Ministry of Jal shakti-English

in such a way as to avoid making emergency implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission. In just arrangements through the deployment of over two years, as on 31st December, 2021, ‘tankers’ or ‘trains’, etc., in rural areas. It is a despite CoVid-19 pandemic and lockdown program that intends to ‘make water everyone’s and subsequent disruptions, around 5.52 crore business’, by involving all stakeholders and households have been provided with tap turning it into a ‘Jan Andolan’ - a people’s water connections and, as on date, 8.75 crore movement on water, by building local water households (45.56%) of the country are getting utilities. tap water supply in their homes. Table 1: Implementation roadmap 3.2 Salient features of Jal Jeevan Mission Timelines Milestones Achievement 3.2.1 Vision, Mission, Objectives, and Projected (HHs with Outcomes tap water connections) Vision No. in In % No. in In % Every rural household has drinking water supply in adequate quantity of prescribed quality on Crore Crore regular and long-term basis at affordable service delivery charges leading to improvement in 15.08.2019 3.23 17 - - living standards of rural communities. 31.03.2020 3.98 21 4.06 22 Mission 31.03.2021 6.44 34 7.30 38.5 Jal Jeevan Mission is to assist, empower and facilitate: 31.03.2022 10.23 54 8.75* 45.56* *As on 31.12.2021 JJM is being implemented in a decentralized i.) States/ UTs in planning of participatory manner following a bottom-up approach, where rural water supply strategy for ensuring local village communities own the systems potable drinking water security on long- and are being empowered to shoulder the key term basis to every rural household and responsibility of planning, implementation, public institution, viz., School, Anganwadi management, operation and maintenance of centre, Ashramshalas (tribal residential the in-village water supply system. For assured schools), health centre, wellness centres, service delivery, sustainability of water sources community centres, etc.; and water supply systems including financial sustainability is of paramount importance. This ii.) States/ UTs for creation of water is in consonance with the 73rd Amendment to supply infrastructure so that every rural the Constitution devolving the power to local household has tap water connection by self-governments. By providing assured tap 2024 and water in adequate quantity of water supply to all rural homes by 2024, JJM prescribed quality is made available on will reach India’s SDG-6 target six years ahead regular basis; and could become a model for other developing countries. iii.) States/ UTs to plan for their drinking water security; The actual implementation of JJM on ground started on 25th December, 2019, with the iv.) GPs/ rural communities to plan, release of the Operational Guidelines for the implement, manage, own, operate and 43

maintain their own in-village water quality management, water treatment, supply systems; catchment protection, O&M, etc., are taken care of in short and long term; and v.) States/ UTs to develop robust institutions having focus on service delivery and viii.) to bring awareness on various aspects and financial sustainability of the sector by significance of safe drinking water and promoting utility approach; involvement of stakeholders in manner that make water everyone's business. vi.) capacity building of the stakeholders and create awareness in community on Projected outcomes of JJM significance of water for improvement in quality of life; Health • Reductioninthenumberofacutediarrhoeal vii.) in making provision and mobilization of financial assistance to States/ UTs for diseases leading to improvement of health implementation of the mission. indicators for rural populations Objectives Social • Reduction in drudgery faced by women, The broad objectives of the Mission are: girls and empowerment of women i.) to provide tap water connection to every rural household; Economic • Increase in employment opportunities ii.) to prioritize provision of tap water connection in quality-affected areas, for rural communities in developing in- villages in drought prone and desert areas, village water supply infrastructure that Aspirational Districts, Sansad Adarsh would require semi-skilled and skilled Gram Yojana (SAGY) villages, etc.; human resources. iii.) to provide tap water connection to schools, 3.2.2 Components under JJM anganwadi centres, GP buildings, health The following components are supported under centres, wellness centres and community JJM: buildings; i.) development of in-village piped water iv.) tomonitorfunctionalityoftapconnections; supply infrastructure to provide tap water connection to every rural household; v.) to promote and ensure voluntary ownership among local community by ii.) development of reliable drinking way of contribution in cash, kind and/ or water sources and/ or augmentation of labour and voluntary labour (shramdaan); existing sources to provide long-term sustainability of water supply system; vi.) to assist in ensuring sustainability of water supply system, i.e., water source, iii.) wherever necessary, bulk water transfer, water supply infrastructure and funds for treatment plants and distribution network regular O&M; to cater to every rural household; vii.) to empower and develop human resource iv.) technological interventions for removal in the sector such that the demands of of contaminants where water quality is an construction, plumbing, electrical, water issue; 44

v.) retrofitting of completed and ongoing The following ongoing programmes under schemes to provide tap water connection erstwhile NRDWP have also been subsumed at minimum service level of 55 lpcd; into JJM: vi.) grey water management; Rural Water Supply vii.) support activities, i.e., IEC, HRD, training, Sanitation Programme development of utilities, water quality for Low Income States laboratories, water quality testing & surveillance, R&D, knowledge centre, (RWSSP-LIS) capacity building of communities, etc.; and Support activities National Water Quality Sub-Mission (NWQSM) viii.) any other unforeseen challenges/ issues emerging due to natural disasters/ Schemes under calamities which affect the goal of tap erstwhile water connection to every household by NRDWP 2024. Water Quality Japanese Encaphalitis/ Monitoring & Acute Encephalitis Surveillance (WQM&S) Syndrome 3.2.3 Schemes/ Sub-Missions under erstwhile Swajal National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) subsumed under JJM Figure 3.1: Schemes subsumed under JJM 3.2.4 What’s new in JJM 45

3.2.5 Strategy and planning areas, stand-alone solar-based water supply systems to be given priority; and 3.2.5.1 Approach for provision of tap water v.) in water-stressed areas, bulk water supply transfer, treatment plants and distribution systems to be planned and executed. Although the primary output of JJM is to provide 3.2.5.2 Bottom-up approach drinking water to every rural household through Under the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), States/ UTs tap water connection by 2024, the Mission is plan to achieve drinking water security and tasked to address various challenges facing the provide a tap water connection to every rural rural drinking water supply sector at once. In household using bottom-up approach which India, conditions vary from cold desert to hot results in increased collaboration, renewed desert, Indo-Gangetic plains to mountains, vast motivation at the community level towards alluvial mainland to forested areas, more than achieving the goals of the Mission, improved 7,000 km long coastal belt, to many islands. alignment among the various stakeholders Each such region has its unique challenges. and faster implementation. Thus, an overall Further, due to climate change, there is a planning framework connecting the village, considerable spatial and temporal variation in district and State levels are adopted with every rainfall resulting in lesser surface water storage. level required to develop a one-time plan for Considering the task at hand covering different five years called as Village Action Plan (VAP), edapho-climatic regions of the country and District Action Plan (DAP) and State Action the speed and scale at which the goal has to be Plan (SAP) respectively. achieved, a unique approach has been devised to initiate work in all areas simultaneously. Figure 3.2: Bottom-up approach in planning The following overall planning approach is 3.2.5.2.1 Convergence at village level being adopted for assured water supply to every home in every village to be planned using Since there is a potential within various Central/ ‘bottom-up approach’: State Government schemes to complement one another and can be successfully converged to i.) in villages with existing piped water enhance qualitative and sustainable outcomes supply system, all remaining HHs for development thereby improving the lives to be provided with water supply by of people and communities, provisions for retrofitting/ augmenting, if needed, so this have been made under Jal Jeevan Mission. that ’no one is left out’; ii.) in villages where ground/ surface water of good quality in sufficient quantity available, single village systems (SVS) to be planned and executed - most preferred option; iii.) villages with adequate groundwater but having quality issues, water to be treated before supply to every home; iv.) in isolated tribal hamlets/ hilly/ forested 46

Financial convergence at village level with groundwater recharge, rainwater harvesting, all possible funding sources, like 15th Finance greywater management, etc., that aim to achieve Commission (FC) tied grant to PRIs/ RLBs, JJM, water security in villages. Convergence of the MGNREGS, SBM, District Mineral Development 15th FC tied grant with schemes such as JJM, Fund (DMDF), CSR funds, etc., to be made for SBM (G), etc., will augment funds for the RLBs judicious utilization of funds. Gram Panchayats for water and sanitation activities and enhance or sub-committees, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Samiti resource availability in terms of quality, can use these funds for water conservation, quantity, and sustainability. Table 2: Scope for convergence for water conservation at village-level. S.No. Programme Components 1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural There are 71 specific works identified under the 2. 3. Employment Guarantee Scheme water conservation component of Natural Resources 4. (MGNREGS) Management (NRM) under MGNREGS. Out of these, 5. 3 pertaining to drinking water are recharge pits, dugwells and soak pits. Others, inter alia, include check dams, anicuts, stop dams, sub-surface works, boulder check, etc. 15th Finance Commission Drinking water, rainwater harvesting, water recycling, etc. Swachh Bharat Mission – Phase Greywater management – soak pits, waste stabilization II ponds, etc. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Watershed component for increasing water availability Yojana and micro-irrigation to reduce drawl of water from aquifers. Repair, renovation and restoration of water bodies, etc. Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan School water supply 3.2.5.2.2 Village Action Plan (VAP) The VAP is to have four components of: Every village is to have its own Village Action i.) drinking water source augmentation and Plan (VAP) based on baseline survey, resource strengthening; mapping and felt needs of the village community. The VAP is a one-time action plan co-terminus ii.) drinking water supply system; with the 15th Finance Commission period, i.e., for five years and exploring convergence by iii.) greywater treatment and its reuse; and, dovetailing available resources at the village level. Public health engineers are required to iv.) regular operation & maintenance (O&M). present at least three techno-economic options of the water supply system for the community The VAP serves as the main document of the to choose from, also indicating the implications village for all water supply and related work on community contribution. This process is and is approved in the Gram Sabha. So far, as of to empower GPs/ VWSCs in designing and 31st December, 2021, VAPs have been prepared implementing their in-village water supply and approved for about 3.50 lakh villages. system. 47

Similarly, DWSMs are to prepare a District 3.2.6.1 Fund availability Action Plan (DAP) aggregating the VAPs and The estimated outlay of the mission is Rs.3.60 identifying various sources of convergence lakh crore with Central and State shares of Rs.2.08 to meet the emerging requirements, etc., and lakh crore and Rs.1.52 lakh crore, respectively. SWSMs are to prepare a State Action Plan (SAP) Promoting inclusive growth, the allocation aggregating the DAPs and planning for long- for JJM under Budget 2021-22 increased by term water security. about five times of previous year. Similar fund provision to be made available up to 2024. 3.2.6 Financial planning (Amount in rupees crore) As a time-bound mission, JJM’s successful implementation rests on robust financial 3.2.6.2 15th Finance Commission tied-grants to planning, timely funding, mobilization of RLBs/ PRIs adequate resources and prudent fund utilization. Central assistance for JJM has two sources: Gross To empower Panchayats for water & sanitation Budgetary Support (GBS) and Extra Budgetary service delivery, the 15th Finance Commission Resources (EBR). The fund-sharing pattern identified water supply and sanitation as a between Centre and State/ UT is 100% UTs national priority and recommended Rs.2.36 without legislature, 90:10 for Himalayan, NE- lakh crore to RLBs/ PRIs for the period 2021-22 States and UTs with the legislature and 50:50 for to 2025-26, out of which 60% is tied grant to be other States. utilized for: The criteria and weightage that will be followed i.) supply of drinking water, rainwater for fund allocation under JJM both for budgetary harvesting and water recycling; and, and extra-budgetary resources is as under: ii.) sanitation and maintenance of open Criteria Weightage defecation-free (ODF) status. % Thus, to ensure water supply and sanitation Rural Population (as per last Census) 30 services, 15th Finance Commission has allocated Rs.1.42 lakh crore for the period 2021-22 to 2025- Rural SC and ST population (as per 10 26 to RLBs/ PRIs. Earmarking such a substantial last Census) amount for basic water and sanitation services in villages is a progressive step to ensure an States under DDP, DPAP, HADP and 30 assured water supply and improved sanitation special category Hill States in terms of in rural areas. RLBs have to earmark tied- rural areas Population (as per IMIS) residing 10 in habitations affected by chemical contaminants including heavy metals (as on 31st March of preceding financial year) Weightage for balance individual 20 household connections to be provided In addition, up to 5% and up to 2% of such allocated funds to a State/ UT have been provisioned for support activities and WQM&S activities, respectively. 48

grants for each of these components. However, electricians, fitters, pump operators, etc., have if any GP has fully saturated the needs of one been taken up. category, the particular GP can utilize the funds for the other category. In 2020-21, 50% of NJJM has urged States/ UTs to provide a roll- Rs.60,750 crore, i.e., Rs.30,375 crore was allocated out plan for skilling on priority. Development for water & sanitation. However, for the next partners are being engaged to develop modules five years starting 2021-22, 60% of the FC grants for sensitizing GPs/ VWSCs and embed the have been earmarked for water and sanitation. same in the capacity-building programmes of PRI representatives as well. By providing skill (Amount in rupees crore) training to local people, the State aims to expand the ambit of skilled human resource pool and Grants Tied grants ensure expeditious implementation of works. Trained human resource availability at the 2021-22 26,940 village level helps in the immediate repair work in the event of any breakdown. 2022-23 27,908 All States/ UTs are according ‘top priority’ to 2023-24 28,212 skilling of workers in villages and accelerate skill training by utilizing support funds so that 2024-25 29,880 trained human resource is available for the creation of water supply infrastructure as well 2025-26 29,144 as operation and maintenance of piped water supply systems and greywater treatment in all Total 1,42,084 villages of the States/ UTs. Further, this will give a big boost to employment as well to the Allocation under 15th Finance Commission tied grant to local economy. RLBs/PRIs CoViD-19 pandemic has led to reverse migration of skilled and semi-skilled human resource, Thus, in addition to Rs.50,011 crore budgetary which can be turned into a mutually beneficial allocation for JJM, there is also Rs.26,940 crore opportunity for the programme and employment assured fund available under the 15th Finance opportunities. Training programmes will help Commission tied-grants to RLB/ PRIs for to create an enabling environment in the villages water & sanitation, matching State share and and address migration. In addition, the services externally aided projects. Thus, in 2021-22, more of certified trained youth will be used in the than rupees one lakh crore is planned to be implementation of the water supply programme invested in the country on ensuring tap water by the State. supply to rural homes. This kind of investment is likely to continue over three years to achieve 3.2.8 Greywater management ‘Har Ghar Jal’. A huge amount of greywater is estimated to 3.2.7 Skilling be generated every day in rural areas because of coverage in the tap water supply to every Jal Jeevan Mission provides huge employment home. The adverse effects on human health of opportunities in villages. To successfully unsafe disposal of such wastewater generated implement JJM and ensure long-term operation and maintenance of in-village water supply systems, there is a need for skilled human resources in every village. Therefore, to meet the present and future requirements, skilling initiatives to prepare masons, plumbers, 49

from bathrooms and kitchens are quite serious solid and liquid waste management services in and pervasive. Stagnant ponds of wastewater in rural areas are sustained. The guidelines focus villages or improper drains can lead to increased on the importance of wastewater management risks of exposure to diseases such as malaria, as one of the key components of SBM(G) Phase- dengue, and filariasis. The increasing amount of II. wastewater generated, if not treated properly, can also lead to contamination of groundwater Fund from MGNREGS, SBM(G), and the 15th through natural percolation. Finance Commission tied grant for water and sanitation are being utilized for this purpose. The greywater generated every day provides In all villages with tap water supply, greywater a unique opportunity for treatment and reuse collection, management and reuse are being for agriculture/ non-domestic uses, effectively taken up in a campaign mode so that greywater reducing the overall freshwater demand in doesn’t become a public health hazard. Several villages. Thus, greywater management is States across the country have initiated special considered an integral part of the water security campaigns for greywater management in strategy under JJM. convergence with schemes at village level covering options at both household and Considering this, JJM guidelines have already community level. provided for greywater management as one of the key components under Village Action To prepare a roadmap for greywater Plan (VAP) and the required infrastructure is management works in villages under Jal included under the very definition of in-village Jeevan Mission, a committee has been water supply infrastructure. The guiding formed comprising of 8 domain experts. principle for greywater management includes The first consultation meeting was held on 3 R — Reduce, Reuse, and Recharge — which 10th November, 2021 followed by few more focus on minimizing the generation of greywater sittings. The members recommended various and substituting the use of freshwater. GWM models for different population size and edapho-climatic conditions costing of GWM Further, the Government of India released works and the funding mechanism. Based on the guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission the inputs and insights given by the members, (Grameen) Phase-II in February, 2020. The the roadmap of greywater management under guidelines aim to sustain the gains achieved JJM is under preparation. under SBM and ensure that ODF status plus 50

“…Baba Saheb Ambedkar was not only the principal architect of the Indian Constitution but also guided the development of the country’s Water Policy. He had said – “Water is Wealth. Water being the wealth of the people and its distribution being uncertain, the correct approach is not to complain against nature but to conserve water…Drawing inspiration from Baba Saheb, my Government is working on the ambitious scheme of ‘Jal Jeevan Mission’. Besides delivering water to every household (Har Ghar Jal), work on water conservation is also progressing at a rapid pace…Under this scheme, water connection is being provided on priority to brothers and sisters belonging to the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes as well as other deprived sections of the society...” [Extract from the address by the President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind to the joint sitting of two houses of Parliament on 29th January, 2021] 3.3 Institutional Mechanism supported by data and documentation centre by NIC and two Project Management Units (PMUs) Jal Jeevan Mission provides for a four-tier comprising multi-disciplinary experts. institutional mechanism to achieve the targets set out under the programme. Apart from this, 3.3.2 State Level - State Water & Sanitation other mechanisms are in also place keeping the Mission (SWSM) long-term vision in view. At the State level, the State Water & Sanitation 3.3.1 National Level - National Jal Jeevan Mission (SWSM) headed by the Chief Secretary, Mission (NJJM) leads co-ordination, convergence and policy guidance. Administrative Secretary of Public At the national level, the National Jal Jeevan Health Engineering Department (PHED) as Mission is headed by the Mission Director and 51

the Mission Director is responsible for the consists of 5-10 members, viz., three experts implementation of JJM. SWSM has Apex and from the field of water, rural development, Executive Committee. Apex Committee is public health and hygiene, sanitation and headed by the Chief Secretary with Secretary-in- reputed voluntary organisations are co-opted charge of various line departments. Executive as members. Many States also have supporting Committee assists the Mission Director and PMUs. 3.3.3 District Level - District Water & Sanitation committee, i.e., Village Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) Committee (VWSC)/ Pani Samiti/ User Group, etc., playing a key role in planning, At the district level, DWSM, headed by the implementation, management, operation Deputy Commissioner or District Collector and maintenance of in-village water supply is responsible for the overall implementation systems. The mission envisions empowering of the programme. Eminent persons from the Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-committee, i.e., field of water management, community health, VWSC/ Pani Samiti, to function as ‘local water community development and local Member utility’ that focuses on water supply service of Parliament may be co-opted as Members. delivery. So far, as on 31.12.2021, over 4.55 lakh Executive Engineer of PHED is its Member- VWSCs/ Pani Samitis have been constituted/ Secretary. DWSM convenes meetings regularly made functional. to consider and accord administrative approval to in-village water supply schemes, plan 3.3.5 Implementation Support Agency (ISA) protection and preservation of village water sources, greywater treatment, prevent water JJM is implemented in a participatory manner and bodies from getting polluted and regularly Self-Help Groups (SHGs), NGOs, community- monitor implementation. Many districts also based organizations, voluntary organizations, have supporting PMUs. etc., play a major role in community mobilization and provide handholding support 3.3.4 Village Level – Village Water & Sanitation to Gram Panchayats/ VWSCs/ Pani Samitis as Committee (VWSC)/ Pani Samiti Implementation Support Agency (ISA). ISAs are empanelled by SWSM and on-boarded by JJM is implemented as a decentralized, demand- DWSM to handhold a fixed number of villages driven and community-managed programme in the particular project cycle. ISAs support with the Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- 52

water resource mapping exercises, community Activities for sector partner include the mobilization, conduct awareness activities, following: behavioural change activities, preparation, finalization, and implementation of VAP, i.) policy advice; etc. So far, as on 31.12.2021, over 13,704 such organizations are working as ISAs with different ii.) programme management: extending states. implementation support at the State, district and GP level, i.e., support in gap- 3.3.6 Sector partner analysis of institutions such as DWSMs, VWSCs, etc.; Many Voluntary Organizations (VOs), Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), UN iii.) support in change management at Agencies, Social service & charity organizations State level: prepare modules and build already working in the field of water with wide capacities of staff at various levels, viz., outreach and impact have been recognized as SWSMs, DWSMs, ISAs, VWSCs through ‘Sector Partners’ in this ambitious programme cascading approach; to address the challenges holistically. Currently, 184 such organizations have been recognized iv.) support in target IEC interventions: at Sector Partners for different levels, i.e., prepare BCC/ IPC packages for States National, State and district/ community-level and support roll out; engagement. v.) knowledge management: documentation Sector Partners are expected to play a key role of success stories, various success models in supporting the implementation of JJM by of implementation of the Mission on the working closely with the National Mission/ field for cross-learning, etc.; States in the areas of programme management, Information, Education and Communication vi.) capacity building and training programme (IEC) strategies, community mobilization, for stakeholders as mutually agreed upon; capacity building, and participatory training programme, identifying successful models vii.) community engagement: organizing for replication, documenting best practices, awareness campaigns; carry out a social audit, facilitate in organizing workshops, conferences, etc. Also, the trained viii.) water quality monitoring & surveillance: resource of the Sector Partner may work as handhold States and districts to master trainers in the field to train and engage strengthen WQMS and support in NABL with the community at the village/ habitation accreditation, sharing of lab results with level. The organisations have submitted their community, etc.; Annual and Quarter-wise plans up to 2024 highlighting the activities to be carried out ix.) any other activity as per need of the at different levels, viz., National, State, and Mission and mutually agreed upon by the District. At the NJJM level, UNICEF, UNOPS, parties. Tata Trusts, and WASH Institute are working closely among others. A webinar was organized on 14th May, 2021 where the sector partners were urged to work with the Mission following responsible and responsive approach to holistically address 53

the challenges, viz., depleting water sources, have been entrusted with the responsibility increasing water quality issues, in village of imparting training to 3 levels of officials as infrastructure, O&M, lack of resource efficiency, under. competing water demands from various sectors, etc., Sector partners are to submit their annual Table 3: Number of KRCs identified for each and quarter-wise plan for the entire programme level of target group. period, i.e., up to 2024, Highlighting the activities proposed to be undertaken at National, State Level Target Group No. of and District level. KRCs Em- panelled* 3.3.7 Institutional set-up for capacity building and knowledge management Level – 1 Senior Policy Makers, 10 3.3.7.1 Key Resource Centres (KRCs) (L-1) Senior SWSM Officials, Effective implementation and sustainability of JJM necessitates proper planning, strategizing Senior Administrators, Chief and implementing water supply systems, including developing proper institutional Engineers/ Engineers- mechanisms at all levels. For this purpose, management in-Chief, etc. systematic human resource development and level capacity building at all levels is required. To achieve the vision of JJM, it is necessary to re- Level – 2 DWSM officials, 29 orient and sensitize the Public Health Engineering officials as well as district administration along (L-2) Superintending with field level functionaries. As water is a State subject, the same is managed at different levels, Middle Engineers, Executive viz., by village, Gram Panchayat, District and State. Leadership training is needed for effective Engineers, Junior implementation of the programme to ensure management Engineers, Water assured regular supply of water in the long term. level Utility Managers Accordingly, 104 institutions/ organisations including eminent institutes like Indian Institute and Water Testing of Technology, Bombay; Centre for Science and Environment, Delhi; Engineers Staff College of laboratory personnel India, Hyderabad; etc., have been empanelled by National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM) as Key from Public Health Resource Centres by following a well laid down procedure for capacity building, reorientation Engineering of different stakeholders, dissemination of knowledge and information, development of Departments (PHEDs)/ high-quality print and audio-visual content, documentation of best practices, etc. These KRCs Rural Water Supply (RWS) Departments/ Public Works Departments (PWDs), etc. Level – 3 Elected Panchayati 87 (L-3) Raj Institution (PRI) Members, Gram Community Panchayat (GP) level Officials, VWSC Members, Members of Implementation Support Agencies (ISAs), etc. *03 KRCs have been empanelled for all levels, 07 KRCs for L-1 & L-2; 09 KRCs for L-2 & L-3 KRCs are expected to partner with NJJM to usher in the 'change management' in the sector so as to provide and sustain viable and functional water 54

supply systems on a long-term and assured and O&M for ‘Har Ghar Jal’; basis. The selected KRCs are required to design, develop and deliver target group-specific ii.) integrated water resource management training programmes. The programs are to be for springshed management, rainwater designed in a participative manner using most harvesting structures (including schools & modern learning tools and techniques, using a anganwadis and other public institutions) combination of informative, participative and and groundwater recharge; experiential learning methods. Learning and application of learning on the job is the key. iii.) the investigation, planning, design and construction of rural water supply Several webinars were organised by NJJM to schemes in hilly areas including O&M of orient and sensitize KRCs towards the objective water treatment plants, water treatment – of JJM and to help them to finalize their Annual process and operation for disinfection & Action Plan (AAP). On 16th June 2021, a webinar sterilization methods; was organized by the National Jal Jeevan Mission, Department of Drinking Water & iv.) low-cost treatment method for Fluoride Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti with and Arsenic-contaminated groundwater; 104 Key Resource Centres (KRCs) empanelled for building the capacity of various stakeholders v.) hydraulic modelling of drinking water at National, State, District and Community level. distribution system; During the interactive webinar, queries from the KRCs were responded. The KRCs were advised vi.) rainwater harvesting & groundwater to revisit the Annual Action Plans submitted to recharge; the mission based on the discussion held during the webinar. vii.) long-term O&M and sustainability (including community contribution) of An evaluation committee of senior officers of village-level water supply schemes; NJJM has been constituted to examine the plans submitted by empanelled KRCs and suitably viii.) selection, design, construction and O&M recommend the training programme, keeping in of water treatment plants; view the objectives of NJJM. The AAPs of KRCs for the year 2021-22 for L-1 and L-2 training ix.) project management and financial programmes were finalized and 1st instalment management for regional schemes in rural of funds has been released to conduct the areas; approved training programmes. x.) greywater management; The training programmes cover various aspects of JJM such as: xi.) water quality standards-ensuring safe drinking water in rural homes; i.) participatory planning, implementation xii.) sensor-based IoT systems for monitoring rural water supply; xiii.) solar-based rural water supply systems. 55

Table 4: Progress of training programmes conducted by L1 and L2 KRCs Category No. of approved training No. of training No. of participants programmes for 2021-22 programmes completed as L-1 153 L-2 89 on 31.12.2021 3,553 255 7 81 A common training module framework has been 3.3.7.2 National Centre for Drinking Water, developed for L-3, based on which L-3 KRCs have Sanitation and Quality (NCDWSQ) been asked to submit their training calendars (to be prepared in consultation with the States The National Centre for Drinking Water, assigned to each KRC) to NJJM. A trainees’ Sanitation and Quality is an autonomous module for the same is also under preparation. Institution of the Department of Drinking Water Keeping in view the pandemic constraints and and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti set the requirement for organizing physical training up in Kolkata to serve as an Institute of national programmes for grassroots representatives, each importance for public health engineering. The L-3 KRC, initially will be conducting only two institute will work on training and capacity training programmes in their assigned States/ building, academic programmes and education, UTs. Based on performance and feedback research and innovation, outreach & consulting received, a decision will be taken on assigning and technology/ solutions bank. It will serve more training programmes to L-3 KRCs in the as a Centre of Excellence for drinking water current financial year. Accordingly, approvals and sanitation, handling complex water are being provided to L-3 KRCs and few have management issues in a holistic and integrated started the training programmes. manner. It will further be strengthened to play a larger role in the implementation of the Jal A 3-day series of conferences were organised Jeevan Mission. Training and capacity building by NJJM in association with UNICEF for programmes have been initiated with sessions empanelled Key Resource Centres (KRCs) conducted through both virtual and classroom on 27th, 29th September and 1st October, 2021, mediums. respectively, at Gurugram, NCR. Several thematic experts were also present during the The construction work of Centre’s building at conference. The 104 KRCs have been categorized Kolkata has been entrusted to CPWD, Kolkata. into three levels, viz., L-1, L-2 and L-3. On As on 31st March 2021, an amount of Rs.91.40 27th September, the conference was organised crore (95.00 %) was deposited with CPWD for for L-1 & L-2 KRCs, on 29th September for L-2 construction work of Centre’s building against KRCs and on 1st October, 2021 for L1 KRCs. the total project cost of Rs.96.21 crore out of which The conferences were chaired by the Secretary, CPWD has utilized Rs.80.26 crore covering 99 % DDWS. The conference was also live-streamed of physical progress of construction work of the on YouTube so that members other than KRC Centre’s building. Simultaneously, furnishing representatives and various stakeholders could of all blocks of the Centre and auditorium, also attend and learn from the informative preparation of DPR of water quality laboratory sessions. through CSIR-NERRI Nagpur, landscaping 56

and horticulture works of the Centre are under immediate-term (first 3 years), medium- progress. term (4-7 years) and long-term (8-10 years) activities by the NIWS; An eight-member Expert Committee chaired by Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA) to the iv.) the NIWS is expected to serve as a premier Government of India with 3 directors of IITs, Institute of international repute and ex-head of utility and public health experts bridge the wide prevailing knowledge has been constituted for preparing vision and and capacity gap in this sector; roadmap for the development of the Institute as an Institute of international repute. The v.) the NIWS should undertake a.) training Committee, after multiple deliberations and & capacity building; b.) academic consideration finalised its report and submitted programmes; c.) innovation, research & it to the Government on 29th December, 2021. development; d.) advice and consultancy; The report inter alia has recommended e.) outreach; and f.) set up a technology and following: solutions bank to fulfil its envisaged roles and responsibilities. It may be structured i.) the Institute has to develop excellence in into these six verticals immediately along research & innovation and in academic with a support vertical for administration programmes in water and sanitation sector. and finance; Accordingly, the NCDWSQ developed on the pattern of reputed Institutions such vi.) the Director of the Institute is proposed to as national Institutions offering in-service be at the same scale, terms and conditions training, academic programmes as well as as Directors of Indian Institutes of research, outreach and advice, etc., and Technologies. The Institute is to have should be renamed as ‘National Institute a flexible cadre system, with a mix of of Water and Sanitation (NIWS)’. The faculty hired on long-term basis, faculty NIWS is expected to cater both urban and on deputation and faculty on short-term rural areas; contract (eminent persons working in the WASH sector), to have wide skill- ii.) the NIWS to take up water and sanitation sets to shoulder various responsibilities issues in a holistic manner by being a vested in the Institute. Incentives such as multi-disciplinary Institution and play stepping up of pay, deputation allowance an active role in training the personnel of (as in civil service academies), etc., may Water Supply/ Water & Sanitation/ Public be introduced to attract quality talent, Health Engineering (PHE) Departments especially people on deputation. The and parastatals of various States/ UTs to Board is to have the flexibility of managing change their mindset and reorient them to the staffing of the Institute. become holistic water utility managers/ facilitators with focus on equitable and The Centre organized two online training efficient service delivery; programmes in March, 2021 for Engineers, Chemists and Consultants working in water iii.) a vision, mission and roadmap has been supply sector in States/ UTs. The training proposed. The roadmap comprises programme on NABL accreditation of drinking water quality testing laboratories was organized 57

online in five batches from 3rd to 9th March, Delhi. The training was attended virtually by 2021 in collaboration with DDWS and NABL, 183 participants from 33 States/ UTs. Gurugram. The training was attended virtually by 167 participants from 32 States/ UTs. Further, A 3-day training on quality assurance of tap the training programme on Jal Jeevan Mission- water supply for chemists/ water quality testing Water Quality Management Information lab-in-charge of States/ UTs was organized System (JJM-WQMIS) portal was organized during 24th - 27th August 2021 at National online in three batches from 17th to 19th March, Centre for Drinking Water, Sanitation and 2021 in collaboration with DDWS and Indian Quality, Kolkata, an apex Institution set up by Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation. Figure 3.3: Participants of the 3-day training at NCDWSQ 3.3.7.3 Centres of Excellence (CoE) expectation of being able to provide tangible outcomes, two such Centres of Excellence were Keeping in view the size of the country, the identified which would be helpful in providing expert committee was also mandated to consider solutions to emerging challenges, as under: whether there is a requirement of Centres of Excellence to strengthen education, training and i.) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), research in public health engineering and, if Madras (Chennai); and required, to also suggest the places, institutions and required infrastructure. ii.) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Gandhinagar The committee felt the need to set up Centres of Excellence in the southern and drought-prone These Centres of Excellence are planned to be western parts of the country which are facing developed further which is expected to help varied challenges in the water supply sector. in expanding training and capacity building, In view of the history of premier Institutions education and research and innovation in the in these regions, their existing infrastructure, public health engineering sector in their areas ongoing activities, plans and reasonable of focus. These centres would support multi- 58

disciplinary activities including academic ensure an effective mode of selection of the programmes drawing expertise from various Professor Chair; ensure the adequacy of the disciplines, viz., engineering, humanities, grant-in-aid to meet the objectives; and have a management, etc. Moreover, faculty working in balance of training, outreach, academic activities, public health engineering from other disciplines and research. It would also incorporate the would be actively involved in the centres’ requirements of an agreed upon annual action activities. These centres, through their expertise, plan and subsequent performance reports. would strengthen the water and sanitation- related ecosystem and eventually help in To have wide consultations for an informed improving public health and hygiene in the view on effective engagement of the national country. programmes with academic institutions through the mechanism of the Professor Chairs, the 3.3.7.4 Professor Chair DDWS constituted an Expert Committee for Jal Jeevan Mission Professor Chair on 23rd March, Given the evolving objectives and requirements 2021 under the Co-chairpersonship of Prof of the Jal Jeevan Mission, it was decided to Bibek Debroy, Chairman, Economic Advisory establish National Professor Chairs as Jal Jeevan Council to the Prime Minister and Prof. K. Vijay Mission - Professor Chairs, with the guidelines Raghavan, Principal Scientific Adviser to the to provide domain specific support to the Government of India. National Jal Jeevan Mission and the State Water and Sanitation/ Rural Water Supply/ PHE The committee held meetings on 5th April, 2021, Departments so as to achieve the objectives of 10th June, 2021 and 28th July, 2021 and finalized the Jal Jeevan Mission as well as the Swachh a report wherein five focus areas and institutes Bharat Mission. The new initiative would align were identified for hosting JJM- Professor Chair. with the vision, mission and objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission and the Swachh Bharat Mission; Table 5: Five focus areas and Institutes for hosting JJM-Professor Chair S. No. Focus area Institute 1. Utility development & water economics Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Bangalore 2. Sustainability of drinking water sources Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), 3. Water treatment technology Jodhpur 4. Decentralized governance for water and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), sanitation services Guwahati 5. IT and data science for service delivery Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur The Government of India has accepted the report and guidelines for Jal Jeevan Mission-Professor Chair have been revised. The Institutes are in the process of setting up of the Professor Chairs from this Financial Year onwards for a period of five years. 59

3.3.8 Committees under JJM availability of potable water in adequate quantity and prescribed quality for the design 3.3.8.1 State Level Scheme Sanctioning period. Committee (SLSSC) 3.3.8.2 Technical Committee States are to ensure that all schemes proposed are closely scrutinized so that they are in consonance To achieve the goal of universal coverage by with JJM guidelines. Every State/ UT, therefore, FHTC to every rural household by 2024, on this also has a State/ UT Level Scheme Sanctioning scale and with speed, there are huge challenges Committee (SLSSC) which essentially works as a for which innovative solutions with the use of State-level technical committee. The Committee new technologies would be required. Keeping examines the technical proposals and reviews this in view, a Technical Committee under the the functioning/ performance of existing water chairmanship of Principal Scientific Advisor to supply schemes for the availability of potable the Government of India has been constituted. drinking water in adequate quantity in the rural habitations of the State/ UT. The Committee has invited technical solutions/ innovations for drinking water and sanitation The SLSSC chaired by the administrative sectors; identified and recommended them Secretary of the concerned State/ UT and after a rigorous appraisal process to solve having representatives from DDWS also the challenges. A similar exercise is being consists of Mission Director of SWSM, Director undertaken for inviting high-end R&D Regional Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), proposals for customized solutions. The State Director State Water Resource/ Ground Water Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Departments Department, Director Regional office of Central are also represented in the Committee. The Water Commission, Chief Engineer PHED and technologies submitted would be measured on any other member (need-based) as decided by suitable parameters to be developed as a matrix the State/ UT. Every State’s SLSCC convenes under the ASSURED system of evaluation. meeting for approval of the schemes that are not under the purview of DWSM for sanctions The committee held two meetings, i.e., its like intra/ inter-district distribution networks, third and fourth meetings in the year 2021 on regional water supply schemes, bulk water 17th March, 2021 and 28th September, 2021, transfer through grids and treatment plants. respectively. The accepted technologies are also Proposals placed before SLSCC are reviewed shared with the States for adoption in the field. by the Source Finding Committee (SFC) for Applications received R&D ProposalsTotal proposals submitted Water - 34 Innovation Technologies 76 Sanitation - 10 Approved by committee Approved by committee Water - 7 05 Sanitation - 2 60

Table 6: Details of Technologies approved by the Technical Committee S. No. Category Company Technology 1. Water 2. iNode Software iNode WTP software for Hydraulic Design 3. Sanitation of Water Treatment Plants. 4. HISAFE Global HISAFE-MULTAN non-electrical universal 5. size chlorinator device. 6. 7. Helioz Global Service Pvt. Ltd. WADI, a solar-powered UV measurement device that visualizes solar water 8. disinfection (SODIS) in PET or glass bottles. 9. Expert365 Pvt Ltd. Disinfection using controlled UV. Xylem Water Solutions India Instrument for photometrics, pH, ORP and Pvt. Ltd. turbidity measurement. Shree Chlorates, Prop. Zenith DOUBLE O2 (Chlorine Dioxide Powder). Electrochem Pvt. Ltd. Uros Ltd. UROS Sense service (monitoring of water quality from water sources to final delivered water networks and users). Shrishti Eco-Research Institute Soil scape process. Grace Green Infra Private Ltd. Bio-Filter System. Table 7: Details of R&D proposals approved by the Technical Committee S. Applicant Name Name of the proposal Duration Budget No. (months) (Rupees in Development of Microfluidic Bottle Cap 1. Dr Arup Kumar Das, IIT for Wastewater treatment and recovery 15 Lakh) Roorkee systems for water reuse. 31.68 Technology for remediating community 16 2. Dr. Krishnakumar well water contaminated with an 31.25 Bhaskaran, CSIR-NIIST emerging & endocrine disrupting micro 24 pollutant, Perchlorate. 364.00 3. Dr. Baban Kumar S Gaon Ka Pani Gaon Main – IoT based Bansod, CSIR-CSIO and monitoring of water supply systems. Dr. Pawan Labhasetwar, CSIR-NEERI TERAFIL water filtration. 18 66.00 Eco restoration of abandoned quarries. 18 36.30 4. Dr. Jayanta Kumar Pothal, CSIR-IMMT 5. Dr. Dipu Sukumaran, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management. 61

3.3.8.3 Technical/ Expert Committee to draw assist implementation of the measurement and a roadmap for measurement & monitoring of monitoring system of water service delivery. water service delivery system in rural areas 3.3.8.4 Committee for finalization of Annual The service delivery approach in the drinking Action Plans (AAPs) of States/ UTs water sector requires a robust measurement & The committee for finalization of Annual Action monitoring system that helps in ensuring the Plans constituted under the chairmanship of functionality of tap connections/ water supply Secretary, DDWS with following members: systems in villages. Keeping this in view, a technical/ expert committee has been constituted i.) Additional Secretary & Mission Director, in August, 2020. The committee has submitted NJJM, DDWS its report in March, 2021. The committee’s report, i.e., ‘roadmap for the measurement and ii.) Additional Secretary, SBM, DDWS monitoring of water service delivery system in rural areas’ has provided a basic framework to iii.) Joint Secretary & FA, DDWS design, develop and establish a coherent system that is able to exchange the data at local and iv.) Nominee of Principal Scientific Adviser central levels. The report has addressed several variations of schemes, capacity of the community, v.) Nominee of Secretary, Rural Development various types of networking and communication (AS/ JS in-charge of MNREGS) technology, governance framework, etc. The broad framework provided by the report aims vi.) Nominee of Secretary, Panchayati Raj to help in firming up the desired standards to meet the requirement of change from mirror vii.) Chief Controller of Accounts infrastructure development to ensure water service delivery. States/ UTs have been urged to viii.) Technical Director, NIC set up a support unit consisting of 3-5 persons to ix.) All Directors/ DS in NJJM x.) All Technical Officers in NJJM Figure 3.4: Key highlights 62

3.4 Annual Action Plan B. Empowering GPs/ VWSCs/ Pani Samitis to shoulder key responsibility Every year, States/ UTs are required to Empowering communities to prepare VAPs is formulate an Annual Action Plan (AAP) which of utmost importance to: is an extensive exercise that begins in early February. The objective is to have a robust plan i.) facilitate GPs/ VWSCs to prepare VAPs that provides direction for implementation incorporating key components; based on identified priorities, reduce risk of uncertainty by forecasting the activities ii.) explore convergence by dovetailing to be done in future, etc. Based on the IMIS resources at GP/ village level. data entered by States, intensive analysis and evaluation are carried out for every State/ UT on C. Identifying priority areas adhering to their existing water supply scenario, especially the principle of ’equity & inclusiveness’ on priority areas. The planning exercise assists the key stakeholders in visualizing the To achieve ’equity & inclusiveness’ and to implementation process, framing a task list ensure ’no one is left out’, JJM prioritizes supply with timelines to achieve the approved targets, of assured drinking water in the following areas: facilitating coordination ensuring the entire institutional mechanism is oriented to work in i.) Quality-affected areas, especially 27,544 the desired direction. Arsenic & Fluoride-affected habitations; 3.4.1 Focus of AAP ii.) Villages in drought-prone areas (905 blocks) and desert areas (233 blocks); A. Targeting low hanging fruits iii.) Aspirational Districts (117); The fastest way of providing tap water connections is by utilizing the existing/ ongoing iv.) JE/ AES affected districts (60); piped water supply network as ’low-hanging fruits’ and retrofitting them by extending the v.) SC/ ST majority villages; distribution network to provide tap water connections. In villages with existing piped vi.) Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) water supply networks and tap connections to villages (3,159). some households, it is mandatory to connect every household in the village adopting the D. Prioritizing JE-AES affected districts saturation method. Japanese Encephalitis-Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (JE-AES) is a serious health hazard. i.) Providing tap water connections from The disease mostly affects children and young existing PWS schemes to remaining adults which can lead to morbidity and mortality. households of the village; These infections particularly affect malnourished children of poor economic backgrounds. As ii.) Augmentation and retrofitting of existing many as 61 high priority districts in five States schemes to make them JJM compliant; are identified for strengthening prevention and control measures through five Union Ministries iii.) Connect all households of the village with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare where existing coverage of tap water as the nodal Ministry. Jal Jeevan Mission is a key supply is high and few Households left; programme in reducing the burden of disease in these districts. iv.) Analysis of life cycle/ design period of schemes to improve their efficiency. 63

Jal Jeevan Mission has significantly strengthened 8.02 lakh (2.64%) households in these districts the preventive measures to reduce the spread of across the five States had tap water supply in JE-AES by providing a clean tap water supply their homes. Due to the efforts of States, as on to economically poor households in the affected 31st December, 2021, over 1.20 crore (39.62%) districts of Assam, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Uttar households have been provided clean tap water Pradesh and West Bengal. On 15th August 2019, supply in their homes, i.e., a 14-fold increase in when Jal Jeevan Mission was announced, only coverage. E. Prioritizing Aspirational Districts with low human development indices (HDIs) have been identified as Aspirational Districts With the Union Government’s undivided by the NITI Aayog. On 15th August 2019, when focus on providing basic amenities in remote Jal Jeevan Mission was announced, only 24.32 areas, aspirational districts, border areas, etc., lakh (7.19%) households in 117 Aspirational this mission strives to ensure safe drinking Districts had tap water supply in their homes. water in every rural household without any As on 31st December, 2021, tap water supply discrimination. The principle is ’no one is left out’, has been provided to over 1.30 crore (38.51%) and those who are so far unserved get assured households, i.e., a four-fold increase. potable drinking water in their homes. Districts 64

Coverage in JE-AES districts as on Coverage in Aspirational districts as on 31st December, 2021 31st December, 202 65

F. Prioritizing water quality-affected Fluoride-affected habitations as an interim habitations (short-term) measure to provide 8-10 lpcd for drinking and cooking purposes. Emphasizing water quality, under JJM, States/ However, States are asked to plan for UTs are advised to adopt the following strategy piped water supply to every home in to provide safe drinking water in quality affected these habitations on priority; habitations on priority. iii.) In villages with sufficient groundwater i.) In water quality-affected habitations, availability but having quality issues, especially with Arsenic and Fluoride adoption of suitable in-situ treatment contamination, potable water has to be technology is to be explored; ensured on priority; iv.) In villages with water quality issues and ii.) Since the commissioning of piped water non-availability of suitable surface water supply schemes may take a longer sources in nearby areas, it may be more time, States have been advised to install appropriate to transfer bulk water from Community Water Purification Plants long distances. (CWPP), especially in Arsenic and S. No. Contaminant No. of quality-affected habitations yet to be provided with tap water supply to HHs As on 01.08.2019 As on 31.12.2021 1. Arsenic 11,559 1,802 2. Fluoride 3. Heavy Metals 6,852 2,098 4. Iron 5. Nitrate 2,151 256 6. Salinity Total 18,562 21,561 1,383 819 13,226 10,338 53,733 36,874 G. Simultaneously, States are to start work in J. WaterQualityMonitoring&Surveillance villages without any PWS as well; activities – plan for new laboratories to be set up, NABL accreditation/ recognition, H. In water-deficient and quality-affected PPP, water quality testing and sanitary areas, States are preparing and survey targets, etc. implementing schemes for bulk water transfer and distribution network along K. Financial planning – annual and with treatment plants; quarterly plan for the financial year, plan for convergence, O&M, EAPs, etc. I. Support activities – plan for engagement of ISAs, VWSCs formation, VAP 3.4.2 Approval of Annual Action Plan preparation, IEC activities, support staff, capacity building, skilling, third-party States/ UTs presented their Annual Action inspection, grievance redressal, etc. Plan (AAP) for the implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission before the committee for its finalization 66

during 9th April – 7th May, 2021. The meetings by Secretary, DDWS, and rigorous scrutiny was were held through video conferencing. Despite undertaken of the proposed Annual Action Plan CoVid-19 pandemic and lockdown, the planning (AAP) prepared by States/ UTs before finalizing activities continued and several rounds of the same. Thereafter, funds have been released discussion happened through VC with States/ throughout the year. Regular field visits, review UTs and respective Area Officers. meetings were held to ensure implementation of these Annual Action Plans to achieve the goal of This month-long exercise, daily taking up two Jal Jeevan Mission. States/ UTs, was done by the committee chaired Figure 3.5: Components of Annual Action Plan 67

3.4.3 Timeline to provide tap water connection tap water connections and the quantum of work to every rural household required for the same. Many States/ UTs have planned to provide tap water connections before States/ UTs have arrived at their respective 2024. timeline, i.e., 100% achievement based on the remaining number of households to be provided Timeline for 100% coverage is as under: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Goa Telengana Gujarat DD abd DNH Himachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra Puducherry Punjab A & N Islands Sikkim Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Haryana Uttarakhand Bihar Manipur Tamil Nadu Odisha Jammu & Kashmir Meghalaya Kerala Rajasthan Ladakh Madhya Pradesh Assam Mizoram Jharkhand Tripura Uttar Pradesh Nagaland West Bengal Chhattisgarh 3.5 Major initiatives undertaken 3.5.1.1.1 Collaboration between India and Denmark in the field of water 3.5.1 Building partnerships, changing lives Prime Ministers of India and Denmark during 3.5.1.1 International Cooperation the India-Denmark virtual summit on 28th September, 2020 had established Green Strategic There is a scope for possible collaboration with Partnership between the two countries. As a foreign countries and institutions to adopt part of this Partnership, a work plan (2021-23) modern technology/ innovative solutions for for cooperation between NJJM and the Danish water supply systems in areas like efficient Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA) in and green power especially solar power the water sector has been finalized. The objective based pumping systems, sensor-based IoT to of the work plan aims to enhance cooperation monitor water supply systems, use of artificial in the specific areas of water supply, water intelligence, greywater treatment and re-use, distribution, wastewater treatment, sewerage desalination, cost-effective innovative solutions systems, re-use of treated wastewater, water to prevent and mitigate situations arising out of management and energy optimization in the natural calamities/ disasters, etc. water sector through the Indo-Danish Water Technology Alliance (WTA). India being a favourite destination for investment, drinking water sector has huge The cooperation aims to work to support a range potential for investors to come forward and of priorities of the JJM and co-create solutions provide innovative solutions making water in the fields of policy, planning, regulation supply systems efficient and sustainable. and implementation as well as technology, 68

research & development and skilling that the National level and States/ UTs will enable combine Danish and Indian expertise. The to transform the Public Health Engineering successful development and implementation Departments (PHEDs) at the State level into of the agreed outcomes require competencies modern, financially self-sustainable, public and collaboration from a range of partners utilities with a service delivery outlook and the from India and Denmark, including at the village level committees into independent local State, District and/ or Village level and other utilities. A response from the Government of stakeholders. The cooperation will include one Hungary has been received in this regard which or more States. NJJM will provide support to is under active consideration of NJJM. Further, DEPA in its outreach to State and District-level countries like Sri Lanka and Finland have also partners. DEPA has already started working shown interest in partnering with Jal Jeevan with the Government of Tamil Nadu and forged Mission. an alliance with UNOPS for work in Uttar Pradesh. 3.5.1.1.3 Collaboration with BRICS member countries During the visit of Prime Minister of Denmark A. BRICS Water Ministers’ meeting H.E. Ms. Mette Frederiksen to India from 9th – 11th October, 2021, both sides reviewed the progress The first BRICS Water Ministers’ meet was in green strategic partnership and appreciated held on 18th November, 2021 in virtual mode the ongoing partnerships in green technologies from Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, New Delhi and sustainable solutions in various sectors under India’s BRICS Chairmanship 2021. The including water. Hon’ble Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat delivered his address where A steering committee with high-level the importance of this BRICS Water Ministers’ representatives of the Ministry of Jal Shakti meeting was highlighted, which can be traced and DEPA, the Embassy of Denmark to India to Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra has been constituted as a part of the work plan Modi’s vision and announcement in 2019 and implementation and review of its progress. The in the New Delhi declaration during 13th BRICS first meeting of the steering committee was held Summit in 2021. He also affirmed that India on 16th December, 2021. looks forward to working with the member countries under the BRICS Water Forum and the 3.5.1.1.2 Collaboration with countries for international community by sharing knowledge leadership development programmes/ and information about a multitude of successful trainings case studies and best practices in the water sector. He also felt that everyone can profit from NJJM has written to Indian Ambassadors to this noble initiative which champions mutual Israel, Hungary, and Singapore to explore learning. the possibility for leadership development programmes/ trainings for engineers and The Ministers from Brazil, Russia, China administrators of the public health engineering and South Africa also addressed the meet sector of India by appropriate institutions/ and conveyed their country’s viewpoint and agencies of these countries. The training and commended India’s initiative in organizing two- capacity building of senior administrative day BRICS Water Forum and finalizing joint officers and public health engineers both at 69

Figure 3.6: Minister, Jal Shakti addressed the first BRICS Water Ministers' meet declaration preceding the first Water Ministers’ has become a major global concern and it is high meet. They all stressed that co-operation time to address these issues through taking amongst the BRICS countries is the need of the concrete measures such as water recharging hour for solving the common problem being through aquifers, rainwater harvesting, check faced in the water sector. dams, etc., for source sustainability. B. BRICS water forum 3.5.1.2 JJM on a global platform Shri Bharat Lal, AS&MD, NJJM chaired the 2nd 3.5.1.2.1 World Sustainable Development session of BRICS water forum on technological Summit innovations in water management. He took forward the message ‘water is the elixir of life, A virtual curtain-raiser on World Sustainable a fundamental source for the development Development Summit (WSDS) 2022 was and expansion of economic activities’ from organised on 4th June, 2021 ahead of world the philosophy of JJM. He talked about the environment day by The Energy and Resources increasing challenges faced by the water sector Institute (TERI). The Union Minister, Jal Shakti from drought, flooding, pollution and above highlighted the urgent need to conserve water all global warming and the urgent need for the both in agriculture and domestic use and water sector’s resilience and sustainability to appealed for judicious use of water. He also support economic growth in the developing urged for bringing about social and behavioural nations. change by making rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory for individuals and He also talked about the stress on existing housing societies. AS&MD, NJJM gave policy water sources increasing multi-fold due to perspectives and highlighted the importance increasing water demand from all sectors of water with depleting per capita availability such as agriculture, industrial, drinking, of freshwater due to increase in population, etc. Considering huge water demand and expanding economic activities and aspirations over-dependence on existing water sources of the public. He urged all to work on increasing (groundwater and surface water), water security the water storage capacity developing aquifer 70

Figure 3.7: AS&MD, NJJM at the BRICS water forum recharge, restoration of the water bodies, putting of the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Shri Bharat Lal, an end to water wastage by improving water use was invited as a speaker for two sessions, efficiency and keeping rivers and other water which aimed to highlight the important linkage bodies safe and clean. between climate change and water security. Shri Lal presented the building blocks of Jal 3.5.1.2.2 JJM at COP 26 Jeevan Mission and best practices related to partnerships and financing on 6th November, COP26, the 26th United Nations Climate Change 2021. Conference was held in Glasgow, United Kingdom, between 31st October-12th November, On 12th November, 2021, India continued 2021, bringing together both physically and its engagement in the session on ’Water and virtually all countries that have signed the Climate in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH): Convention, to discuss progress made against Experiences from India, Nepal and Bangladesh’, existing global and national goals related to where Shri Bharat Lal, AS&MD, NJJM shared ’keeping 1.5 degrees within reach’ (mitigation), lessons learnt on risk-informed programming adapting to ’protect communities and natural during the implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission habitats’ (adaptation), mobilizing finance, and and how the mission works with a bottom-up working ’together to deliver’. approach, partnering with village communities. The mission aims to strengthen, empower and The COP26 also paved way for the first water help village communities to safely operate for climate pavilion, which is a big step towards and manage access to clean tap water. He also acknowledging the role that WASH and water acknowledged UNICEF India’s support, being a security play in adapting communities towards great partner in providing safe access to clean becoming more climate-resilient in the face of water for children in India. climate change & environmental degradation. Given the importance of water security and how Therefore, while sustainable and climate resilient access to water is affected by climate change, the water supply is already the core ambition of Ministry of Jal Shakti was given the opportunity JJM, it is keen to explore opportunities to both to share India’s best practices forward on a amplify its impact and present itself as a role global stage. model for other stakeholders seeking to follow its best practices. Under this pavilion, the Additional Secretary 71

3.5.1.2.3 International Learning Exchange (ILE) with speed and scale, it is necessary to address the technological and knowledge gaps that come The 8th WASH in Schools (WinS) International up during the implementation. Learning Exchange (ILE) 2021 was conducted on 19th November, 2021 with the purpose to JJM encourages young minds, researchers, share existing good practices and available academia, entrepreneurs, start-ups working in information and materials to support countries the sector to provide cost-effective solutions in the improvement of their WASH facilities and fill knowledge gaps. Present issues in in schools. Shri Bharat Lal, AS&MD, NJJM the drinking water sector like geogenic and shared details of the special campaign aiming anthropogenic water quality issues, long-term at providing tap water supply in schools, potable water supply in harsh edaphoclimatic anganwadi centres and ashramshalas. The conditions and disaster-prone areas, special campaign for children aims to provide measurement and monitoring of water service tap water supply in educational institutions for delivery, action research on behaviour change, drinking, cooking mid-day meals, handwashing cost-effective greywater treatment and reuse, and use in toilets. etc., are planned to be taken up and financial support made available to carry forward the 3.5.2 Innovation and R&D research, field validation and demonstration. Under JJM, technology adoption is crucial to The Technical Committee constituted under the ensure sustainability and to improve service chairmanship of Principal Scientific Advisor delivery. Water quality, in particular, requires to the Government of India recommends suitable technologies for water treatment, innovative technical solutions after a rigorous recycling and reuse. Innovations and new appraisal process using ASSURED matrix. technology are encouraged for adoption in the field. Plus, in order to implement the Mission Figure 3.8: ASSURED matrix 72

3.5.2.1 Grand challenge for the development September, 2020 to create an innovative, modular of ‘smart water supply measurement and and cost-effective solution to developing a ’Smart monitoring system’ Water Supply Measurement and Monitoring System’ to be deployed at the village level. NJJM, in partnership with the Ministry of C-DAC, Bangalore is the implementing agency Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), providing technical support for the challenge. has launched an ICT Grand Challenge on 15th Figure 3.9: Stages of ICT grand challenge The ICT Grand Challenge harnessed India’s A video conference on ‘Handholding of the vibrant IoT eco-systems for creating a smart participants to the State’ was organized to rural water supply eco-system to measure and help to expedite programme implementation. monitor the service delivery of the water supply The selected agencies are visiting the villages in rural areas. This challenges to provide an to initiate IoT-based sector deployment. In opportunity to work for the cause of Jal Jeevan addition, villages are also allocated to three Mission and to assure potable water supply other agencies for developing eight pilots on a through tap water connections to every rural pro-bono basis. household. Table 8: Sensor-based IoT pilot locations S.No. State District Village name 1. Gujarat Dahod Agara 2. Bavka 3. Himachal Pradesh Shimla 4. Maharashtra Nashik Chilakota 5. Rajasthan Sirohi Jada Kheriya 6. Uttarakhand Dehradun Ghanahatti 7. Tehri Garhwal 8. Janori 9. Gharat 10. Dudhli 11. Churedar Kitth Kot Kulogi 73

Enthusiastic participation was observed from all ensuring proper management and effective over India. A Jury was constituted, with experts operation & maintenance of water supply from academia, industry, Jal Jeevan Mission, systems in the villages. C-DAC, CoEs, MeitY, etc. The ten teams shortlisted for ideation to prototype stage were The successful developers will join the MeitY announced on 20th November 2020, based on the supported incubator/ CoEs to nurture their Jury’s recommendations. solution further. The technologies that were developed & demonstrated successfully may Table 9: Sensor-based IoT locations in be listed in the GeM portal. This will boost the second phase idea and thrust of initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat, Digital India, and Make in India. S.No. State No. of villages 3.5.2.2 Innovation challenge to develop 1. Andhra Pradesh 15 portable device for water quality testing National Jal Jeevan Mission has launched 2. Gujarat 20 an innovation challenge in partnership with the Department of Promotion of Industry 3. Haryana 13 and Internal Trade, Government of India, to develop portable devices for water testing. The 4. Karnataka 13 main objective of the exercise is to bring an innovative, modular, and cost-effective solution 5. Maharashtra 05 to develop portable devices that can be used at the household level to test the drinking water 6. Manipur 09 quality instantly, easily and accurately. 7. Rajasthan 15 People receiving piped water supply in their homes do not have any means to test the 8. Uttar Pradesh 10 potability of water coming from their taps. This leads to a situation wherein, quite often, people Total 100 are reluctant to consume tap water directly. As a result, people end up installing household The 10 participants were given two months for water treatment units incurring additional the ’Idea on-to-Prototype’ stage post in which expenditure. Water quality testing is one of the participants carried out a demonstration from priority areas under Jal Jeevan Mission. 8th-10th February, 2021 at water testbed set up at C-DAC. The water testbed was set up in C-DAC Keeping in view the source of water, three types Bangalore Electronics City Campus for these of portable devices are being developed: evaluations. The best four techno-economically viable prototypes were selected for product Type 1: A portable device to test all the development and each team received Rs.25 lakh parameters (25 suggested); to build their solution as per the need of the user agency. Type 2: A portable device only to detect the presence or absence of bacteriological The data collected from field locations will be contamination; transmitted to the State and Central server for monitoring the functionality (quantity, quality, and regularity of water supply) assessment. Thus, it will minimize service delivery, water loss and help to analyse the demand pattern of the user groups to be later used for demand management, minimizing non-revenue water, 74

Type 3: A portable device to test one or more that the device should be able to test color, pH, parameters. The innovator may select the turbidity, TDS, total hardness, free residual package of parameters. It is to be kept in mind chlorine. Table 10: Key milestones of the innovation challenge S.No. Milestone Timeline 1. Call for applications on Startup India portal 18th December, 2020 2. Formation of Expert Evaluation Committee (EEC) 27th May, 2021 3. Two masterclasses for 20 shortlisted applicants 11th - 15th June, 2021 4. Publishing of RFP & onboarding incubation partner 13th May - 6th July, 2021 5. Evaluation and selection of 10 applicants 17th May - 19th July, 2021 6. Setting seed grant milestones and funding amount 14th July - 6th August, 2021 7. Announcement of results 4th August, 2021 8. Completion of due diligence of winners 17th September, 2021 9. Launched twitter campaign 29th September, 2021 10. Contract signing and fund disbursement Ongoing - completed for 9 11. Cash prize disbursal November - December, 2021 Figure 3.10: Portable water quality testing devices 75

3.5.3 Functionality assessment functionality of tap water connections provided before and after its launch. The functionality is On the day of announcement of JJM, i.e., 15th defined as having infrastructure, i.e., household August, 2019, about 81% of rural habitations in tap water connection providing water in the country had access to potable water through adequate quantity (55 lpcd) of prescribed various types of schemes to ensure every rural quality (BIS:10500) with adequate pressure on person has enough safe water for drinking, a regular basis, i.e., continuous supply in long- cooking and other domestic needs as well as term. It will also include long-term source and livestock throughout the year. As reported by system sustainability. The major challenge is States, 17% of rural households had tap water continuously monitoring the functionality of tap supply in their homes prior to launch of JJM. water connections till sensor-based IoT devices Under JJM, the major change was made to are installed in every village for measurement provide tap water supply at household level. and monitoring of water supply on real-time The paradigm shift has been from community or basis. Every year, a sample survey is undertaken habitation level of service to the household level, to assess the functionality of household tap water as well as an increase in the per person daily connections. A survey in sample villages is done water quantity (by 37.5%) to be supplied —from to identify the issues, challenges, and problems 40 lpcd to 55 lpcd. States are impressed upon to which are majorly impacting the functionality also make the tap water connections provided so that immediate corrective action could be prior to 15th August 2019, JJM compliant. initiated to improve the water supply system to realize the outcomes set under Jal Jeevan In order to ensure every household gets assured Mission. supply of potable water in adequate quantity on regular basis, the Mission aims to assess the Figure 3.11: Objectives of functionality assessment 76

Approach and methodology Key findings In 2020-21, the Department of Drinking Water & The functionality assessment found 94% of Sanitation (DDWS) had engaged Nielsen (India) tap water connections to be working, 84% tap Private Limited to undertake ’Functionality connections with quantity of water supply Assessment’ of household tap water connections. more than 55 lpcd, 61% with potability and A total of 87,123 households across 6,992 villages in 87% households, water supply found to be from 704 districts in 31 States/ UTs were covered regular. The assessment also found that 78% of under the study. households with tap water connections are using the taps as their main drinking water source The survey included measurement of the and 68% are using it for domestic purposes quantity of water received at the household reflecting their overall satisfaction with the tap through the tap water connection and water water supply and the adequacy of quantity. testing to check whether the quality of the drinking water is as per the BIS standards. The These findings have been shared with respective study also included collecting some supply- State Governments with the request to find out side information, including assessing the why the desired service standards were not quantity of water supplied by the scheme; the met with as well as to take immediate remedial source & system sustainability, infrastructure, measures. The States are continuously urged storage capacity, water treatment plant, to give emphasis on regular monitoring for rainwater harvesting methods and greywater addressing these issues proactively so that management, etc. In addition, the field condition PHED/ agencies/ GPs/ VWSCs/ Pani Samitis of the scheme components was photographed can be true public utilities. along with geo-coordinates. Figure 3.12: Findings from the functionality assessment 77

3.5.4 Solar power-based water supply schemes from the drinking water supply programmes implemented across the country will help in fine- Solar-powered ground water-based water tuning the JJM implementation strategy. The supply scheme is a viable solution for piped task force has submitted its report. The report water supply particularly in forest, hilly, tribal has been shared with the State Governments/ and far-flung habitations where power supply UT Administration and line Departments for is very unreliable and the existing borewell necessary action. meets the quality and quantity requirements. Solar-powered schemes with mechanized 3.5.6 Campaign to provide piped water pumping, storage and distribution systems are supply to every school, anganwadi centre and cost-effective standalone systems that are being ashramshala conveniently maintained by the community. Such a system typically comprises a borewell The physical environment and cleanliness of yielding adequate quantity and safe water, anganwadi centres, ashramshalas, schools, etc., solar panels, battery back-up, storage tanks of have profound impact on the health, capacity to adequate capacity with sensors like motor on-off learn and well-being of the children. Children sensors, dry-run sensors, water level sensors and are more susceptible to water-borne diseases steel stages. Solar power can be conjunctively and spend lot of their time in schools, anganwadi used along with a grid-based power supply to centres and ashramshalas (residential tribal reduce energy charges. Solar-powered schemes hostels). Thus, it is important to ensure potable can enable the provision of tap water connections piped water supply in their safe abodes, which within a short span of time. Under the Mission, has become all the more important during fund provision of Rs.7 lakh per scheme is made CoVid-19 pandemic. Keeping this in view, a for solar power-based schemes. campaign was launched on Gandhi Jayanti, i.e., 2nd October, 2020 to make provision of piped In the States like Assam, Chhattisgarh, water supply for drinking and cooking of mid- Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, etc., solar day meals and tap water for handwashing and power-based water supply schemes are being use in toilets at these centres. The campaign planned and implemented on a large scale. essentially highlights water, sanitation and Similarly, in Uttar Pradesh, in about 16 thousand hygiene issues with its interplay with children’s villages, such schemes are being taken up. well-being and their long-term development. 3.5.5 Task force This demand focussed efforts in the form of a time-bound campaign involving Public A task force consisting of policy makers, experts Health Engineering/ Rural Water Supply and practitioners having expertise in drinking Departments/ Agencies/ Gram Panchayats/ water was constituted to analyse various VWSCs, Local Communities, Sector Partners, drinking water programmes by various States/ NGOs, Self-Help Groups, etc., so as to make it UTs so far with a view to ascertain whether the a true ’Jan Andolan’. As on 31st December, 2021, substantial investments on these programmes 8.37 lakh (81.40%) schools and 8.54 lakh (76.51%) have delivered satisfactory results. The learning anganwadi centres have piped water supply. 78

Figure 3.13: Screenshot of JJM dashboard displaying status of tap water supply in schools, AWCs, ashramshalas 3.5.7 Rashtriya Jal Jeevan Kosh (RJJK) operate and maintain their water supply Several individuals/ institutions/ corporates/ schemes; and foreign donors/ philanthropists, etc., have a desire to give back to the society. Recognizing v.) promote water conservation efforts, this and in accordance with the vision of augmentation/ strengthening of drinking the Prime Minister to build a ‘Jan Andolan’ water sources, greywater treatment & re- for potable tap water supply to every rural use, etc., for drinking water security in household and village institution, the ‘Rashtriya rural areas. Jal Jeevan Kosh’ (RJJK) has been set up under the DDWS to facilitate such contributions 3.5.8 Role of MPs in making JJM a ‘Jan for creation of safe drinking water supply in Andolan’ villages of their choice. Objectives of the Kosh are to: Recognizing the key role, Members of Parliament/ elected representatives can i.) enable individuals/ organisations to play in mobilizing the local community and donate/ contribute in making provision empowering them to ensure assured piped water of clean drinking water in the village of supply in rural homes, provisions have been their choice; made in the guidelines of Jal Jeevan Mission for their participation. MPs are already nominated ii.) join the ongoing efforts under JJM to as Co-Chairperson of the District Level District provide tap water in rural homes, schools, Development Coordination & Monitoring anganwadi centres, tribal residential Committee (DISHA) of the Ministry of Rural schools, health-cum-wellness centres, etc.; Development. Their inputs/ suggestions would be considered while finalizing the District Action iii.) promote R&D, innovation, use of Plan (DAP) for 100% coverage for provision of technology in ensuring tap water in rural drinking water in all rural households of the households; districts in their constituencies. Further, before declaring any district as’ Har Ghar Jal’ district, iv.) build the capacity of the local village i.e., districts with tap water supply in every community to plan, implement, manage, 79

rural home, Members of Parliament whose 3.5.9 Technological interventions promoting constituencies are part of the district would be digital governance consulted so that ’no one is left out’. MP (s) to be invited in every meeting of the District Water To ensure transparency, accountability, proper & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) as a Special utilization of fund and assured service delivery, Invitee(s). With union Government’s focus to several steps have been undertaken. The improve the ’quality of life’ and bring ’ease following digital platforms are available: of living’ of the people living in rural areas, involvement of the Members of Parliament in i.) JJM Integrated Management Information this flagship programme will make Jal Jeevan System (IMIS) brings together all data, i.e., Mission, a ‘Jan Andolan’ - people’s movement. tap connection provided to HHs, VAPs, DAPs, SAPs, VWSCs details, scheme Further, with the objective to increasing completion data, scheme planning, and awareness, engagement and involvement of expenditure data, financing and funding public representatives in Jal Jeevan Mission, the details, the progress of support activities, Union Minister, Jal Shakti had written separate progress in priority areas, etc. multiple letters to the Members of Parliament. The letter emphasized the important role MPs ii.) JJM Dashboard captures all essential can play in leading, motivating and mobilizing monitoring parameters, i.e., number communities encouraging them to participate of FHTCs provided, progress since the in planning and implementation of the Mission. launch of Mission, details up to village The letter provided the MPs with a detailed level, grievance redressal system, real- analysis of the status of implementation in their time sensor-based measurement and constituency/ district as well as opportunities monitoring, availability of funding, etc.; for improving the speed the implementation. iii.) JJM Water Quality Management Information System (WQMIS) where all functional laboratories in the country are one click away to the community so that anyone can identify the nearest water testing lab and get their private water tested and get results digitally so that trust can be built on drinking water supply department; iv.) Internet of Things (IoT) platform to monitor Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and also ensure quick response, minimum service delivery outage, minimum water loss, optimise efficiency and monitor the quantity and quality on sustainable basis; v.) JJM mobile application enables data collection for Pani Samiti/ VWSC, GPs and officials using mobile or laptop. Data readily available regarding finances, 80

progress of work, maintenance, etc., of view of this, the National Jal Jeevan Mission water assets and other water related proposes to set up a virtual museum on water. information at the village/ block level; The proposed virtual museum is planned as a vi.) Analytical tool to support data analysis, learning aid and it would have theme-based predictive analytics, monitoring and galleries on various aspects of water. The virtual preparation of dashboards is needed. museum will have customized content for Analytical tool helps to identify and various age groups. Each theme will lead to sub- facilitate exploring the features required themes, topics and sub-topics in clearly defined to be generated on the dashboard; tree structures. This multilingual museum will work through virtual 3D walks/ tours, AR/VR vii.) Public Finance Management System led exhibits, immersive simulations, animations, (PFMS) for online tracking of disbursement etc. and expenditure of fund which leads to transparency and prudent investment of Further, to support NJJM in setting up the public money; virtual museum, an Expert committee has been constituted under the Chairpersonship of Ms. viii.) JJM website providing information about Gowri Ishwaran, CEO, The Global Education overall policy formulation, planning, & Leadership Foundation (TGELF) along with financing and coordination for JJM; other multi-disciplinary experts in the field of Pedagogy, teaching science-based curriculums ix.) Details on PWS and non-PWS coverage, to school children, national/ international asset inventory of water supply organizations with experience in virtual infrastructure, beneficiaries details, fund museums, WASH sector, creative content allocation, expenditure and various other production especially for children, etc. details for overall planning and status as on date; 3.6 Initiatives to ensure water quality x.) Rashtriya Jal Jeevan Kosh (RJJK) Portal 3.6.1 National Water Quality Sub-Mission enables individuals/ organisations to (NWQSM) donate/ contribute in making provision of clean drinking water in the village of To provide safe drinking water to identified their choice. 27,544 Arsenic/ Fluoride-affected rural habitations by March, 2021, National Water 3.5.10 Virtual museum on water Quality Sub-Mission (NWQSM) is being implemented since March 2017 and the same The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to drive positive has now been subsumed under JJM. States are behavioural changes among stakeholders with allowed to use JJM fund for en-route habitations respect to judicious use of water, safe handling and use Externally Aided Projects (EAPs)/ State and storage, ownership of water supply system, schemes and other funds for convergence to the etc., as a larger goal. The Mission envisages extent of eligibility. Several review meetings a change in the mindset of the stakeholders with States implementing projects under regarding provision of drinking water services. NWQSM are held regularly. IEC tools based on digital communication technology and the internet can be utilized effectively for conveying an appropriate message to the stakeholders of the Mission. In 81

Table 11: Physical progress of NWQSM (as on 31.12.2021) S. State Nos. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. targeted habitations habitations habitations balance habitations covered with habitations covered State schemes being (as on or quality covered 18.08.2016) improved 1. Andhra Pradesh 421 291 130 - - 2. Assam 3,881 2,578 1,303 - - 3. Bihar 2,120 968 1,150 2 - 4. Chhattisgarh - - 5. Haryana 75 24 51 - - 6. Jharkhand 245 105 140 1 - 7. Karnataka 1,128 314 813 - - 8. Kerala 1,059 906 153 5 - 9. Madhya Pradesh 73 51 17 - - 10. Maharashtra 136 130 6 5 - 11. Odisha 100 72 23 - - 12. Punjab 65 27 38 231 - 13. Rajasthan 777 298 248 20 1 14. Telangana 6,849 5,735 1,093 - - 15. Uttar Pradesh 1,041 1,041 - - 16. West Bengal 462 354 - 362 22 Total 9,112 5,946 108 626 23 27,544 18,840 2,782 8,055 Table 12: Financial progress of NWQSM (as on 31.12.2021) (Amount in rupees crore) S. Central share Expenditure No. State/ UT Opening Fund Fund Available Reported under State Balance allocated released fund utilization share 12.22 1. Andhra Pradesh 122.19 0 0 12.22 NR NR 2. Assam 53.74 3. Bihar 0 0 122.19 31.60 17.09 4. Chhattisgarh 0.19 5. Haryana 1.83 0 0 53.74 0.71 16.70 6. Jharkhand 4.79 0 0 0.19 NR NR 0 0 1.83 0.35 0.35 0 0 4.79 0.90 0.67 82

S. Central share Expenditure No. State/ UT Opening Fund Fund Available Reported under State Balance allocated released fund utilization share 24.75 7. Karnataka 0 0 24.75 NR NR 2.15 8. Kerala 0 0 2.15 NR NR 9. Madhya 1.26 0 0 1.26 NR NR Pradesh 10. Maharashtra 12.01 0 0 12.01 NR NR 0.01 0 11. Odisha 6.20 0 0 0.01 NR NR 245.32 0 12. Punjab 0.21 0 0 6.20 6.20 76.68 13. Rajasthan 20.00 0 331.74 0 0 245.32 27.77 25.22 838.61 0 14. Telangana 0 0.21 NR 17.95 15. Uttar Pradesh 0 20.00 3.66 2.26 16. West Bengal 0 331.74 NR NR Total 0 838.61 71.19 156.92 NR: Not Reported Further, 1,301 newly emerged Arsenic (883) and Fluoride (418) affected-habitations are being covered through piped water supply on priority by March, 2022. 3.6.2 Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Given the priority accorded to water quality, (WQM&S) a water quality monitoring and surveillance framework, prepared after several discussions Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance with States/ UTs and other stakeholders, aims (WQM&S) has been accorded the highest priority to facilitate in water quality testing, monitoring under Jal Jeevan Mission to provide drinking and surveillance activities effectively. The water of prescribed quality to rural households. Prime Minister released the framework on 2nd The department provides technical and financial October, 2021. support to States/ UTs to strengthen the Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance activities. The States have been advised to enable the public to get their water samples tested at Water Quality ‘Monitoring’ by the department these laboratories at nominal rates. In addition, and PHED officials and ‘Surveillance’ by a widespread campaign to raise awareness communities are an integral part of JJM’s action to understand and assess basic water quality planning. It is suggested that the sub-divisional/ parameters and the effects of different block laboratory test 100% water sources under contaminants is also being planned. Under Jal its jurisdiction, once for chemical parameters and Jeevan Mission (JJM), up to 2% of the annual twice for bacteriological parameters (pre and allocation to States can be utilized for Water post-monsoon) in a year, covering all sources of Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (WQMS) the respective block at least for 16 basic water activities. quality parameters. 83

Table 13: Basic water quality testing parameters S. Characteristic Unit Requirement Permissible Limit No (Acceptable in the absence of alternate source Limit) 1. pH - 6.5- 8.5 No Relaxation 2. TDS Milligram/ litre 500 2000 3. Turbidity NTU 15 4. Chloride (as Cl) Milligram/ litre 250 1000 5. Total Alkalinity as Calcium Carbonate Milligram/ litre 200 600 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) Milligram/ litre 200 600 7. Sulphate (as SO4) Milligram/ litre 200 400 8. Iron (as Fe) Milligram/ litre 1.0 No Relaxation 9. Total Arsenic (as As) Milligram/ litre 0.01 No Relaxation 10. Fluoride (as F) Milligram/ litre 1.0 1.5 11. Nitrate (as NO3) Milligram/ litre 45 No Relaxation 12. Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml of sample 13. E.coli/ Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml of sample 14. Free residual Chlorine Milligram/ litre 0.2 1 15. Colour Hazen units 5 15 16. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Table 14: Parameter-wise suggested rates for testing water samples S. No. Parameters Individual Rates Package Rates Recommended (Rs.) Recommended (Rs.) 1. Odour 2. Color 1 50 3. pH 1 4. Total dissolved solids 1 50 5. Turbidity 1 50 6. Total alkalinity 5 50 7. Total hardness 20 100 8. Residual chlorine 20 50 9. Chloride 1 50 10. Sulphate 50 100 11. Iron 50 100 12. Total arsenic 50 13. Fluoride 100 14. Nitrate 50 15. Total coliform bacteria 50 16. E-coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria 100 100 84

3.6.3 NABL accreditation/ recognition of water quality testing laboratories as per ISO/ laboratories IEC 17025 at least for parameters of basic water quality importance and gradually upgrading The National Mission is assisting and facilitating to other parameters as per the local condition. States/ UTs in setting up, upgradation, At the time of announcement of JJM, less than improving the functioning and strengthening 50 laboratories across country were accredited of drinking water quality testing laboratories. by NABL. As on 31st December, 2021, 405 JJM emphasizes accreditation of drinking laboratories are NABL accredited/ recognized. S. Laboratory level Number of laboratories NABL accreditation/ recognition No. As on 31.12.2020 As on 31.12.2021 As on As on 1. State 31.12.2020 31.12.2021 21 17 2. Regional - 20 3. District 28 33 49 272 4. Block - 46 5. Sub-division - 22 - 50 6. Mobile -- Total 673 644 70 405 92 927 1,139 332 73 58 2,005 2,016 3.6.4 Water Quality Management Information iv.) uploading the inventory, human resources System (WQMIS) and fees collected by the respective laboratory; NJJM, in partnership with ICMR, has developed an online portal on Water Quality Management v.) suppose the water sample tested is found Information System (WQMIS). It has been to be contaminated, an automated alert envisaged that all the water quality testing data will be sent to concerned PHED/ RWS be available on JJM-WQMIS. official, DWSM members and VWSC members to initiate remedial action and The features of this JJM-WQMIS are as follows: public health risk assessment. i.) all the laboratories in the State/ UTs will Once WQMIS is integrated, there will be a be registered and mapped in the portal; considerable volume of data on water quality of different drinking water sources. These data ii.) Field Test Kit (FTK) users in every village sets can be standardised, which will enable the would be registered in the online portal integration of collected drinking water quality by the block/ sub-divisional laboratory data. The FTK test data, water quality sensor that provides services in that area. The data from the smart water supply system persons trained in FTK testing are also (if available), and water sample test results given the training to upload the FTK test collected from different laboratories can be results on JJM-WQMIS; integrated to derive a comprehensive picture of the water quality of water sources. iii.) uploading the details of the water sample and the test results; 85

Figure 3.14: Status of drinking water samples-Snapshot of JJM-WQMIS as on 31.12.2021 “…Water security and integrated water management are vital for rapid socio-economic development of the country. India’s vision of faster economic development and self- sufficiency depends on our water sources and our water connectivity. Long-term sustainable planning of drinking water sources and schemes ensures safe drinking water availability even during distress period. The main aim of source sustainability is to ensure that the water supply scheme function throughout its full design period. Let us take a pledge to save every drop of water that is precious, and every single act of ours of water conservation will help us to ensure every rural household in the country gets assured clean tap water, which will not only improve the lives of our rural people but enhance their ease of living…” Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Union Minister, Jal Shakti 86

3.7 Engagement with States/ UTs UTs was conducted during 4th – 26th October, 2021. National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM) held In the spirit of partnership and participatory mid-year review meeting with States/ UTs, approach to achieve 100% FHTCs, National under the chairmanship of Secretary, Department mission has been facilitating the implementation of Drinking Water & Sanitation. States and UTs of Jal Jeevan Mission in States/ UTs through presented the status of half-yearly progress made sensitization workshops, sharing desk analysis, vis-à-vis approved Annual Action Plan of 2021- intense and multiple review meetings, 22 as well as saturation plan and steps taken for handholding support in preparation of robust expeditious implementation of JJM to complete Annual Action Plans, enabling their readiness various planned activities. During the meeting, in achieving AAP targets, follow-up, State field NJJM suggested course correction in planning, visits, etc. if any, and the way forward to ensure tap water connection to all rural households by 2024 or 3.7.1 State-level workshops before, as planned by States/ UTs. States, where the progress is slow, were asked to ensure that To sensitize practitioners on various components all remaining schemes to achieve 100% coverage of JJM and initiatives, teams from NJJM by 2024, are immediately approved, tendered, comprising officers and PMU consultants have work order issued and work started on the visited States and presented key aspects, viz., ground without delay. JJM vision, strategy, PFMS, planning, digital governance, WQMIS, etc., to engineers, ISAs, 3.7.3 Joint review by Union Minister, Jal Shakti chemists, etc. Union Minister of Jal Shakti holds regular 3.7.2 Review meetings joint review meetings with Chief Ministers/ Lt. Governors of States/ UTs to discuss issues Regular review meetings are organized with related to planning and implementation of Jal States/ UTs through both video conference- Jeevan Mission. The Government of India is based as well as offline meetings at State-level. committed to providing all assistance to enable During March/ April, 2021, video conference- States/ UTs to achieve its mission of ’Har Ghar based meetings were conducted with States/ Jal Rajya’. This helps in bringing a high-level UTs to review the status of implementation of focus on the implementation of JJM and gives Jal Jeevan Mission to enable course correction, impetus to ongoing efforts. if any, to achieve the planned target/ goal. National Mission presented desk review and The Union Minister, Jal Shakti held a joint analysis, provided technical assistance to review meeting with Chief Minister Shri Shivraj strengthen planning & implementation. These Singh Chauhan at Bhopal on 9th January, 2021. A meetings introduced specific monitoring reports meeting was co-chaired by the Chief Minister of covering progress, WQMS and support activities Tripura, Shri Biplab Kumar Deb and the Union and became the basis for the annual planning Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Singh exercise for 2021-22. Further, area officers carry Shekhawat on 12th January, 2021 in Agartala. regular review meetings with their respective During the Tripura visit, the Union Minister States/ UTs on planning and implementation. inaugurated 20 drinking water supply projects under Jal Jeevan Mission in North Vijayanagar, The mid-year review of the progress of implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission in States/ 87

Mohanpur. A Joint review meeting in Lucknow the mission works in their constituencies. was held on 18th January, 2021 on planning and implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission in the State 3.7.4 Review by MoS, Jal Shakti in presence of Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh and Union Minister, Jal Shakti. Shri Prahlad Singh Patel, Minister of State (MoS) for Jal Shakti visited Budpura village in Jhansi, The Union Minister, Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Madhya Pradesh on 11th September, 2021 where Singh Shekhawat and Chief Minister of JJM work is under progress. He jointly reviewed Chhattisgarh, Shri Bhupesh Baghel jointly the progress of Jal Jeevan Mission with the Chief reviewed the implementation of Har Ghar Minister of Uttarakhand, Shri Pushkar Singh Jal programme at Raipur on 7th August, 2021. Dhami during his three-day visit from 9th to The Union Minister, Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra 11th October, 2021. He laid the foundation of Singh Shekhawat and Shri B. S. Yediyurappa, drinking water projects worth Rs.9.4 crore. MoS Chief Minister of Karnataka jointly reviewed also visited Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh the implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission in to review the progress of Jal Jeevan Mission. He Karnataka, on 13th July, 2021 at Vidhan Souda, interacted with village and Pani Samiti Members Bengaluru. of ’Har Ghar Jal’ village - Hathitara Raiyat. Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, Union Minister, Figure 3.15: MoS reviewing the progress of JJM Jal Shakti and Shri G. Kishan Reddy, Union Minister for Development of North Eastern During a three-day visit to Jharkhand from 17th Region (DoNER), jointly inaugurated multiple - 19th November, 2021, he reviewed the work water projects under Jal Jeevan Mission across on ground and visited NABL accredited State Arunachal Pradesh. The projects include an water testing laboratory at Ranchi. Further, MoS integrated drinking water project that aims to Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Shivraj provide safe drinking water in 10 habitations Singh Chauhan jointly reviewed the progress of under Chongkham block of Namsai District, the Jal Jeevan Mission in Madhya Pradesh on 18th only Aspirational District of Arunachal Pradesh. December, 2021. Post meeting, a district water quality testing lab was visited by Shri Prahlad The Consultative Committee meeting of Singh Patel in Bhopal followed by an interaction Ministry of Jal Shakti was held on 11th February, session with media to provide progress made 2021 under the chairmanship of Union Minister under Jal Jeevan Mission and to answer for Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat. questions related to the Mission. The Minister of State for Jal Shakti, Shri Rattan Lal Kataria was also present. 18 Members of Parliament attended the meeting and actively participated in the discussion held on progress of Jal Jeevan Mission. The MPs appreciated the efforts of National Jal Jeevan Mission for the progress made for provision of safe drinking water in rural households through tap water connections despite CoVid-19 pandemic and gave suggestions for faster implementation of 88

3.7.5 Conferences/ workshops of Public Health Engineering Department 3.7.5.1 Post-budget consultations with industry (PHED) Ministers of North-Eastern States on Jal stakeholders Jeevan Mission (JJM) at Assam Administrative A post-budget consultation with industry Staff College, Guwahati on 16th September, leaders and other stakeholders was organized 2021. on 16th - 17th, February, 2021 on strategies to expedite implementation of JJM post the budget The conference was divided into two sessions, announcement enhancing Central allocation for viz., first session for sensitizing the senior- JJM by four times over the previous financial most officers and engineers spearheading Jal year. Jeevan Mission in the State towards the goals and objectives of the Mission and the second 3.7.5.2 Conference of States/ UTs Ministers on session with PHED Ministers of North-Eastern Jal Jeevan Mission States chaired by the Union Minister, Jal Shakti The Union Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra and attended by Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma, Singh Shekhawat, chaired a conference with all Chief Minister, Assam. The conference which States/ UTs Ministers in charge of rural water was also live-streamed was joined by over 1,100 supply and reviewed the progress made under stakeholders across the 116 NE districts, viz., the Jal Jeevan Mission. Shri Rattan Lal Kataria, Chief/ Executive/ Assistant/ Junior Engineers MoS; Shri Pankaj Kumar, Secretary, DDWS; of PHED. Shri Bharat Lal, AS&MD, NJJM were present in the virtual conference held on 13th March, 2021. 3.7.5.4 National workshop of Engineer-in- The Union Minister launched the Water Quality Chief/ Chief Engineers Management Information System (WQMIS) of Jal Jeevan Mission. A one-day national workshop on implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was organized for 3.7.5.3 Conference of PHED Ministers of NE Engineers-in-Chief (E-in-C)/ Chief Engineers States on Jal Jeevan Mission (CEs) of States/ UTs on 24th September, 2021 at The Union Minister, Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Garvi Gujarat, New Delhi. At State-level, E-in-C Singh Shekhawat chaired a day-long conference and CEs, as the senior most and experienced engineers are responsible for the overall planning Figure 3.16: Conference of PHED Ministers of and implementation of rural water supply NE States on JJM schemes. They play a huge role in implementing public policy and adopting a ’utility’ approach for the implementation of JJM. A workshop was customized for them with several key technical sessions to re-orient them to function as ’public health engineers’ focusing on ’service delivery’. About 100 Engineers-in-Chief/ CEs participated in the national conference on implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission held at Delhi. The workshop was also live-streamed on YouTube so that SEs/ EEs/ JEs and other officers could also attend and learn from the informative sessions. 89

3.7.5.5 IEC Workshop across the length and breadth of the country to A day-long national workshop on Information, discuss and deliberate on issues related to JJM Education & Communication (IEC) was held in their villages. On this occasion, the Prime on 9th December, 2021 to deliberate on the Minister, Shri Narendra Modi held Samvad with importance of community engagement in Gram Panchayats/ Village Water & Sanitation Jal Jeevan Mission which aims to improve Committees/ Pani Samitis. As part of the ongoing the ‘quality of life’ and bring ‘ease of living’ ’Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav’ celebrations and to especially for rural woman and children. More help in developing a responsive and responsible than 70 participants from States/ UTs including leadership at grassroots level to make village Directors, WSSO, Chief Engineers and senior a WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) officials attended the workshop as part of Jal enlightened village, this Samvad was intended Jeevan Samvad series. to go a long way to bring vision of Gram Swaraj into a reality. The virtual event was attended 3.7.5.6 Jal Jeevan Samvad – Webinars by members of GPs/ VWSCs/ Pani Samitis, Union Minister, Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Singh The following National level theme-based Shekhawat, MoS for Jal Shakti, Shri Prahalad webinars were organized: Singh Patel and Shri Bishweswar Tudu, Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Shivraj Singh i.) Planning and time-bound implementation Chouhan, Ministers in-charge of rural water with speed and scale for assured tap supply, Panchayati Raj from States, Secretary, water supply to every rural home under Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Jal Jeevan Mission held on 13th March, Shri Pankaj Kumar, Additional Secretary & 2021; Mission Director, National Jal Jeevan Mission, Shri Bharat Lal, PHED officials, etc. The event ii.) Annual Action Plan of Key Resource was telecasted Live on all social media platforms Centres (KRCs) held on 16th June, 2021; of JJM. iii.) Planning, implementation and monitoring In his Samvad with the Gram Panchayat/ Pani of projects for assured tap water supply to Samiti/ VWSC members, the PM interacted with every home held on 17th June, 2021; five community leaders across different parts of the country, viz., five States of Manipur, Gujarat, iv.) Training needs of key stakeholders under Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, JJM held on 3rd July, 2021. motivating them to continue their good work in managing in-village water supply system and The webinars were attended by PHED/ PWS encouraging them to function as public water Departments of States/ UTs across the country utilities. as well as other stakeholders. The webinars were also telecasted live through various social Complimenting all village communities in media platforms. making water supply and conservation their movement, the Prime Minister noted that easy 3.7.5.7 Prime Minister’s samvad with VWSCs/ access to water has the potential to influence Pani Samitis the national economy as much as it does a Honouring Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of ’Gram Swaraj’, this Gandhi Jayanti, i.e., 2nd October, 2021, nation-wide Gram Sabha was convened 90

Figure 3.17: PM's Samvad with GPs/ VWSCs rural household economy. He told village 3.7.6 Field visits: Action taken on the ground communities that Jal Jeevan Mission has provided a golden opportunity to bring the ease Multi-disciplinary NJJM teams have been of living in the rural women’s lives as well as visiting villages in different States/ UTs to their true empowerment. make observations with an objective to expedite the implementation focusing on prudent investment and targeted outputs. The team interacts with members of GPs/ VWSCs/ Pani Samitis, local community as well as officials of PHE/ RWS/ PR Department on community participation and institutional arrangements for the implementation. The visit also aims to identify the issues and challenges being faced by the implementing agencies in the State/ UT and to document good practices for cross-learning as well. Further, Union Minister, Jal Shakti as well as MoS for Jal Shakti have also been visiting States to take stock of the situation. 91

The NJJM team also spends considerable best practices, address any emerging queries, time with the respective planning and etc. implementation team at State/ UT headquarters and reviews DPRs, estimates, costing, materials, In 2021, NJJM undertook about 50 field visits etc. State-level or district-level workshops are to understand the implementation of JJM in also organized to sensitize the implementers on villages covering 162 districts across 27 States/ the JJM vision, objectives, components, share UTs. Table 15: Details of field visits undertaken by multi-disciplinary NJJM teams State/ UT Dates Number and names of districts visited Andhra 15th – 18th Mar 3 - Chittoor, East Godavari, Prakasam Pradesh 6th – 10th Oct 3 - Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari 21st – 25th Feb 4 - East Siang, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Namsai  Arunachal 12th – 17th Dec 2 - Papum Pare, West Kameng Pradesh 7th – 10th Feb 2 - Lakhimpur, Morigaon + state level review of planning 19th – 21st Oct Review of planning & implementation, QA habitations, Assam WQMS 2 - Nalanda, Vaishali Bihar 29th – 31st July 3 - Durg, Mahasamund, Raipur Chhattisgarh 22nd – 26th Mar 3 - Baloda Bazar, Dhamtari, Mahasamund 29th Jun – 2nd Jul 3 - Korba, Raigarh, Surguja Goa 21st – 24th Dec 2 - North Goa, South Goa  Gujarat 24th – 27th Feb 2 - Ahmedabad, Rajkot  Himachal 6th – 10th July 2 - Kullu, Mandi Pradesh 11th – 14th Oct Jammu & 2 - Ganderbal, Srinagar Kashmir 26th – 29th Jul 7th – 11th Sept 6 - Anantnag, Bandipura, Baramula, Ganderbal, Kulgam, Pulwama Jharkhand 6th – 9th July 3 - Bokaro, Ramgarh, Ranchi  Karnataka 6th – 9th Sept 27th – 30th Oct 4 - Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Khunti, Ranchi 6th – 10th Dec 3 - Bengaluru, Kolar, Tumkur 6 - Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Dharwad, Gadag, Hassan, Kodagu Kerala 14th – 18th Feb 5 - Ernakulam, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur  Ladakh 21st – 25th July 2 - Leh, Kargil + Workshop on JJM  92