughout With India taking up the G20 we must promote, strengthen the building promoting Presidency, now is the most and celebrate India’s journey vertical accessibility. While the opportune time to build the towards Inclusion of all.  existing Parliament House, ‘Setu of Solidarity’, where 1 (https://www.thehindu.com/ news/national/new-parliament-promises- improved-accessibility/article65306096.ece) GENERAL GUIDELINES: CHECKLIST FOR SUBMISSION OF ARTICLES The following checklist should be i. the paper’s title; and vi. implications for practice and used when preparing an article advancement of research, for submission. Please be sure to ii. an approximately 200-word follow the specifications exactly abstract that emphasizes vii. references, and completely to ensure that your the paper’s contribution article is reviewed timely manner to the field and its viii. acknowledgments (optional; and any delays avoided further practical architectural/ if funding for the research along in the publishing process planning social/ economic was received from non- should your article be accepted for implications. personal sources, the sources publication. must be identified in this 1. The paper should be created iii. the name(s), position(s), section), and professional or academic using a word-processing affiliation(s), and email ix. an autobiographical sketch. program (such as Microsoft address(es) of the author(s), Word) and should be between as well as the full postal 5. Please ensure that: 3,000 and 5,000 words in length. address of the correspon- The file may be in .docx or.doc ding author; i. References are complete, have format. been arranged alphabetically by 2. The paper is typewritten, double- 4. The body of the paper should author surname and checked for spaced, and formatted to print include the following: accuracy. on 8.5” x 11” (or A4) size paper. It is written in the third person in a i. an introduction to the subject, ii. Reference citations in the text are clear style, free of jargon. referred to by author name and 3. The first page of the article ii. background information, year. If there are more than two includes the following: authors, the name of the first iii. discussion of procedure, author followed by “, et al.” has been used. iv. results, v. conclusions, April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 41

POLICY REVIEW CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: OUTLINING AN APPROACH FOR INDIAN CITIES PROF. RAMAKRISHNA Cities need to meet with the population and urbanization NALLATHIGA sustainability challenges in the levels. The UN Habitat (2022) wake of global climate change and estimates that India’s urban “In order to meet with climate its consequences by re-orienting population is expected to change challenges and steer their approach towards planning, become 607 million by 2030 towards sustainability, cities regulation, conservation and AD and 675 million by 2035 need to come out with several disaster management. They need AD, which clearly indicates counter measures that reduce to promote more sustainable land a more rapid urbanization. the risks (or, mitigate some of use planning policies that prevent India is projected to become the impacts) as well as that suburban sprawl, adopt better 50 per cent urbanized by make them prepared to meet development control regulations 2050AD, but even that level the challenges (or, adaptation that promote compact city might be achieved earlier if the measures). Such adaptation development, conserve the blue- current trends of urbanization and mitigation measures can green spaces for sustainability continue at such a rapid pace. be planned through strategic and increase resilience through Individual experts note that planning by city authorities.” disaster management and risk India would have already profiling as well as planning. surpassed 40 per cent level of Key Words: Climate Change, Such approaches will lead to urbanization (Sridhar 2020), if Sustainable Urban development, sustainable development and the urbanization is measured Compact City Development, blue-green reduce risks/vulnerability to differently from that of official Professor Ramakrishna climate change impacts. method of estimation, which Nallathiga(ramanallathiga@yahoo. is based on the conservative co.uk) is Associate Professor, INTRODUCTION definition. World Bank (2013) School of Planning, Real Estate and India is on the cusp of rapid also estimated that India’s Infrastructure, NICMAR University, urbanization and rapid urban population would be Pune economic growth. According much higher if the population to Census (2011), India’s level in urban agglomerations is of urbanization i.e., the share counted. of urban to total population, was 32 per cent; it would While India has been have well surpassed 40 per undergoing rapid cent by now. While the earlier urbanisation and rapid estimates had placed India’s urban population growth,it urban population to be 591 has not seen a significant million by 2030 AD, or 40 per transformation of its’ cities cent (MGI 2010), the recent in terms of sustainable estimates forecast higher development. Sustainable development refers to ‘the 42 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW development that meets the (IPCC) also established the cities in fact do not have needs of present generation that humans and terrestrial without compromising the systems were going to face the property level coverage of ability of future generations to the consequences of a rapid meet their own needs’ (WCED rise in surface temperature sewerage systems and sewage 1987). Initially, sustainable (or, global warming) in many development was seen rather different ways (Ninan 2022). transport systems. Waste as taking care of natural This could be in the form of resources and environment increased frequency of floods, management (collection, through appropriate national intense rainfall, coastal sectoral strategies with little inundation, cyclone storm treatment and disposal) action at local level. The events, heat and cold waves UNCED (1992) paved the etc. Therefore, sustainable is ill-organised (although way for global cooperation to development began to protect natural environment encompass those actions that recycling/reuse takes place and prevent adverse impacts are linked to attaining energy of human activities at various efficiency, emission reduction informally) in Indian cities. levels. However, the global and resource conservation. agenda for sustainable India has been on the carbon Further, Indian cities are development did not much emission rise path although its translate into action at local levels of per capita emissions planned such that they level, especially at the level are far below that of global of cities. Cities continued average. However, India has promote profligatory use of to reel under the various been facing the consequence development pressures from of global warming recently natural resources (land, water rising urban population – with the incidence of poor basic civic services like increased frequency of floods, and energy); the modern water supply, sewerage, intense rainfall, cyclone storm waste management, energy, events, heat and cold waves concepts of ‘compact city’ roads and transport, poor etc. shelter and living conditions or ‘smart city’ development and pollution of air, water Indian cities already face and biological environment. water shortage during are still alien to many Indian summer, which is becoming acute in the recent times cities. Transportation in Indian with a high dependence on tanker water. This can cities is also increasingly affect urban household water supply status, on being driven by personal which India has made some improvements. India vehicle use and travel also has severe wastewater management issues with distances are getting longer most cities not having any wastewater treatment because of the expansion of systems installations. Most of cities. Transportation (public transport in particular) in Indian cities is inefficient that causes great discomfort and takes away a lot of productive work hours and energy of travellers. Meanwhile, the The quality of life in cities is dependent upon the level understanding of global of services and the delivery of which holds the key to climate change due to Green availability of vital urban services like water supply, House Gas (GHG) emissions sanitation, sewerage, parks and open spaces, roads, has changed the course of transport, education, health and several other local sustainable development services (Nallathiga 2007). All of them determine the from natural environment habitability conditions of the city and the basic quality to human systems, which of life provided to the were causing the GHG emissions. The successive Reports of Inter Government Panel on Climate Change April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 43

POLICY REVIEW citizens. Unless appropriate of human settlements is sprawl that is inefficient in guidelines for formulating what sometimes referred to several aspects. Urban sprawl urban development policy as “compact cities”, which is a term generally used for are advocated, the desirable refers to compact nature the expansive, rapid, and future of cities in terms of of city development both sometimes reckless, growth good infrastructure and horizontally, vertically, of a greater metropolitan living environment will not functionally and even in terms area, traditionally suburbs be achieved in the cities of of resource consumption, (or exurbs) over a large area. developing countries. and the organisation of Figure 1 shows how a compact urban spatial growth as development in the form of Achieving the desirable “smart growth” so as to good density gradient will future of cities is increasingly maximise the benefits like contain much smaller area becoming a major challenge housing, transport, economic than the sprawling city due to as cities are growing from growth and environment. subscription to artificially low large cities to metropolitan These two approaches to development density. cities to mega cities, and the urban development require Suburban sprawl has been provision of urban services attention. an important phenomenon by the concerned authorities leading land use/ cover is becoming further complex. This view of development of changes that lead to increased An important aspect of the cities is somewhat opposite emission on one hand rising pressure on civic of the traditional view of and on the other hand it service delivery is the lack of development of cities, which would require expanding institutional response to cope- does not attach any judgment infrastructure to farther up with growth pressures to the outcomes of growth areas. While sprawl cannot through efficient and effective and development pattern of be completely avoided, as spatial organisation of human cities. It accepts expanding urban population growth settlements that provide room suburban areas and constant necessitates urban expansion for additional capacity of building of urban sprawl as to some extent, but the cities. inevitable and not treated as inefficiencies associated with problem as such. Although it call for utilizing existing FRAMEWORK FOR true to some extent, planning urban land and infrastructure and design interventions, as to the optimum, before looking MOVING TOWARDS in the compact urban form, for expansion in peripheral and development strategies areas and beyond. Moreover, SUSTAINABLE URBAN that lever existing urban land suburban sprawl is known and infrastructure to achieve for promoting disjointed DEVELOPMENT a better growth, as in the case communities, as opposed to of smart growth, hold a lot well-knit neighbourhoods in Compact city development of promise in the ushering the case of compact mixed – and smart growth sustainable development use development (Duany and of cities, particularly in the Plater-Zyberk 2001) Urban spatial form or built developing countries. “Compact city” broadly refers form and its growth are two to development planning of important components of the Both the concepts of compact urban land with a focus on identity of cities which can cities and smart growth have higher density and better be potentially used to the an important objective of advantage of creating such curbing urban/sub-urban additional capacities within the cities to cope-up with the development pressures. This form of spatial organisation 44 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW accessibility which reduces land use interactions and needs. There are shortcomings maximization of positive ones; automobile dependency. (iii) minimization of public on the part of land-use Master fiscal costs; (iv) maximization Denzwik and Saaty (1978) of social equity; and (v) very Plans due to the process broadly, maximization of were the first to make an quality of life. Smart growth followed for the same, which at the core has compact city effort to define it in terms development while avoiding does not place citizen at the ‘dough nut’ pattern of of the components such as suburbanization. However, the centre and give more it follows different spatial high-density settlements, patterns that provide optimal importance to procedural amount of development less dependence on depending upon the ground aspects (Nallathiga 2016). conditions e.g., multiple nuclei automobiles, clear boundary or poly-centric development As a result, land-use plans in if suburban centres are from surrounding area, well existent, or ‘transit in India no longer serve as oriented development’ if mixed land use, diversity transit corridors have already the instruments of change been existing (Newman and of life, clear identity, social Kenworthy 1999). to meet the challenges of fairness, self-sufficiency of sustainability. Land-use daily life, and independency Master Plans of Indian cities of governance (Kaji, 2004). do not emphasize much on Central to the concept is the the GHG emission reduction sustainability or sustainable through appropriate plan development agenda that provisions, strategies and assumed importance after actions. There is a strong need the Brundtland Commission to revise the purpose, process Report (1987). It is held that and elements of land use the objectives of Compact master plans so that they serve cities are (Petersen, 2002): (a) as instruments of change in to control urban sprawl and Land use planning and GHG emission reduction and development regulation reduce vehicle kilometres provide for climate change by influencing the spatial Land use planning in Indian impacts. structure of locations in the cities has been framed The Development Control Regulations (DCRs), which urban environment; (b) to as a techno-bureaucratic determine the level and intensity of development, support a high transit share; tool to meet the statutory are also similar to land use planning as they are rigid and and (c) to keep walking requirements. Land-use inflexible to the development needs of urbanization as and cycling (the most Master Plans are prepared well as the sustainable development of the cities. In environmentally friendly without much vision of the India, DCRs of several large cities prescribe artificially transport modes) attractive. future (except, forecasting low development density i.e., FSI or FAR, which only “Smart growth” is a general based on the land space aids the horizontal expansion term for land use practices that requirements) and lack any of cities due to urbanization create more accessible land strategic orientation. They pressures. However, such use patterns which reduce are losing relevance when the expanding cities need more the amount of travel needed development pressures are far and more spending on to reach goods and services greater than that of the time (Litman, 2003). According to when they are prepared; the Nelson (2001), smart growth developments on other fronts is a set of policies designed (technological, economic, to achieve five goals: (i) financial and political) make preservation of public goods; plan as rigid instruments not (ii) minimization of adverse serving the contemporary April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 45

POLICY REVIEW urban infrastructure services and aesthetic environment. gathering, cultural events expansion to the new areas, However, such natural spaces and sports events. The lack of are increasingly lost in the monitoring and enforcement, apart from that in the existing process of urbanization in poor civic apathy of citizens areas. Therefore, low FSI/FAR India, leading to the erosion and proliferation informal of ‘blue green space’ and activities have led to these (which ranges between less expansion of brown space. spacesbeing either lost or than 1 and 2.5) prescribed by It is important to note that shrunk or degraded into waste blue and green urban spaces land with litter. Several cities several Indian cities is leading in cities act as buffers that also have large green spaces to suburban sprawl and protect against flooding, that serve as lungs for the pollution and storms. Cities city, which are lost over time. more spending to take urban such as Bangalore, Mumbai, Some cities like Mumbai and infrastructure services to far Chennai and Hyderabad were Bangalore which have natural in fact blessed with several parks, serve as useful places flung areas (Nallathiga 2005). lakes, gardens and ponds for biodiversity heritage. On the contrary, western cities that were very effective in Further, drains and natural serving as water buffers. The drainage systems are also lost are moving towards compact systematic disappearance of to development, which has city development and such water bodies and open/ led to the contraction of water revitalizing their central areas green spaces in these cities flow and the flooding of made them vulnerable to residential areas. The floods so that there could be more floods on account of intense in Hyderabad, Bangalore space for the development rainfall or cyclonic storms. In and Chennai are also due to fact, lakes and water bodies in the encroachment of natural in an area that already has these cities were also serving drains and drainage systems been serviced by civic urban as drinking water sources and by the residences and public infrastructure services. Even recharge points for ground works. The resultant effects of Asian Pacific cities also have water. Cities need to plan for such loss of natural drainage is higher FSI/FAR of more the revival and strengthening almost permanent and people than 6.No wonder the spatial of existing blue green spaces in several areas reel under spread of Indian cities is much so that they serve useful to water logging conditions that current and future generations lead to loss of lives, property wider than their international and become attractive space and material resources. counterparts. Compact for recreational purposes. There is no effective law and dense development of or enforcement that makes western cities helps them to the offenders punishable conserve the natural resources under the civil laws besides and save on spending on reclaiming such systems into civic infrastructure services public domain. in new remote areas (Jens Adaptation and Mitigation and Burgess 2000). Asian Approaches cities, in particular, are able to achieve better economic In order to meet with climate growth and improved quality change challenges and steer of life by allowing compact Likewise, vegetative spaces, towards sustainability, cities development (or, higher FSI/ hills, natural parks and FAR) of CBD downtown open spaces have also been areas. shrinking across the cities due Conservation of Natural to systematic encroachment Environment and conversion to other uses. Cities are endowed with some natural spaces, which give These spaces serve several much needed fresh air, water important functions to the citizens like recreation, social interaction, community 46 HUDCO-HSMI Publication

POLICY REVIEW need to come out with several by performing sensitivity – Disaster Management counter measures that reduce analysis of the infrastructure Act – and institutional the risks (or, mitigate some of systems to such climate support – National Disaster the impacts) as well as that induced shocks and institute Management Authority – make them prepared to meet systems to meet such climate have also prompted the cities the challenges (or, adaptation changed induced shock to make use of them effectively measures). Such adaptation events. Early restoration of in the large as well as wider and mitigation measures civic infrastructure services scale natural disasters. An can be planned through like water supply, sewerage, important component of strategic planning by city waste management is essential this approach is pre-disaster authorities. They need to have for avoiding any aftermath planning, which involves infrastructure plans – both events like epidemics and monitoring of weather and of development as well as public health. Cities need to climate information, analysis O&M – to counter the climate make use of early warning of such data for scenario induced challenges. Such from meteorological or generation, deployment of plans need to forecast the weather departments in order warning systems and issue of infrastructure requirements to plan their infrastructure advisories to citizens. During under the scenario of systems. Durban city in South the times of disaster event, climate change impacts Africa has demonstrated how cities are increasingly taking and provide for meeting the early warning systems war room approach (or, through buffering, back stop data on impending drought command centre or master options and alternate means. can be used to persuade control room approach), For example, to meet the citizens to reduce water which involves continuous challenge of water supply demand significantly. feeding of data in a central in the event of flooding or place, dashboard display drought conditions, the cities RESILIENCE PLANNING of the current disaster need to created adequate status, planning of logistics, buffer capacity for storage Cities are also increasingly transport and rescue and distribution to avoid any adopting several measures to operations, and coordination water supply crisis. Cities enhance the disaster resilience of implementation at various need to inculcate appropriate (Gupta et al 2019). There levels. Several cities have behavioural response of the are a variety of approaches taken this approach during citizens by levying additional taken to it, but two major the outbreak of Covid 19 and tariff to finance such buffer strands of approaches worth were successful in ensuring capacity creation, penalize mentioning: (i) disaster a coordinated and concerted high consumption users with management approach; action towards pandemic higher tariff rate and also and (ii) risk proofing and management. However, it is incentivize citizen actions planning. an exhaustive process that that either conserve resource requires a continuous effort (recycling or reuse) or Disaster Management and follow up. complement municipal water Approach supply (water harvesting Risk Proofing and Planning systems). Cities are increasingly taking this approach to counter Cities are also increasingly Cities can also counter the the disaster events, whose resorting to drawing advance climate change induced risks incidence is increasing plans to meet the disaster due to climate change. situations e.g., heat wave The legislative back up April, 2023, Volume 24. No.1 - SHELTER 47

POLICY REVIEW action plan, flood action plan, Kaji, H. (2004),‘Compact city Nagarlok XLVII-XLVIII (4 & drought plan, epidemic plan and sustainable urban form: 1-4): 1-18. and contingency plan etc. Is compact city approach Such plans clearly lay down appropriate as an urban Newman, P. and Kenworthy, the approach and sequence of development policy for cities in J. (1999), Sustainability and actions to be taken in the event developing countries?’ [http:// cities: Overcoming automobile of climate change induced web.sfc.keio.ac.jp/unodb/ dependence. Washington DC: disasters. Some Indian cities fasid/lec_note/1201p.pdf]. have such plans already in Island Press. place and are using them effectively in meeting the Litman, T. (2003), ‘Smart Ninan, K. N. (2022), Economic situations. It is important for growth: More efficient land the cities to have plans so that use management’. TDM Implications of Climate Change they can follow the Standard Encyclopedia. Operating Procedures (SOP) and Natural Disasters in India: in the event of disasters. Need for Cost-Effective Policy REFERENCES Strategies, ArthikaCharche, Dantzig, G.B. and Saaty, T.L. (1974),Compact city: A plan for MGI (2010), India’s urban Volume 7 No. 2, pp 5-15. a livable urban environment, San awakening: Building inclusive Francisco: W. H. Freeman Press. cities, sustaining economic Petersen, R. (2002), Land use growth, McKinsey Global planning and urban transport: A Duany, A., E. P. Zyberk, and J. Institute (MGI), New York. sourcebook for policy makers in Speck (1999), Suburban nation: developing cities. GTZ, Eshborn. the rise of sprawl and the decline of American dream, New York: Nallathiga, R. (2005), “The Sridhar K. S. (2020), Is India’s North Point Press. impact of density regulation Urbanization too low? Area on cities and markets: evidence Development Policy 5(1): 32-49 Gupta, A K., N. Mani, B B from Mumbai”, International Sarkar, S Singh and S Katyal Journal of Regulation and TERI (2011), Mainstreaming (2019), Developing Disaster Governance 5(1): 13-39. urban resilience planning Risk Resilience in Cities, in Indian cities: A policy National Institute of Disaster Nallathiga, R. (2007) “Compact perspective, Report prepared Management, New Delhi. city and smart growth as policy for the Rockfeller Foundation, guiding models for achieving TERI, New Delhi. HPEC (2011), Report of High sustainable city development: Powered Expert Committee on the case of Mumbai metropolis”, UN Habitat (2022), World Cities India Urban Infrastructure and ICFAI Journal of Urban Policy II Report2022, United Nations Services, Indian Council for (1): 42–59. Research on International Commission on Human Economic Relations, New Nallathiga, R. (2015), Delhi. Settlements (UN Habitat), Jenks, Mike and Burgess, Nairobi. Rod (2000), Compact cities: Sustainable urban forms for ‘Integrating emission WCED (1987), Our Common developing countries. London: Future, World Commission on Spon Press. reduction and environmental Environment and Development (Also known as Brundtland goals for sustainable urban Committee) Report, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. development’, in B S Reddy and S Ulgiati (Eds), Energy Security and Development: The Global Context and Indian Perspective, World Bank. (2013), Springer Publishers, New Urbanization beyond Municipal Delhi. Boundaries: Nurturing Nallathiga, R. (2016), ‘Assessing Metropolitan Economies and the role of master plans in city development: Reform Connecting Peri‐urban Areas in measures and approaches’, India, World Bank, Washington, DC. 48 HUDCO-HSMI Publication