The Religions Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained

349 Rastafari (Christianity) 294–95, 305, 314–15 , 327 Reconstructionist Judaism 195, 199, 333 Reform Judaism 175, 181, 189, 192, 193, 195, 199, 333 Roman Catholicism (Christianity) 203, 210, 226, 227, 236–37, 334 Rome, Ancient 80–81 Rumi, Jalal al-Din Muhammad (Islam) 282–83 S Sabellians (Christianity) 216, 217 Sadducees (Judaism) 183, 210 Salafism (Islam) 339 Salvation Army (Christianity) 337 Sami shamanism 19, 28–31 Samkhya philosophy (Indian) 113, 329 San peoples, /Xam San 19, 21–23 Santeria 294, 304–305 al-Sarakhsi, Shams al-A’imma (Islam) 278 Satanism 319 Satya Sai Baba Society (Hinduism) 329 Scandinavia Sami shamanism 19, 28–31 see also Vikings Schleiermacher, Friedrich (Christianity) 243–45 Schopenhauer, Arthur 91, 129 Scientology 295, 317 , 327 Sephardic Judaism 332 Seventh-day Adventists (Christianity) 337 al-Shafi’i (Islam) 256, 274–75 Shaivism (Hinduism) 328 Shakers (Christianity) 336 Shaktism (Hinduism) 100, 328 Shamanism 28–31 Shi‘a Islam 250, 251, 270–71, 309, 338 Shintoism 55, 82–85 , 310, 327 Shiva (Hinduism) 91, 97, 328, 329 Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) 90, 128, 132–33 , 138, 326 Sikhism 294, 295, 298–301 , 327 Akali Dal political party 301 code of conduct 298–301 , 303 death and rebirth cycle 298 Luria, Isaac (kabbalah and Judaism) 186–87 Luther, Martin (Protestant Reformer) 203, 233–35 , 239, 335 M Mahavira (Jainism) 55, 68–69 , 71, 90, 94 Mahayana Buddhism 114, 128, 129, 154–57 , 330–31 Al-Mahdi (Islam) 250, 271, 285, 309 Maimonides, Moses (Judaism) 181, 182, 184–85 Manicheism 65, 221 Maori 19, 33 Maya civilization 18, 42, 43–44, 45 Mendelssohn, Moses (Haskalah movement) 189 Mennonites (Christianity) 335–36 Methodism (Christianity) 203, 239 , 336 Miller, William (Seventh-day Adventism) 337 Minoans 54, 78 Moonies (Unification Church) (Christianity) 318 , 327 Moravian Brethren (Christianity) 336 Mormonism (Christianity) 294, 295, 306–307 , 326, 336 Moses (Judaism) 171, 172–73 Muhammad (Islam) 250, 252–53 , 265, 270–71, 284–85 Muslim Brotherhood (Islam) 289, 291 Muslims see Islam Mu‘tazilites (Islam) 276–77 N Nagarjuna (Buddhism) 156–57 Nagasena (Buddhism) 149–51 Nanak, Guru (Sikhism) 298, 299, 301 , 302 Nation of Islam 339 Neoorthodox movement (Judaism) 332–33 Neopagan religions 319 Netsilik Inuit shamans 30–31 Ngô Van Chiêu (Cao Ðài) 316 Nichiren Buddhism 145, 331 Nishida Kitaro (Zen Buddhism) 161 Noah (Judaism) 173 O Odin (Vikings) 86–87 Oriental Orthodox churches (Christianity) 334 Orthodox Judaism 181, 194, 332 , 333 Osiris (Ancient Egypt) 58–59 P Pawnee 18, 46–47 Pentecostal Church (Christianity) 218, 219, 337 Pharisees (Judaism) 210 Pietist Movement (Christianity) 243 Plato 62, 210–11 Plymouth Brethren (Christianity) 336 Presbyterians (Christianity) 236, 335 Progressive Judaism 192–95 Protestant Liberalism (Christianity) 242–45 Pure Land Buddhism 330 Q Qadiani Ahmadiyyas (Islam) 285 Quakers (Christianity) 335 Quechua Indians 18, 36–37 Qutb, Sayyid (Islam) 289–90 R Ramadan, Tariq (Islam) 291 Ramakrishna (Hinduism) 91, 122–23 INDEX

350 Sikhism ( cont. ) egalitarianism 302–303 five articles of faith (Ks) 299–300, 301 five stages of path to salvation 298–99 Gobind Singh, Guru 299 , 300, 302, 303 Guru Granth Sahib (holy book) 298, 301, 302, 303 Khalsa order 299–300, 302 kirpan (ceremonial sword) 300–301 monotheism 303 name, origins of 101 Nanak, Guru 298, 299, 301 , 302 saint-soldiers 298–300 turban 300 Smartism (Hinduism) 329 Smith, Jr., Joseph (Mormonism) 294, 307 , 336 Soka Gakkai Buddhism 331 Spiritualists 319 Sufism (Islam) 269, 282–83 , 295, 339 Sumerians see Babylonians Sunni Muslims 251, 269, 270, 271, 275, 338 , 339 Swaminarayan Sampraday (Hinduism) 329 syncretic (blended) religions, Santeria 294, 304–305 T Talib, ‘Ali ibn Abi (Islam) 271 Tantric Buddhism 129, 154, 158–59 , 331 Tenrikyo 294, 310 , 327 Teresa of Avila (Christianity) 238 Theravada Buddhism 129, 140, 145, 150, 155 , 330 Thomas Aquinas (Christianity) 203, 228–29 , 242 Tibet, Mahayana Buddhism 114, 128, 129, 154–57 , 330–31 Tikopians 19, 50 Transcendental Meditation (TM) (Hinduism) 294, 295, 320 Trimurti trinity (Hinduism) 91, 97 Triratna Buddhist Community 331 Twelvers (Islam) 271, 309 UV Unification Church (Moonies) 318 , 327 Unitarianism (Christianity) 218, 295, 321 , 336 US Hupa 18, 51 Jehovah’s Witnesses 218, 294, 306, 312–13 , 337 Nation of Islam movement 339 Pawnee 46–47 Scientology 295, 317 , 327 Seventh-day Adventist churches 306–307, 337 V Vaishnavism (Hinduism) 328 Varuna (Hinduism) 97 Vietnam, Cao Ðài 295, 306, 316 , 326 Vikings 86–87 Odin 86–87 shamanism 28–29 Valhalla and the afterlife 87 Vishnu (Hinduism) 91, 97, 115 , 328 Vivekenanda (Hinduism) 123 W Wahhabism (Islam) 269 Warao 18, 39 Wesley, John (Methodism) 203, 239 , 336 Whirling Dervishes (Islam) 339 Wicca 295, 319 , 327 XYZ /Xam San (San peoples) 19, 21–23 Yogacara Buddhism 158 Yoruba religion see Santeria Young, Brigham (Mormonism) 307 Zen Buddhism 144, 148, 160–63 , 331 Bodhidharma 160, 163 enlightenment process 160–61, 162, 163 Japanese 129, 162–63 meditation 162–63 Nishida Kitaro 161 Rinzai Zen 162, 331 Soto Zen 162–63, 331 Zionism (Judaism) 167, 189, 196–97 Zoroastrianism 54, 62–65 , 327 Ahura Mazda (god) 62–63 , 64, 65, 327 Avesta teachings 63, 65 monotheism 62–63, 177 Parsis 62 soma (drink of the gods) 96 Zurvanism 64 INDEX

351 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dorling Kindersley and cobalt id would like to thank Louise Thomas for additional picture research, and Margaret McCormack for the index PICTURE CREDITS The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above; b-below; c-center; l-left; r-right; t-top) 21 Corbis: Anthony Bannister/Gallo Images (tr). 22 Getty Images: Per-Andre Hoffmann (bl). 23 Corbis: Ocean (tr). 25 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures (tr). 29 Corbis: Michel Setboun (tr). 31 Alamy Images: Horizons WWP (tl); Getty Images: Apic/ Contributor (br). 33 Corbis: Nathan Lovas/ Foto Natura/Minden Pictures (cr). 35 Corbis: Giles Bracher/Robert Harding World Imagery (tr). 37 Getty Images: Maria Stenzel (tr). 39 Getty Images: Juan Carlos Muñoz (cr). 43 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd (tl). 44 Alamy Images: Emiliano Rodriguez (br). 45 Getty Images: Richard I’Anson (tl). 47 Corbis: William Henry Jackson (tr). 48 Getty Images: David Sutherland (br). 50 Corbis: Michele Westmorland/Science Faction (bc). 57 Alamy Images: Imagestate Media Partners Limited - Impact Photos (tl). 59 PAL: Peter Hayman/The British Museum (tr). 63 Corbis: Kazuyoshi Nomachi (tr); Paule Seux/Hemis (bl). 64 Getty Images: Religious Images/ UIG (tl). 65 Corbis: Raheb Homavandi/ Reuters (br). 67 Fotolia: Pavel Bortel (tl); Corbis: Liu Liqun (tr). 69 Corbis: Werner Forman/Werner Forman (tr). 71 Alamy Images: John Warburton- Lee Photography (bl); Stuart Forster India (tr). 75 Getty Images: (bl); Keren Su (tr). 76 Mary Evans Picture Library: (tr). 77 Corbis: Imaginechina (br). 78 Getty Images: De Agostini Picture Library (br). 81 Corbis: (bl). 84 Corbis: Michael Freeman (bl). 87 Getty Images: Universal Images Group (tl); Corbis: Kieran Doherty/Reuters (bl). 95 Alamy Images: Franck METOIS (br). 97 Getty Images: Gary Ombler (tr). 99 Corbis: Nevada Wier (bl). 100 Corbis: Godong/Robert Harding World Imagery (cr). 103 Getty Images: Comstock (br). 108 Corbis: Hugh Sitton (br). 111 Corbis: Stuart Freedman/In Pictures (br). 112 Alamy Images: Emanuele Ciccomartino (br). 114 Alamy Images: World Religions Photo Library (cr). 119 Corbis: Juice Images (br). 121 akg-images: R. u. S. Michaud (tr). 123 Getty Images: The Washington Post (bc); akg-images: R. u. S. Michaud (tr). 125 Alamy Images: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library (bl); Corbis: Bettmann (cr). 132 Corbis: Pascal Deloche/Godong (bl); Pascal Deloche/Godong (tr). 134 Corbis: Jeremy Horner (bl). 135 Fotolia: Benjamin Vess (tr). 138 Getty Images: Chung Sung-Jun (br). 140 Getty Images: Oli Scarff (tl). 142 Getty Images: SuperStock (bl). 143 Corbis: Earl & Nazima Kowall (tr). 145 Corbis: Nigel Pavitt/JAI (cb). 147 Alamy Images: Mary Evans Picture Library (bl); Corbis: Peter Adams (tr). 149 Getty Images: DEA / V. PIROZZI (bl). 150 Getty Images: Andy Ryan (tr). 155 Getty Images: Godong (br). 156 Corbis: Peter Turnley (tl). 157 Alamy Images: Mark Lees (tr); Fotolia: Oliver Klimek (bl). 159 Corbis: Alison Wright (bl); Alison Wright (tr). 162 Getty Images: Kaz Mori (tl). 171 Getty Images: DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI (bl); Corbis: Peter Guttman (tr). 172 Getty Images: The Bridgeman Art Library (bl). 173 Corbis: Christophe Boisvieux (bl); Getty Images: PhotoStock-Israel (tr). 174 Corbis: Nathan Benn/Ottochrome (tl). 177 akg-images: Erich Lessing (tl). 178 Corbis: Dr. John C. Trever, PhD (bl). 179 Corbis: Richard T. Nowitz (tr). 183 Getty Images: Philippe Lissac/ Godong (tr). 185 Corbis: NASA, ESA, and F. Paresce /handout (bl); Getty Images: Danita Delimont (tr). 186 Corbis: Kobby Dagan/Demotix (bc). 188 Getty Images: Uriel Sinai/ Stringer (cr). 192 Alamy Images: INTERFOTO (bl). 195 Alamy Images: Israel images (tl). 197 Getty Images: Steve McAlister (bc); Alamy Images: World History Archive (tr). 199 Corbis: Silvia Morara (br). 205 Corbis: Massimo Listri (cb); Chris Hellier (tr). 206 Corbis: Francis G. Mayer (tl). 209 Corbis: The Gallery Collection (tr). 211 Getty Images: De Agostini Picture Library (tl); Universal Images Group (tr). 215 The Bridgeman Art Library: Clement Guillaume (tr). 216 Getty Images: Universal Images Group (tl). 218 Corbis: eidon photographers/Demotix (tl). 219 Alamy Images: van hilversum (tr). 221 Corbis: Tim Thompson (tl); Getty Images: Mondadori Portfolio/UIG (tr). 223 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (br); Jose Nicolas (tr). 225 Getty Images: Conrad Meyer (tr). 227 The Bridgeman Art Library: AISA (br). 229 Getty Images: DEA / VENERANDA BIBLIOTECA AMBROSIANA (bl); Scott Olson/Staff (tr). 233 Getty Images: Lucas Cranach the Elder (t). 234 Corbis: Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive (tl). 235 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). 237 Getty Images: (bl); Corbis: Paul A. Souders (tr). 238 Corbis: Heritage Images (cb). 243 Alamy Images: The Protected Art Archive (bl); INTERFOTO (tr). 244 Corbis: Matthias Kulka (tl). 245 Getty Images: Ron Burton/ Stringer (tr). 247 Corbis: (br). 253 Getty Images: Muhannad Fala’ah/Stringer (cb); Alamy Images:

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