20-Model_Bankable_Project-HARYANA

3 (i) MODEL BANKABLE PROJECTSTOMATO/CHERRY TOMATO A. INTRODUCTIONTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) belongs to the genus Lycopersicon under Solanaceae family.Tomato is a herbaceous sprawling plant growing to 1-3 m in height with weak woody stem. Theflowers are yellow in colour and the fruits of cultivated varieties vary in size from cherrytomatoes, about 1–2 cm in size to beefsteak tomatoes, about 10 cm or more in diameter. Mostcultivars produce red fruits when ripe. Tomato is a native to Peruvian and Mexican region.Though there are no definite records of when and how it came to India, the Portuguese perhapsintroduced it to India.Tomato is one of the most important \"protective foods\" because of its special nutritive value. Itis one of the most versatile vegetable with wide usage in Indian culinary tradition. Tomatoes areused for soup, salad, pickles, ketchup, puree, sauces and in many other ways It is also used as asalad vegetable. Tomato has very few competitors in the value addition chain of processing. B. STATUS OF TOMATO IN HARYANAIn Haryana, tomato is extensively cultivated in the districts like Yamunanagar, Ambala, Karnal,Sonepat, Jind, Gurgaon and Mewat. Tomato covers approximately 7.6% of the total area undervegetable (356769 ha) cultivation in Haryana. At present, the estimated area and productionunder tomato is 27070 ha and 417443 tonnes respectively. C. CLIMATEIt is a warm season crop and the moderate temperature ranging from 18oC to 30oC is best for itsgrowth and flowering. This crop cannot tolerate low temperature and is very much susceptibleto frost. However, it can be sown under polyhouse during December-January at slightlyimproved condition for raising early summer crop with better quality of fruits. D. SOILThe tomato crop can be raised in a wide variety of soil ranging from light textured sandy or sandyloam to heavy clay soils. The soil should be rich in nutrients and organic matter. The ideal soilpH is 6.00 to 7.00 for its growth. High organic matter content in soil is highly essential for higherproduction and quality. E. BED PREPARATIONA raised bed is always preferred for plantation of Tomato Cultivation. After fumigation, the bedsof following dimensions are prepared.1. Top width - 90cm2. Path width- 50 cm3. Height - 40 cmF. PLANTING DISTANCE 1) 40 cm between two plants 2) 50 cm between two rows 16

G. PLANTING MATERIALThe seedlings of 05-06 weeks old are used for transplanting, depending on temperature and lightconditions during propagation. Ideal seedling size is about 16 cm.H. VARIETIES/CULTIVARSThe varieties which are preferred for cultivation under polyhouse are –a. Tomato - By Syngenta - Him Sona, Him Shekha, Insona, 34774 etc.b. Cherry tomato – By Monsento -Olleh, Raisy etc.Besides the varieties developed by HAU and IARI are also available for protected cultivationI. MANURES AND FERTILIZERSApplication of nutrients should be based on analysis of soil and plant. However, for the bettercrop yield 4 to 5 tonnes of well rotten FYM per unit (1008 m2) should be mixed during soilpreparation. The fertilizer doses of Nitrogen 40-45 kg, Phosphorus (P2O5) and 40-45 kg Potash(K2O5) may be applied per unit. The half of the dose of Nitrogen and potash and full dose ofphosphorus are incorporated during soil preparation.J. CULTURAL PRACTICESDifferent cultural practices followed in tomatoes are as follows 1. SuckeringSide shoots (suckers) will develop between each compound leaf and the stem. These suckers areremoved as they develop, leaving only the main stem as a growing point. For this reason, sideshoots are usually not pruned until they are a few cm long, and at which time they are easier todistinguish form the main stem. 2. Crop SupportAfter transplanting as soon as possible, plant stems should be secured to nylon/plastic (highdensity) twine, quality of twine should be ensured. Twines are hung from horizontal wires atleast 3m about the ground. Horizontal wires must be sturdy enough to support the weight of allplants in the row. 3. Training (Tying):Plants should be trained as single (main) stem. The plants can be supported with the help ofplastic twine loosely anchored around the base of the plants (non slip loop) at one end. Thesame plastic twine is tied to overhead support wires (12 to 16 gauge) running along the length ofthe row. Overhead wires should be at least 3m above the surface of beds and should be firmlyanchored to support structures. Tie the plant with the help of plastic twine in inclined positionto the overhead support wires.Twine should be wrapped clockwise around the plant as it develops, with complete swirl everythree leaves. Plastic twine should not be wrapped around fruit clusters.When plants reach the overhead supporting wires, unite the twine and lower the vines andtwines at least three feet (once in two weeks). After lowering, vines should lean in one directionin one row, vines in adjacent row should lean in opposite direction. Be sure to leave at least 4-5meters of extra twine for this purpose when initially tying wines. 17

4. MulchingStraw mulch is most common, if Straw mulches are used, apply to the soil when tomatoes areabout two feet high. The mulch reduces evaporation of water from the soil and preventscompaction of the surface. White (reflective) plastic mulches are recommended to controlweeds, conserve moisture, reduce humidity and improve light conditions also to avoid contact tosoil and prevent diseases. 5. ToppingSix weeks before the anticipated crop termination date, the growing point and small fruitclusters at the top of the plant are removed this operation is called Topping. Topping is carriedout for fast fruit development and increase size of already-set fruit in the lower part of the plant.Some shoots at the top are left to grow as it helps to avoid risk of sunburn. 6. PollinationTomatoes are self-pollinating under open field conditions. Pollen sheds and fertilization occur asa function of normal air movement leading to agitation of the plants and flowers. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers need to be agitated mechanically.For pollination hand pollination method is used, in this method gently brush your hand on flowerclusters. Timing is important in hand pollination for set fruit i.e. when humidity conditions aremost favorable (50-70%). Pollination is done at least twice a week, inadequate pollination willlead to misshapen and lower yields. 7. De-leafingWhen vines are lowered, leaves touching the ground are removed to prevent diseasedevelopment. The amount of de-leafing that occurs higher up the plant varies between growers.The purpose of de-leafing higher up the plant stem is to increase light penetration and aircirculation. Typically, all leaves are removed below the lowest fruit cluster which has not beenharvested Deleafing also helps to make more carbohydrates available to the fruit trusses,thereby increasing yield. This operation is carried out in all types of tomatoes. 8. Fruit PruningSmall, undersized fruit at the end of a cluster (distal fruit) are always removed, as these willgenerally not grow to marketable size and are thought to reduce the size of the other fruit onthe cluster. K. IRRIGATIONTomato needs to be irrigated at right time. In spring summer, the crop should be irrigated at theinterval of 4-6 days depending upon the growth of plants. Under drip irrigation system measuredquantity of water can be applied. It is best method to optimise plant nutrition without largefluctuation in the nutrient level in root zone. It minimises losses by fixation or leaching in the soilthus economically using fertilizers to result in higher yields and improved quality. L. PLANT PROTECTIONMajor insect pestTomato fruit wormLeaf minerAphid 18

Major diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal diseasesViral diseasesPhysiological disordersSuccessful crop production requires that crop pests and diseases be managed so that theireffects on the plants are minimized. The management of crop diseases is directed at preventingthe establishment of diseases and minimizing the development and spread of any diseases thatbecome established in the crop. Managing pest problems is directed at preventing pestpopulations from becoming too large and uncontrollable. The presence of pests and diseases area fact of crop production and growers must use all available options and strategies to avoidserious pest and disease problems.Integrated pest management (IPM) where cultural, biological, and chemical controls are includedin a holistic approach of pest and disease control may be adopted. Key components of effectivepest and disease control programs include:  sanitation,  crop monitoring,  cultural control,  resistant cultivars,  biological control and chemical control M. HARVESTINGThe harvesting of tomato fruits start from 90 days after transplanting. The total crop period fortomatoes is 8-9 month after planting. The harvesting is done daily or alternate day depending onmarket distance and customer choice. For long distance marketing, the fruits are picked atmatured green or breaker stage. For processing the fully matured red ripe fruits are harvested inorder to optimize the quality parameters. The optimum storage condition of 12oC temperatureand 86 to 90 per cent relative humidity is required for tomatoes. N. YIELDUnder polyhouse condition from well maintained tomato crop average 30 kg/m2 or 10 kg/plantof marketable fruits are obtained. O. GRADINGTomatoes should be graded to different classes according to their size and qualities. Grading isdone manually by hand grading method. P. PACKAGINGAfter grading fruits are packed in crates/CFB which is best suited for tomato packing. Dependingon the market, the box is either filled with one variety, one grade, or mixed colour one grade. Q. ESTIMATED COST, MEANS OF FINANCE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSISThe details of estimated cost, means of finance, economics and financial viability is worked outfor Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse and Walk in Tunnel Polyhouse separately as follows. 19

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